Medicinal Plants in the Asia Pacific for Zoonotic Pandemics,

Volume 1 Family Amborellaceae to Vitaceae, 1st Edition

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Volume 1

Christophe Wiart
First edition published 2021
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Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
A ma grand mère, Renée Monllor
A ma mère, Flora Monllor
A mon épouse, Shirley Pita
A mon fils, Christophe Pita-Wiart
Contents

Foreword
Preface
Author
Chapter 1 The Clade Protomagnoliids
1.1 Order Amborellales Melikyan, A.V. Bobrov & Zaytzeva
(1999)
1.1.1 Family Amborellaceae Pichon (1848)
1.1.1.1 Amborella trichopoda Baill.
1.2 Order Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. et J. Presl (1820)
1.2.1 Family Nymphaeaceae Salisb. (1805)
1.2.1.1 Euryale ferox Salisb. ex K.D. Koenig & Sims
1.2.1.2 Nuphar japonica DC.
1.2.1.3 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f.
1.2.1.4 Nymphaea pubescens Willd.
1.2.1.5 Nymphaea tetragona Georgi
1.3 Order Austrobaileyales Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
1.3.1 Family Illiciaceae Bercht. & J. Presl (1825)
1.3.1.1 Illicium jiadifengpi Chang
1.3.1.2 Illicium henryi Diels.
1.3.2 Family Schisandraceae Blume (1830)
1.3.2.1 Kadsura angustifolia A.C. Sm.
1.3.2.2 Kadsura longipedunculata Finet & Gagnep.
1.3.2.3 Schisandra bicolor W.C. Cheng
1.3.2.4 Schisandra lancifolia (Rehder & E.H. Wilson)
A.C. Sm.
1.3.2.5 Schisandra micrantha A.C. Smith
 1.3.2.6 Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill.
1.3.2.7 Schisandra rubriflora (Franch.) Rehder & E.H.
Wilson
1.3.2.8 Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill
1.4 Order Chloranthales R. Brown (1835)
1.4.1 Family Chloranthaceae R. Brown ex Sims (1820)
1.4.1.1 Chloranthus japonicus Siebold
1.4.1.2 Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai
Chapter 2 The Clade Magnoliids
2.1 Order Piperales Bercht. & Presl. (1820)
2.1.1 Family Aristolochiaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
2.1.1.1 Apama corymbosa (Bl.) O. Ktze
2.1.1.2 Aristolochia bracteata Retz.
2.1.1.3 Aristolochia contorta Bunge
2.1.1.4 Aristolochia debilis Sieb. & Zucc.
2.1.1.5 Aristolochia indica L.
2.1.1.6 Aristolochia tagala Cham.
2.1.1.7 Asarum forbesii Maxim.
2.1.1.8 Asarum sieboldii Miq.
2.1.1.9 Thottea grandiflora Rottb.
2.1.2 Family Piperaceae Giseke (1792)
2.1.2.1 Piper betle L.
2.1.2.2 Piper cubeba L.f.
2.1.2.3 Piper longum L.
2.1.2.4 Piper nigrum L.
2.1.2.5 Piper sarmentosum Roxb.
2.1.3 Family Peperomiaceae Smith (1981)
2.1.3.1 Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth
2.1.3.2 Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth
2.1.4 Family Saururaceae Martynov (1820)
2.1.4.1 Houttuynia cordata Thunb.
2.1.4.2 Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill.
2.2 Order Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl (1820)
2.2.1 Family Hernandiaceae Blume (1826)
 2.2.1.1 Hernandia nymphaeifolia (C. Presl) Kubitzki
2.2.1.2 Illigera appendiculata Bl.
2.2.2 Family Lauraceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
2.2.2.1 Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet
2.2.2.2 Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees)
Blume
2.2.2.3 Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl
2.2.2.4 Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl
2.2.2.5 Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble) N.
Chao ex H.W. Li
2.2.2.6 Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh.
2.2.2.7 Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees &
Nees
2.2.2.8 Cinnamomum kotoense Kaneh. & Sasaki
2.2.2.9 Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume
2.2.2.10 Cryptocarya chinensis (Hance) Hemsl.
2.2.2.11 Laurus nobilis L.
2.2.2.12 Lindera akoensis Hayata
2.2.2.13 Lindera erythrocarpa Makino
2.2.2.14 Litsea elliptica Blume
2.2.2.15 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob.
2.2.2.16 Litsea verticillata Hance
2.2.2.17 Persea americana Mill.
2.2.2.18 Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees
2.3 Order Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl (1820)
2.3.1 Family Annonaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
2.3.1.1 Annona reticulata L.
2.3.1.2 Annona squamosa L.
2.3.1.3 Artabotrys suaveolens (Blume) Blume
2.3.1.4 Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson
2.3.1.5 Goniothalamus malayanus Hook. f. & Thomson
2.3.1.6 Goniothalamus laoticus (Finet & Gagnep.) Bân
2.3.1.7 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites
2.3.1.8 Polyalthia sclerophylla Hook. f. & Thomson
 2.3.1.9 Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites
2.3.2 Family Magnoliaceae A.L de Jussieu (1789)
2.3.2.1 Magnolia grandiflora L.
2.3.2.2 Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H. Wilson
2.3.2.3 Manglietiastrum sinicum Y.W. Law
2.3.2.4 Michelia alba DC.
2.3.3 Family Myristicaceae R. Brown (1810)
2.3.3.1 Knema angustifolia (Roxb.) Warb.
2.3.3.2 Myristica fragrans Houtt.
2.3.3.3 Myristica malabarica Lam.
2.3.3.4 Myristica simiarum A. DC
Chapter 3 The Clade Monocots
3.1 Liliids
3.1.1 Order Acorales Link (1835)
3.1.1.1 Family Acoraceae Martynov (1820)
3.1.2 Order Alismatales R. Brown ex Bercht. & J.Presl (1820)
3.1.2.1 Family Alismataceae Ventenat (1799)
3.1.2.2 Family Araceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
3.1.3 Order Dioscoreales Mart. (1835)
3.1.3.1 Family Dioscoreaceae R. Brown (1810)
3.1.4 Order Pandanales R. Brown ex Bercht. & J. Presl (1820)
3.1.4.1 Family Pandanaceae R. Brown (1810)
3.1.5 Order Liliales Perleb (1828)
3.1.5.1 Family Liliaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
3.1.5.2 Family Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh. (1797)
3.1.5.3 Family Smilacaceae Ventenat (1799)
3.1.6 Order Asparagales Link (1829)
3.1.6.1 Family Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. (1805)
3.1.6.2 Family Asparagaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
3.1.6.3 Family Hypoxidaceae R. Brown (1814)
3.1.6.4 Family Iridaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
3.1.6.5 Family Orchidaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
3.2 Commelinids
3.2.1 Order Arecales Bromhead (1840)
 3.2.1.1 Family Arecaceae Schultz-Schultzenstein (1832)
3.2.1.2 Family Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumortier (1829)
3.3 Order Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J. Presl. (1820)
3.3.1 Family Commelinaceae Mirbel (1804)
3.3.1.1 Commelina benghalensis L.
3.3.1.2 Commelina paludosa Bl.
3.3.1.3 Tradescantia spathacea Sw.
3.3.2 Family Pontederiaceae Kunth (1816)
3.3.2.1 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Soms
3.3.2.2 Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms
3.3.2.3 Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl
3.4 Order Poales Small (1903)
3.4.1 Family Cyperaceae A. L. de Jussieu (1789)
3.4.1.1 Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze
3.4.1.2 Cyperus rotundus L.
3.4.1.3 Scirpus ternatanus Reinw. ex Miq.
3.4.1.4 Scleria levis Retz.
3.4.2 Family Poaceae Barnhart (1895)
3.4.2.1 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.
3.4.2.2 Coix lacryma-jobi L.
3.4.2.3 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.
3.4.2.4 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
3.4.2.5 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
3.4.2.6 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.
3.4.2.7 Lophatherum gracile Brongn.
3.4.2.8 Milium effusum L.
3.4.2.9 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud.
3.4.2.10 Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro
3.4.2.11 Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash
3.5 Order Zingiberales Griseb. (1854)
3.5.1 Family Cannaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
3.5.1.1 Canna indica L.
3.5.2 Family Costaceae Nakai (1941)
3.5.2.1 Costus speciosus (J. Koenig ex Retz.) Sm.
 3.5.3 Family Musaceae A. L. de Jussieu (1789)
3.5.3.1 Musa paradisiaca L.
3.5.4 Family Zingiberaceae Martynov (1820)
3.5.4.1 Alpinia conchigera Griff.
3.5.4.2 Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
3.5.4.3 Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B. L. Burtt.
3.5.4.4 Amomum dealbatum Roxb.
3.5.4.5 Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Manfs.
3.5.4.6 Kaempferia marginata Carey ex Roscoe
3.5.4.7 Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. Chen & C. Ling
3.5.4.8 Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.
Chapter 4 The Clade Ranunculids
4.1 Order Ranunculales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl. (1820)
4.1.1 Family Berberidaceae A.L. de. Jussieu (1789)
4.1.1.1 Berberis aristata Sims
4.1.1.2 Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC.
4.1.1.3 Berberis chitria Lindl.+6
4.1.1.4 Berberis lycium Royle
4.1.1.5 Berberis thunbergii DC
4.1.1.6 Mahonia bealei (Fortune) Carrière
4.1.1.7 Mahonia fortunei (Lindl.) Fedde
4.1.1.8 Mahonia napaulensis DC
4.1.1.9 Nandina domestica Thunb.
4.1.1.10 Podophyllum hexandrum Royle
4.1.2 Family Lardizabalaceae R. Brown (1821)
4.1.2.1 Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne.
4.1.2.2 Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehder & E.H.
Wilson
4.1.3 Family Papaveraceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
4.1.3.1 Argemone mexicana L.
4.1.3.2 Chelidonium majus L.
4.1.3.3 Corydalis bulbosa DC.
4.1.3.4 Corydalis govaniana Wall.
4.1.3.5 Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers.
 4.1.3.6 Corydalis racemosa (Thunb.) Pers.
4.1.3.7 Corydalis saxicola Bunting
4.1.3.8 Fumaria indica Pugsley
4.1.3.9 Fumaria officinalis L.
4.1.3.10 Hylomecon japonica (Thunb.) Prantl & Kündig
4.1.3.11 Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Brown
4.1.3.12 Meconopsis aculeata Royle
4.1.3.13 Papaver nudicaule L.
4.1.3.14 Papaver macrostomum Boiss. & A. Huet
4.1.3.15 Papaver dubium L.
4.1.3.16 Papaver rhoeas L.
4.1.3.17 Papaver somniferum L.
4.1.4 Family Menispermaceae A.L de Jussieu (1789)
4.1.4.1 Cissampelos hirsuta Buch.-Ham. ex DC.
4.1.4.2 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels
4.1.4.3 Coscinium fenestratum Colebr.
4.1.4.4 Cyclea barbata Miers
4.1.4.5 Cyclea peltata Hook. f. & Thomson
4.1.4.6 Hypserpa nitida Miers
4.1.4.7 Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr.
4.1.4.8 Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers
4.1.4.9 Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers
4.1.4.10 Stephania pierrei Diels
4.1.4.11 Stephania succifera H.S. Lo & Y. Tsoong
4.1.4.12 Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng
4.1.4.13 Tiliacora triandra Diels
4.1.4.14 Tinospora capillipes Gagnep.
4.1.4.15 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. &
Thomson
4.1.4.16 Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thoms.
4.1.4.17 Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merrill
4.1.5 Family Ranunculaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
4.1.5.1 Aconitum carmichaeli Debeaux
4.1.5.2 Anemone biflora DC.
 4.1.5.3 Anemone obtusiloba D. Don
4.1.5.4 Aquilegia vulgaris L.
4.1.5.5 Cimicifuga foetida
4.1.5.6 Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC.
4.1.5.7 Coptis chinensis Franch.
4.1.5.8 Coptis teeta Wall.
4.1.5.9 Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook. f. &
Thomson
4.1.5.10 Nigella sativa L.
4.1.5.11 Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC.
4.1.5.12 Pulsatilla koreana (Yabe ex Nakai) Nakai ex T.
Mori
4.1.5.13 Ranunculus sceleratus L.
4.1.5.14 Ranunculus ternatus Thunb.
4.1.5.15 Thalictrum simplex L.
4.1.5.16 Trollius chinensis Bunge
4.2 Order Proteales Juss. ex. Bercht. et J. Presl (1820)
4.2.1 Family Nelumbonaceae Bercht. et J. Presl (1820)
4.2.1.1 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
Chapter 5 The Clade Core Eudicots
5.1 Order Dilleniales DC. ex Bercht. & J. Presl (1820)
5.1.1 Family Dilleniaceae R.A. Salisbury (1807)
5.1.1.1 Acrotrema costatum Jack
5.1.1.2 Dillenia indica L.
5.1.1.3 Dillenia papuana Martelli
5.1.1.4 Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr.
5.2 Order Saxifragales Bercht. & Presl (1820)
5.2.1 Family Altingiaceae Horaninow (1841)
5.2.1.1 Altingia excelsa Noronha
5.2.1.2 Liquidambar formosana Hance
5.2.1.3 Liquidambar orientalis Mill.
5.2.2 Family Crassulaceae J. St.-Hil. (1805)
5.2.2.1 Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
5.2.2.2 Rhodiola rosea L.
 5.2.2.3 Sedum aizoon L.
5.2.3 Family Grossulariaceae A.P. de Candolle (1805)
5.2.3.1 Ribes nigrum L.
5.2.4 Family Haloragaceae R. Brown (1814)
5.2.4.1 Myriophyllum spicatum L.
5.2.5 Family Hamamelidaceae R. Brown (1818)
5.2.5.1 Corylopsis coreana Uyeki
5.2.6 Family Paeoniaceae Rafinesque (1815)
5.2.6.1 Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle
5.2.6.2 Paeonia lactiflora Pall.
5.2.7 Family Saxifragaceae A.L de Jussieu (1789)
5.2.7.1 Bergenia ciliata Sternb.
5.2.7.2 Aceriphyllum rossii (Oliv.) Engl.
Chapter 6 The Clade Rosids
6.1 Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl (1820)
6.1.1 Family Leeaceae Dumortier (1829)
6.1.1.1 Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.
6.1.1.2 Leea macrophylla Roxb.
6.1.2 Family Vitaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)
6.1.2.1 Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin
6.1.2.3 Cissus quadrangularis L.
Bibliography

Index
Foreword
From the very beginning, the principle and purpose of medicine, in
particular of pharmacology, was a struggle with natural selection for human
life and health. Using natural sources, even ancient physicians were able to
save patients suffering from infections of bacterial, viral, parasitic, or fungal
origin, who would otherwise become severely ill or even die without
treatment. Among these preparations, materials from ants and bees,
scorpions and flies, snakes and frogs, as well as sponges, mushrooms,
fishes, and mammals were used for centuries with more or less success. But
of course, different plants, trees, and herbs, their seeds, fruits, roots, leaves,
and flowers contained the most of ancient therapeutic remedies. The
development of rational synthetic chemistry, starting from the 19th century,
allowed to broaden the panel of compounds and to substitute compounds
isolated from natural sources with those synthesized in laboratories. Since
that time, owing to combinatory chemistry, desired structures and scaffolds,
including those not occurring in nature, could be synthesized and used as
potential drugs. The development and application of cell-free systems for
high throughput screening of chemical libraries against specific targets
resulted in a dramatic acceleration of drug-oriented researches. Finally, the
modern computational methods of molecular modeling and virtual
screening, including methods using artificial intelligence, allowed to test in
silico virtual libraries consisting of hundreds of millions of compounds.
Despite the wide possibilities the synthetic chemistry and rational drug
design offer, it must be always taken into account that all potential drugs are
supposed to be applied for the treatment of human beings. This imposes
specific restrictions and sets certain requirements for their scaffolds. Indeed,
enzymes of eukaryotic cells have specific preferences for the isomeric
composition of compounds. One of such examples is that our ribosomes can
handle only with L-, but not D-stereoisomers of amino acids to produce
functional proteins. Many other synthetic scaffolds cannot be utilized by
cellular enzymatic systems either. Not surprising are, therefore, the results
of the study of Newman and Cragg (2020) having demonstrated that among
all therapeutic agents approved from 1981 to 2019, only one-third of them
was of fully synthetic origin. Other two-thirds were either completely
natural or modified natural structures (i.e., those derived from a natural
product with semisynthetic modification) as well as compounds made by
total synthesis, but whose pharmacophore was from a natural product.
These compounds, including fully natural ones, are now successfully used
in both Western medicine and ethnical pharmacological systems, such as
Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, and many others. Secondary plant
metabolites are, therefore, an inexhaustible source for new scaffolds having,
with high probability, a potential biological activity. Of great importance
and highest novelty and variability are the plants of poorly studied regions
of rainforests in Asia, Africa, and South America. Among infectious
organisms, viruses represent an important group of causative agents of
diseases that are extremely hard to fight. Due to a specific life cycle, viral
components disseminate within the cell after infection, and for some period,
virus becomes a part of the cell. Therapeutic compounds, therefore, must be
very selective and tightly discriminate viral and cellular components to kill
a virus without affecting the cell. Moreover, on the battlefield among
viruses and humans, one can see in real time the process of selection of
viruses that are resistant to antiviral drugs. This problem is important for
such dangerous pathogens as the human immunodeficiency virus,
herpesviruses, influenza viruses, and many others. For some drugs and
viruses, the genetic barrier for resistance is high, but in other cases, it is
very low, so that viruses can overcome the inhibiting activity of a drug. This
becomes especially actual when patients do not adhere to doses and
regimens of drug use, thus providing a sub-therapeutical concentration of a
drug in the body. As an example, treatment of human immunodeficiency
virus infection with a single drug results in an easy selection of resistant
variants and progression of disease despite the therapy. However, the
introduction of the second and third drug into the scheme of treatment leads
to the effective elimination of the virus, because the development of double-
and triple-resistant viral mutants is much less probable.
Another serious problem of controlling viral infections is the continuous
danger of the introduction of novel viruses into the human population.
Novel viruses are regularly detected in humans their examples including
Zika virus, avian influenza virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) viruses and, of
course, the main headache nowadays, SARS-CoV-2 causing coronavirus
infection called COVID-19. Current pandemics covered all countries of the
globe and already resulted in more than 40 million cases with over a million
deaths. For these viruses, at least at the beginning of their circulation, there
are no even experimental drugs, people appear unprotected, and the only
hope is sanitary preventive measures. The development of therapeutic
agents for such viruses, even in case of re-purposing of already approved
drugs, takes months, if not years. Moreover, even the routine viruses that
can be normally controlled by vaccination, like the Influenza virus, can
undergo antigenic shift leading to the formation of the virus that is new for
the human immune system. For these viruses, there are no population
immunity, vaccine development, manufacturing, and distribution also take
several months, so the virus spreads uncontrollably among the population
causing pandemics. In the case of Influenza, the last pandemics occurred in
2009 (“swine flu”).
All mentioned above clearly indicates that the search and development
of novel antivirals exploring novel mechanisms and alternative viral (or
cellular) targets are of great importance and a high priority for today. Prof.
Christophe Wiart, the author of the presented book and scientist I am lucky
to work with, is one of the most prominent world authorities in the field of
ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology. He has collected, described, and
characterized several hundreds of rare plants of Asian rainforests whose
extracts contain novel antibiotics, antiviral, anti-parasite, antioxidant, or
anticancer agents. It is hard to overestimate the importance of Prof. Wiart’s
efforts in the field of search and development of novel pharmaceutical
agents against human diseases, in particular infectious ones caused by drug-
resistant pathogens. He was he who said “…the last hope for the human
race’s survival … is in the rainforests of tropical Asia. The pharmaceutical
wealth of this land is immense.” In summary, the problem of the
development of novel antivirals is of greatest priority in medicinal science,
and in this regard, the book of Prof. Christophe Wiart is very desirable,
timely, and recommended for reading by specialists in botany, plant
biochemistry, virology, and medicinal chemistry.
Dr. Vladimir Zarubaev