KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI

SALT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour Blue or Bluish green
Greenish
Light Green
Dark brown
Pink
Light pink,flesh colour or earthy colour
White
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your Ammoniacal smell
fingers and rub with a drop of water. Vinegar like smell.
Smell like that of rotten eggs.
3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the salt a) Colourless and odourless gas turns lime
in a dry test tube. water
(b) milky. gas with odour
Colourless
Colourless gas with the smell of rotten
eggs, and turns
Colourless leadsmell
gas with acetate paper black.
of burning
sulphur.
Colourless gas with pungent smell, gives
white fumes
Colourless gaswith
withammonia.
the smell of vinegar.
(c) Coloured gases
Reddish brown fumes that turns ferrous
sulphate
Greenish solution black.
yellow gas that turns the starch
iodide paper blue.
Dark violet vapours that turns starch paper
4 Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with blue.
Brick - red (not persistent)
conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small Crimson - red (persistent)
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce
it into the flame. Note the colour imparted to the Grassy - green (Persistent)
flame. Bright bluish - gree
Green flashes
Dull bluish - white
5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in Colourless odourless gas with brisk
a test tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric effervescence, turns lime water milky.
acid.
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 àNa2SO4 + H2O +CO2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 àCaCO3 + H2O
Colourless gas with pungent smell, turns
acidified
Colourlesspotasium
gas withdichromate paper
smell like that or
of rotten
solution green.
eggs, turns lead acetate paper black.
Na2S + H2SO4 àNa2SO4 + H2S
(CH3COO)2Pb
Reddish brown+gasH2Swith
àPbS + 2CH3COOH
pungent smell,
turns ferrous sulphate solution black.
2NaNO2 + H2SO4 àNa2SO4 + 2HNO2
3HNO2 àHNO3 + 2NO + H2O
2NO + O2 à2NO2
No gas is evolved.
6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a Colourless gas with pungent smell, form
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid. white fumes with aqueous ammonia when
a glass rod dipped in aqueous ammonia is
shown over the mouth of the test tube.
6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a Colourless gas with pungent smell, form
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid. white fumes with aqueous ammonia when
a glass rod dipped in aqueous ammonia is
shown over the mouth of the test tube.

NaCl + H2SO4 àNaHSO4 + HCl

HCl + NH3à NH4Cl
Reddish brown gas with pungent smell,
turns
Deep starch paper yellow.
violet vapours with pungent smell,
turns starch paper blue.
Colourless gas which turns lime water
Independent Radical : milky.
A White precipitate is formed.
1) Sulphate: Boil a small amount of salt with dil.
HCl in a test tube. Filter the contents, and to the
Preparation
filtrate add fewof sodium
drops ofcarbonate extract :Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of so
BaCl2 solution.
7 water
Confirmation of Carbonate, CO32-for about 10 minutes.
to it. Stir and boil the content Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and l
Brisk effervescence and evolution of
colourless odourless gases. Lime water
1.Dil. HCl test:To a portion of the salt solution, turns milky.
add dil HCl. Pass the gas evolved through lime
water. CaCO3 +2HClà CaCl2 + H2O+ CO2
Ca(OH)2 +CO2à CaCO3(S) +H2O
2.Magnesium sulphate test:To a portion of the Formation of white precipitate.
salt solution, add magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4) MgSO4 + Na2CO3 --> MgCO3(S) +Na2SO4
solution.

8 Confirmation of Sulphite SO32-

1.BaCl2 test: To a portion of the salt solution in a A white precipitate is formed
test tube add barium chloride (BaCl2) solution.
Ba2+(aq) + SO32–(aq) à BaSO3(s)
Add small amount of dil. HCl to the precipitate. The precipitate dissolves with the
evolution of gas.
BaSO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) à BaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(aq)
2.Potassium dichromate test: To a portion of A green colour is obtained
aqueous solution of salt, add potassium
dichromate solution acidified with dil.H2SO4 Na2SO3 + H2SO4 à Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2 à K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + H2O
3. Potassium permanganate test: To the aqueous Colour of KMnO4 solution gets discharged.
solution of the salt add few drops of potassium
permanganate solution acidified with dil. H2SO4.
BaSO3 + H2SO4 àBaSO4 + H2O + SO2
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 àK2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5 [O]
SO2 + H2O + [O] àH2SO4

9 Confirmation of Sulphide, S2-

1.Sodium nitroprusside test:Take a portion of Purple or violet colouration is obtained.
salt solution in a test tube and add a few drops of
sodium nitroprusside solution. Na2S +Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] à Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]
violet or purple
2.Lead acetate test: To a portion of salt solution A black precipitate is obtained.
add lead acetate solution.
Na2S +Pb(CH3COO)2 à PbS(black) +
3.Cadmium carbonate test: To a portion of CH 3COONa
A yellow precipitate is formed.
aqueous solution of salt, add a suspension of
cadmium carbonate in water. Na2S +CdCO3 à CdS (yellow ppt) + Na2CO3

10 Confirmation of Nitrite, NO2-

1.FeSO4 test: Take a portion of aqueous solution, A dark brown or black colouration is
add some dil. acetic
2.Starch-iodide test:acid
To aand ferrous
portion sulphate
of aqueous obtained.
A blue solution is obtained.
solution.
solution add a few drops of dilute H2SO4 and a
few drops of potassium iodide solution followed NO2– + CH3COOH àHNO2 + CH3COO–
by freshly prepared starch
10

2.Starch-iodide test: To a portion of aqueous

solution add a few drops of dilute H2SO4 and a
few drops of potassium iodide solution followed
by freshly prepared starch 2HNO2 + 2KI + 2CH3COOH à2CH3 COOK + 2H2O + 2NO + I2
I2 + Starchà Blue complex
3.Diphenylamine test:To a portion of aqueous A deep blue colouration is obtained.
solution, add few drops of diphenylamine.

11 Confirmation of Nitrate, NO3-

1.Diphenylamine test: Add a few drops of A deep blue colouration is obtained.
diphenylalamine to aHeat
2.Copper chip test: part aofsmall
solution of theofsalt.
quantity the
Dark brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide are
original salt with concentrated sulphuric acid and evolved
a few copper chips. 2NaNO3 + 4H2SO4 + 3Cu à3 CuSO4 + Na2SO4 + 4H2O + 2NO
2NO + O2 à2NO2
3.Brown Ring test: Add a small quantity of freshly A dark brown ring is formed at the junction
prepared solution of ferrous sulphate to a part of of the layers of the acid and the solution.
the aqueous solution and then pour
concentrated sulphuric acid slowly NaNO3 + H2SO4à Na HSO4 + HNO3
6 FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3à 3Fe2 (SO4)3 +
4H2O + 2NO
12 Confirmation of Chloride, Cl-
1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of aqueous A white precipitate is formed which is
solution with dil. HNO3 and then add AgNO3 soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
solution. AgNO3 + HClàAgCl + HNO3
AgCl + 2 NH4OH à Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
2.Maganese dioxide test:Heat a pinch of the salt Evolution of greenish yellow gas having a
with a small quantity of MnO4 and conc. H 2SO4. pungent irritating smell. It turns moist
starch-iodide paper blue.
2NaCl+MnO2+3H2SO4à2NaHSO4+MnSO4+2
3.Chromyl chloride test: 1. Mix a small quantity H 2O+Cl
The red2 fumes is due to the formation of
of the salt with a small amount of powdered chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2).
potassium dichromate and add conc. H 2SO4. 4NaCl+K2Cr2O7+3H2SO4à2Na2SO4+K2SO4+2C
2. Heat the test tube and pass the red vapours rO
The2Clsolution
2+3H2O turns to yellow

evolved into the gas test tube containing NaOH

solution. CrO2Cl2+4NaOHàNa2CrO4+2NaCl+2H2O
3.To the yellow solution thus obtained, add dil. A yellow precipitate is formed.
CH3COOH and lead acetate solution
Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 àPbCrO4(s)
+2CH3COONa
13 Confirmation of Bromide, Br-
A light yellow precipitate is formed which
1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of aqueous is partially soluble in NH4OH.
solution with dil. HNO3 and then add AgNO3
solution. Ag+(aq) + Br–(aq) àAgBr(s)
2.Maganese dioxide test: Heat a small quantity
of the salt with solid MnO4 and conc. H2SO4. Evolution of yellow brown vapour of
bromine which turn starch paper yellow.
2NaBr+MnO2+3H2SO4à2NaHSO4+MnSO4+2
3.Chlorine water test:Acidify a part of aqueous H2O+Br2disulphide layer acquires violet
Carbon
solution with dil. HCl, and add 1-2 ml of carbon colouration.
disulphide and then chlorine water. Shake 2NaBr(aq)+Cl2à2NaCl(aq)+Br2(orange)
vigorously and allow it to stand.
14 Confirmation of Bromide, I-
1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of aqueous A yellow precipitate is formed which is
solution with dil. HNO3 and then add AgNO3 insoluble in NH4OH.
solution. Ag+(aq) + I–(aq) àAgI(s)
2.Maganese dioxide test: Heat a small quantity Evolution of Violet vapour of iodine which
of the salt with solid MnO4 and conc. H2SO4. turn starch paper blue.
2NaI+MnO2+3H2SO4à2NaHSO4+MnSO4+2H
3.Chlorine water test:Acidify a part of aqueous O+I2 disulphide layer acquires violet
Carbon
2

solution with dil. HCl, and add 1-2 ml of carbon colouration.

disulphide and then chlorine water. Shake 2NaI(aq)+Cl2à2NaCl(aq)+I2(violet)
vigorously and allow it to stand.
15 Confirmation of Acetate, CH3COO-
1.Oxalic acid test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a Smells like that of vinegar.
watch glass. Mix it with solid oxalic acid. Prepare a
paste of it with a few drops of water. Rub the paste 2CH3COONa+(COOH)2à (COO)2 Na2
and smell
Ester it. a small quantity of the salt in a test-
test:Take +2CH 3COOH
Pleasant fruity smell of ester.
tube. Add conc. H2SO4 (2 ml) and heat. Now ethyl
alcohol (1 ml). Shake. Pour the contents of the tube in
a beaker full of water. Stir. 2CH3COONa+H2SO4à Na2SO4+2CH3COOH
CH3COOH+C2H5OHàCH3COOC2H5+ H2O
Ferric chloride test:Take the salt solution. Add Reddish coloured filtrate.
neutral ferric chloride solution. Filter. Divide the
filtrate into two portions.
FeCl3 + 3CH3COOH -> (CH3COO)3Fe + 3HCl
(i) To one part, add water and boil. Reddish brown precipitate.
CH3COO)3Fe + 2H2Oà (CH3COO) (OH)2 Fe
(ii) To second part, add dil. HCl. +2CH 3COOH
Reddish colour disappears.

16 Confirmation of Oxalate, C2O42-

1.CaCl2 test: Take a water extract. Add small White precipitate is formed.
amount dil. acetic acid and boil off CO 2. Add
Add dil HNO3 to the white precipitate and warm. The precipitate dissolves.
calcium chloride solution.
(NH
Pink4)C 2O4+ CaCl2à CaC2O4+ 2NH4Cl
colour of KMnO4 solution is
2. Potassium permanganate test:Take a pinch of decolourised with the evolution of CO 2 gas.
the salt in test tube and add. dil. Sulphuric acid.
Warm to 60-70 °C and add 2-3 drops of KMnO 4 CaC2O4 + H2SO4 à CaSO4 + H2C2O4
solution. 2 KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 à2MnSO4 +
K2SO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2
17 Confirmation of Sulphate, SO42-
1.BaCl2 test:To a part of aqueous solution of the A white precipitate is formed.
salt The white precipitate is insoluble in dil.
Addadd barium
dil. HCl chloride
to the white solution.
precipitate and shake. HCl.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO4↓
3. Lead acetate test:To a part of aqueous A white precipitate is formed which is
solution of the salt add lead acetate solution. Add insoluble in excess of hot ammonium
excess of hot ammonium acetate to this acetate solution.
precipitate. (CH3COO)2Pb(aq) + K2SO4(aq) -> PbSO4(s) + 2CH3COOK(aq)
PbSO4 + 4 CH3COONH4à (NH4)2 [Pb(CH3COO)4] + (NH4)2SO4

18 Confirmation of Phosphate, PO43-

1. Ammonium molybdate test:To the aqueous A yellow precipitate is formed.
solution add concentrated nitric acid and boil.
Add ammonium molybdate solution in excess K3PO4+3(NH4)2MoO4à2(NH4)3PO4+3K2MoO4
and again boil. K2MoO4+2HNO3à H2MoO4+2KNO3
H2MoO4à MoO3+H2O
(NH4)3PO4 +12 MoO3+6H2Oà(NH4)3PO4 .12 MoO3.6H2O
2.Magnesia mixture test:Take a portion of A white precipitate is obtained.
aqueous solution. Add magnesia mixture and
allow to stand. Na2HPO4 + MgCl2+NH4OHà Mg(NH4)PO4
+2NaCl+H2O
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS
1 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH )To a small amount
4
+
Characteristic ammoniacal smell.
of solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH
solution and heat the contents. (NH4)2 SO4 + 2NaOH àNa2SO4 + 2NH3 +
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. HCl near the 2H2O fumes is produced.
White
mouth of the test tube.
NH3 + HClà NH4Cl
Nessler’s Reagent test:When the gas evolved in Brown precipitate is formed
the above test is passed through Nessler's
reagent taken in a test tube.
 Nessler’s Reagent test:When the gas evolved in
the above test is passed through Nessler's
reagent taken in a test tube. 2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH àHgO.Hg(NH2 )I + 7KI + 2H2O

2 Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt White precipitate is formed

solution taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric
acid. Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) à PbCl2(s)
Confirmation of Pb2+

Dissolve the white precipitate in hot water -

Divide
1.Cool the
onesolution intosolution.
part of the three parts. White crystalline precipitate is formed.
2. Potassium iodide test:To the second part of Yellow precipitate is formed.
the solution, add potassium iodide solution.
PbCl2 + 2KI à PbI2 + 2KCl
3. Potassium chromate test:To the third part of Yellow precipitate is formed.
the solution add potassium chromate solution.
K2CrO4 + Pb(NO3)2 àPbCrO4↓ + 2KNO3

Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original solution in a test Formation of the black precipitate.
tube. Add some dil. HCl and pass H 2S gas . Formation of the yellow precipitate.
3 Confirmation of Cu2+
Heat and dissolve the black precipitate with 50%
HNO 3 and divided into two parts.
1. Potassium ferrocyanide test:To one part of the The chocolate brown precipitate is due to
blue solution in a test tube add few drops of the formation
2CuSO of Cu2[Fe(CN)6].
4 + K4Fe(CN)6 → 2K2SO4 + Cu2Fe(CN)6).
acetic acid and potassium ferrocyanide solution.
2. Potassium iodide test:To another part of the White precipitate formed is Cu2I2 in Brown
blue solution add acetic acid and potassium coloured solution .2CuSO4 + 2KI -->
iodide solution Cu2SO4 + I2 + K2SO4
4 Confirmation of As3+
The yellow residue of As2S3 is dissolved in
Heat and dissolve the black precipitate with 50% Conc. HNO3forming arsenic acid, H3AsO4.
HNO 3 in a tests tube - Precipitate dissolves and
1. Ammonium molybdate test:To a part of the
divided Yellow precipitate
solutioninto
in a two
test parts.
tube, add ammonium
molybdate solution and heat As2S3 + 3 (NH4)2S2 à2 (NH4)3As S4 + S
2(NH4)3AsS4+ 6HClà As2S5 + 3H2S + 6NH4Cl
3As2S5 + 10HNO3 + 4H2Oà 6H3AsO4 + 10NO + 15S
H3AsO4 + 12(NH4)2 MoO4 + 21HNO3à (NH4)3[As (Mo3 O10)4] + 2
2. Magnesia mixture test:To the second part of The white precipitate is due to the
the solution, add NH4OH solutionand add formation
Mg2+ +NH4+ of Mg(NH
+ AsO44)3-->
2AsO4.
MgNH4 AsO4 (Magnesium ammon
magnesia mixture(MgCl2+NH4Cl).

Analysis of Group III (Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube add 1.Reddish brown precipitate.
NH4Cl and excess of ammonium hydroxide to it Fe3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) à Fe(OH)3(s)
and shake.
2.White precipitate.
Al3+(aq) + 3OH–à Al(OH)3(s)
5 Confirmation of Fe3+ Cation:
Dissolve the reddish brown ppt. in dilute HCl, and
divide the solution
1. Pottassium into two test:To
ferrocynaide parts. one part of Prussian blue colour is due to the
the above solution in a test tube add potassium formation of ferric ferrocyanide,
ferrocyanide solution 4FeCl 3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6à] Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 +
Fe4[Fe(CN) 6]3.
2. Potassium sulphocyanide test:To the second 12KCl
Blood red colouration is due to the
part of the solution, add a little potassium formation
Fe3+ + CNS of Ferric
- --> sulphocyanide,
[Fe(CNS)] 2+
or Fe3+ + 2 CNS - --> [Fe(CNS)2]
sulphocyanide solution Fe(CNS)3.
6 White precipitate (Al3+)
1. Lake test:Disolve the white ppt. in dilute Blue precipitate floating in in colourless
Hcland addfew drops of blue litmus solution. To solution.it is due to the formation of
this, add NH4OH dropwise till blue colour Al2O3.CoO.
develops.
6
1. Lake test:Disolve the white ppt. in dilute
Hcland addfew drops of blue litmus solution. To Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O (dissolution)
this, add NH4OH dropwise till blue colour
develops. AlCl3 + 3NH4OH → 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3

Analysis of Group IV (Zinc Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube Black precipitate
NH4Cl and Add excess of NH4OH to it and Pass Buff (flesh) coloured precipitate
H2S gas .
Dull white precipitate
Confirmation of Group - IV Cations:
Black precipitate (Co2+ or Ni2+):Observe the colour of the original salt. If the salt is purple or deep violet in colou
7 greenishperform
Confirmation ofconfirmatory
Co2+ tests for Ni2+ with the
Theoriginal
yellow solution.
precipitate is due to the
formation of potassium cobalti nitrite,
1. Potassium nitrite test:To one part of the K3[Co(NO2)6].
original salt solution in a tests tube, add
ammonium hydroxide and add acetic acid and CoCl2 + 2KNO2 àKCl + Co(NO2)2
then a crystal of potassium nitrite. Warm the test KNO2 + CH3COOHà CH3COOK + HNO2
tube. Co(NO2)2 + 2HNO2 à Co(NO2)3 + H2O + NO
Co(NO2)3+3KNO2 à K3[Co(NO2)6]
2. Ammonium thiocyanate ether test:To another Blue colourin the ethereal layer is due to
part of the original salt solution in a test tube, the formation of ammonium cobalt
add about 1 ml of ether. Add crystals of CoCl 2 + 4NH4CNS à (NH4)2[Co(CNS)4] +2NH4Cl
thiocyanate, (NH4)2[Co(CNS)4].
8 Confirmation of Ni 2+
ammonium thiocyanate and shake the test tube
1. Dimethyl glyoxime test:To one part of the The bright red colour is due to the
original salt solution taken in a test tube, add formation of Ni – dimethyl glyoxime
ammonium hydroxide solution and few drops of complex; Ni(dmgH)2.
2. Sodiumglyoxime
dimethyl hydroxide. - Br2 test:To another part of The green precipitate is due to the
the original salt solution in a test tube, add formation of Ni(OH)2.The black precipitate
sodium hydroxide (in excess) – Green precipitate is due to the formation of nickelic
is formed - Add bromine water to the above ppt.. Ni hydroxide,
2+
(aq) +NaOHNi(OH) 3.
à Ni(OH) 2 +2Na
+

Boil the content - A black precipitate is formed. White2Ni(OH) precipitate is due to the formation
2 + Br2 + 2H2Oà 2Ni(OH) 3+ 2HBr

9 Confirmation of Mn2+ of Mn(OH) 2.Mn(OH) 2 turns brown on

adding Br2 water due to the oxidation of
1. Sodium hydroxide-Br2 test:To one part of salt Mn(OH)2 to MnO(OH)2.
solution in a test tube, add NaOH solution - A
white precipitate is formed - Add Bromine water MnS + 2HCl àMn Cl2 + H2S
to white precipitate - White precipitate turns MnCl2 + 2NaOH àMn(OH)2 + 2NaCl
black or brown. Mn (OH)2 + [O] àMnO(OH)2
2. Lead peroxide test:To black ppt. obtained in Inference:The pink colour is due to the
above test (Sodium hydroxide-Br2 test), add conc. formation of HMnO4.
HNO3 and lead peroxide solution. Boil, cool and MnS + 2HNO3 àMn(NO3)2 + H2S
allow to settle - Pink coloured solution is formed. 2Mn(NO3)2 +5PbO2 +6HNO3 à HMnO4 +5Pb(NO3)2 +2H2O

10 Dull white precipitate (Zn2+)

To the dull white precipitate, add dil. HCl to The white precipitate is due to the
dissolve and divide the solution into two parts. formation of zinc hydroxide,
Zn(OH)2 which is soluble in excess NaOH
1. Sodium hydroxide test:To one part of the due to the formation of Na2ZnO2. .
above solution in a test tube, add sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solution dropwise . ZnCl2 + 2NaOHà Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl
Zn(OH) 2 + 2NaOH àNa2ZnO2 + 2H2O
The white or bluish white precipitate is due
2. Potassium ferrocyanide test:To the second to the formation of Zn2[Fe(CN)6].
part above solution in a test tube, add potassium
ferrocyanide solution. 2 ZnCl2 + K4 [Fe(CN)6 ]à Zn2 [Fe(CN)6 ] + 4
KCl
Analysis of Group V (barium Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube white precipitate appears
NH4Cl and
Dissolve theAdd excess
white of NH4OH
precipitate and (NH4)2CO3
by boiling with
solution.
dilute acetic acid
Confirmation
three parts
ofand
Ba2+divide the solution into
1. Pot.chromate test: To the first part add yellow precipitate appears
potassium chromate K2CrO4 solution
BaCO3 + 2CH3COOHà (CH3COO)2 Ba + H2O + CO2
(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 àBaCrO4 + 2CH3COOK
2. Flame test: prepare a paste of the salt with Grassy - green (Persistent)
conc.HCl,
Confirmationin a clean
of Srwatch
2+ glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce
1. Amm.sulphate
it into test:Take
the flame. Note second
the colour part of the
imparted to the A whiteprecipitate is formed.
solutionand addammonium sulphate (NH4)2 SO4
solution. SrCO3 + 2CH3COOH à(CH3COO)2 Sr + H2O + CO2
(CH3COO)2 Sr + (NH4)2SO4 àSrSO4 + 2CH3COONH4
2. Flame test: prepare a paste of the salt with Crimson - red (persistent)
conc.HCl, in a
Confirmation of Caclean2+watch glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce
Amm.oxalate
it into the flame.test:take
Note thethecolour
third part of theto the A whiteprecipitate of calciumoxalate is
imparted
solution add Ammonium oxalate solution. obtained.
CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH à(CH3COO)2 Ca + H2O + CO2
(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4)2C2O4à (COO)2Ca + 2CH3COONH4
2. Flame test: prepare a paste of the salt with Brick - red (not persistent)
conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce
Analysis
it into theofflame.
GroupNote
VI (Magnesium Group) to the
the colour imparted
Test for Magnesium ion ( Mg2+ )
To the original salt solution in a test tube, and a white crystalline precipitate of
add a small amount of solid NH4Cl and an excess magnesium ammonium phosphate is
of NH4OH solution and then disodium Mg 2+
formed+ Na2HPO4 àMg (NH4)PO4 + NH4OH + 2Na+ + H2O
hydrogenphosphate solution
 RI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
ALYSIS
ACID RADICALS
Inference
May be Cu2+ or Ni2+ NH4Cl CuSO4
May be Ni2+ (NH4)NO3 FeSO4
May be Fe2+ (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2CO3
May be Fe3+ Pb(CH3COO) Pb(NO3)2
May be Co2+
May be Mn2+ Pb(NO3)2
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
May be NH4+
May be CH3COO-
May be S2- ANIONS CATIONS
The gas evolved is CO2. CO32- or C2O42- may be present. Cl- NH4+
SO42- Pb2+
The gas evolved is H2S. Hydrated S2- may be present. NO3- - Cu2+
The gas evolved is SO2. SO32- may be present. CH3COO- Fe2+
The gas evolved is HCl. Cl- may be present. CO32- Al3+
CH3COO- may be present. Zn2+
Ba2+
The gas evolved is NO2. NO2- or NO3- may be present. Mg2+
Chlorine gas is evolved. Cl- may be present.
Iodine vapours are formed. I- may be present.
Presence of Ca2+
Presence of Sr2+
Presence of Ba2+
Presence of Cu2+
Presence of Zn2+ or Mn2+
Presence of Pb2+
The gas evolved is CO2. This may be due to the presence of CO 32-.

2O +CO2

The gas evolved is SO2. This may be due to the presence of SO 32-.
The gas evolved is H2S. This may be due to the presence of S 2-.

H3COOH
The gas evolved is NO2. This may be due to the presence of NO2-.
HNO2

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

The gas evolved is HCl. This may be due to the presence of Cl -.
 The gas evolved is HCl. This may be due to the presence of Cl -.

The gas evolved is Br2. This may be due to the presence of Br -.

The gas evolved is I2. This may be due to the presence of I -.
the presence of C2O42-.
The white precipitate is BaSO4. This indicates the presence of
SO42-.
ling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of distilled
he filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate extract.

The gas evolved is CO2. This indicates the presence of CO 32-

confirms the presence of CO32-

+Na2SO4

May be the presence of SO32- and SO42-.

Barium sulphite dissolves in dil. HCl with the liberation of SO2

gas.This indicates the presence of SO 32-.
O(l) + SO2(aq)
This confirms the presence of SO32-ion.
+ SO2
+ Cr2 (SO4)3 + H2O
This confirms the presence of SO32- ion.

O2
nSO4 + 3H2O + 5 [O]

This confirms the presence of S2-

This confirms the presence of S2-

This confirms the presence of S2-

It is due to the formation of FeSO4.NO.this confirms the presence

of NO2-
This confirms the presence of NO2-
OO–
3 COOK + 2H2O + 2NO + I2

this confirms the presence of NO2-

This confirms the presence of NO3-

This confirms the presence of NO3-
O4 + Na2SO4 + 4H2O + 2NO

This confirms the presence of NO3-

FeSO4 + NO à [Fe(NO)]SO4

This confirms the presence of Cl-

This confirms the presence of Cl-

presence of Cl- is confirmed

CrO2Cl2 reacts with NaOH to form yellow solution of sodium

chromate (Na2CrO4).
This confirms the presence of Cl-

This confirms the presence of Br-

This confirms the presence of Br-

This confirms the presence of Br-

This confirms the presence of I-

This confirms the presence of I-

This confirms the presence of I-

 Presence of CH3COO- ion.

This confirms the presence of CH3COO-

The reddish coloured filtrate is due to the formation of

(CH3COO)3Fe.
Fe + 3HCl
This confirms the presence of CH3COO-

This confirms the presence of CH3COO-

This confirms the presence of C2O42-

This confirms the presence of C2O42-

This confirms the presence of SO42-

This confirms the presence of SO42-

PbSO4(s) + 2CH3COOK(aq)
Pb(CH3COO)4] + (NH4)2SO4

This confirms the presence of PO43-

O3

) PO4 .12 MoO3.6H2O

4 3

This confirms the presence of PO43-

BASIC RADICALS
The gas evolved is NH3. Presence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.

Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.

 NH2 )I + 7KI + 2H2O

Presence of group I (Pb2+).

Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

Presence of Group II (Pb2+ or Cu2+).

Presence of Group II (As3+).

Presence of Cu2+ is confirmed.

Cu2Fe(CN)6).
Presence of Cu2+ is confirmed.

Presence of As3+ is confirmed.

+S
S + 6NH4Cl
O4 + 10NO + 15S
NO3à (NH4)3[As (Mo3 O10)4] + 21NH4NO3 +12H2O
Presence of As3+is confirmed.
4 AsO4 (Magnesium ammonium arsenate)

Presence of Group III cation (Fe3+).

Presence of Group III cation (Al3+)

Presence of Fe3+ is confirmed.

Presence of Fe3+ is confirmed.

Fe3+ + 2 CNS - --> [Fe(CNS)2] +

Presence of Al3+is confirmed.

 Presence of Al3+is confirmed.

Presence of Group IV cations Co2+ or Ni2+.

Presence of Group cation Mn2+.
Presence of Group IV cation Zn 2+.

purple or deep violet in colour, perform confirmatory tests for Co2+ and if it is

Presence of Co2+ is confirmed.

NO2
H2O + NO
6]
Presence of Co2+ is confirmed.
S)4] +2NH4Cl

Presence of Ni2+ is confirmed.

Presence of Ni2+ is confirmed.

)3+ 2HBr

Presence of Mn2+ is confirmed.

aCl

Presence of Mn2+ is confirmed.

MnO4 +5Pb(NO3)2 +2H2O

Presence of Zn2+is confirmed

l
H2O
Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed.

presence of group–V cations Ba2+, Sr2+ and Ca2+

 Presence of Ba2+is confirmed
Ba + H2O + CO2
+ 2CH3COOK
Presence of Ba2+is confirmed

Presence of Sr2+ is confirmed

Sr + H2O + CO2
+ 2CH3COONH4
Presence of Sr2+ is confirmed

Presence of Ca2+is confirmed

Ca + H2O + CO2
O)2Ca + 2CH3COONH4
Presence of Ca2+is confirmed

confirms the presence of Mg2+ ions.

NH4OH + 2Na+ + H2O
CuCl2

SALTS
NH4Cl
(NH4)2SO4
NH4NO3
FeSO4
CuSO4
Pb(CH3COO)2
Pb(NO3)2
(NH4)2CO3
Al(NO3)3
ZnSO4
BaCl2
MgSO4
MgCl2
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIK
SALT ANALYSIS-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (NH4
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment
1 Colour
2 Smell: Take a pinch of thesalt between your fingers
and rub with a drop of water.

3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the salt in

a dry test tube.

4 Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with

conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce it
into the flame. Note the colour imparted to the
flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a

test tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid.

6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a test

tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid.

7 Test for Cl-

1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of aqueous solution

with dil. HNO3 and then add AgNO3 solution.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

8 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH )To a small amount of
4
+

solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH solution

and heat the contents.

Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. HCl near the mouth of

the test tube.

Result:
THE GIVEN SALT CONTAINS
ACIDIC RADICAL: Cl-
Basic radical:NH4 +
Salt :NH4Cl
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (NH4Cl)
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
Observation
White
Ammoniacal smell

Colourless gas with pungent smell, gives white fumes with

ammonia.

no characteristic coloured flame

No characteristic gas is evolved.

Colourless gas with pungent smell, form white fumes with

aqueous ammonia when a glass rod dipped in aqueous
ammonia is shown over the mouth of the test tube.

NH4Cl + H2SO4 à (NH4)2SO4 + HCl

HCl + NH3 à NH4Cl

A white precipitate is formed which is soluble in ammonium

hydroxide.
AgNO3 + NH4Cl à AgCl + NH4NO3
AgCl + 2 NH4OH à [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

Characteristic ammoniacal smell.
(NH4)2 SO4 + 2NaOH àNa2SO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

White fumes is produced.

NH3 + HClà NH4Cl
ARAIKUDI
(NH4Cl)
LS
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
May be NH4+

The gas evolved is HCl. Cl- may be present.

Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or Mn2+ Pb2+ are absent

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

The gas evolved is HCl. Cl- may be present.

This confirms the presence of Cl-

CALS
The gas evolved is NH3. Presence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.

 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS-AMMONIUM SULPHATE ((NH4)2SO4)
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your fingers and Ammoniacal smell
rub with a drop of water.

3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry No characteristic gas is evolved.
4 test
Flametube.
test: prepare a paste of the mixture with conc.HCl, no characteristic coloured flame
in a clean watch glass. Place a small amount of this paste
on a glass rod and introduce it into the flame. Note the
colour imparted to the flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a test

tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid.
No characteristic gas is evolved.
6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a test tube, No characteristic gas is evolved.
add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid.

7 Independent Radical : A White precipitate is formed.

1) Sulphate: Boil a small amount of salt with dil. HCl in a
8 Test for Sulphate, SO42-
Confirmation of Sulphate, SO42-
1.BaCl2 test:To a part of aqueous solution of the salt add A white precipitate is formed.The white
barium chloride solution. precipitate is insoluble in dil. HCl.

(NH4)2SO4 + BaCl2 2NH4Cl + BaSO4↓

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

9 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH )To a small amount of solid Characteristic ammonical smell.
4
+

salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH solution and heat the
contents. (NH4)2 SO4 + 2NaOH àNa2SO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. HCl near the mouth of the White fumes is produced.
test tube.
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. HCl near the mouth of the
test tube.
NH3 + HClà NH4Cl

Result:

THE GIVEN SALT CONTAINS

ACIDIC RADICAL: SO42-

Basic radical:NH4 +
Salt :(NH4)2 SO4
PUS,KARAIKUDI
ATE ((NH4)2SO4)
ADICALS
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.

May be NH4+
NO3-

absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or Mn2+ Pb2+

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

Absence of Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO- and NO3-

The white precipitate is BaSO4. This indicates the presence

of SO42-.

This confirms the presence of SO42-

O4↓

RADICALS
The gas evolved is NH3. Presence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.

Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS-AMMONIUM NITRATE (NH4NO3)
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your fingers and Ammoniacal smell
rub with a drop of water.
3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry Reddish brown fumes that turns ferrous
4 test
Flametube.
test: prepare a paste of the mixture with conc.HCl, sulphate
no solutioncoloured
characteristic black. flame
in a clean watch glass. Place a small amount of this paste
on a glass rod and introduce it into the flame. Note the
colour imparted to the flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a test

tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid.
No characteristic gas is evolved.
6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a test tube, Reddish brown gas with pungent smell,
add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid. turns ferrous sulphate solution black.

7 Test for Nitrate, NO3-

Brown Ring test: Add a small quantity of freshly A dark brown ring is formed at the junction
prepared solution of ferrous sulphate to a part of the of the layers of the acid and the solution.
aqueous solution and then pour concentrated sulphuric
acid slowly

NaNO3 + H2SO4à Na HSO4 + HNO3

6 FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3à 3Fe2 (SO4)3 +
4H2O + 2NO
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS
8 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a small amount of solid Characteristic ammoniacal smell.
salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH solution and heat the
contents. (NH4)2 SO4 + 2NaOH àNa2SO4 + 2NH3 +
2H2O
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. HCl near the mouth of the White fumes is produced.
test tube.
NH3 + HClà NH4Cl

Result:
THE GIVEN SALT CONTAINS
ACIDIC RADICAL: NO3-
Basic radical:NH4 +
Salt :NH4NO3
PUS,KARAIKUDI
ATE (NH4NO3)
ADICALS
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
May be NH4+
The gas evolved is NO2. NO2- or NO3- may be present.
absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or Mn2+ Pb2+

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

The gas evolved is NO2. This may be due to the presence

of NO3-.

This confirms the presence of NO3-

FeSO4 + NO à [Fe(NO)]SO4

RADICALS
The gas evolved is NH3. Presence of Group Zero (NH4+).
Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS-FERROUS SULPHATE (FeSO4)
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment
1 colour

2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your fingers

3 and rub withTest:Heat
Dry Heating a drop of awater.
small quantity of the salt in
4 aFlame
dry test tube.
test: prepare a paste of the mixture with
conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce it
into the flame. Note the colour imparted to the
flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a

6 test
Conctube
H2SOand add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid.
4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a test
tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid.

7 Independent Radical :
1) Sulphate: Boil a small amount of salt with dil.
8 Test for Sulphate, SO42-
Confirmation of Sulphate, SO42-
BaCl2 test:To a part of aqueous solution of the salt
add barium chloride solution.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

9 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a small amount of
solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH solution
10 Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt
solution taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric
acid.

11 Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original solution in a test

tube. Add some dil. HCl and pass H 2S gas .

12 Analysis of Group III (Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube add
NH 4Cl and excess of ammonium hydroxide to it and
Confirmation of Fe2+ Cation:
shake.
Dissolve the reddish brown ppt. in dilute HCl, and
divide the solution
1. Pottassium into two test:To
ferrocynaide parts. one part of the
above solution in a test tube add potassium
ferrocyanide solution

Result:
THE GIVEN SALT CONTAINS
ACIDIC RADICAL: SO42-
Basic radical:Fe2+
Salt :FeSO4
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS-FERROUS SULPHATE (FeSO4)
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
Observation
Inference
Light green
Fe2+ may be present
No characteristic smell Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and S2-
No characteristic gas is evolved. Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO-, NO2- and NO3-
no characteristic coloured flame

absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or Mn2+

Pb2+
No characteristic gas is evolved. CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.
No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO- and NO3-

A White precipitate is formed. The white precipitate is BaSO4. This indicates the
presence of SO42-.

A white precipitate is formed.The white precipitate

is insoluble in dil. HCl. This confirms the presence of SO42-
FeSO4 + BaCl2 FeCl2 + BaSO4↓

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

No ammoniacal smell. Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

No White precipitate is formed Absence of group I (Pb2+).

No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Group II (Pb2+ . Cu2+ and As3+).

Reddish brown precipitate. Presence of Group III cations (Fe2+/Fe3+ and Al3+).

Prussian blue colour is due to the formation of Presence of Fe2+ is confirmed.

ferric ferrocyanide, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3.

4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6à] Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 12KCl

 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS-COPPER SULPHATE (CuSO4)
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour Blue

2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your fingers No characteristic smell
3 and rub withTest:Heat
Dry Heating a drop of awater.
small quantity of the salt in a No characteristic gas is evolved.
4 dry test tube.
Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with no characteristic coloured flame
5 conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small
DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a No characteristic gas is evolved.
6 test tube
Conc H2SOand
4
add
Test:To1-2
a ml of
small dilute
quantitysulphuric
of salt inacid.
a test No characteristic gas is evolved.
7 tube, add 1-2 ml of
Independent Radical : conc. sulpuric acid. A White precipitate is formed.
1) Sulphate: Boil a small amount of salt with dil. HCl
8 Test for Sulphate, SO42-
Confirmation of Sulphate, SO42-
BaCl2 test:To a part of aqueous solution of the salt A white precipitate is formed.The white precipitate is
add barium chloride solution. insoluble in dil. HCl.
CuSO4 + BaCl2 CuCl2 + BaSO4↓

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

9 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH )To a small amount of No ammoniacal smell.
4
+

solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH solution and

10 Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt solution No White precipitate is formed
taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric acid.
11 Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original solution in a test No characteristic precipitate.

tube. Add some dil. HCl and pass H 2S gas .
Confirmation of Cu2+
Heat and dissolve the black precipitate with 50%
HNO 3 and divided into two parts.
1. Potassium ferrocyanide test:To one part of the The chocolate brown precipitate is due to the formation
blue solution in a test tube add few drops of acetic of Cu2[Fe(CN)
2CuSO 6].
4 + K4Fe(CN)6 → 2K2SO4 + Cu2Fe(CN)6).
acid and potassium ferrocyanide solution.
2. Potassium iodide test:To another part of the blue White precipitate formed is Cu2I2 in Brown coloured
solution add acetic acid and potassium iodide solution .2CuSO4 + 2KI --> Cu2SO4 + I2 + K2SO4
solution

Result:
THE GIVEN SALT CONTAINS
ACIDIC RADICAL: SO42-
Basic radical:Cu2+
Salt :CuSO4
 AIKUDI
SO4)

Inference
Cu2+ may be present

Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and S2-

Absence of CO32- , C2O42-,S2-, SO32-,
absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or
Mn2+
CO32-, Pb2+
SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.
Absence of Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO- and NO3-
The white precipitate is BaSO4. This indicates the
presence of SO42-.

This confirms the presence of SO42-

ALS
Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Absence of group I (Pb2+).

Presence of Group II (Pb2+ . Cu2+ and As3+).

Presence of Cu2+ is confirmed.

Presence of Cu2+ is confirmed.
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your Vinegar like smell.
fingers and rub with a drop of water.

3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the salt Colourless gas with the smell of vinegar.
in a dry test tube.
4 Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with Dull bluish - white
conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce
it into the flame. Note the colour imparted to the
flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in No characteristic gas is evolved.

a test tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
acid.

6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a Colourless gas with smell of vinegar,turns
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid. blue litmus red.
CH3COONa + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + CH3COOH
7 Confirmation of Acetate, CH3COO-
Oxalic acid test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a Smells like that of vinegar.
watch glass. Mix it with solid oxalic acid. Prepare a
paste of it with a few drops of water. Rub the paste
and smell it.

2CH3COONa+(COOH)2à (COO)2 Na2

+2CH3COOH
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS
8 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a small amount No ammoniacal smell.
of solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH
9 Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt White precipitate is formed
solution taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric
acid.

Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) à PbCl2(s)

Confirmation of Pb 2+

Dissolve the white precipitate in hot water -

Divide
1.Cool the
onesolution intosolution.
part of the three parts. White crystalline precipitate is formed.
2. Potassium iodide test:To the second part of Yellow precipitate is formed.
the solution, add potassium iodide solution.
PbCl2 + 2KI à PbI2 + 2KCl

3. Potassium chromate test:To the third part of Yellow precipitate is formed.

the solution add potassium chromate solution.
K2CrO4 + Pb(NO3)2 àPbCrO4↓ + 2KNO3
The given salt contains:

Acidic radical: CH3COO-

Basic radical: Pb2+
Salt: Pb(CH3COO)2
 Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
May be CH3COO-

CH3COO- may be present.

Presence of Pb2+

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

CH3COO- may be present.

+ CH3COOH

Presence of CH3COO- ion.

SIC RADICALS
Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Presence of group I (Pb2+).

Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKU
SALT ANALYSIS-LEAD NITRATE (Pb(NO3))
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment
1 colour
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your
fingers and rub with a drop of water.

3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the

salt in a dry test tube.

4 Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with

conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and
introduce it into the flame. Note the colour
imparted to the flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in

a test tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
acid.

6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a

test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulphuric acid.

7 Test for Nitrate, NO3-

Brown Ring test: Add a small quantity of freshly
prepared solution of ferrous sulphate to a part
of the aqueous solution and then pour
concentrated sulphuric acid slowly

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

8 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a small amount
of solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH
9 Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt
solution taken in a test tube, add dil.
hydrochloric acid.

Confirmation of Pb2+
Dissolve the white precipitate in hot water -
Divide the solution into three parts.

1.Cool one part of the solution.

2. Potassium iodide test:To the second part of
the solution, add potassium iodide solution.
 3. Potassium chromate test:To the third part of
the solution add potassium chromate solution.

The given salt contains:

Acidic radical: NO3-
Basic radical: Pb2+
Salt: Pb(NO3)2
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS-LEAD NITRATE (Pb(NO3))
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
Observation
White
Ammoniacal smell

Reddish brown fumes that turns ferrous sulphate

solution black.

no characteristic coloured flame

No characteristic gas is evolved.

Reddish brown gas with pungent smell, turns ferrous

sulphate solution black.

A dark brown ring is formed at the junction of the

layers of the acid and the solution.
NaNO3 + H2SO4à Na HSO4 + HNO3
6 FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3à 3Fe2 (SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS
No ammoniacal smell.

White precipitate is formed

Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) à PbCl2(s)

White crystalline precipitate is formed.

Yellow precipitate is formed.
PbCl2 + 2KI à PbI2 + 2KCl
Yellow precipitate is formed.

K2CrO4 + Pb(NO3)2 àPbCrO4↓ + 2KNO3

AMPUS,KARAIKUDI
ATE (Pb(NO3))
D RADICALS
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.

May be NH4+
The gas evolved is NO2. NO2- or NO3- may be present.

absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or Mn2+ Pb2+

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

The gas evolved is NO2. This may be due to the presence of NO3-.

This confirms the presence of NO3-

FeSO4 + NO à [Fe(NO)]SO4
IC RADICALS
Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Presence of group I (Pb2+).

Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.
Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS- AMMONIUM CARBONATE ((NH4)2CO3)
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your fingers Pungent smell
3 and rub withTest:Heat
Dry Heating a drop of awater.
small quantity of the salt in a COLORLESS, ODOURLESS GAS EVOLVED
4 dry test tube.
Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with no characteristic coloured flame
5 conc.HCl, in a cleanawatch
DilH2SO4 Test:Take small glass. Place
quantity a small
of the salt in a Colourless odourless gas with brisk effervescence,
test tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid. turns lime water milky.
7 Confirmation of Carbonate, CO32-
Brisk effervescence and evolution of colourless
1.Dil. HCl test:To a portion of the salt solution, add odourless gases. Lime water turns milky.
dil HCl. Pass the gas evolved through lime water.
CaCO3 +2HClà CaCl2 + H2O+ CO2
Ca(OH)2 +CO2à CaCO3(S) +H2O

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

8 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH )To a small amount of Characteristic ammoniacal smell.
4
+

solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH solution and

heat the contents. (NH4)2 SO4 + 2NaOH àNa2SO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. HCl near the mouth of White fumes is produced.
the test tube.
NH3 + HClà NH4Cl
Result:
THE GIVEN SALT CONTAINS
ACIDIC RADICAL: CO32-
Basic radical:NH4 +
Salt :(NH4)2CO3
RAIKUDI
NH4)2CO3)
S
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are
absent.
May be NH4+
CO32- may be present
absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or
Mn2+
The gasPb2+
evolved is CO2. This may be due to
the presence of CO32-.

The gas evolved is CO2. This indicates the

presence of CO32-

ALS
The gas evolved is NH3. Presence of Group
Zero (NH4+).

Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.

 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your No characteristic smell smell
3 fingers and rub
Dry Heating with a drop
Test:Heat of water.
a small quantity of the salt Reddish brown fumes that turns ferrous
4 in a dry test tube.
Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with sulphate
no solutioncoloured
characteristic black. flame
5 conc.HCl, in a cleanawatch
DilH2SO4 Test:Take small glass. Place
quantity a small
of the salt in No characteristic
Reddish brown gasgas is evolved.
with pungent smell,
6 aConc
testHtube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a turns ferrous sulphate solution black.
7 test tube, add 1-2 ml
Test for Nitrate, NOof3-
conc. sulpuric acid.

Brown Ring test: Add a small quantity of freshly A dark brown ring is formed at the junction
prepared solution of ferrous sulphate to a part of of the layers of the acid and the solution.
the aqueous solution and then pour
concentrated sulphuric acid slowly NaNO3 + H2SO4à Na HSO4 + HNO3
6 FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3à 3Fe2 (SO4)3 +
4H2O + 2NO
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS
8 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a small amount No ammoniacal smell.
of solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH
solution and heat the contents.

9 Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt No White precipitate is formed

solution taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric
acid.

10 Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original solution in a test No characteristic precipitate.
tube. Add some dil. HCl and pass H 2S gas .

11 Analysis of Group III (Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube add 2.White gelatinous precipitate.
NH4Cl and excess of ammonium hydroxide to it
and shake.
Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube add
NH4Cl and excess of ammonium hydroxide to it
and shake.
Al3+(aq) + 3OH–à Al(OH)3(s)
White precipitate (Al3+)
1. Lake test:Disolve the white ppt. in dilute Blue precipitate floating in in colourless
Hcland addfew drops of blue litmus solution. To solution.it is due
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl →to the +formation
AlCl of
3H2O (dissolution)
3
this, add NH4OH dropwise till blue colour Al2O3.CoO.
develops. AlCl3 + 3NH4OH → 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: NO3-
Basic radical: Al3+
Salt: Al(NO3)3
AMPUS,KARAIKUDI
IS
D RADICALS
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and S2-
The gas evolved is NO2. NO2- or NO3- may be present.
absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or Mn2+ Pb2+
CO32-gas
The , SOevolved
3 , S , NO
2- 2-
2 etc
-
is NO may be absent.
2. This may be due to the presence
of NO3-.

This confirms the presence of NO3-

FeSO4 + NO à [Fe(NO)]SO4

SIC RADICALS
Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Absence of group I (Pb2+).

Absence of Group II (Pb2+ . Cu2+ and As3+).

Presence of Group III cation (Al3+)

Presence of Group III cation (Al3+)

Presence of Al3+is confirmed.

 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (NH4Cl)
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your fingers No characteristic smell smell
3 and rub withTest:Heat
Dry Heating a drop of awater.
small quantity of the salt in a No characteristic gas is evolved.
4 dry testtest:
Flame tube.prepare a paste of the mixture with Green flashes
5 conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small amount
DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a test
tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid.

No characteristic gas is evolved.

6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a test
tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid.

No characteristic gas is evolved.

7 Test for Sulphate, SO4 2-

Confirmation of Sulphate, SO42-

A white precipitate is formed.The white
1.BaCl2 test:To a part of aqueous solution of the salt precipitate is insoluble in dil. HCl.
add barium chloride solution. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO4↓

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

8 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a small amount of
solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH solution and
heat the contents.
No ammoniacal smell.

9 Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt solution

taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric acid.

No White precipitate is formed

 Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)
10
Take about 2 ml of the original solution in a test tube.
Add some dil. HCl and pass H2S gas .

No characteristic precipitate.

11 Analysis of Group III (Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube add
NH4Cl and excess of ammonium hydroxide to it and
shake.
No characteristic coloured precipitate.

12 Analysis of Group IV (Zinc Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube NH4Cl
and Add excess of NH4OH to it and Pass H2S gas .
Dull white precipitate
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: SO42-
Basic radical: Zn2+
Salt: ZnSO4
MPUS,KARAIKUDI

RADICALS
MPUS,KARAIKUDI
LORIDE (NH4Cl)
RADICALS
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and S2-
Absence of CO32- , C2O42-,S2-, SO32-, Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO-, NO2-
Presence of Zn2+ or Mn2+
CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

Absence of Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO- and NO3-

This confirms the presence of SO42-

↓

C RADICALS
Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Absence of group I (Pb2+).

Absence of Group II (Pb2+ . Cu2+ and As3+).

Absence of Group III cations (Fe3+ and Al3+).

Presence of Group IV cation Zn 2+.

 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your No characteristic smell smell
fingers and rub with a drop of water.

3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the salt Colourless gas with pungent smell, gives white fumes with
in a dry test tube. ammonia.

4 Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with Grassy - green (Persistent)
conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce
it into the flame. Note the colour imparted to the
flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in No characteristic gas is evolved.

a test tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
acid.

6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a Colourless gas with pungent smell, form white fumes with aqueous
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid. ammonia when a glass rod dipped in aqueous ammonia is shown
over the mouth of the test tube.
NaCl + H2SO4 àNaHSO4 + HCl
HCl + NH3à NH4Cl

7 Test for Cl- Br - and I-

1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of aqueous A white precipitate is formed which is soluble in ammonium
solution with dil. HNO3 and then add AgNO3 hydroxide.
solution. AgNO3 + HClàAgCl + HNO3
AgCl + 2 NH4OH à Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS
8 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a small amount No ammoniacal smell.
of solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH
9 Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt No White precipitate is formed
solution taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric
acid.
10 Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)
Take about 2 ml of the original solution in a test No characteristic precipitate.
tube. Add some dil. HCl and pass H 2S gas .
11 Analysis of Group III (Iron Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube add No characteristic coloured precipitate.
NH4Cl and excess of ammonium hydroxide to it
and shake.
12 Analysis of Group IV (Zinc Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube No characteristic coloured precipitate
NH4Cl and Add excess of NH4OH to it and Pass
H2S gas .
13 Analysis of Group V (barium Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube white precipitate appears
NH4Cl and
Dissolve theAdd excess
white of NH4OH
precipitate and (NH4)2CO3
by boiling with
solution.
dilute acetic acid and divide the solution into
Confirmation
three parts
of Ba 2+

1. Pot.chromate test: To the first part add yellow precipitate appears

potassium chromate K2CrO4 solution
BaCO3 + 2CH3COOHà (CH3COO)2 Ba + H2O + CO2
(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 àBaCrO4 + 2CH3COOK
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: Cl-
Basic radical: Ba2+
Salt: BaCl2
ARAIKUDI

LS
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and S2-

The gas evolved is HCl. Cl- may be present.

Presence of Ba2+

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

The gas evolved is HCl. This may be due to the presence of
Cl-.

This confirms the presence of Cl-

CALS
Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Absence of group I (Pb2+).

Absence of Group II (Pb2+ . Cu2+ and As3+).

Absence of Group III cations (Fe3+ and Al3+).

Absence of Group IV cations ( Zn 2+.Ni2+,Mn2+ and Co2+)

Presence of group–V cations (Ba2+, Sr2+ and Ca2+)

Presence of Ba2+is confirmed

 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your fingers No characteristic smell smell
3 and rub withTest:Heat
Dry Heating a drop of awater.
small quantity of the salt in a No characteristic gas is evolved.
4 dry test tube.
Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with no characteristic coloured flame
5 conc.HCl, in a cleanawatch
DilH2SO4 Test:Take small glass. Place
quantity a small
of the salt amount
in a test No characteristic gas is evolved.
6 tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid.
Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a test No characteristic gas is evolved.
7 tube, addSulphate,
Test for 1-2 ml of conc.
SO 2- sulpuric acid.
4

Confirmation of Sulphate, SO42-

BaCl2 test:To a part of aqueous solution of the salt add A white precipitate is formed.The white
barium chloride solution. precipitate is insoluble
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaClin+ dil. HCl.
BaSO4↓
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

8 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a small amount of No ammoniacal smell.

solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH solution and
9 Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt solution No White precipitate is formed
taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric acid.
10 Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)
Take about 2 ml of the original solution in a test tube. No characteristic precipitate.
Add some dil. HCl and pass H2S gas .

11 Analysis of Group III (Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube add No characteristic coloured precipitate.
NH4Cl and excess of ammonium hydroxide to it and
shake.
12 Analysis of Group IV (Zinc Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube NH4Cl No characteristic coloured precipitate
and Add excess of NH4OH to it and Pass H2S gas .
13 Analysis of Group V (barium Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube NH4Cl No white precipitate appears
and Add excess of NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 solution.
14 Analysis of Group VI (Magnesium Group)
Test for Magnesium ion ( Mg2+ )

To the original salt solution in a test tube, and add a a white crystalline precipitate of
small amount of solid NH4Cl and an excess of NH4OH magnesium ammonium phosphate is
solution and then disodium hydrogenphosphate Mg 2+
formed+ Na2HPO4 àMg (NH4)PO4 + NH4OH + 2Na+ + H2O
solution
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: SO42-
Basic radical: Mg2+
Salt: MgSO4
 PUS,KARAIKUDI

RADICALS
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and S2-
Absence of CO32- , C2O42-,S2-, SO32-, Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO-, NO2-
absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or Mn2+ Pb2+
CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.
Absence of Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO- and NO3-

This confirms the presence of SO42-

↓
RADICALS
Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Absence of group I (Pb2+).

Absence of Group II (Pb2+ . Cu2+ and As3+).

Absence of Group III cations (Fe3+ and Al3+).

Absence of Group IV cations ( Zn 2+.Ni2+,Mn2+ and Co2+)

Absence of group–V cations (Ba2+, Sr2+ and Ca2+)

 confirms the presence of Mg2+ ions.
NH4OH + 2Na+ + H2O
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your No characteristic smell smell
fingers and rub
Dry Heating with a drop
Test:Heat of water.
a small quantity of the salt Colourless gas with pungent smell, gives
in a dry test tube.
Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with white
no fumes withcoloured
characteristic ammonia. flame
conc.HCl, in a cleanawatch
DilH2SO4 Test:Take small glass. Place
quantity a small
of the salt in No characteristic gas is evolved.
aConc
testHtube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a Colourless gas with pungent smell, form
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid. white fumes with aqueous ammonia when
a glass rod dipped in aqueous ammonia is
2 NaCl + H2SO4 àNaHSO4 + HCl
HCl + NH3à NH4Cl

3 Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of
distilled
Test forwater to it. StirCO
Carbonate, and2- boil the content for about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate
3
Dil. HCl test:To a portion of the salt solution, add No Brisk effervescence and evolution of
dil HCl. Pass the gas evolved through lime water. colourless odourless gases.
Test for Sulphite SO32-

BaCl2 test: To a portion of the salt solution in a No white precipitate is formed

test tube add barium chloride (BaCl2) solution.
Test for Sulphide, S2-
Sodium nitroprusside test:Take a portion of salt No Purple or violet colouration is obtained.
solution in a test tube and add a few drops of
sodium nitroprusside solution.

4 Test for Nitrite, NO2-

FeSO4 test: Take a portion of aqueous solution, No dark brown or black colouration is
add some dil. acetic acid and ferrous sulphate obtained.
solution.
Test for Nitrate, NO3-
 Copper chip test: Heat a small quantity of the No Dark brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide
original salt with concentrated sulphuric acid and are evolved
a few copper chips.
5 Test for Cl- Br - and I-

1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of aqueous A white precipitate is formed which is

solution with dil. HNO3 and then add AgNO3 soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
solution. AgNO3 + HClàAgCl + HNO3
AgCl + 2 NH4OH à Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
2.Maganese dioxide test:Heat a pinch of the salt Evolution of greenish yellow gas having a
with a small quantity of MnO4 and conc. H 2SO4. pungent irritating smell. It turns moist
starch-iodide paper blue.
2NaCl+MnO2+3H2SO4à2NaHSO4+MnSO4+2
3.Chromyl chloride test: 1. Mix a small quantity H 2O+Cl
The red2 fumes is due to the formation of
of the salt with a small amount of powdered chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2).
potassium dichromate and add conc. H 2SO4. 4NaCl+K2Cr2O7+3H2SO4à2Na2SO4+K2SO4+2C
2. Heat the test tube and pass the red vapours rO
The2Clsolution
2+3H2O turns to yellow

evolved into the gas test tube containing NaOH

solution. CrO2Cl2+4NaOHàNa2CrO4+2NaCl+2H2O
3.To the yellow solution thus obtained, add dil. A yellow precipitate is formed.
CH3COOH and lead acetate solution
Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 àPbCrO4(s)
6 Test for Acetate, CH3COO - +2CH3COONa

Ferric chloride test:Take the salt solution. Add No Reddish coloured filtrate.
neutral ferric chloride solution. Filter. Divide the
filtrate into two portions.

Test for Oxalate, C2O42-

CaCl2 test: Take a water extract. Add small No White precipitate is formed.
amount dil. acetic acid and boil off CO2. Add
calcium chloride solution.
Test for Sulphate, SO42-

Lead acetate test:To a part of aqueous solution No white precipitate

of the salt add lead acetate solution. Add excess
of hot ammonium acetate to this precipitate.

7
7
Test for Phosphate, PO43-

Confirmation of Phosphate, PO43-

1. Ammonium molybdate test:To the aqueous No yellow precipitate is formed.
solution add concentrated nitric acid and boil.
Add ammonium molybdate solution in excess
and again boil.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

1 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a small amount No ammoniacal smell.
of solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH
solution and heat the contents.

Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt No White precipitate is formed

solution taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric
acid.

Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original solution in a test No characteristic precipitate.
tube. Add some dil. HCl and pass H 2S gas .

2 Analysis of Group III (Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube add No characteristic coloured precipitate.
NH4Cl and excess of ammonium hydroxide to it
and shake.
Analysis of Group IV (Zinc Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube No characteristic coloured precipitate
NH4Cl and Add excess of NH4OH to it and Pass
H2S gas .
Analysis of Group V (barium Group)
 Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube No white precipitate appears
NH4Cl and Add excess of NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3
solution.

Analysis of Group VI (Magnesium Group)

Test for Magnesium ion ( Mg2+ )
To the original salt solution in a test tube, and a white crystalline precipitate of
add a small amount of solid NH4Cl and an excess magnesium ammonium phosphate is
of NH4OH solution and then disodium Mg2+ + Na2HPO4 àMg (NH4)PO4 + NH4OH + 2Na+ + H2O
formed
hydrogenphosphate solution

3 The given salt contains:

Acidic radical: Cl-
Basic radical: Mg2+
Salt: MgCl2
AMPUS,KARAIKUDI
IS
D RADICALS
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and S2-
The gas evolved is HCl. Cl- may be present.
absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or Mn2+ Pb2+
CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.
The gas evolved is HCl. This may be due to the presence
of Cl-.

ling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of

collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate
Absence of CO32-

Absence of SO32- and SO42-.

Absence of of S2-

Absence of NO2-
Absence o NO3-

This confirms the presence of Cl-

This confirms the presence of Cl-

presence of Cl- is confirmed

CrO2Cl2 reacts with NaOH to form yellow solution of

sodium chromate (Na2CrO4).
This confirms the presence of Cl-

Absence of CH3COO-

Absence of C2O42-

Absence of SO42-
 Absence of PO43-

SIC RADICALS
Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Absence of group I (Pb2+).

Absence of Group II (Pb2+ . Cu2+ and As3+).

Absence of Group III cations (Fe3+ and Al3+).

Absence of Group IV cations ( Zn 2+.Ni2+,Mn2+ and Co2+)

 Absence of group–V cations (Ba2+, Sr2+ and Ca2+)

confirms the presence of Mg2+ ions.

NH4OH + 2Na+ + H2O