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ECE 5870 Lecture Slides 3 - Modern Lighting Systems

The document discusses energy savings and lighting control strategies, highlighting Lutron Electronics as a leading manufacturer in lighting controls. It emphasizes the importance of efficient lighting systems, the historical evolution of light sources, and various control strategies that can significantly reduce energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings. The presentation concludes that effective light control is essential for maximizing energy savings rather than merely switching light sources.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

1 views

ECE 5870 Lecture Slides 3 - Modern Lighting Systems

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matt.datingsites

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Modern Lighting

Systems
Russ MacAdam
Lutron Electronics Co.,Inc.

Energy Engineering Seminar Series

Cornell University – September 12, 2014
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Uniquely Qualified in Light Control

 #1 Manufacturer of Lighting Controls

 Lutron Control Solutions

 Wall dimmers and switches
 Table lamp dimmers
 Room preset light controls
 Million cycle switching systems
 Shading systems
 Automatic controls and sensors
 Whole building light controls
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Inventor of Lighting Control

 Lutron invented the solid-state dimmer in 1961
 Since then we have invented more firsts in lighting control
than all other lighting control providers combined

 Linear slide dimmer

 1% Electronic fluorescent dimming
 Preset dimming systems
 Wireless lighting control systems
 Million-cycle switching systems
 Quiet electronic drive shades
 Solar tracking shading system
 1% Programmable LED drivers
 Battery operated shades
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Agenda
 Energy consumed by lighting
 Light sources
 Advantages / disadvantages
 Lighting control strategies
 Energy Saved with lighting controls
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Energy Consumption of Lighting

 Lighting consumes 25% of the total
electricity used in the US
 Electric light and daylight increase
usage of HVAC
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Annual Energy Consumption - Office Buildings2

8% 3%
8% Lighting
Cooling
44%
Office Equipment
Ventilation
24% Other
Space Heating

14%
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Annual Energy Consumption – Residential2

Lighting
16%
Air Conditioning
42%
Refrigerator
Space Heating
14% Water Heating
Other

9% 10%
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 If every home and building in the United States had a full

lighting control system, we could save:

450 billion kWh annually1

($50 billion)

340 large coal power plants

60 nuclear power plants

All assumptions and references included at the end of the presentation.

Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Light Sources
 Natural light – “In the beginning…”
 Gas/oil lamps – ~5000 B.C.
 Incandescent
 Thomas Edison + others in 1879
 High Intensity Discharge (HID)
 Started by Tesla in 1894
 Fluorescent lamps
 Started by Becquerel, patented
by Hewitt in 1901
 Halogen – 1959
 LED - 1962
 Biard and Pittman (TI) First
practical visible-spectrum
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Natural Light – “Fenestration”

 Building designs now providing
more natural light
 Free and Healthy
 500W/m2 and Glare
 Undependable
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Incandescent Lighting – Heat = light

 Standard for “White” light
 Energy Independence and Security Act 2007
 5-10 Lumens/Watt
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Halogen Lighting
 Halogen Cycle
 Small amounts of tungsten
evaporate from filament
 Tungsten atoms combine with
halogen
 Halogen helps redeposit the
tungsten back onto filament
 Halogen atoms are released to
combine with more tungsten
 10-20 lumens/Watt
 Still allowed by EISA 2007
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Fluorescent Lighting
 Filaments give off electrons that
collide with mercury atoms
 Hg atoms emit ultraviolet photons
 UV photons hit the phosphor
coating and generate visible light
 60-110 lumens/Watt
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 HID
 Same as fluorescent without the
phosphor
 Uses rare earth metals to get color
 High pressure / high temperature
arc High pressure
 50-110 lumens/Watt sodium Pulse start
metal halide

Mercury vapor
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)

 Diode has holes and electrons
 Hole-electron pairs recombine
 Material sets band gap/color
 Phosphor added for white light
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 White LEDs
 Blue LED Pump
 Reduces Stokes shift loss
 Remote phosphor
 150+ lumens/Watt
 303 Record as of March 2014
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 White LEDs
 Requires driver
 “Wild, Wild West”
 Remote or integrated
 Reduces efficiency
 Determines power quality
 Power Factor
 Total Harmonic Distortion
 Radio Frequency
Interference
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Efficiency of lamp sources

Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Efficiency of lamp sources

Residential Commercial
Lighting Lighting
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Selecting the right lighting

 Efficiency – lumen / Watt
 “Quality” of light
 Cost of lamp
 Cost of control
 Maintenance requirements

 There is no one bulb that is right

for every application

 Energy savings solution must be

capable of dealing with multiple
lighting sources
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Energy Saving Methods

 Turn it off when not in use

 Use only what is needed
 Lighting controls
 Dimmers
 Occupancy sensors
 Timeclocks
 Photocells
 Energy Management
Systems
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Light Control Strategies

 Manual control
 High-end tuning
 Vacancy control
 Timeclocks
 Daylight control
 Peak kW demand (load shed)
management
 System integration
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Manual Control
 Everyone requires a different
amount of light to perform a task.
 Occupants dim, or turn lights on and
off, as they please

 Advantages
 Person gets the light they need
 Empowers user
 Maintains persistence and
vigilance (Productivity)
 Disadvantage
 Not automatic - a user can
“override” the savings
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Tuning
 An area must be designed for the
worst case task
 Most buildings have too much light
 Tuning reduces the maximum light
level to accommodate the task

 Advantages
 Low cost
 Easy to implement
 Disadvantages
 Must be able to “lock out” tuning
to meet codes
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Occupancy / Vacancy Control

 Sensor determines if someone is
in an area and changes the lights
depending on occupancy
 Technologies
 Infra-red
 Ultrasonic
 Microwave
 Passive acoustic
 Optical
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Occupancy / Vacancy Control

 Advantages
 Fully automatic
 Easy to implement

 Disadvantages
 False on and false off
 Fear of walking into the dark
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Timeclocks
 Timer set for a specific amount of
time - stacks of Olin
 Basic clock radio timer
 Astronomical
 Time events off sunrise and
sunset
 Can track the sun disappearing
behind another building
 Timeclocks can control sections of
light differently throughout the day
 During day - control large area
 After hours - control specific
lighting zones
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Timeclocks
 Advantages
 Fully automatic
 Relatively easy to implement

 Disadvantages
 Does not work well in areas
with random access
 May require extensive
programming
 Turns light off on users
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Daylight Control (Electric Light)

 Reduces electric light when
there is enough daylight
 Closed loop measures
light on surface
 Open loop measures light
coming in
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Daylight Control (Electric Light)

 Advantages
 Fully automatic
 Keeps consistent light in
the building
 Large amount of savings
 Disadvantages
 Requires comissioning
 Glare issue with direct
sunlight
 Only available in part of the
building
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Daylighting Study
 Cira Centre in Philadelphia
 Offices with daylight sensors and
occupancy sensors saved 67% more
electric energy than offices with
occupancy sensors alone

 “Lighting levels were set on human

comfort, not just with energy efficiency
in mind, and we are still getting
substantial energy savings.” - Peter
Levasseur, Director of Sustainable
Design for Ewing Cole
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Daylight Control (Motorized Shades)

 Control of both daylight and electric
light
 Integrates shades to decrease the
amount of incoming light and heat

Shade
Shades up
Position

Shades down Sunlight

Cloud cover
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Daylight Control (Motorized Shades)

 Advantages
 Fully automatic
 Eliminates glare
 Reduces excess heating
 Maintains view
 Maintains external
aesthetics
 Disadvantages
 Requires specialized
control system
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

Wasted Energy
– Are over-illuminated
– Don’t take into account
daylight
– Leave lights on in vacant
spaces or after operating
hours

“Most buildings don’t deliver the right amount of light where and when it is needed.
Lighting is often set at a ‘worst case’ level, which is usually higher than desired.”
– Stephen Selkowicz LBNL

41
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Peak kW Demand Reduction - “Smart Grid”

 Reduce lighting when power usage, cost is peaking, or grid is

unstable.
 OpenADR (Automatic Demand Response)

RTD Zonal Location-Based Marginal Pricing (N.Y.C. LBMP)

1.5

1
$/kWh

0.5

0
7/11/11 7/18/11 7/25/11 8/1/11
-0.5
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 OpenADR - “Smart Grid”

Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 Peak kW Demand Reduction - “Smart Grid”

 Reduce lighting when power usage,

cost is peaking, or grid is unstable
 Advantages
 Can be controlled by utility
 Reduces spinning reserves
 Lower monthly energy rates
 Disadvantages
 May require specialized system
 Not all utilities have infrastructure
to take advantage of this
Energy Savings and Lighting Control

 System Integration
 Increase energy savings by using
more than one lighting strategy
 For example, integration of time
clocks, occupancy sensing, tuning
and daylighting
Energy Savings and Lighting Control