ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR CYBERSECURITY THREATS

Arjun Sharma​ ​ ​ ​ Dr. Isha Kansal

Chitkara University Institute of​ ​ ​ Associate Professor, Chitkara University
Engineering and Technology, Chitkara​ ​ Punjab, India
University , Punjab, India

Abstract - As the digital landscape becomes exacerbated by advances in the digital

more intricate, cyber threats continue to economy and infrastructure, leading to a
advance in sophistication and scale, significant growth of cyberattacks with
demanding proactive and adaptive solutions. serious consequences. In addition,
This thesis delves into the realm of Artificial researchers report the continued evolution
Intelligence (AI) and its transformative of nation-state-affiliated and criminal
impact on bolstering cybersecurity defenses adversaries, as well as the increasing
against a myriad of threats. By harnessing sophistication of cyberattacks, which are
AI's capabilities, ranging from machine finding new and invasive ways to target
learning algorithms to deep neural networks, even the savviest of targets [2]. This
this study explores the potential to evolution is driving an increase in the
significantly enhance threat detection, number, scale, and impact of cyberattacks
response, and mitigation strategies. This and necessitating the implementation of
study also addresses the need for intelligence-driven cybersecurity to provide
human-machine collaboration, recognizing a dynamic defense against evolving
the integral role of skilled cybersecurity cyberattacks and to manage big data.
professionals in conjunction with AI Advisory organizations, such as the
algorithms. The findings contribute to a National Institute of Standards and
deeper understanding of AI's capabilities and Technologies (NIST), are also encouraging
limitations, providing insights that can guide the use of more proactive and adaptive
the development and deployment of AI- approaches by shifting towards real-time
driven security systems. We look at real assessments, continuous monitoring, and
examples of AI success and consider ethics data-driven analysis to identify, protect
and teamwork with human experts. The against, detect, respond to, and catalogue
findings show AI's promise in making cyberattacks to prevent future security
cybersecurity stronger against changing incidents [3]. Artificial Intelligence was
cyber threats. developed in the 20th century. This
development resulted from trying to create
Keywords- Cyberattacks, AI, Cyber threats, a structure that would not require the help
Vulnerability, Response, Detection. of a human brain. The discovery led to
more research being conducted on the
1.​ INTRODUCTION matter [8]. More people have tried to create
intelligent systems and robots. The
The term cybersecurity refers to a set of developments all attempted to include an
technologies, processes, and practices to object that mimics human behavior and acts
protect and defend networks, devices, without significant impact on humans. The
software and data from attack, damage, or research was also included in mathematics,
unauthorized access [1]. Cybersecurity is where several mathematicians tried to
becoming complex because of the develop formulas to help with the aspect.
exponential growth of interconnected Organizations poured much money to
devices, systems, and networks. This is ensure these research studies were
successful. The entire history of AI
showcases the growth that the technology has Research Objectives:
come. AI platforms assist enterprises in the
development, management, and deployment The primary objective of this research is to
of machine learning and deep learning models explore the transformative impact of AI on
at scale. Decreasing software development cybersecurity defenses. This study aims to:
tasks such as data management and
deployment make AI technology more ●​ Investigate the role of AI, including
accessible and economical [9]. With the machine learning and deep neural
increase in cyber risks, artificial intelligence networks, in enhancing threat detection
(AI) is increasingly widely employed to capabilities.
monitor and restrict cybercrime.Analyze AI ●​ Analyze AI-driven response strategies
driven response strategies to cyber threats w to cyber threats, with a focus on
AI is an intriguing tool that can provide real-time adaptability.
analytics and intelligence to protect against ●​ Assess the necessity and potential of
ever evolving cyberattacks by swiftly human-machine collaboration in the
analyzing millions of events and tracking a field of cybersecurity.
wide variety of cyber threats to anticipate and ●​ Examine ethical considerations
act in advance of the problem. For this surrounding the use of AI in
reason, AI is increasingly being integrated cybersecurity and propose ethical
into the cybersecurity fabric and used in a guidelines.
variety of use cases to automate security tasks ●​ Provide insights and recommendations
or support the work of human security teams. for the development and deployment of
The flourishing field of cybersecurity and the AI-driven security systems to address
growing enthusiasm of researchers from both evolving cyber threats.
AI and cybersecurity have resulted in Through a comprehensive examination
numerous studies to solve problems related to of AI's capabilities, limitations, and
the identification, protection, detection, real-world successes, this research
response, and recovery from cyberattacks. strives to contribute valuable
Provide insights and recommendations for the knowledge to the field of cybersecurity,
​ ultimately​ making
Several reviews on cybersecurity and AI
cybersecurity defenses more resilient in
applications were published in recent years
the face of ever-changing cyber threats.
[4–7]. However, to the best of our knowledge,
there is no comprehensive review that covers
state-of-the-art research to explain 2.​LITERATURE REVIEW
cybersecurity activities covered by AI
techniques and the details of how they are Background and Context:
applied. Therefore, our objective was to
provide a systematic review, a comprehensive This section is dedicated to analyzing the
view of AI use cases in cybersecurity, and a background information concerning the key
discussion of the research challenges related concepts of this review, including the
to the adaptation and use of AI for operational definition of cybersecurity
cybersecurity to serve as a reference for using the NIST cybersecurity framework
future researchers and practitioners. [3] and the AI taxonomy proposed by AI
Watch to clarify the concept of different
applications of AI for cybersecurity.
2.1.​Cybersecurity these two levels is to provide a clear and
intuitive categorization to classify the
Cybersecurity puts policies, procedures, and existing AI for cybersecurity literature into
technical mechanisms in place to protect, the appropriate solution category. The
detect, correct, and defend against damage, proposed taxonomy introduces a third level
unauthorized use or modification, or consistent with the first two levels by
exploitation of information and specifying AI-based use cases
communication systems and the information corresponding to each level of the
they contain. The rapid pace of technological cybersecurity framework, as shown in Fig.
change and innovation, along with the rapidly 1.
evolving nature of cyber threats, further
complicates the situation. In response to this
unprecedented challenge, AI-based
cybersecurity tools have emerged to help
security teams efficiently mitigate risks and
improve security. Given the heterogeneity of
AI and cybersecurity, a uniformly accepted
and consolidated taxonomy is needed to
examine the literature on applying AI for
cybersecurity. This structured taxonomy will Fig. 1. NIST Cybersecurity Framework
help researchers and practitioners come to a
common understanding of the technical 2.2.​Artificial intelligence
procedures and services that need to be
improved using AI for the implementation of Several definitions of AI systems can be
effective cybersecurity.Since the focus of this found that relate to the fields in which they
paper is on AI applications for cybersecurity are used and the stages of an AI system’s
For this purpose, a well-known cybersecurity life- cycle, such as research, design,
framework proposed by NIST was used to development, deployment, and use. Since
understand the solution categories needed to the focus of this paper is on AI applications
protect, detect, react, and defend against for cybersecurity, a pre- vailing, but
cyberattacks [3]. The NIST cybersecurity simplified, definition of AI is adopted:
framework’s core describes the practices to “systems that exhibit intelligent behavior
improve the cybersecurity of any by analyzing their environment and with
organization. The framework’s core has four some degree of autonomy take actions to
elements:​ Functions,​ Categories, achieve specific goals” [9]. In practical
Subcategories, and Informative references. terms, AI refers to a number of different
The first two levels of the NIST framework, technologies and ap- plications that are
which consist of 5 cyber- security functions used in a variety of ways. AI use cases in
and 23 solution categories, were used to cybersecurity describe which
classify the identified AI use cases. The environmental situations are desirable and
functions provide a comprehensive view of undesirable and assign actions to
the lifecycle for managing cybersecurity over sequences. For this SLR, the AI taxonomy
time. The solution categories listed under proposed by Samoili et al. [8], which
each function offer a good starting point to defines the core and transversal AI
identify the AI use cases to improve the domains and subdomains, is used. The core
cybersecurity. The main purpose of selecting AI domains, i.e., reasoning, planning,
learning, communications, and
perception, were found to be useful as they organizations and individuals become
encompass the main scientific areas of AI. increasingly reliant on digital technologies,
Reasoning deals with knowledge the need for robust cybersecurity measures
representation and different ways of has never been more pressing. The
reasoning, while planning also covers traditional approaches to cybersecurity,
searching and optimization. Learning while effective to some extent, are often
includes machine learning; communication is reactive in nature. They rely on known
related to natural language processing; and patterns and signatures of threats, leaving
perception is about computer vision and audio organizations vulnerable to emerging and
processing [8]. The approaches and unknown threats. To address this ever-
technologies that make up these AI domains evolving landscape, the integration of
include, but are not limited to, fuzzy logic, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as
case-based reasoning, genetic algorithm, a transformative paradigm in cybersecurity.
Bayesian optimization, evolutionary In today's digital age, the relentless growth
algorithm, planning graph, artificial neural of technology and interconnectedness has
network, deep learning, support vector led to a corresponding increase in the
machine, natural language processing, text complexity and frequency of cyber threats.
mining, sentiment analysis, image processing, The cyberspace, once heralded for its
sensor networks, object recognition and transformative potential, has become a
speech processing.the need for robust battleground where malicious actors
cybersecurity measures has pressed AI is a exploit vulnerabilities for financial gain,
large, multidisciplinary research area, with a espionage, and disruption of critical
large body of literature addressing its services. As organizations and individuals
applications and consequences from a variety continue to rely heavily on digital
of perspectives, e.g., technical, operational, infrastructure, the need for robust
practical, and philosophical. This study cybersecurity measures has never been
focuses on the literature’s thread that more pressing. In response to these
discusses the implications of the evolving threats, the field of cybersecurity
aforementioned methods and AI applications has witnessed significant advancements in
in cybersecurity scenarios. It analyses in techniques and tools. Artificial Intelligence
detail how AI methods can be used for the (AI), particularly machine learning and
identification, protection, detection, response, deep neural networks, has emerged as a
and recovery in the domain of cybersecurity. transformative force with the potential to
In recent years, the digital landscape has revolutionize cybersecurity. AI's ability to
witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of process vast datasets, detect anomalies, and
cyber threats. These threats, ranging from adapt in real-time aligns seamlessly with
sophisticated malware and ransomware the dynamic nature of cyber threats.
attacks to data breaches and identity theft,
have not only grown in frequency but have 3.​RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
also evolved in complexity. The
consequences of successful cyberattacks can
be devastating, leading to significant financial
losses, reputational damage, and even
national security concerns. As
In recent years, the proliferation of cyber ●​ Anomaly Detection: DNNs excel at
threats has necessitated a more proactive and identifying unusual behaviors within
intelligent approach to threat detection. networks, endpoints, and user
Traditional rule-based systems are often activities. They can spot zero-day
inadequate in identifying emerging threats, as attacks and novel threats [10].
they rely on predefined signatures and ●​ Real-time Threat Detection: One of the
patterns. AI, particularly machine learning key advantages of AI, especially deep
(ML) and deep neural networks (DNNs), learning, is its ability to provide real- time
offers a paradigm shift in this regard [10]. ML threat detection. DNNs can process data
for Threat Detection: Machine​ learning streams rapidly, allowing organizations to
algorithms​excel​ in recognizing complex respond swiftly to emerging threats,
patterns and anomalies within vast datasets, a
minimizing potential damage.
crucial capability in cybersecurity. They can
process diverse types of data, including ●​ Adaptive Threat Detection: AI systems
network traffic, logs, and​ user​ behavior, to continuously learn from new data,
discern​ subtle deviations from normal adapting to evolving threat landscapes.
patterns. ML models can identify outliers and They can detect novel attack techniques
potential threats that might go unnoticed by and zero-day vulnerabilities by
rule-based systems. For instance, ML-based recognizing deviations from learned
intrusion detection systems (IDS) can learn
models. This adaptability is crucial in an
from historical data and adapt to new attack
techniques. They can distinguish between environment where cyber threats
normal network behavior and suspicious constantly evolve.
activities, reducing false positives and ●​ Reducing False Positives: AI-powered
enhancing the accuracy of threat detection. threat detection systems are known for
their ability to reduce false positives. By
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) in analyzing contextual information and
Cybersecurity:
Deep learning, a subset of ML, focuses on behavior patterns, they can accurately
neural networks with multiple layers (DNNs). distinguish between benign anomalies and
DNNs have demonstrated remarkable success genuine threats, allowing security teams to
in various cybersecurity applications, such as: focus on critical issues.
●​ Malware Detection: DNNs can analyze
the binary code of software to identify The urgency to fortify defenses against the
malicious patterns and classify malware weaponization of Artificial Intelligence
accurately. (AI) in cyberattacks has never been
●​ Phishing Detection: They can examine greater. Adversaries can now harness AI to
email content, URLs, and sender behavior launch targeted cyberattacks with
to detect phishing attempts, protecting unprecedented precision and exploit
users from fraudulent messages. vulnerabilities at speeds and scales
unattainable by human hackers. AI can
also be used to craft highly convincing
phishing emails, create malware that
adapts to security measures, and even
automate the
extraction of valuable data from compromised threat intelligence sharing. In addition to
systems [11]. The threat landscape collaborative initiatives, Organizations
surrounding AI is expanding at an alarming organize technical workshops and thought
rate. Between January to February 2023, leadership conferences, fostering
Darktrace researchers have observed a 135% collective defense strategies. These events
increase in Novel social engineering attacks empower security professionals and
corresponding with the widespread adoption businesses to stay resilient in the face of
of ChatGPT.The dynamic nature of AI- driven evolving AI-related security risks,
attacks often renders static defense encouraging a proactive and collaborative
mechanisms ineffective. Traditional response within the community [11]. Now
cybersecurity measures, such as signature- , the question arrises that what can
based antivirus software, firewalls, and rule- organisation do to tackle AI threats. So to
based intrusion detection systems, struggle to answer this there are different solutions
keep pace, highlighting the need for more that should be followed to tackle this.
adaptive and advanced cybersecurity ●​ Stay Informed: Keep up to date with
strategies. As AI systems gain autonomy and the latest developments in AI security
sophistication, the threat landscape is threats and solutions. Attend industry
transformed, demanding immediate attention conferences, webinars, and seminars to
to prevent disruptions. Here are the key gain insights from experts.
Initiatives and Solutions for AI threats. ●​ Regular Security Audits: Conduct
●​ AI-Specific Threat Detection: regular security audits of your AI
Organizations are developing AI-powered infrastructure to identify vulnerabilities
threat detection systems that can identify and weaknesses. Collaborate with AI
vulnerabilities unique to AI algorithms. security experts to ensure
By analyzing patterns in AI behavior and comprehensive protection.
data usage, these systems can spot ●​ Invest in AI-Specific Security:
irregularities that might indicate an attack. Recognize that AI requires specialized
●​ Real-time Monitoring: In the age of AI, security measures. Consider solutions
real- time monitoring is crucial. like those offered by companies to
Company’s collaborative efforts focus on safeguard your AI systems effectively.
providing businesses with tools to monitor ●​ Train Your Team: Invest in AI
their AI systems continuously. This allows security training for your cybersecurity
for immediate responses to security threats professionals. Equip them with the
as they arise, reducing the potential for knowledge and skills needed to defend
damage. against AI-specific threats.
●​ Strong Security Community: Through
engaging with industry experts and Necessity and potential of
cybersecurity professionals, they facilitate human-machine collaboration in the
information exchange, best practices, and field of cybersecurity

Human-machine collaboration in the field

of cybersecurity is not only necessary but
also holds significant potential for
enhancing the security posture of
organizations and individuals. The
ever-evolving threat landscape, coupled
with the increasing complexity of IT
systems and networks, requires a
multifaceted approach to defense. The
necessity and potential of human-
 machine collaboration in cybersecurity is as risk, and apply patches where necessary.
follows [12]: The cybersecurity landscape is This reduces the attack surface and helps
constantly evolving, with threats growing in prevent exploitation.
scale and complexity. Automated attacks, such •​ Phishing and Malware Detection:
as botnets and ransomware, are capable of AI-driven systems are effective at
exploiting vulnerabilities faster than human identifying malicious emails, websites,
defenders can respond. Human agents alone are and files, helping to prevent phishing
insufficient to combat these multifaceted attacks and malware infections.
threats. The amount of data generated by •​ Predictive Analytics: AI can predict
modern digital systems is immense. Humans potential threats and vulnerabilities by
cannot manually process and analyze this data analyzing historical data and trends. This
effectively. Machine learning and artificial enables organizations to take proactive
intelligence can handle large datasets to detect measures to prevent attacks.
anomalies and potential threats. Cyber threats •​ Incident Response: AI-driven systems
operate at a speed that often exceeds human can automate incident response
reaction times. Automated tools can detect and workflows, enabling faster containment
respond to threats in real-time or near- and mitigation of threats.
real-time, mitigating potential damage. Machine •​ User Authentication and Access
learning models excel at pattern recognition and Control: Biometric and behavioral
data analysis. They can identify subtle authentication, combined with AI-driven
anomalies in network traffic, user behavior, or access control, enhance security by
system logs that might be indicative of a breach. minimizing the risk of unauthorized
This analytical capability enhances early threat access.
identification. AI systems can gather and •​ Cybersecurity Education and
analyze threat intelligence from various Training: AI can be used to develop
sources, including open-source data, vendor and deliver tailored cybersecurity
feeds, and internal logs. This enables proactive awareness training, making employees
threat detection and helps organizations stay more vigilant against threats.
ahead of attackers. Many cybersecurity​ tasks, •​ Challenges; False Positives and
such as patch management, vulnerability Negatives: AI can generate false alarms
scanning, and log analysis, are repetitive and (false positives) and miss actual threats
can be automated. This allows human security (false negatives). Human oversight is
professionals to focus on more strategic and necessary to address these issues.
complex tasks. AI and machine learning can
complement human skills and mitigate
cognitive limitations. They assist in processing
vast amounts of data, freeing up human analysts
to make strategic decisions based on their
expertise [12].
•​ Advanced Threat Detection: Machine
learning models can analyze a wide
range of data sources, from network
traffic to endpoint behavior, to identify
patterns indicative of a breach. This
allows organizations to detect and
respond to threats rapidly.
•​ Vulnerability Scanning and Patch
Management: Automated tools can
continuously scan systems for
vulnerabilities, prioritize them based on
●​ Ethical Concerns: The use of AI in •​ Respect of human autonomy: AI
cybersecurity raises ethical concerns, such systems should not unjustifiably
as privacy implications and the potential subordinate, coerce, deceive, manipulate,
for misuse. condition or herd humans. Instead, they
●​ Complexity and Cost: Implementing AI should be designed to augment,
and machine learning systems can be complement, and empower human
complex and expensive, particularly for cognitive, social, and cultural skills. The
smaller organizations. allocation of functions between humans
●​ Skilled Workforce: A skilled workforce and AI systems should follow
is required to manage and oversee human-centric design principles and leave
AI-driven security systems. There is a meaningful opportunity for human choice.
shortage of cybersecurity professionals •​ Prevention of harm: AI systems
with expertise in these technologies. and the environments in which they
operate must be safe and secure. They
In the last few years scholars, government must be technically robust, and it should
organizations and “big tech” all around the be ensured that they are not open to
world developed a whole body of ethical malicious use. Vulnerable persons should
guidelines or principles for driving the receive greater attention and be included in
development and deployment of AI the development, deployment, and use of
applications. The approach followed has AI systems
been that of principalism. Even if some of •​ Fairness: Considered in both a
these initiatives raised some criticisms substantive and a procedural dimension.
[14, 15] since they have been mostly seen The substantive dimension implies a
as marketing initiative, or an attempt by commitment to ensure equal and just
private sector institutions to avoid distribution of both benefits and costs and
legislation or the creation of binding legal ensure that individuals and groups are free
norms, they contributed to individuate and from unfair bias, discrimination, and
collect a very conspicuous set of stigmatization. The procedural dimension
requirements and principles. Cowls and of fairness entails the ability to contest and
Floridi [16] assessing five documents, seek effective redress against decisions
found 44 AI principles addressed while made by AI systems and by the humans
[17] analyzing 22 guidelines extracted 22 operating them.
different ethical requirements. Starting •​ Explicability: The capabilities and
from Cowls and Floridi [16] some work purpose of AI systems need to be openly
has been done for exploiting the communicated, and decisions – to the
substantial overlap between the different extent possible – explainable to those
sets of principles. The main result in such directly and indirectly affected
a direction has probably been the work of It is a general believe that current
the Euro- pean Commission’s High Level cybersecurity solutions will soon be unable
Expert Group on artificial intelligence to effectively monitor all the internet
which proposed four principles [18, 19] traffic and timely detect attack vectors:
which are briefly summarized in the IoT, cloud and 5G will generate levels of
following. internet traffic in
terms of data volume, velocity, and variety ●​ Increased automation: AI-powered
which are becoming increasingly difficult to security systems are likely to become
analyze [20]. In such a scenario, organizations more automated, reducing the need for
face an urgent need to improve their defense human intervention in the security
strategy. AI techniques are the best candidate process. This could lead to more
for such a role. On the other hand, it is well efficient and effective security
known that many cybersecurity measures may measures but may also raise concerns
contribute to infringe some rights and that the around transparency and accountability.
unconstrained development of AI applications ●​ Greater accuracy and reliability: As
can lead to situations in conflict with AI algorithms become more
fundamental human rights. Thus, the coupling sophisticated and are trained on larger
between cybersecurity and AI needs to be and more diverse datasets, they are
scrutinized. In this section we show how this likely to become more accurate and
kind of analysis can be carried out using the reliable in their decision- making. This
framework previously introduced. AI systems could lead to better threat detection and
can be successfully used to reduce errors prevention but could also raise
during the authentication phase or concerns around the potential for errors
equivalently to reduce the rate of or biases [22].
impersonation attacks. In these cases, AI/ML ●​ Integration with other technologies:
algorithms needs a lot of data for working AI- powered security systems are
properly and this data is obtained by profiling likely to become increasingly
human activities. As noted in [21] these integrated with other technologies,
systems may contribute to improve system such as the Internet of Things (IoT)
resilience by tracking and collecting “sensor and cloud computing. This could
data and human-device interaction from your enable more comprehensive and
app/website. Every touch event, device proactive security measures but may
motion, or mouse gesture is collected” thus also increase the risk of cyber-attacks
leading to create a mass-surveillance effect. and data breaches.
●​ Improved privacy and data
Recommendations for the development and protection: As concerns around
deployment of AI-driven security systems privacy and data protection continue to
to address evolving cyber threats. grow, AI-powered security systems
The future of AI in security is likely to be may be developed to incorporate more
marked by continued innovation and advanced privacy-preserving
development, as new technologies and techniques, such as federated learning
techniques are developed to enhance the or homomorphic encryption. This
capabilities of AI-powered security systems. could enable more effective security
Some potential predictions for the future of AI measures while minimizing the risk of
in security and its impact include: data breaches or privacy violations.
●​ Greater collaboration between
industry and government: As the
threat landscape evolves and becomes
more complex, there is likely to be
greater collaboration between industry
and government in the development
and implementation of AI-powered
security systems. This could enable
more effective
threat detection and prevention but may also ●​ Continuous learning: AI-powered
raise concerns around privacy and civil systems can continuously learn from
liberties. Overall, the impact of AI on the new data and adapt to evolving threats.
future of security is likely to be significant, By analyzing new threats and
with potential benefits and risks for identifying patterns, AI systems can
individuals, organizations, and society as a adjust their algorithms and improve
whole. It will be important to carefully their accuracy and effectiveness over
consider these potential impacts and to time.
develop ethical and legal frameworks to guide ●​ EnhancedAuthentication:
the development and use of these AI-powered authentication systems can
technologies in a way that is consistent with use biometric data, behavioral analysis,
ethical and legal norms [23]. and other advanced techniques to
provide more secure and accurate
authentication. By using machine
4.​THE ROLE OF AI IN SECURITY
learning algorithms to analyze user
behavior and identify potential
4.1.​ Explanation of How AI Can Enhance
anomalies, AI-powered authentication
Security Measures
systems can detect fraudulent activities
and prevent unauthorized access.
Automated threat detection: AI-powered
●​ Reduced false positives: By using AI-
systems can automatically detect and classify
powered systems to analyze data and
threats, including known and unknown threats,
identify patterns, organizations can
in real-time. By analyzing vast amounts of
reduce the number of false positives
data from different sources, including network
generated by traditional security
traffic, endpoint devices, and logs,
measures. This enables security
AI-powered systems can detect anomalies and
personnel to focus on real threats and
patterns that are indicative of leveraging the
respond more effectively to security
power of AI,organization can enhance their
incidents. In​ summary,​ AI can​
security posture protection.
enhance security measures by
●​ Advanced threat prediction: automating threat detection, predicting
AI-powered systems can use predictive potential threats, providing a rapid
analytics to identify potential threats response to security incidents,
before they occur. By analyzing historical continuously learning,​and​ adapting
data and identifying patterns, AI systems to new​threats,enhancing
can predict potential security threats and authentication, and reducing false
take proactive measures to mitigate them. positives. By leveraging the power of
●​ Rapid response: AI-powered systems can AI, organizations can enhance their
respond to threats in real-time, providing security posture and better protect
an immediate response that is faster and themselves against cyber threats [25].
more effective than traditional security
measures. By using machine learning
4.2.​ Discussion of How AI Can
algorithms to automate response actions,
Automate Tasks and Reduce False
organizations can minimize the impact of
Positives
a security breach and prevent further
One of the key benefits of AI-powered
damage.
security systems is their ability to automate
tasks and reduce false positives. Traditional
security systems can generate a large
number of false positives, which can lead
to alert fatigue and make it more difficult
for security
personnel to identify real threats. AI-powered can see that they have contributed to
systems can address this challenge in several ensuring that they extensively utilize the
ways: Machine learning algorithms can learn knowledge of machinery that will help
from historical data and identify patterns that them in their day-to- day activities [26].
are indicative of a threat. This enables the The idea of physics knowledge and how to
system to distinguish between legitimate and use and advance machinery helped
malicious activities and reduce the number of humanity entirely replace the animals
false positives generated. AI-powered systems allowing them in their activities. With the
can use automation to reduce the workload on help of the machinery, there were able to
security personnel. For example, the system ensure that they have improved their
can automatically quarantine infected devices, product and efficiency in their work. A
block malicious traffic, or update security man comes to learn that machinery is
policies to address new threats. AI-powered better than humans. Therefore, the goal
systems can use natural language processing was to entirely replan making with a
machine to have more excellent production
and other advanced techniques to analyze and
and avoid any inconvenience brought by
classify security alerts. This can help to
human actions. And by developing the
reduce the number of alerts that require
machinery, they could get to the computer
human intervention and enable security
technology we have today. Computer
personnel to focus on the most critical threats.
technology has become one of the most
By automating tasks and reducing false
widely used technologies today, resulting
positives, AI- powered security systems can
in many essential elements in life being
help to improve the efficiency and
supported by technology. Therefore, some
effectiveness of security operations. This
standards must be implemented in the
enables security personnel to focus on the
technology to ensure that the efficiency
most critical threats and respond more quickly
and the security of the services offered are
and accurately to security incidents.
of concern [26]. The ultimate goal of
securing the data is achieved. With the idea
5.​ LIMITATIONS OF AI IN CYBER that machines are better than humans in
SECURITY everything they have been programmed to
do, it is logical to say that they will be best
From Charles Darwin's theory about Man's at ensuring their security [27]. This results
devolution, we can learn that man has always in introducing Artificial Intelligence
tried to ensure that they have perfected how technology that ensures the machine's
nature treats them. The ability to change what security is excellent. There is no instance
nature offers to favor their activities and where the information can get unintended
survival has always been the objective of [28]. The AI system works to ensure that
humanity in ensuring that they have a better they have assigned all the protocols they
environment to stay in. Getting to the are programmed to follow to guarantee the
industrial stage of the human revolution, we security of the data involved. The AI feeds
into different protocols of data encryption
and uses other methods. It can generate a
more complex way to solve or encrypt the
data. With these different data
encryption protocols, the system can ensure limited and cannot replace humans since it
that it is difficult enough to ensure that is only instructed to perform a specific
nobody can decode the data involved in the task. At times, it cannot detect virtually
transaction. AI has served networking indistinguishable threats and hence gets
companies and other organizations efficiently into trouble since it looks like the actual
as data security is more advanced and message. AI may also find it difficult to
guaranteed. However, considering that man detect threats due to evolving cyber
created the technology, they have faults even threats. Viruses and malware improve at
though they were designed to reprogram and any given time, and so should the AI
develop themselves in case of any system need an improvement for
responsibility. The fact that man created the efficiency. Also, the practice of
program gives him a chance to study it and cybersecurity is much more common
reverse engineer the process involved, thereby compared to cybercriminals, who tend to
putting the security problem at risk of getting acquire more information on hacking.
into the wrong hands [29]. As an individual, Therefore, cybercriminals can create a
has indeed created the AI technology involved better threat that artificial intelligence
in data security. One of the most significant would not detect easily [31]. Although AI
limitations of AI is that it is just a computer saves time for the security team, it also
code programmed to ensure that they have requires human experts for creativity, thus
followed the protocols and developed making work easier for them. The
themselves in case of anything. This instance limitation calls for the developers to ensure
may sound okay as they can develop they have equipped the technology with
themselves in case of anything. However, the multiple capabilities to handle any crime
system is entirely programmed; therefore, resulting from their restraints. On the other
anybody can take control of them, and they hand, we can identify that AI technology is
can be manipulated and used as a weapon. not entirely being used to protect data and
Few lines of code are required to be edited, ensure data security. We can also have the
and then the long work hours may be turned AI technology that is developed to have it
into a weapon that will be used against itself. generate and create computer viruses. The
Therefore, with the appropriate ability and complexity included in the technology
knowledge, AI technology can be used as a makes it difficult for an individual to
weapon that will be used to destroy what it compete with the machine, leading to the
was made to protect. This factor is one of AI's bridging of data. With as many powers
most significant limitations to cyber security generated in the AI-generated codes,
[30]. Developers and computer scientists which are used to develop a computer
should consider this as they understand the virus, it makes it entirely possible for it to
capability of AI technology. AI systems can be super easy to corrupt a database and
also be trained to detect cyber threats and manipulate data in it. This is another
malicious malware, thus making them more limitation that is essentially not to AI
effective in cyber security. The increasing technology as a watchdog of cybercrime
number of cyber security attacks has led to AI but as a participant in cybercrime. This
adoption in cybersecurity. The entire process limitation showcases another massive
is to ensure that there is efficiency and impact of AI in cybersecurity. The
accuracy. However, AI is complexity of the technology is a
limitation of AI technology as not
everyone in society knows technology.
There is also the fact that it is not a simple
task to understand the different models
involved in the technology. Technology being the diverse applications of AI in
so challenging to use and implement to the addressing them. The exploration of AI's
total capacity can give criminals a chance to contributions to threat detection uncovered
get the system as we cannot operate the its transformative potential. Through
approach to the maximum capability. The machine learning mechanisms, particularly
technology requires much information about within intrusion detection systems and
its operation, which many individuals do not deep neural networks, AI exhibits a
have. Therefore, organizations are still at risk capacity for real-time threat identification,
as they cannot get the system to operate to its adaptability to evolving attack methods,
best. Also, because we have complexity in the and a substantial reduction in false
system, we understand that the technology positives. This signifies a paradigm shift
will cost a lot [32]. Therefore, the cost of from traditional methods, potentially
enhancing the efficiency and efficacy of
implementing the technology is much more
cybersecurity measures. However, the
expensive. Therefore, not all organizations in
journey through the literature also brought
the world will be able to access the
to light the inherent limitations and ethical
technology and ensure the security of the data.
considerations associated with AI in
Therefore, the cost of the technology is also a
cybersecurity. The principles outlined by
limitation to the implementation [33, 34].
the European Commission's High-Level
Even though the organization's information is
Expert Group underscored the importance
essential to any organization, the cost of
of human autonomy, harm prevention,
implementing AI technology is much higher,
fairness, and explicability in AI
limiting the number of individuals who will
development. As AI continues to play an
use the technology for the safety of their data integral role in security, these principles
and information. The system's cost results in become crucial guidelines for ensuring
few members and organizations using the responsible and ethical AI applications.
technology, making it hard to appreciate the Moreover, the discussion extended to the
technology's ability. intricate collaboration between humans
and machines. The immense scale and
6.​CONCLUSION complexity of contemporary threats
necessitate a synergistic approach, wherein
In conclusion, the integration of Artificial AI automates routine tasks, processes vast
Intelligence (AI) into cybersecurity signifies a datasets, and augments human capabilities.
pivotal evolution in our approach to Yet, challenges such as false positives,
safeguarding digital landscapes. The thorough ethical concerns, and the demand for a
examination of AI's role in cybersecurity, skilled workforce highlight the importance
starting from the foundational understanding of striking a balance between AI's potential
of cybersecurity frameworks and AI and the need for human oversight.
taxonomies, illuminated the intricate Looking ahead, predictions for the future
dynamics at play. The NIST cybersecurity of AI in cybersecurity forecast increased
framework and AI taxonomy provided a automation, heightened accuracy,
structured lens, revealing the multifaceted integration with emerging technologies
dimensions of cybersecurity challenges and like the Internet of Things (IoT) and
strengthened privacy measures. While
these advancements hold immense
promise, concerns linger around
transparency, accountability, and the
potential encroachment on privacy. The P.J. García-Nieto, Machine learning
collaborative efforts between industry and techniques applied to cybersecurity, Int. J.
government, envisioned as a cornerstone for Mach. Learn. Cybern. 10 (10) (2019)
tackling evolving threats, raise additional 2823–2836.
considerations related to privacy and civil
liberties. In essence, the intricate interplay [7]. T.C. Truong, I. Zelinka, J. Plucar, M.
between AI and cybersecurity demands a Candík, V. Sˇulc, Artificial intelligence and
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