EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS

Communication Skills
Importance of Communication Your ability to communicate clearly and
share thoughts, feelings and ideas will help you in all your relations with
other people. As a student, you may study any language, but it is important
that you are able to read, write, speak and listen well in order to
communicate properly. Speaking more than one language can help you to
communicate well with people around the world. Learning English can help
you to communicate with people who understand English besides the
language you have been exposed to in your family, for example, your
mother tongue.
Communication skills are needed to • Inform – for example, communicating
the time of a meeting. • Influence – for example, negotiating with a
shopkeeper to reduce the price. •
Express feelings – for example, to say or show that you are excited about
your success or about a given task.
Advantages of Verbal Communication- It is easy and quick. You can say
what you want and get a quick response. It is an easier form of
communication when you have to exchange ideas. You keep changing your
communication as per the other person‘s reply.
Disadvantages of Verbal Communication - Since verbal communication
depends on words, sometimes the meanings become confusing and
difficult to understand if the right words are not used.

Importance of Non-verbal Communication - In our day-to-day

communication, it is observed that most of the communication is done using
body movements (face or arms movements, etc.) and voice control (voice,
tone, pauses, etc.) and less than 10% is done using words.

1. To effective communication, what skills are required?

Answer – To learn language you need to develop four key skills –

a. Listening
b. Speaking
c.Reading
d. Writing

2. What are various elements of a communication cycle?

Answer – The various elements of a communication cycle are –

a. Sender: the person beginning the communication.

b. Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
c.Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
d. Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
e. Feedback: the receiver‘s acknowledgement and response to the message.
3. Why is Listening Important?

Answer – Listening is important because –

a. We listen to obtain information
b. We listen to understand
c.We listen to enjoy
d. We listen to learn
e. We listen to build and maintain relationships
 f. We listen to resolve conflicts

4. What are the different factors that affect active listening?

Answer – The various factors that affect active listening are as follows –
a. Eye contact – It is a form of body language. It‘s one of the most important
components of the entire communication process. Maintaining eye contact
with the person you‘re speaking to sends a signal to the speaker that ―Yes, I
am talking to you or listening to you‖. Avoiding
eye contact could indicate that you don‘t want to hear what the other person
has to say.
b. Gestures –These indicate to the speaker if you are listening or not. Keep
your hand and feet still while talking to someone.
Avoiding Distractions – You need to identify the things that distract you. You
must physically remove the distractions in order to listen attentively.
c.Giving feedback – Positive or negative feedback is possible. However, in
both circumstances, one must be polite so that the person to whom the
feedback is being given is not hurt or offended.

5. What are the different stages of active listening?

Answer – The five stages of active listening are as follows –

a. Receiving
b. Understanding
c.Remembering
d. Evaluating
e. Responding

6. How to ensure active listening?

Answer – To ensure active listening are –

a. Remove any distractions that may interfere with your ability to listen. For
example, When talking to someone, turn down the volume of the television,
radio, or mobile phone.

b. Looking at the speaker while listening is referred to as eye contact.

c.Use gestures to show that you‘re paying attention to the speaker.

. Pay close attention to what the speaker is saying.

e. Feel the speaker‘s feelings and empathize with them. Empathy is the ability
to understand and share another person‘s thoughts or experiences by
thinking what it would be like to be in their position.

f. Clarify doubts. Ask questions to clarify doubts.

g. Tune in to the speaker‘s timing, i.e., wait for the speaker to finish before
responding.
7. What are the overcoming barriers to active listening?

Answer – The overcoming barriers to active listening are –

a. Being pre – occupied -When you‘re preoccupied, you could not pay
attention to what someone is saying.

b. Noise and Visual distractions – In a noisy location, you might not be able to
hear the other person clearly.

c.Past experiences or mindset – You may have developed biases or

prejudices based on past experiences and interactions.

d. Personal factors – Your personal feelings may affect your listening, for
example, your preconceptions about the other person.

8. What are the Capitalization rules in the English Language?

Answer – Capitalization rules of English Language are –

a. Capitalize the first letter in the names of all months.

b. Capitalize the letter ‗I‘ when used as a word.

c.Capitalize the first letter in the names of people, places, rivers,

seas and oceans, mountains, islands and days.

d. Capitalize the first letter in the titles used before people‘s names.

e. Capitalize the first letter in every sentence.

9. What are the basic parts of speech in the English Language?

Answer – There are eight basic parts of speech in the English language. These
are none, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and
interjection.

a. Noun – Nouns is the name of a person, place, animal or thing. This is

also called ‗naming words.
b. Pronoun – A pronoun is used in place of a noun.
c.Adjectives – Adjectives are words that describe other words.
d. Verbs – Verbs are words that show action.
e. Adverbs – Adverbs are words that add meaning to verbs, adjectives, or
other adverbs.
f. Preposition – A preposition is a word palace before a noun or pronoun.
g.Conjunction – A conjunction is a word that connects two words, phrases, or
clauses.
h. Interjection – A word used to communicate emotion is called an interjection.

10.What do you mean by supporting parts of Speech?

Answer – We are using many words, phrases, clauses or sentences to

connect words, these words are known as supporting parts of speech.
Supporting parts of speech examples are –
a. Articles
 b. Conjunctions
c.Prepositions
d. Interjections

11.What do you mean by Simple sentence?

Answer – A simple sentence is one in which there is only one subject and one
predicate, or one finite verb.

12.What do you mean by Complex sentences?

Answer – A complex sentence is one, which consists of two or more coordinate

clauses, joined by a coordinating conjunction.

13.How many types of objects are there in the English language?

Answer – Object normally comes after the verb phrase. The presence or
absence of an object is determined by the verb‘s meaning. There are two types
of objects in English language

a. Direct – Direct objects are the results of action, A direct object answers the
questions
‗what‘ or ‗whom‘. Ramesh collected honey all day. hear honey becomes the
direct object.

b. Indirect – An indirect object answers the questions ‗to whom‘, ‗for whom‘, ‗to
what‘ and
‗for what‘. for example, in the sentence ―Imran gave a gift to his mother.‖ The
verb is ―gave‖ and in the sentence there are two objects ―gift‖ and ―mother‖.

14.What is the difference between Active and Passive voice?

Answer –
a. Active Voice – Sentences, where the subject does an action, are
known to be in active voice.

b. Passive Voice – Sentences, in which the subject receives an action,

are known to be in passive voice.

15.In English grammar, what are the several type of sentences?

Answer – A sentence is a collection of words that expresses an idea. all the

sentences have a none or pronoun called the subject. Sentences always start from
capital letters and end with a period,
question mark or exclamation. The word ―sentence‖ is from the Latin word which
means ―to feel‖.
Type of Sentence

a. Declarative Sentence – Declarative sentences end with a full stop, It is

the most common type of sentence. example – I completed my work.

b. Interrogative Sentence – Interrogative sentences end with question

marks. This type of sentence asks a question. example – Did you complete
your homework?

c.Exclamatory Sentence – Exclamatory sentence ends with an

 exclamation mark. This sentence expresses a strong emotion. example
– I come first in class!

d. Imperative Sentence – Imperative sentence can end with an exclamation

mark or full stop. This sentence shows an order command, request, or
advice. example – Complete your homework.

16.What are the Paragraphs?

Answer – A group of sentences forms a paragraph and paragraphs helps the

reader to read the sections, because they break the text into different sections. .

If you‘re writing about your school, the first paragraph could consist of sentences
describing the name, location, size, and other information. You can use sentences
to express what you like about your school in the next paragraph.
 SELF MANAGEMENT SKILL

Strength and Weakness Analysis- Have you ever wondered why you get good
marks in one subject and not such good marks in another? Knowing what you do well
or not so well, will help you in converting your weakness into strength and strength into
an exceptional talent. A strength and weakness analysis helps you in this process.
Strength and weakness analysis begins by knowing and understanding one‘s self first.
Let us first understand some terms which can help you in doing the same.

What do mean by Team Work?

Ans. Team Work Just imagine that there is a function in your house. All the family
members come together, divide work amongst themselves and work in small groups
to make sure the function is a success. The success or failure of any activity depends
on the way the team coordinates and works.
T - Together
E - Everyone
A - Achieve
M – More

Goal - Goals help you to separate what is important from what is not. It helps you to
focus on the result instead of less important work. This will make you successful in
your career and personal life

How to Set Goals?

We can use the SMART model to set goals. SMART stands for
S - Specific
M - Measurable
A - Achievable
R - Realistic
T – Time bound

What do you understand by time management?

Time management is the thinking skill that helps you to • complete tasks on time. • make a
daily timetable. • make a good guess at how long it will take you to do something. • submit
homework and assignments before or on time. • not waste time during the day. Four Steps for
Effective Time Management Tips for practicing the four steps for effective time management
are as follows:
• Avoid delay or postponing any planned activity
• Organise your room and school desk
• Develop a ‗NO DISTURBANCE ZONE‘ where you can sit and complete important tasks
• Use waiting time productively
• Prepare a ‗to-do‘ list • Prioritise
• Replace useless activities with productive activities

1. What is self-awareness?
Answer – Self-awareness is about understanding one‘s own needs, desires, habits,
traits, behaviors and feelings.
2. How to improve Self-Management Skills?
Answer – To manage oneself well, a person needs to develop the following skills –
a. Positive Thinking: to think that one can get things done and be happy.
b. Result orientation: to dream big and achieve the desired or set results.
c. Self-awareness: to be aware of one‘s personality traits and make the
best out of one‘s strengths.
3. What is motivation?
Answer – The word ‗motivation‘ comes from the word ‗motive.‘ Motivation is
defined as the act of directing one‘s behavior toward a specific motive or goal.
There are two types of Motivation –
a. Intrinsic Motivation – It includes actions for which there is no visible
reward but which provide enjoyment and satisfaction.
b. Extrinsic Motivation – It arises because of incentives or external
rewards. Lack of motivation or incentives may lead to frustration
4. What are the ways to maintain a positive attitude?
Answer – Following are some ways that can help one maintain a positive attitude.
a. Start the day with a morning routine
b. Feed the mind with positivity
c. Focus on constructive and positive things
d. Learn from failures
e. Move towards your goals and dreams.
f. Physical exercise and fresh air
g. Healthy diet
h. Organize academic life
i. Adequate sleep
j. Holidays with family and friends
5. What is stress and how to manage it?
Answer – Stress is a state of feeling upset, annoyed
and hopeless. Some of the ways to manage stress are
given below.
a. Maintain a positive attitude and consider what is going wrong in a given
situation. Once you‘ve understood the situation, resolving it is simple.
b. Maintain an accomplishment sheet and enter even small achievements.
c. Whenever you feel negative thoughts are taking over, take a look at your
accomplishment sheet.
d. Keep your thoughts in the present. Pondering over past issues makes us
feel upset and helpless.
e. Talk to friends and family for comfort.
f. Practice meditation and yoga.
6. What are the ways to become result
oriented? Answer –
a. Set clear goals: Setting clear and accurate goals is the first step one
needs to take to meet the targets.
b. Prepare an action plan: An action plan describes the way a person or an
organisation will
meet the set objectives. It gives a detail of the steps to be taken to achieve the
target.
c. Use the right resources and tools: One must evaluate the resources
and tools needed to achieve those results and whether they are available.
7. How can we set goals in daily life?
Answer – Goal setting helps us to understand what we want, how to achieve it
and how do we measure our success.
a. Specific – Goals should be stated in specific terms. Vague goals are
difficult to attain. Specific goals give us a concrete target. Hence, a goal
should have a specific purpose.
b. Measurable – Goals should always be measurable. If we do not
set our goals in measurable terms, it is difficult to assess whether
we have achieved them or not.
c. Action-oriented – Goals do not just come true on their own. Effective goal
setting should include action-based steps that one will follow to achieve the
goal.
 d. Realistic – There are few things more damaging to our sense of self-
efficacy than setting ourselves up for failure. Goals must always be
realistically attainable.
e. Timely – Goals must have deadlines. However, deadlines may
change. But one must always set a deadline to get the job done within a
specified time limit.
8. Give some examples of result oriented goals?
Answer – Examples of result – oriented goals are as follows
a. A student may set a goal of scoring high marks in an exam.
b. An athlete may run five miles a day.
c. A traveler may try to reach a destination city within three hours.
9. Steps towards self-
awareness? Answer
–
a. gaining a greater awareness of one‘s emotions
b. making a habit of tracking one‘s feelings.
c. expanding one‘s practice to areas of life beyond the person‘s feelings.
10.What do you mean by Personality?
Answer – Personality is a cluster of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a
person unique and different from others.
11.What are the Big Five Factors of personality
development? Answer –
a. Openness: Individuals with openness to experience are, generally,
creative, curious, active, flexible and adventurous. If a person is interested in
learning new things, meeting new people and making friends, and likes
visiting new places, the person can be called open- minded.
b. Consciousness: Individuals, who listen to their conscience, are self-
disciplined, do their work on time, take care of others before themselves
and care about others‘ feelings.
c. Extraversion: Extroverts are individuals, who love interacting with people
around and are, generally, talkative. A person, who can easily make friends
and make any gathering lively, is confident and an extrovert.
d. Agreeableness: Individuals having such a trait are, generally, kind,
sympathetic, cooperative, warm and considerate. They accommodate
themselves in any situation. For example, people who help and take care
of others are, generally, agreeable.
e. Neuroticism: Neuroticism is a trait, wherein, individuals show tendency
towards anxiety, self-doubt, depression, shyness and other similar negative
feelings. People, who have difficulty in meeting others and worry too much
about things, show signs of neuroticism.
12.What are the common personality disorders?
Answer – Personality disorders involve long-term patterns of thoughts and
behaviour that are unhealthy and rigid.
Suspicious
a. Paranoid personality disorder: The fear of others, especially friends,
family members, and partners, is a defining feature of paranoid personality
disorder. People who suffer from this disorder are sensitive to keeping
emotions against others.
b. Schizoid personality disorder: The term ‗schizoid‘ refers to a person‘s
natural tendency to focus their attention on their inner life rather than the
outside world. A person with schizoid personality disorder is detached and
aloof, and prone to introspection and fantasy. The person shows little interest
in forming personal relationships and seems to be emotionally cold.
c. Schizotypal personality disorder: People with this personality disorder
feel that their ideas may influence other people or events. They frequently
misunderstand actions. As a result, they have improper emotional
 reactions. They may avoid having emotional interactions on a regular
basis.
Emotional and Impulsive
a. Antisocial personality disorder: Antisocial personality disorder is
characterised by a disregard for social rules and obligations. They are
obnoxious and aggressive, and they act rashly. They lack guilt and fail to
learn from their mistakes. They may lie, steal, or harm others, and they may
become alcoholics or drug addicts.
b. Borderline personality disorder: Borderline personality disorder is
characterised by a loss of self-worth, leading to feelings of emptiness and
fears of abandonment.
c. Histrionic personality disorder: People with histrionic personality
disorder frequently try to gain more attention by being overly dramatic.
d. Narcissistic personality disorder: People with narcissistic personality
disorder believe that they are more important than others.
Anxious
a. Avoidant personality disorder: This form of disease affects people who
are socially inexperienced, ugly, or inferior, and they are always afraid of
being embarrassed, criticised, or rejected. They avoid social situations and
frequently feel insufficient, inferior, or unattractive.
b. Dependent personality disorder: People with this illness have a low
sense of self-esteem and a strong desire to be looked after. They require a
great deal of assistance in making daily judgments and entrust crucial life
decisions to others.
c. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: People with this disorder
are strict in their commitment to rules and laws. They are characterised by
an extreme of care for neatness, perfectionism, and strong attention to
detail. If they‘re unable to achieve perfection, they get very uncomfortable.
13. Steps to overcome from personality
disorders? Answer –
a. Talk to someone. Most often, it helps to share your feelings.
b. Look after your physical health. A healthy body can help you maintain a
healthy mind.
c. Build confidence in your ability to handle difficult situations.
d. Engage in hobbies, such as music, dance and painting. These have a
therapeutic effect.
e. Stay positive by choosing words like ‗challenges‘ instead of ‗problems‘.
 ICT Skills
Introduction Information and Communication Technology, called ICT in short, has
become an integral part of our life. One must develop the ability to use digital
technology and communication tools to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create
and communicate. In this Unit, you will learn about how to use spreadsheets and
make presentations using a software.

To write a letter or make a report, we can use a word processor on a computer

instead of using pen and paper. A word processor is a software application that helps
us to create documents by typing in text, making corrections (editing text), arranging it
in a neat manner (formatting) and printing it.

A spreadsheet is an electronic document, which has rows and columns. It is used to

store data in a systematic way and do calculations.

1. What are the different types of spreadsheet?

Answer – There are many types of spreadsheet available that have been
created by different companies. Some of the most popular spreadsheets are –
a. Microsoft Excel
b. LibreOffice Calc
c.Google Sheets
2. What are the different components of a Spreadsheet?
Answer – The different components of a Spreadsheet are –
a. Row – Rows are the horizontal placement of cells.
b. Column – Columns are the vertical arrangement of cells.
c.Cell – A cell is a rectangular box where rows and columns intersect.
d. Name Box – The name box shows the position of the selected cell. The
cell position is a combination of columns and rows.
e. Worksheet – A worksheet is a collection of cells in the form of a grid (a
network of lines that intersect to form a rectangle). When you first open the
spreadsheet, you‘ll see a blank worksheet named Sheet1.
f. Workbook – A workbook is a spreadsheet that has one or more worksheets.
3. What is the extension of libreoffice Calc file?
Answer – The libreoffice calc file extension is .ods.
4. What is a worksheet?
Answer – The worksheet in Calc is also referred to as spreadsheet. The
spreadsheet can have many sheets. Each sheet can have many individual cells
arranged in rows and columns. The sheet tab shows its default name as Sheet1,
Sheet2, Sheet3, ….
5. What is the difference between Rows and Columns?
Answer – The sheet is divided into vertical columns and horizontal rows. The rows
are numbered as 1,2,3,4,… and columns are numbered as A, B, C, D, …., Z,
6. What is the difference between cell and cell address?
Answer – The intersection of a row and column is called a cell. It is the basic
element of a spreadsheet. It holds data, such as text, numbers, formulas and so
on. A cell address is denoted by its column (letter) and row number. For example,
D4, E9, Z89 are valid examples of cell addresses.
7. What is an Active cell?
Answer – In a spreadsheet, the cell is the place where we enter the data. The
selected or activated cell is called an active cell.
8. Define Relative referencing, Mixed referencing and Absolute
referencing. Answer –
a) Relative referencing: When we drag the formula downwards in columns, the
row number of the cell address gets one added. In the same way, when you drag
the formula horizontally from the left to the right column, the column name of the
cell address is added on to the next column letter.
b) Mixed referencing: As we have seen, when we drag the formula, row number or
column name get changed in relative reference. To overcome this problem , In
Mixed Referencing, the $ sign is used before row number or column name to make
it constant. For example H2+C$14 (To make row 14 constant) or H2+$C14 (To
make column C constant)
c) Absolute referencing: In Absolute referencing, a $ symbol is used before the
column name as well as row number to make it constant in any formula. For
example, $C$12, $D$5, etc. In this case, even if you drag your formula in any
direction, the cell name remains constant.
9. What are the common formulas in
Libreoffice? Answer – The common
formulas in LibreOffice is –

a. Addition
b. Subtraction
c. Average
d. Maximum and Minimum
e. Count

10.What do you mean by shorting in Libreoffice?

Answer – Shorting means arranging data in the spreadsheet according to the
requirement. It can be done by depending on the value type stored in cells.
Example –
a. Alphabetically – A to Z or Z to A
b. Numerical – smallest to largest or largest to smallest
11.What is Filter in Spreadsheet?
Answer – Filtering helps to display relevant data from the spreadsheet. You can
also temporarily remove irrelevant data.
12.How to protect a spreadsheet with password?
Answer – Protection helps the user to prevent data
from others. The steps to protect a spreadsheet are
as follows –
Step 1 – Click on Tools and select Protect
Spreadsheet Step 2 – Type a password
Step 3 – Type the same password in the
Confirm textbox Step 4 – Click on Ok
13.What are the advantages of using a presentation?
Answer – Presentation software is being widely used to make digital
presentations. It has many advantages, which are as follows.
a. Presentations have features like images, videos, animation and music.
b. Making changes in digital presentations is easy.
c.A digital presentation can be shown to a much larger audience by projecting
on a Screen.
d. The presentation can be printed and distributed to the audience.
14.What are the different presentation software available?
Answer – There are a number of presentation software available, such as
a. LibreOffice Impress
b. Microsoft Office – PowerPoint
 c.OpenOffice Impress
d. Google Slides
e. Apple Keynote

15.What are the steps to open a presentation file?

Answer – The steps to open a presentation are
as follows – Step 1: Open LibreOffice Impress
Step 2: Click on File
Step 3: Select Open from the drop – down
Step 4: Browse and select the folder where your file is saved
16.What is text Alignment?
Answer – Text alignment is a feature that allows users to horizontally
align text in the presentation.
There are four different types of text alignment features,
a. Right Alignment
b. Left Alignment
c.Center Alignment
d. Justified Alignment

17.What are the various advanced features used in a digital

presentation? Answer – The various advanced features used
in a digital presentation are –
a. Inserting shapes in presentation – You can insert different types of
shapes in digital presentation like arrow, rectangle, circle, etc.
b. Inserting clipart and images in presentation – A picture speaks a
thousand words. We use a lot of images in a presentation to make it simple
and interesting.
c.Changing slide layout – The default layout of a LibreOffice Impress
slide contains one textbox for the title and one for content. Layout helps to
arrange the slide content in an organized way.
 Entrepreneurship Skills

Entrepreneurship is the process of running a business using a new idea or in a

different way, which ultimately helps the buyer or the customer. The new ideas in a
business can be in the form of a unique product or service. A different way of doing
business makes an entrepreneur different. A traditional business person runs his
venture like most others. Whereas an entrepreneur uses unique ways of doing
business — be it reaching out to the customers through marketing and advertising,
new ideas or new ways to meet customer needs or running the operations in a more
efficient way. In this module, the focus is on helping you to understand what are the
different values and attitudes of an entrepreneur which makes them successful.

Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is a person who tries to meet needs of a customer through new ideas
or ways of doing business and makes profit in return. New ideas with which an
entrepreneur adds value to a business can be of many kinds, including new products
— like adding varieties, new services like home delivery or credit services, new
marketing ideas, new cost reduction ideas and many more.

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is a process of developing a business plan, launching and running a

business using innovation to meet customer needs and to make a profit. Let us read a
story to further understand the meaning of entrepreneurship and who is an
entrepreneur.

Confidence

Confidence means to believe in one‘s self and one‘s approach. Being confident helps
an entrepreneur to take the first step of starting a new business and then trying new
things to grow the business. It pushes the entrepreneur to keep going even if there are
failures. Confidence also encourages an entrepreneur to go to customers and ask
them for their feedback about the product or services. The feedback helps the
entrepreneur to keep improving and growing the business.

1. What training needs entrepreneurship to develop business.

Answer – Training in entrepreneurship development needs to include –
a. Entrepreneurship Orientation and awareness
b. Development of competencies
c. Improvement of business performance for growth and competitiveness
2. What do you mean by entrepreneur?
Answer – The word ―entrepreneur‖ is derived from the French word ―entreprendre,‖
which means ‗to undertake‘.
3. What are the different characteristics of entrepreneurship?
Answer – Some of the characteristics of entrepreneurship are –
a. It is an economic activity done to create, develop and maintain a
profit-oriented organization.
 b. It all starts with recognizing an opportunity as a way to sell and profit in the
market.
c. It deals with optimization in utilization of resources.
d. It is the ability of an enterprise and an entrepreneur to take risks.
4. What is the quality of a successful entrepreneur?
Answer – There are many qualities needed to successfully run an enterprise.
a. Initiative – An entrepreneur must be able to take initiative and take
advantage of an opportunity.
b. Willingness to take risks – There is a certain amount of risk in any firm. It
is not necessary that every business shall earn a profit. The entrepreneur
takes up risks and starts a business.
c. Ability to learn from experience – It is possible for an entrepreneur to
make mistakes. Once an error is committed, it must be ensured that it is not
repeated in future otherwise it may lead to heavy losses.
d. Motivation – When you‘re inspired to do anything, you won‘t stop until
you‘ve finished it.
e. Self-confidence – A person must have faith in himself or herself in order to
succeed in life.
f. Hard work – In life, there is no replacement for hard work. Every day, while
running a business, one or more problems may develop. The entrepreneur
must be vigilant in order to recognize and resolve difficulties as soon as
possible.
g. Decision making ability – An entrepreneur must make a number of
decisions when running a business. As a result, the individual must be
capable of making appropriate and timely decisions.
5. What are the different types of entrepreneurs?
Answer – There are many types of entrepreneurs, which include the following.
a. Service entrepreneurs – These entrepreneurs either develop a new
market for their services or serve an existing one. They recognize an
opportunity and turn it into a service.
b. Business entrepreneurs – These are entrepreneurs who engage in
commercial and marketing operations but do not engage in production. A
business entrepreneur identifies a product‘s market potential.
c. Industrial entrepreneurs – An industrial entrepreneur is simply a
manufacturer that recognises client needs and develops products or
services to meet those demands.
d. Agricultural entrepreneurs – Agriculture has always been thought of as
a low-returning business. Agriculturists have now implemented new and
innovative technology in order to increase productivity.
e. Technical entrepreneurs – The Industrial Revolution gave birth to
technical entrepreneurs, and they use their technical expertise to build and
sell machinery, tools, and procedures.
f. Non – technical entrepreneurs – These entrepreneurs use their
expertise in providing services to create a market for technical
entrepreneurs.

g. Professional entrepreneurs – Such an entrepreneur starts a

business, nurtures it and makes it reach a point of self-sustenance.
h. IT entrepreneurs – IT entrepreneurs are people who start
businesses in the field of information technology (IT).
i. Women entrepreneurs – Women entrepreneurs, as the term suggests,
are women who start their own business.
j. Social Entrepreneurs – Social entrepreneurs are those that focus on
generating solutions that benefit society.
 k. Family business entrepreneurs – When a family or a person successfully
operates a firm and passes it on to the next generation, such entrepreneur is
referred to as a family business entrepreneur.
l. First generation entrepreneurs – First-generation entrepreneurs are
those who have never worked in the business world before. They can be
of various ages and come from various backgrounds.
6. What is the role of an entrepreneur?
Answer – Some of the major role of entrepreneur are –
a. Identifying entrepreneurial opportunity – Entrepreneur must
have imagination, creativity, and innovation.
b. Turning ideas into action – Entrepreneurs must be able to bring their
ideas to life. To meet market demand, they should be able to gather
information on ideas, products, and methods.
c. Feasibility study – Entrepreneurs conduct studies to assess the
market feasibility of a proposed product or service.
d. Resourcing – To establish a successful business, an entrepreneur
requires a variety of resources such as money, machinery, raw materials,
and labor.
e. Setting up an enterprise – Some legal requirements may be required of
the entrepreneur. In addition, the person must try to find a good place, design
the premises, install machinery, and do a variety of other tasks.
f. Managing the enterprise – The person is responsible for managing the
labor, materials, finances, and the organization of goods and services
production.
7. What motivates an entrepreneur?
Answer – Some of the qualities that motivate an entrepreneur
a. Standard of excellence – An entrepreneur always sets high goals for
himself and works to meet them by working hard and being creative.
b. Uniqueness – one of the most important qualities is to remain unique in
everything the person does and the way it is done.
c. Focus on long-term goals – An entrepreneur is more concerned with
what will be accomplished in the distant future than with what will be
accomplished in the near future.
d. Need to influence – The entrepreneur perceives one‘s ideas as
revolutionary and expects them to influence the world in a substantial way.
e. Identifying opportunities and risk taking – Finding the perfect
business opportunity for you is a major concern for young entrepreneurs.
8. What are environmental barriers?
Answer – One of the biggest barriers that entrepreneurs face is environmental
factors.
a. Lack of adequate resources or raw material
b. Non-availability of skilled labor
c. Lack of requisite machinery and other infrastructure
d. Unavailability of monetary resources on time
9. What are personal barriers?
Answer – Any new enterprise is risky because people are always afraid
of what could go wrong, and these worries create personal boundaries.
Some of the personal barriers are –
a. Self doubt
b. Forming a team and teamwork
10.Which attitudes make a person successful
entrepreneur? Answer – The attitudes that make a
successful entrepreneur are –
a. Decisiveness – Ability to make quick and profitable decisions
b. Taking Initiative – Ability to take charge and act in a situation before others
 c. Organizational Skills – Ability to make the optimum use of time, energy
and resources to achieve the desired goals.
d. Interpersonal Skills – Ability to work with others
e. Perseverance – Ability to continue to do something, even when it is difficult.
11.What is decisiveness?
Answer – Decisiveness is defined as the ability to make quick and profitable
decisions.
The following steps can help you develop your decisiveness.
a. Knowing yourself – You must first choose what is important to you
and the type of problem you want to solve.
b. Identify opportunities – It is important to identify the best way and
location for a business to operate.
c. Analyze the opportunity – What do customers think of the idea and
what is the competition for that idea.
d. Problem solving – You might make changes to your idea after
researching the clients and the market.
12.What do you mean by interpersonal skills?
Answer – Interpersonal means dealing with relationships. It is between two or more
persons.
Some of the ways to develop interpersonal skills are –
a. Listening – It is important to listen when someone talks.
b. Body Language – When working with people or listening, our facial
expressions, gestures, and postures are important.
c. Positive attitude – People with a positive attitude are hopeful and see
the best even in difficult situations.
d. Stress management – When various personalities work together in a
team, it can lead to tension for everyone. In such situations, stress
management becomes important for
everyone‘s health and well-being.
13.What is perseverance?
Answer – Perseverance is the capacity to keep going even when things are
challenging.
Perseverance can be developed in a variety of ways.
a. Not giving up when there is a difficult situation
b. Working hard to achieve the goal
c. Analyzing failures and learning from them
14. Why organizational skills are important?
Answer – The capacity to make the best use of one‘s time, energy, and resources in
order to achieve one‘s objectives is referred to as organizational skills.
Organizational Skills include the following –
a. Time management – Time management is the process of planning
and following a conscious control of time spent on specific activities.
b. Goal Setting – A goal is somewhere we want to reach. It is the aim or
result that we want from an activity. Goal makes us work harder, motivates
us to complete what we start and achieve the target.
c. Efficiency – Efficiency is the ability to do things well, successfully, without
wasting time.
d. Managing quality – Managing quality in a business means setting
and maintaining a standard of excellence for products or services being
provided to customers.
 GREEN SKILLS
Introduction to Green Skills:
Today, we are experiencing unpredictable weather conditions due to climatic changes and
environmental deterioration. Deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources,
such as air, water and soil is taking place globally. Whether we work in a factory or in field, we
need to be aware of the factors and systems that can be harmful to the environment. We must
adopt practices that are environment friendly and avoid using processes that will harm our
surroundings. For example, pollution is a major problem in most cities. We can check the rising
pollution levels only if we are aware of the various ways of controlling and minimising it. We
can plant trees near our houses, and use an eco-friendly mode of transport, such as bicycle,
electric car, etc. We can take care of our environment in many ways. For example, we must
not leave the tap running while brushing our teeth, use the leftover water in our bottles for
watering plants, use cloth bags instead of plastic bags, buy eco-friendly products and reduce
the usage of paper.

What do you mean Green Economy?

A green economy is one which promotes development while making sure that the environment
is protected. The term ‗Green Economy‘ was first coined in a 1989 report for the Government
of the United Kingdom by a group of leading environmental economists, titled ―Blueprint for a
Green Economy‖. Every economy has many sectors. A sector can be described as a part or a
function of the economy. For example, agriculture, automotive, construction, transportation
and healthcare are different sectors of economy. To make the econmoy ‗green‘ or
environmental friendly there are some sectors where major changes can be made. We‘ll learn
more about them in this lesson.

1. What is Green Jobs?

Answer – According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Green jobs, also
known as green collar jobs, are jobs in agricultural, administrative, research and
development, manufacturing, and service industries that contribute significantly to the
preservation or restoration of environmental quality
2. What are the Benefits of Green Jobs?
Answer – The greening of the economy presents a major opportunity to start new
businesses, develop new markets and lower energy costs.
Green jobs that contribute to protecting the environment and reducing carbon footprint
are becoming a key economic driver of the twenty-first century.
Benefits of Green Jobs –
a. increase the efficiency of energy and raw material.
b. reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
c.control waste and pollution.
d. protect and restore ecosystems.
e. support adaptation to the effects of climate change
3. What do you mean by Farmer Interest Group?
Answer – Farmers‘ cooperatives are one of the most successful ways to reduce agricultural
risk and boost small and marginal farmers‘ livelihoods.
Farmers are organized into 15–20 member groups at the village level (called Farmer Interest
Groups or FIGs) and their associations are built up to a federating point, i.e. Farmer Producer
Organizations (FPOs).
armers‘ cooperatives (FPOs) are farmer cooperatives whose members are mostly small or
marginal farmers.
4. What is the BIOFUEL policy?
Answer – The Government of India‘s new biofuel policy, which was announced on August
10, 2018 focusses on initiatives for enhanced use of biomass so as to improve the
availability of ethanol through starch and sugar-based feedstock, develop ethanol
technologies and increase the production of biodiesel for blending.
Biofuels, such as BioCNG, Bio-methanol, and other biofuels made directly or indirectly from
organic material, can create green jobs.
5. What is environmentally friendly drip irrigation?
Answer – There are green jobs in water harvesting and conservation. Drip irrigation with
bamboo channels is an environmentally friendly approach to feed the ground. It efficiently
uses water without wasting any.
It is less expensive to construct, and after 2–3 years the bamboo rots added to the soil as
manure.
6. What are the different sectors where Green Jobs can be
used. Answer – Green jobs can be used in different sectors
like –
a. Agriculture
b. Transportation
c.Water conservation
d. Solar and Wind energy
e. Eco – tourism
f. Building and construction
g.Solid waste management
7. What is appropriate technology?
Answer – Appropriate technology is small-scale, environmentally friendly technology
that is customized to meet local needs. Bike- or hand-powered water pumps, solar
streetlights, solar structures, and other examples of appropriate technology

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 Green Jobs
A way we can contribute to the environment is by encouraging green jobs. Green jobs help
protect and restore the environment. Green jobs could be in any sector or industry — traditional
sectors, such as manufacturing and construction, and new sectors, such as renewable energy.
A green job is defined as one that helps bring about and maintain transition to environmentally
sustainable forms of production and consumption. It cuts across all sectors — energy, material,
water conservation, waste management and pollution control.
Benefits of green jobs
The greening of economy presents a major opportunity to start new businesses, develop new
markets and lower energy costs. Green jobs that contribute to protecting the environment and
reducing carbon footprint are becoming a key economic driver of the twenty-first century. Green
jobs help: • increase the efficiency of energy and raw material. • reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. • control waste and pollution. • protect and restore ecosystems. • support adaptation
to the effects of climate change.
8. What are the ways to reduce the amount of waste in Industries?
Answer – Some of the ways where we can reduce the waste in the Industries are –
a. Reusing scrap material – For example, In paper mills, damaged rolls are returned
to the beginning of the production process and used as raw material. Off-cuts and
scrap from the production of plastic objects are repurposed into new products.
b. Ensuring quality control – If product quality is maintained, the number of
rejected products will decrease, resulting in less waste. Automated monitoring
technology is use, which can aid in the early detection of production issues.
c.Waste exchange – This is where the waste product of one process becomes
the raw material for another. It represents the way of reducing waste disposal
through re-use.
d. Managing e-waste – With advanced technology, we have also encountered
problems in managing e-waste such as outdated phones, laptops, and television
sets.
e. Use of eco – friendly material – Scientists have discovered a variety of
environmentally friendly materials, such as banana leaves and disposable paper
plates, among others. These should be made widely available and their use needs to
be encouraged.
9. What is NAPCC?
Answer – In June 2008, the Indian government launched the National Action Plan on Climate
Change (NAPCC) to address climate change and related challenges. Solar energy, improved
energy efficiency, habitat, water, sustaining Himalayan ecosystems, forestry, agriculture, and
strategic knowledge for climate change are among the eight purposes of the NAPCC.

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