Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2025, 13(3): 126-130

E-ISSN: 2320-7078
P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Toxicological impacts of glyphosate on the liver,
www.entomoljournal.com
JEZS 2025, 13(3): 126-130 intestine and Kidney: A mini review
© 2025 JEZS
Received: 12-02-2025
Accepted: 15-03-2025 Amar Khurpade, Jitendra Rathor, Pranav Gaikwad, Varsha Dhurvey,
Amar Khurpade Aashikkumar Nagwanshi and Ankita Sharma
Department of Zoology, RTM
Nagpur University, Nagpur, DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2025.v13.i3b.9508
Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Jitendra Rathor Glyphosate is a widely used broad-spectrum herbicide that has become an integral part of modern
Department of Zoology, RTM agricultural practices. This review examines its origins, chemical properties, uses, and its significant
Nagpur University, Nagpur, impacts on health and the environment. Parameters such as biochemical parameters and histopathological
Maharashtra, India
changes are explored to establish their significance in ecotoxicological assessments. This comprehensive
analysis highlights the molecular mechanisms behind its effects, especially nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity
Pranav Gaikwad
and gastrointestinal toxicity which emphasizes the complexity of its environmental and physiological
Department of Zoology, RTM
Nagpur University, Nagpur,
interactions. The aim of this review is to underscore the importance of fish in aquatic toxicology,
Maharashtra, India advocating for improved monitoring strategies for glyphosate exposure and sustainable environmental
management.
Varsha Dhurvey
Department of Zoology, RTM Keywords: Glyphosate, herbicide, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, intestine, histopathology
Nagpur University, Nagpur,
Maharashtra, India 1. Introduction
Glyphosate, a non-selective herbicide introduced in the 1970s, acts by inhibiting the shikimate
Aashikkumar Nagwanshi pathway in plants and certain microbes (Steinrücken & Amrhein, 1980; Duke, 2018) [35, 11].
Department of Zoology, RTM
Nagpur University, Nagpur,
Maharashtra, India

Ankita Sharma
Department of Zoology, RTM
Nagpur University, Nagpur,
Maharashtra, India

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Fig 1: Chemical structure of glyphosate with central conformational angles

Table 1: Physical properties of Glyphosate

Sr. No. Property Name Property Value
1 Molecular Weight 169.07 g/mol
2 Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 4
3 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 6
4 Rotatable Bond Count 4
5 Exact Mass 169.01400935 g/mol
6 Monoisotopic Mass 169.01400935 g/mol
7 Topological Polar Surface Area 107Ų
Corresponding Author: 8 Heavy Atom Count 10
Aashikkumar Nagwanshi 9 Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
10 Compound Is Canonicalized Yes
Department of Zoology, RTM
11 Complexity 162
Nagpur University, Nagpur,
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Maharashtra, India
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While widely used in agriculture for broad-spectrum weed food products.

control, growing evidence links glyphosate exposure to Its degradation product, AMPA, is persistent and adds to
adverse effects on key organs like the liver, kidneys, and ecological concerns, particularly for aquatic organisms, soil
intestines in humans and animals. Chemically, glyphosate is microbes, and biodiversity. Chemically, glyphosate
N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (Figure 1) and physical (C₃H₈NO₅P) is water-soluble and amphoteric, with strong
properties is given in Table 1. soil-binding capacity. Its environmental persistence varies
Glyphosate is primarily synthesized through an industrial with conditions, showing a soil half-life from days to months.
process that involves the reaction of phosphorus trichloride The compound exists in different ionic forms (pKa 2.6, 5.6,
with glycine to produce N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine, the 10.6), affecting its mobility and bioavailability (Gill et al.,
active component of glyphosate-based herbicides. The 2017) [18].
manufacturing process also includes the addition of
surfactants to enhance the herbicide's efficacy by improving 2. Mechanism of Action
its absorption by plants (Duke, 2018) [11]. Glyphosate is Glyphosate functions by inhibiting the enzyme 5-
widely available in both technical-grade and formulated enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, which is
products, with varying concentrations depending on the essential for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants
intended application. (Marino et al., 2021) [26]. This inhibition leads to plant death
It is primarily used in agriculture for weed control in crops by disrupting protein synthesis and metabolic functions,
like soybeans, maize, and cotton, especially those genetically ultimately leading to nutrient starvation (Herrmann &
modified for glyphosate resistance, which has significantly Weaver, 1999) [20].
enhanced weed management and crop productivity (Sammons Unlike many other herbicides, glyphosate is systemic and
& Gaines, 2014) [34]. Beyond agriculture, it is employed in translocated throughout the plant via the phloem, ensuring
forestry, urban landscaping, residential gardening, and habitat effective weed control from root to shoot. Glyphosate
restoration to control invasive species. Environmental formulations often include surfactants to enhance its
contamination occurs via runoff, leaching, and atmospheric absorption and efficacy, which can also contribute to
deposition, leading to glyphosate residues in water, soil, and increased environmental persistence and toxicity.

Fig 2: Mechanism of action of glyphosate. Glyphosate inhibits the enzymatic function of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
(EPSPS), a critical enzyme in the shikimate pathway, thereby obstructing the production of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine,
and tryptophan

Abbreviations: SK-Shikimate kinase, EPSP-5- enter aquatic ecosystems, potentially affecting non-target
enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase, CS: Chorismate organisms such as fish and amphibians. Studies have shown
synthase. that glyphosate can persist in soil and water, leading to
chronic exposure risks for humans and wildlife (Loos et al.,
3. Mechanism of Contamination 2010) [24]. Moreover, glyphosate's mobility in soil depends on
Contamination of glyphosate in the environment primarily various factors, including soil composition, pH, and organic
occurs through direct application, surface runoff, and matter content, influencing its potential to contaminate
accidental spills. The herbicide can bind to soil particles and groundwater and surface water bodies.

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4. Effects of glyphosate on various organs reduces essential gut metabolites like short-chain fatty acids
4.1 Histological Effects of Glyphosate on Liver and bile acids, impairing microbial and host metabolism (Bao
Liver tissue is among the first to exhibit glyphosate-induced et al., 2024) [4]. Additionally, reduced enzymatic efficiency, as
toxicity, with histopathological changes evident even at shown by altered glycosidase kinetics, compromises nutrient
sublethal doses. Studies report mitochondrial swelling, loss of digestion and absorption (Aminov & Golovanova, 2019) [2].
cristae, and myelin-like structures in carp hepatocytes (Szarek
et al., 2000) [37], along with vacuolization, nuclear pyknosis, 4.5 Histopathological Effects of Glyphosate on Kidney
and vascular congestion in Nile tilapia (Jiraungkoorskul et al., Glyphosate exposure induces notable kidney damage in both
2002) [21]. Similar alterations, including necrosis, lipid fish and mammals. Key alterations include glomerular
accumulation, and vascular degeneration, were observed in shrinkage, tubular degeneration, and necrosis, as observed in
Cyprinus carpio (Stoyanova et al., 2015) [36]. In chicken Clarias gariepinus and Cyprinus carpio (Awad & Mahmood,
embryos, glyphosate disrupted liver development, causing 2023) [3], with similar nephron damage vacuolization and
hepatocyte degeneration and structural disorganization (Fathi atrophy seen in rodents (Dedeke et al., 2018; Nacano et al.,
et al., 2020) [15]. Rodent studies also show necrosis, 2023) [8, 29]. These changes impair filtration and waste
vacuolization, and immune infiltration, while fish exposed to excretion. Histological findings show lamellar fusion, bile
glyphosate-based herbicides exhibited chronic hepatic stress duct hyperplasia, and inflammation in fish (Meshkini et al.,
(Velmurugan et al., 2007) [41]. Collectively, these findings 2019; Al-Kawaz, 2019) [27, 1]. In mammals, prolonged
indicate that glyphosate compromises liver architecture and exposure leads to fibroblast proliferation and renal fibrosis,
function across species. progressing toward chronic kidney disease (Wang et al.,
2021; Gao et al., 2019) [42, 17]. Environmental stress markers
4.2 Biochemical Markers of Liver Toxicity such as collagen deposition, hemorrhages, glomerular
Glyphosate-induced liver toxicity is reflected in elevated hypertrophy, and tubular apoptosis (da Cruz et al., 2016) [6]
hepatic enzymes-ALT, AST, and ALP-signalling serve as early indicators of renal toxicity and are valuable for
hepatocellular damage, as reported in Nile tilapia and spotted ecological monitoring.
sorubim (Jiraungkoorskul et al., 2003; Ribeiro et al., 2021) [21,
31]
. Oxidative stress is another hallmark, with increased lipid 4.6 Biochemical Effects of Glyphosate on Kidney
peroxidation (MDA levels) and reduced antioxidant enzymes Glyphosate disrupts renal biochemistry by inducing oxidative
like SOD and CAT observed in fish models (Lushchak et al., stress and impairing metabolic function. Elevated urea,
2009; Glusczak et al., 2007) [25, 19]. Additionally, glyphosate creatinine, and MDA levels indicate kidney dysfunction and
disrupts metabolic processes, reducing key enzyme activity oxidative damage (El-Sheshtawy et al., 2021; Fadel et al.,
and causing glycogen buildup, indicating impaired energy 2022) [12, 14]. Increased serum ALT, AST, and ALP levels
metabolism (Zheng et al., 2021) [44]. These findings suggest systemic toxicity. Oxidative stress is marked by
underscore oxidative stress as a central mechanism in reduced glutathione peroxidase and increased lipid
glyphosate’s hepatotoxicity. peroxidation, promoting apoptosis and necrosis (Gao, et al.,
2019; Dedeke et al., 2018) [17, 8]. This redox imbalance
4.3 Histopathological Effects on Intestine weakens renal defenses and contributes to long-term injury.
Glyphosate exposure causes pronounced intestinal damage, Glyphosate also alters glycogen and protein levels in renal
including epithelial detachment, villi shortening, and mucosal tissue, disrupting energy metabolism and ion homeostasis.
inflammation in fish like Clarias gariepinus and Anabas These changes enhance susceptibility to nephron damage and
testudineus (Samanta et al., 2016; Erhunmwunse et al., 2014) may lead to systemic metabolic disorders (Bojarski et al.,
[9, 13]
. In Litopenaeus vannamei, total villus loss and epithelial 2022; Turkmen et al., 2019) [5, 40].
necrosis severely impair absorption. Rodent studies show
reduced villus height, crypt depth, and epithelial atrophy after 5. Conclusion
chronic exposure (Tang et al., 2020; Panza et al., 2021) [39, 30]. The comprehensive review highlights the profound
At the cellular level, findings include mucosal erosion, toxicological impact of glyphosate on the liver, kidney, and
columnar epithelial necrosis, microvilli disruption, and intestine across multiple species. Glyphosate’s mechanism of
intestinal barrier degeneration (Senapati et al., 2009; action, primarily through oxidative stress, inflammation, and
Kuz’mina et al., 2017; Fadel et al., 2022) [38, 22, 14]. High doses disruption of metabolic pathways, contributes to systemic and
induce lymphoid hyperplasia and dysplasia, with potential organ-specific toxicity. Histopathological changes,
precancerous changes in rats (Serra et al., 2021) [7]. biochemical disruptions, and alterations in gene expression
collectively indicate its potential to compromise the structural
4.4 Biochemical Disruptions in Intestinal Function and functional integrity of these vital organs. In the liver,
Glyphosate alters intestinal biochemistry by disrupting glyphosate induces hepatocellular damage, oxidative stress,
enzymatic activity and inducing oxidative stress. Initial and metabolic disruptions, with significant effects on enzyme
increases in digestive enzymes-protease, amylase, and lipase activities and histological integrity. The kidney demonstrates
have been observed in fish, followed by inhibition with pronounced nephrotoxic effects, characterized by tubular
prolonged exposure, impairing nutrient metabolism (Salbego degeneration, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. In
et al., 2014; Dey et al., 2016; Filippov et al., 2019) [32, 9, 16]. In the intestine, glyphosate causes epithelial damage, villus
rodents, glyphosate reduces antioxidant enzyme levels and shortening, and metabolic dysfunctions, leading to impaired
modulates glutathione transferase, heightening oxidative nutrient absorption and systemic inflammation.
stress (Larsen et al., 2012) [23]. Elevated MDA and decreased Furthermore, glyphosate formulations, which include
SOD and catalase activity contribute to lipid peroxidation, surfactants, exacerbate its toxicity compared to the active
DNA damage, and apoptosis in intestinal tissues (Tang et al., ingredient alone. Co-exposure to environmental stressors such
2020; Fathi et al., 2020) [39, 15]. Metabolically, glyphosate as heavy metals amplify its adverse effects, emphasizing the
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complexity of its environmental and physiological juvenile Africa cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to
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