UXIX QUESTION ANSWERE

20. Explain home, path, user, cp, cat in UNIX

 home:
The home directory (~ or /home/username) is the default directory
assigned to a user after login. It stores personal files, configurations,
and user-specific data.
 path:
The PATH is an environment variable that tells the shell which
directories to search for executable files. Example:
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
 user:
A user in UNIX is an account used to log in and execute commands.
Each user has a unique username, UID, and associated permissions.
 cp:
The cp command is used to copy files or directories.
Example: cp file1.txt file2.txt – copies file1 to file2.
 cat:
The cat command is used to display the contents of a file, or
concatenate multiple files.
Example: cat file.txt – shows the contents of file.txt.

21. File attributes in UNIX:

Use ls -l to view file attributes. Example output:
csharp
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group 4096 May 22 10:00 file.txt
 File type and permissions: -rw-r--r--
o First character: file type (- for file, d for directory)
o Next 9 characters: permissions (user, group, others)
 Link count: 1 – number of hard links
 Owner: user – the username who owns the file
 Group: group – the group that owns the file
 Size: 4096 – in bytes
 Modification time: May 22 10:00
 File name: file.txt
22. Explain uniq command in UNIX
 uniq filters out repeated lines in a file, but only if they are adjacent.
Usage:
bash
CopyEdit
sort file.txt | uniq
Options:
 -c: prefix lines by the number of occurrences
 -d: only print duplicate lines
 -u: only print unique lines

23. Standard Input/Output in UNIX

 Standard Input (stdin): Input stream, usually the keyboard. File
descriptor: 0
 Standard Output (stdout): Output stream, usually the screen. File
descriptor: 1
 Standard Error (stderr): For error messages. File descriptor: 2
Examples:
bash
# Redirect output to a file
ls > output.txt

# Redirect error to a file

ls nonexistfile 2> error.txt
# Use input from a file
wc < file.txt

24. Shell Program to Check if a Number is Prime or Not

bash
#!/bin/bash
read -p "Enter a number: " num
if [ $num -le 1 ]; then
echo "Not prime"
exit
fi

for (( i=2; i*i<=$num; i++ ))

do
if [ $((num % i)) -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Not prime"
exit
fi
done

echo "Prime number"

25. Shell Program to Check if a Number is a Palindrome or Not

bash
#!/bin/bash
read -p "Enter a number: " num
rev=0
n=$num

while [ $n -gt 0 ]
do
rem=$((n % 10))
rev=$((rev * 10 + rem))
n=$((n / 10))
done

if [ $rev -eq $num ]; then

echo "$num is a palindrome"
else
echo "$num is not a palindrome"
fi
26. Check Armstrong Number in UNIX (using shell script):
sh
echo "Enter a number:"
read num
sum=0
n=$num

while [ $n -gt 0 ]; do
digit=$((n % 10))
sum=$((sum + digit * digit * digit))
n=$((n / 10))
done

if [ $sum -eq $num ]; then

echo "$num is an Armstrong number."
else
echo "$num is not an Armstrong number."
fi

27. Reverse a Number in UNIX (using shell script)

sh
echo "Enter a number:"
read num
rev=0
while [ $num -gt 0 ]; do
digit=$((num % 10))
rev=$((rev * 10 + digit))
num=$((num / 10))
done
echo "Reversed number: $rev"

28. Check if File is Readable or Writable in UNIX

Sh
echo "Enter filename:"
read file

if [ -r "$file" ]; then
echo "$file is readable"
else
echo "$file is not readable"
fi
if [ -w "$file" ]; then
echo "$file is writable"
else
echo "$file is not writable"
fi

29. Print All Prime Numbers Between 1 to 100 in UNIX

sh
for num in {2..100}; do
is_prime=1
for ((i=2; i*i<=num; i++)); do
if (( num % i == 0 )); then
is_prime=0
break
fi
done
if (( is_prime == 1 )); then
echo $num
fi
done

30. Print Odd Numbers Between 1 to 100 in UNIX

sh
for ((i=1; i<=100; i+=2)); do
 echo $i
done

31. Check Leap Year in UNIX (using shell script)

sh
echo "Enter year:"
read year

if (( (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0) )); then

echo "$year is a leap year."
else
echo "$year is not a leap year."
fi

32. Commands Explanation in UNIX:

 nice: Runs a process with a given priority.
 cat: Displays contents of a file.
 test: Evaluates conditional expressions.
 su: Switch user (e.g., su root).
 cp: Copy files or directories.
 chgrp: Change group ownership of a file.
 gzip: Compress files.
 gunzip: Decompress .gz files.
 tar: Archive files (e.g., tar -cvf archive.tar file).

33. Types of Files in UNIX

Run ls -l to view types:
 - : Regular file
 d : Directory
 l : Symbolic link
 c : Character device
 b : Block device
 p : Named pipe
 s : Socket

34. Different Shells in UNIX

Common shells:
 sh – Bourne shell
 bash – Bourne Again SHell
 csh – C shell
 ksh – Korn shell
 zsh – Z shell
 tcsh – Enhanced C shell
Use cat /etc/shells to list available shells.
35. Quoting in UNIX
Quoting is used to prevent the shell from interpreting special
characters.
 Single quotes ': Preserve the literal value of each character within.
bash
echo 'This is $HOME' # Output: This is $HOME
 Double quotes ": Preserve literal value except for $, `, and \.
bash
echo "This is $HOME" # Output: This is /home/username
 Backslash \: Escapes a single character.
 bash
echo \$HOME # Output: $HOME

36. Regular Expressions

Used with tools like grep, sed, awk to search patterns:
 . matches any character.
 * matches 0 or more repetitions.
 ^ matches the beginning of a line.
 $ matches the end of a line.
 [abc] matches any one of a, b, or c.
 [^abc] matches any character except a, b, or c.
 \ escapes special characters.

37. File Permissions in UNIX

Every file has permissions for:
 Owner, Group, Others
 Read (r) = 4, Write (w) = 2, Execute (x) = 1
Example:
bash
-rwxr-xr-- # Owner: rwx (7), Group: r-x (5), Others: r-- (4)
Use chmod to change:
bash
chmod 755 filename

38. Environmental Variables in UNIX

Variables that affect shell behavior:
 View: printenv or echo $HOME
 Set: export VAR=value
 Common: $PATH, $HOME, $USER, $SHELL

39. Process States in UNIX

 Running (R): Currently executing.
 Sleeping (S): Waiting for an event.
 Stopped (T): Halted process.
 Zombie (Z): Terminated but not cleaned up.

40. Positional Parameters in UNIX

Used in shell scripts:
 $0: Script name
 $1 to $9: First to ninth arguments
 $@ or $*: All arguments
Example:
bash
#!/bin/bash
echo "First arg: $1"

41. Sticky Bit in UNIX

Used on directories to allow only the owner to delete files.
 Set using:
bash
chmod +t directoryname
 View: Look for t in ls -ld output:
bash
drwxrwxrwt /tmp
 42. Background and Foreground Jobs in UNIX
 Foreground: Runs and blocks terminal.
 Background: Runs without blocking terminal.
bash
command & # Run in background
fg # Bring job to foreground
bg # Resume stopped job in background
jobs # List jobs

43. Commands Explanation:

 egrep: Extended grep supporting +, ?, |
 fgrep: Fixed grep, no regex
 mount: Mount file systems
 umask: Set default permission mask
 fsck: File system check tool
 kill: Send signal to a process (e.g., kill -9 PID)
 who: Show who is logged in
 touch: Create empty file or update timestamp

44. Command Explanations

 head: Show first lines (default 10): head filename
 tail: Show last lines: tail filename
 cut: Extract sections from lines:
bash
cut -d':' -f1 /etc/passwd
 du: Disk usage of directories
 df: Disk free space
 cal: Calendar
 bc: Calculator
 date: Show current date/time
 mv: Move/rename files
 rm: Remove files/directories
 cd: Change directory