Purdue University

Purdue e-Pubs
Publications of the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories School of Mechanical Engineering

9-2014

Design of Multi-Chamber Silencers with

Microperforated Elements
J Stuart Bolton
Purdue University, [email protected]

Seungkyu Lee
[email protected]

Paul A. Martinson

Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/herrick

Bolton, J Stuart; Lee, Seungkyu; and Martinson, Paul A., "Design of Multi-Chamber Silencers with Microperforated Elements" (2014).
Publications of the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories. Paper 106.
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/herrick/106

This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for
additional information.
 Advancing the Technology and Practice of Noise Control Engineering

Design of multi-chamber silencers with

microperforated elements

Seungkyu Lee and J. Stuart Bolton

Paul A. Martinson

Purdue University 3M

NoiseCon 2014 September 8-10, 2014

 Acknowledgement

 The authors acknowledge the support of 3M Corporation

through the provision of materials for the acoustical silencer
experiments and for the financial support of this work.

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 Objective

 Develop the acoustic silencer that could attenuated sound effectively over
the speech interference range (400 – 3000 Hz) using Microperforated Panel
(MPP).
 Develop a reliable finite element modeling of MPP.
 Multiple MPP linings application in the acoustic silencer to improve the
acoustic attenuation performance.

* Muffler figures from “www.suncourt.com/DuctMuffler.html”

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 Literature Review –Acoustic Silencer Design

 Muffler Design
Dimension Design
► Dimension modification of acoustic silencer
 Inlet and outlet design of the muffler - Selamet and Ji (2000)
 Multiple chamber designs – Denia et al. (2008)

► Perforated Tube lining Application

Material implementation
 Perofrated Tube lining application/absorbing material – Ji and Selamet (2005)
 Microperforated panel applicatoin – Allam and Abom (2011)

 Microperforated Panel Modeling

► Equivalent fluid model - dynamic permeability, tortuosity and bulk modulus
Microperforated
 Johson and Koplik (1987), Champoux and Allard (1991) Screen modeling

► Rigid and motionless skeletons with identical cylinder perforation

 Atalla and Sgard (2007)

► Rigid porous model verification

 Jaouen and Bècot (2011)

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 Configuration of mufflers

Single Chamber
Single Muffler
Chamber Double Chamber

Dimension [cm] Dimension [cm]

lt 9.60 l1 5.6
do 15.2 l2 2.0
di 2.90 l3 2.0

lt : chamber total length, do : outer diameter of chamber, di : diameter of inlet

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 Experimental Setup

Sound Transmission Loss measurement

- ASTM E2611 4 Mic Measurement

- Two-load method was used
: Rigid and Anechoic terminations

J. S. Bolton, T. Yoo and O. Olivieri, “Measurement of Normal Incidence Transmission Loss and Other Acoustical Properties of Materials Placed in a Standing Wave Tube,”
Bruüel & Kjær Techincal Review, No. 1-2007

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 Introduction to MPP

Microperforated material used in the muffler

Hole Diameter Thickness Flow Resistance
[µm] [m] [Rayl]

MPP 454 103.6 0.0003 454

The configuration of microperforated panel lining in the muffler

lt : chamber total length

do : outer diameter of chamber
di : diameter of inlet

MPP lining
Implementation !!

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 Microperforated Panel Modeling

The microperforate panel (MPP) was modeled as an equivalent fluid

- Complex Density and Bulk Modulus were modeled using following equations
- Calculated complex Density and bulk modulus were implemented in finite element modeling of the MPP

Complex Density
φ: Perforation rate
α: Dynamic Tortuosity
σ: Flow resistivity
η: Dynamic viscosity of air
Λ: Viscous characteristic length
Λ‘: Thermal characteristic length
Complex Bulkmodulus Λ = Λ ‘ = r (radius of perforation)

k: Thermal conductivity
γ: Specific heat ratio of air
Po: Atmospheric pressure
Cp: Specific heat of air at const. pressure

Champoux Y. and Allard J.-F., Dynamic tortuosity and bulk modulus in air-saturated porous media, J. Appl. Phys. 70, 1991, pp. 1975-1979
L. Jaouen and F.-X. Be´cot, “Acoustical characterization of perforated facings”, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129 (3), March 2011

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 Microperforated Panel Modeling – MPP 454

 Relationship between flow resistivity and porosity

 MPP 454 rayls
► Radius of perforation = 51.8145e-06 m
► Thickness = 0.0003 m
► Porosity = 0.0018 (Calculated using the following equation)

 : Flow resistivity
 : Dynamic Viscosity
𝜎 = 8𝜂/(𝜙𝑟 2 )
 : Porosity
r : Radius

MPP 454

MPP Modeling of ABAQUS

L. Jaouen and F.-X. Be´cot, “Acoustical characterization of perforated facings”, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129 (3), March 2011

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 Microperforated Panel Modeling - FE Modeling

 Commercial Software ABAQUS was used in modeling of muffler with MPP

 Transmission Loss was calculated using 3-point measurement method
TL for LL with MPP454
35
MPP454 - EXP 1

FE Model
MPP454 - EXP 2
30 No MPP - EXP

25

20

TL [dB]
15

10

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Frequency [Hz]

Sound Pressure at 800 Hz

CAD Model

AIR MPP 454

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 Microperforated Panel Modeling - TL measurement for FE modeling

3-Point Measurement Method

p1 p2 p3 Anechoic inlet
Termination
(Z=ρ0c)
pi pt

pr
x1
outlet
x2
p2 p1
p1  pi eikx1  pr e ikx1
p2  pi eikx2  pr e ikx2
pi  
1
[ p1eikx2  p2eikx1 ]
p3
2i sin k ( x2  x1 )

| p |  S 
TL  20log10  i   10log10  i 
 | p3 |   So 

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 FE modeling of MPP 454

 Rigid boundaries modeling

 Implementation of MPP’s local reaction
► Local reaction of MPP cannot be modeled using fluid modeling of MPP.

 Lateral and Vertical rigid sections were

created in MPP modeling.
» Thickness of rigid cut: 0.00005m
» Laterally 8 sections were created
» Divided into 2 sections vertically in
3.6° (total of 360 rigid partition)

Laterally 8 sections

MPP
Vertically 2 sections in 3.6°

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 Improved MPP Modeling and Verification

MPP454 Transmition Loss Comparison MPP273 Transmition Loss Comparison

40 40
MPP454 EXP MPP 273 EXP
MPP454 FE regular shape
35 MPP 273 FEM
MPP454 lateral sections only 35
MPP454 vertical and lateral sections mix
30
30

25
25

20

TL
TL

20

15
15

10
10

5
5

0
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Frequency Frequency

 Vertical and lateral rigid sections improved TL in frequency range from 1600 to 2500 Hz for MPP 454 as well
as the region below 1600 Hz.
 Developed model shows good agreement with different microperforated material.

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 Results comparison – Single Chamber

Muffler Configuration TL Results

NO MPP Transmission Loss of Single Muffler

60
Single Chamber FEM
Single Chamber EXP
50
Single w/ MPP454 FEM
Single w/ MPP454 EXP
MPP 40

TL [dB]
30

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
NO MPP MPP Frequency [Hz]

 MPP improved TL performance gradually over 1600 – 3400 Hz

 Brought up minima at 1600 Hz, 2700 Hz, 3400 Hz.

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 Result comparison – single vs. dual chamber

Muffler Configuration TL Results

NO MPP Transmission Loss of Single and Double Expansion Muffler

100
Single Chamber FEM
90
Single Chamber EXP
80 Single w/ MPP454 FEM
Single w/ MPP454 EXP
NO MPP 70 Double Chamber FEM
Double Chamber EXP
60

TL [dB]
50

40

30

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
NO MPP MPP Frequency [Hz]

 Double chamber configuration improved TL performance at 400 – 2600 Hz

 Improved speech interference range
 1st peak appeared at single chamber moved to low frequency and created new minima at 480 Hz.

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 Results comparison – Dual Chamber

Muffler Configuration TL Results

NO MPP Transmission Loss of Double Expansion Muffler

100
Double Chamber FEM
90
NO MPP Double Chamber EXP
80 Double w/ MPP454 FEM
Double w/ MPP454 EXP
70
MPP
60

TL [dB]
50

40

30

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Frequency [Hz]
NO MPP MPP

 Overall TL peaks were lowered but the lowest TL point at 490 Hz was brought up by MPP.

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 Multiple MPP linings - Experiment

 Expecting to reduce the minima in TL curves

 Location of Multiple MPP linings were
determined using FEM simulation
 Two layers of MPP tube linings were chosen

MPP lining Configuration

MPP linings location

8.5 cm
2.9 cm

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 Results comparison - Dual Chamber Double MPP

Muffler Configuration TL Results

TL for Double layered MPP linings of Double Expansion Muffler

100
Double Chamber FEM
90
Double Chamber EXP
80 Double w/ MPP454 FEM
Double w/ MPP454 EXP
70 Double-layered MPP454 Linings FEM
Double-layered MPP454 Linings EXP
60

TL [dB]
50

40

30

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Frequency [Hz]

 High peaks were lowered and flat TL curve was created by double-layered MPP
 Low TL at 2700 Hz was brought up by using multiple MPP

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 Overall A-weighted Sound Pressure Level

Sound Double
Single Double
without Single Double Chamber
Chamber Chamber
muffler Chamber Chamber w/ Double
w/ MPP454 w/ MPP454
treatment MPP454

A-weighted
Overall
68.50 dBA 53.98 dBA 52.09 dBA 53.24 dBA 50.49 dBA 51.28 dBA
Sound
Pressure Level

Recordings

Recorded on 4/10/2014
Double Layered MPP Cases were Recorded on 4/23/2014

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 Pressure Drop Experiment
Pressure drop test of different muffler configurations
MPP with 454 Rayl
55
No muffler
1-chamber w/o MPP
50
1-chamber w/ 1-layer MPP
1-chamber w/ 2-layer MPP
45 2-chamber w/o MPP
2-chamber w/ 1-layer MPP
2-chamber w/o 2-layer MPP
40
Pressure [Pa]

35

30

25

20

15
170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
Flow Rate [STD LPM]

MPP gives beneficial effects in reducing the pressure drop results from the muffler

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 Conclusion and Future Plan

Conclusion
 Acoustic silencer for speech interference range was developed.
 Reliable MPP model was developed using FEM and the model was validated
with the experimental results.
 Multiple MPP tube linings were introduced to improve the acoustic
attenuation and the multiple liners helped in flattening the TL curve.

Future Plans
 Optimized flow resistance of MPP linings and the locations of multiple MPP
linings will be studied.
 The modeling of the muffler using MPP liner with flow effect will be studied.

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