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 Essential
Computer Hardware

Kevin Wilson
Essential Computer Hardware
Copyright © 2017 Elluminet Press
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole
or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer
software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly
analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a
computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this
publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the
Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained
from the Publisher. Permissions for use may be obtained through Rights Link at the Copyright
Clearance Centre. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a
trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the
names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark
owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms,
even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to
whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date
of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal
responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no
warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Publisher: Elluminet Press
Director: Kevin Wilson
Lead Editor: Steven Ashmore
Technical Reviewer: Mike Taylor, Robert Ashcroft
Copy Editors: Joanne Taylor, James Marsh
Proof Reader: Mike Taylor
Indexer: James Marsh
Cover Designer: Kevin Wilson
eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. Any source code or other
supplementary materials referenced by the author in this text is available to readers at

www.elluminetpress.com/resources
For detailed information about how to locate your book’s source code, go to
www.elluminetpress.com/resources
About the Author
Kevin Wilson has made a career out of technology and showing others how
to use it. After earning a master’s degree in computer science, software
engineering, and multimedia systems, Kevin worked as a tutor and college
instructor, helping students master such subjects as multimedia, computer
literacy and information technology. He currently serves as Elluminet Press
Publishing’s senior writer and director, he periodically teaches computing at
college in South Africa and serves as an IT trainer in England.
Kevin’s motto is clear: “If you can’t explain something simply, you haven’t
understood it well enough.” To that end, he has created the Computer
Essentials series, in which he breaks down complex technological subjects
into smaller, easy-to-follow steps that students and ordinary computer users
can put into practice.
Table of Contents
Essential Computer Hardware	2
About the Author	3
Table of Contents	4
General Concepts	8
Types of Hardware	8
Internal Hardware	8
Basic Peripherals	9
Basic Operating Systems	10
Hardware Components	12
Memory (RAM)	12
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)	16
Solid State Drive (SSD)	18
CD/DVD/Blu-ray Drive	18
Memory Cards	19
USB Flash Drives	21
External Hard Disk	22
NAS Drives 	22
Personal Cloud	23
Storage Units	28
CPU / Processor	29
Sound Card	30
Video Card	31
Expansion Slots	32
Inside the Case	33
Computer Peripherals	36
Inkjet Printer	36
Laser Printer	37
USB	40
Ethernet	41
FireWire	41
ThunderBolt	42
eSATA	42
 DVI	43
HDMI	44
VGA 	44
Component Video	45
Composite Video	45
1/8” (3.5mm) Phono Jack	46
1/4” (6.35mm) Phono Jack	46
3 Pin XLR	47
RCA Audio	47
S/PDIF Optical Audio	48
Types of Computer	50
Desktop Computer	50
Desktop: All-in-one	51
Laptop 	52
Netbook	53
Chrome Book	54
Tablet Computers	55
Hybrids	56
Mainframe Computer	57
Super Computer	58
Understanding Hardware Specifications	60
So Many Machines	60
Mac or PC?	61
Decoding Computer Specs	63
Printer Specs	64
The Internet	66
DSL	66
Fibre Optic	67
Cable	69
Satellite	70
3G/4G	70
WiFi	72
Dual Band or Single Band?	72
WiFi Extenders	72
 Wireless Standards	73
Wireless Security	73
Understanding Router Specifications	74
Data Transfer Rates	75
Bytes and Bits	75
Computer Networks	78
Local Area Networks (LANs)	78
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)	79
Wide Area Networks (WANs)	80
Peer-to-peer Network 	81
Client-server Network	82
Ethernet	83
Cellular Network	85
Bluetooth	86
Cloud Computing and the Web	88
Computer Software	92
The Operating System	92
Apps & Applications	94
Windows File Management	96
Creating Folders	99
Moving Files	99
Copying Files	100
Compress Files	101
Searching for Files	102
System Maintenance	103
Anti-Virus Software	104
Windows Defender	104
Avast	104
AVG	106
Backing Up your Files	106
Restoring Files	109
Windows Update	110
Disk De-fragmentation	111
Disk Clean-Up	113
Start-Up Programs	114
Remove Programs and Apps	115
System Recovery	119
Advanced Start up	121
Create a Recovery Drive	122
General Concepts
The term Information Technology refers to the use of computers to process
and display data. Computers are now commonly used to communicate with
other people and performing tasks such as word processing, calculations and
multimedia.
In order for a computer to work it needs two things – hardware and software.
The hardware is the physical part, such as the keyboard, monitor or printer –
the bits you can touch in other words.
The software is part that runs on the hardware, ie the tools you use to perform
tasks such as word processing. The software would be Microsoft Word.
Types of Hardware
On a desktop computer, the case houses all the internal hardware, such as
CPU, RAM and Hard disks. Peripherals sit outside the case, and the
Operating System runs on the internal hardware.
Internal Hardware
These are the three primary components. We’ll go into more detail in later
chapters, but for now here is an overview.

These are all mounted onto a main circuit board, called a motherboard.
Basic Peripherals
The most common peripherals are

Monitors
Printers
Keyboards
Mice
Scanners
Cameras

These all sit outside the case and connect to your computer via USB cable or
similar.
Some familiar ones are pictured below.
Basic Operating Systems
As well as all the hardware and peripherals, you need software to make the
computer work. The first piece of software that is needed is called an
Operating System.
This could be...

Windows 10 on a PC
Mac OS if you’re on a Mac Computer.

These look similar to the ones pictured below

This Operating System provides you with a user interface where you can use
various tools called programs or software to do your work. For example,
Microsoft Office is a software application package that allows you to create
documents, presentations, spreadsheets and so on. Photoshop is a program for
editing photos.
Hardware Components
Computer systems are made up of a number of different hardware
components such as a central processor (CPU), memory (RAM), storage
space (HDD) and so on. This is called internal hardware and usually plugs
into a main board called a motherboard.
Devices that sit outside the case are called peripherals and can include
printers, scanners, keyboards, mice, cameras and so on.
There is also removable storage such as memory cards, USB sticks and
external hard drives that are designed to be protable.
Lets start by taking a look at internal hardware.
Memory ( RAM)
Computer memory is made up of silicon chips and is the computer’s working
area. This is where software instructions and data are stored.

For example if you are typing a document in Microsoft Word, both Microsoft
Word and your document are loaded into and stored in the computer’s
memory while you are working on it. This is not to be confused with the
Hard Disk. Usually measured in GigaBytes
DRAM or Dynamic Ram needs to be constantly refreshed. SRAM or static
RAM is a lot faster because it doesn’t require to be refreshed.
Standard system RAM is DRAM or sDRAM. SRAM is reserved for cache
memory and is mounted onto the motherboard already.
To confuse things even more, RAM comes in different forms: DDR, DDR2,
DDR3 and DDR4.
DDR and DDR2 are old now and being phased out in favour of DDR3 and
DDR4. Most of the latest PCs will use DDR3 & DDR4 RAM.
Notice the positions of the cut out notches along the bottom of the DIMM
indicated in red on the photograph above. This is to make sure only the
correct RAM fits in the slot on the motherboard.
RAM speed is also measured in MegaHertz (MHz) and you’ll likely see this
when looking at buying RAM.
Laptops have their own type of memory. It’s more or less the same except for
the physical size. These memory modules are called SO-DIMMs

When buying memory, you need to find out what memory modules your
computer’s motherboard takes. You should be able to find this in the
documentation that came with your computer.
So looking at the spec of my computer, shown below, I need a DDR4
memory module that runs at about 2133MHz.

Also reading further down, I can get 4, 8,16,32 or 64GB modules. For this
example I am going to add 16GB
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