flpe4laraHnrr rpyA [peAcraBn.

f,Ba cI'IH're3I{paHo I'I3roxeHI4e Ha cbAbPx{AHr4E

ocHoBHr{Te cy6wrns, n Enpona B nepr{oAa or (>peucrara peBonIoqllfl
go flrpnara cBeroBHa rofiHa.
7
@peHcxara peBonloqus e Haqirrlo Ha roJIeMI{ [poMeHI4 B I{cro- IIc r-snrlrenuv lyrlr.?L

plrqecKoTo pa3Br.rTr{e ua Erpoua. Hefinure rroJrrrTr,rqecKH I{AeH mec- (l)l)cHcKarapeBonloqufl . .,i . 12

TBaT Ha KOHTTTHeHTa u pa3irHCTBaT rrT,Tf Ha 1ypxoaNr'(I.a KbM BIacTTa. l. IfaAasero sa Eactut*tsra . . . 16
ftronuruqecxuTe cr,TpeceHl{fl, rroporeHlr or @peucrara peBonloqil's, 2. KoucruryIll{.xraor 1791 r" . . . . 18
3aceHqBar eAHa Apyra peBonForIH.rI - tr{ngycrpuiulHara. Hefiuara cru- 3. 3axonoAaleJlnoro cl6paHIae H sofiuara 22
HocT e IIpeXoAbT oT pT,IIHoTo [poI{3BoACTBo I{a CTOKII KT,M MaIIII{HHO. 4. Ynpamlenuero Ha xI{poH.4}lHIIIrre . . 25
ro, or uauusarrypara KT,M $a6puxara. C razu peBonloqlllr 6ypxo- 5. -flxo6uscrara.4lrKrarypa .' . 29
A3LrxTA Crasa coquallHa npoClOfira Y riOJIaTHqecKa CIzJIa.
so.4e11{aTa
6. Yupanleullero Ha.{uperropuara . . . 34
Eop6ara na 6ypxoasuxra 3a oBnaA-rIBaHe Ha floruTflr{ecKara 7. Pc$opruure ua Hauoneou Eonanapr . . . . :''' 39
BJracr I{Ma pa3nrrqHl{ npoflBr{. B Anmnr flep]lo.4uqHo ce [poBex.qar
rlrpanqu-r u Enpona npu HanoleoH. . . 42
u:6uparelnra pe$oprrara. @pauqux ce pa3TT,pcBa or peBonIoIIHIr npe3
.

iB30 u 1848-1849 r. B replraancKllre 3eMr{ peBonIoUH,Ira or 1848- I Ir rTlycrpualHara peBoJlloul{fl ' . 50

1849 r. He e caMo sa pe$oprull, Ho H 3A HarlrroHanno O6e.quuenrae.
l, p onefr [oJIIrrI{qe cKa cl{creMa
crara coqil arlHa I1
flopasena B c]puero or Kpuucrara eoiiua, Pycut rpr,rBa rto Mbalu-
rr

lll)c3 rrr,pBara rIoJIOBI'IHa naXIX B' . .' . - . . . . 59

TeJrHHfl fIT,T Ha pe$oplrure, [oJIoxcI{JIa Harlit5oTo c ocso6ox,4aBaHeTo
Ha KpqlocrHllre cenlHll npes 1861 r. Arrlrrtrs ro rlltTr Ha peQopunre . . ' 67
Eppona B Kpas na XIX I'I HaqaJloro sa XX B. npeACraBn''IBa (l)l)iu{uufl rro BpeMe Ha Pecranpaquxra
xoHrnouepar oT HtKonKo Beluxz culu, osopMnJrT CJTOXHa CUCTeMa 74
r r l(hcr<ara peBonloqu{
pT cbro3r4. Pag]Iu'ruure r4KoHoMr{qecKr{ H cTpaTgrvqecKH r{HTepec}I
rrocrefleHHo ]t3ocrp.trT flpor]rBopeqvflTa v or HallaJloro Ha XX s. us- l'cpualrcrure Ar,px(aBH Mex.qy peaKIIH.f,Ta u peQoprrarare "'''' 81

6yxnar H-xKoJIKo bepuosul't Me)IqyHapoAHIa Kpr{3u. flpee lxroro Ha B8

l'ycraa:ocraBa...
1914 r. y6uficrnoro Ha @pauq @ep.4tlnauA, HacJIeAHIIK Ha rpecroJla
lirrponaBcpeAaraHaBeKa """' )5
ua Arcrpo-Yurapiltt, rIoAlaJIBa orbH.rl na flrpnara cBeroBHa eofiHa.
l. PesorloquoHHara Br,JIHa or 1848-1849 r. " " " " 96
2.Boi,rrtuupe$oprrall """' 103

l ptrx4ancr<ara nofiua n CAIII " "1i3

llnponeficxara IrKoHoMuKa B Kpafl na XIX
u lraqaJroro na XX B. . . . . t2l
(louuanrasrdrrzpa6oruuqecxoroABr'IxeHI{e " ' 129
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Aec'r'po-Vrrraprff Atr4rutux B Kpaf, na XIX Panuara ucroprl-fi Ha Hosoro BpeMe 3aBT,pIIrBa c lI3BoIoBaHero
H uirraJro'r'o rra XX B. . . . . 156 uil rrc3aBrrcuMoarra ga anrnr.rficxllTe KoJIoHI{[ s Hosux csxr H,o6-
l. Arcrpo-Yl{r'ilpua. 156
l)ir']yBaHero na Cre,quHeHlrre aMepHKaHcKI4 uarl{. Cr,sAaAeHa e HoBa
2.rAratrux 158 /(r,p)KaBa c peuy6lzxaHcKo ycrpofictno, ocuryprBaqo npe.[craBu-
Pycxara rrMnepus t62 I cJ [ocT Ha I{HCTHTyIIUIITe, IT,JIHH IOIL{TUTIeCKH h pellllrldo3Hrl CBO-
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tir y1u :a rpilr(.4aHure, rapaHTlrpaHlr or KoHCTI{TyqHfl , HeorpaHlrqeHa

Ilrrsr xt M CserosHara BofiHa t69 crrrl6oAa Ha Hr(oHoMl{qecKara ilHvtr\lziaruBa. Pas6upa ce, rI B HoBara ce-
CserosHara sofiHa t7l rrcl)HoaMepHKaHCKa peny6nura cT,ulecrByBar MHolo EKoHoMIaqecKu H
u().rHTr.IqecKu npo6nenau, Ha Hef rl npe4crou oilIe Abnbr IIbr, 3a Aa
('r'ilr'He Ao HIIBOTO Ha MO.4epHaTa AeMoKpaTHqecKa AT,pxaea. lnaeeH
rra [poAT,nxureJrHo BpeMe (noreue or eAIIH eex) cloxen o6qecr-
ltt,rr npo6"neu ule cI{ ocraHe craryrr,T, IopflAilqecKu z $arrtluecKl{, Ha
rlLtplrre, r{HIVaHrIr{Te h ApytvTe eTHHqecKu rpynu r 4rpxarara. Ho c
rorra ct6urue e Ir3BT,pB.aHa fo.IlfMara, BoAeIIIara, MoAenupauara qacr
ilil t{cropr.rqecKrr"f, npouec Ha HoBoro BpeMe. Tau, n ceBepHaTa qacr
Ilil aMepHKaHCKAq KoHTuHeHT, e 3aBT,pIIIeH OKOHqaTenHO npexoIlT']T oT
('pcTluonexoBuero KT,M HoBoro, 6ypxoa:noro o6qecrso.
Cr:4ananero Ha ceBepHoaMeprrxaHcKlrul MoAen Ha I{KoHoMI4-
,rccKo r{ noJrr4Tl4qecKo pa3B?true npeAcraBn.,Ina cnoeo6pa3eH napa-
,rlor(o, Ho H HCTOpHqecKI4 CJIOXHJIa Ce E3KrloqHTeJrHa Bb3MOXHOCT 3a
nl)oflBa Ha [poqecu"re Ha pa3Brrr]re Ha enpoueficxara \LrBvlnugat-1:z,fl'.
llrvcHuo B ceBepHara qacr Ha aMepI'IKaHcKHr KoHTI{HeH! Ha repl'ITo-
PrDr, cno6ogHa or BC.rIKaxnu $eo4alHI'I crpyKrypl{, ce ocbqecrBrlBar
r ir rpaxTlrKa erponefi cxlrre npocBeruTencKlr u4ekt 3a MoAepHa opra-
r r

nrJ'laqu{ Ha o6urecrsoro BbB BclrilK}rre My $yuKuIaH.

Tona, xoero ce ocr,ulecrBflBa B Alllepura B Kpafl sa XVIII 8., BCe
()lrlc He e Bb3MoxHo, rrJrl4 roHe HeHaribJIHo BT,3I\IOXHO :a ErpOUa. Aro
lt()tJ]eIHeM KOHTI{HeHTa 3anaA Ha I43TOK [pe3 BTOpaTa IIoJroBilHa Ha
OT
XVIII s., MoxeM Aa BIIAHM B KaKBa creleH pasBlrrplero Ha r{cropuqecKu.tl
upoqec Ha Hoeoro BpeMe e 3acerHaJl orreJrHlr AT,pxaBlr u pafiouu. Bo-
,rlclua iracT Ha KoHTIIHeHTa B lrKoHoMuqecKo h floirllTrrqecKo oTHoIIIe-
rrne e Cenepo3alaAT,r - Anmux u Hugepnau4tm. flponeHure B r-sx
lpe3 XVI H XVII B. ca o6ycJIoBeHI{ or pa3nHrIHLI IIpHIIIIHI{, n'LTI4xra- .4TrnxaBar Aa eKcnnoarrzpar rrbpBencrBoro crr B KotroHtriurHara o6tacr.
Ta Ha re3II rrpoMeHll ca Aocra pa3rvrtlr.kr, Ho n xpafiua cMerKa H ABe- Te, sae4no c pa3e.4I{HeHatr4nalux,3arra3Bar BCe oqe MHoto Seo4anura
Te crpaHrr craBar BoAeur[I B I{KoHoMI{qecKo orHollreune (Slluaucu, crpyKrypr{ u eABa roJreMrrre cr,TpeceHr4_s or erroxara na Hanoneou u
rbproBrrr, npoMr{IrrneHo [pol{3BoAcrro). 4nere crpaHIl cr,3AaBar
tr4 CoqI{anHHTe [oCneAHIIu oT TexHOJIoTLIqHVTe npoMeHx npe3 IIT,pBaTa
cBolr foJIeMI{ KOJIOHITaJIH*I il]|'lnepldrl, KorlTo ca MorT'xI cTl{MynaTop rroJroBlrHa na XiX B. tue Ar,rHaMn3upar BT,Tper[HonoJrr.rrhqecKrrre [po-
Ha rexHzre HKoHoMITKII. OrnaAanero ua CAII] or anrnuficrara Ko- \ec:artrqe rr{ TJracHar rro ilbrs Ha MoAepHoro 6ypxoa-auo o6rqecrso.
JIOHTIIUHa CI{CTeMa H e O3Harr aB a irrIKB L{AHp aHeTO Ha IIKOH OMUrI e CKI4 - B I{eHrpanna Enpona repMaHcKr{re seMr{ npd4rnxanar cb-
Te.Bp63Kr.r, Korrro ce 3ana3Bar B IroqrH TpaAVIIHOHHr.rre cU pa3MepH, IIdecTByBaHeTO Cr{ B rur3KyCTBeHOrO O6e.qHneHrre, HapeqeHo c tpbM-
a ocBeH ToBa 3aBnaArBaHero ual4u1Lprg. H 3arorrHanoro ycBof,BaHe Koro rrMe CseqeHa Pulrcxa r{Mrrepur. B sefisure paMKH ABere
na Ancrparu{.rr flocreneHHo KoMneHcupa sary6ara Ha rpuna4ecerre roJIeMH AT,pxaBr.r Ancrpux u fTpycux ocb3uaBar neo6xo4uuocrra
6yuroruu KonoHlrII. OT IIpOMeHU B HKOHOMLIqeCKHTe II qaCTHqHO BEB BbTpeUHOIIOJII4-
,{nere crpaHr4, n oco6eso Aumu.a, ca BoAeITIH I{ B rIoJrETHqecKo Tnqec(r,rre crpyKTyprz Ir B paMrrzTe Ha ,,[pocBe.reuus," a6conroru-
orHorrreHr4e. Hugepnan4cxoro floJlIlrllqecxo o6eAuHeHIuIe ua 6orarrl 3bM r{3Bbprxnar pe$opurr, yrperrBarqr4 r{KoHoMr{qecKu tr BoeHHo
npoBr{Hurlu cb3AaBa cTpyKTypIrTe Ha eAHa MoAepHa BbrpelllHononpI- .{T,pxaBHara cucreMa. IlporlrnopeqvflTa MexAy ABere crpaH}r 3a
TuqecxEr AeueHTpaJrr{3awfl, AaBauIa cso6o.ua Ha pa3BI{TIre Ha clequ- BOAerqaTa ponrr B uMflepn.rrTa Bce oII{e ca B iraTeHTHo cT,cTo_f,Hr{e,
(lura'r'a Ha orAcJrI{I4Te qacrl{ Ha AT,pxaBara, e.qrrH MoAeJr, tIpLf,To pe- Ho BoeHHrrre no6e4u Ha Qpugpux II sararsar sa 6r4eu1r.rre [pe-
'ryJll'l'l'nool ruc oc oucHlr eABa B Kpa, Ha XIX u npes XX s. AHrrHfi- TeHqHr.r laallpycux B repMaHcKHTe 3eMrr.
cr(il|A cr4o'l'cMa ila K0HCTI{TyIIUOHHa MOHapXIrfl Cb3AaBa Bb3MOXHO Ha u:rox or Pafixa saBbprrrBa aroHr.rrra Ha cmrr:r,ara H.rrKora
rai.i-rrpc4c'raBn'rcJrlloro ynpaBrleHlre 3a Kpafl na XVIII B. I1 ocurypflBa cpeIHoBeKoBHa flonua. E4raucrneHara roJr.rrMa erponeficxa crpa-
rpax.tiaucru cno6o4u rI Bb3MoxHo cru sa cso6o1Hla HKoHoMI{rIecKIl Ha, Ko.fiTo He yc[-flBa Aa v3tpaqu crpyKTypaTe na a6conrcTLr3ua, t43-
eKCnepr4MeHuE. Anmu-g craBa xeJIaH MoAen Ha IIoJII{THqecKa crpyK- ila4aB nepMaHeHTHa AbpxaBHa cla6ocr, B nocneAHr4Te roAlrHH Ha
J-ypa, B3eMaH 3a [pI,IMep or [oBerlero
npocBeru'relfi7 Ha XVIII e. H XVIII B. craBa rrocneAoBareJrHo rrJr.rrqKa Ha cBor{re ctceAu -Pycux,
'gneie cb3AaBar Bb3MoxHocr 3a IrKoHoMIrlIecKI4 rr coIIHaneH flpyczx, Arcrpux u rr3qe3Ba Karo caMocro-rrreJrHa chna lo Kpa-s Ha
-crpaHu
lpocleprrrer Ha cBolrre IoAaHI{IIH. trI*tesuo B TaK}rBa crpanu, u uafi- flrprara cBeroBHa sofi Ha.
Beqe B AHrlnx, craBa Bb3MoxHo Haqiuloro Ha HoBara rexHororxrrHa B trIsro.rHa Enpona Br,3xoxAaula cuila Beqe e Pycllx. flpo-
peBoJrrouzrr, Koqro or Kpa, Ha XVIII Ir npe3 XIX s. qe nanpanu En- 6yl,eua or llerrp I sa erponeficr<o srusHwe, pasBr4rra npu Hero u
pona npoMr4rrlJreHHr fHraHT Ha cBeTa. HacneAHprrII4Te My cBof,Ta BoeHHa uorq, Pyczx 3aloqBa eKcrraH3r{-
I'blsuara ocBepHa enponeficxa cvra Ha XVII s. - lLlreqlr.a, flTa cil n Espona u Azus, u qe ce [peBbpHe r uafi-ronxnaara eBpo-
nocrcncrll{o ry6u caoxra xereMoHnr s Eanr[ficxo Mope u, JIHIITeHa neilcra r{Mrrepa.s. Ho nr,upexuTeprrroprraJrHrurre saroeranrax, Py-
OT B'1,3M O)KHO CT 3a TepI4TOpHanHa eKCIIaH3I'Iq B lepMaHC xttr e, npu6 Ut' cvts. cu ocraBa Harbnuo Seo4anHa crpaHa y Lopr4 KoKerr4paHero Ha
rprficxure 11 pycKVTe 3eMrr, HacoqBa currtre clr B MoAepHoro I{KoHo- Exarepuua II c u4eure ua llpocneqeHr{ero He ca rrocJreABaHH or
Muqecro pa3BIrrLIe, cneAsafixu 6es oco6en Srxctr fipl{Mepa Ha BI4co- gu6oru peSoprraz. Pycux nocneAHa or roreMrrre AT,pxaBr4 cne.4Ba
KorexHoJroruqHoro pa3lvrrhe sa Anuu.s. o6rqoenponeiicrure MoAenr4 Ha r{KoHoMHqecKo, couuanHo H rroJr}r-
B EnponeficKl{r lor ABere rIT,pBn KoJIoHIriuIHIr cLurLr - llopryra- rrrqecKo pa3BuTlre H orJrara KpyrHure pe$opun e.qBa 3a BTopara
lus.ul4cnauus.,MaKap u nosary6zlu or 6rqcrxa Ha cBo-t XVI n., npo- rlolloBrrHa na XIX n.

8
 Ha ror or Pycux, pa3Ae[eHa or r{epHo Mope, ce 3acI4JIBa aloHl{'|-
r XV upegnoqr-ra Aa ce 3aHr4MaBa c nopeA-
r \/rrl)ArJreHuero. JIyu
, (' (:n lrc6oauuqu u 3aflBxBa ,,Cre4 Hac norofl 1.". IIyu XVI ce
n
ra I{a Mor-bulirra [pe3 xvI-xvII s. Ocr4aucxa uMilepu,,,. AslIarcxH-sr
r
-
,, r rlirlrr rra nne6eficroro cu yBnerreHue rlo KoBaqecrBo plItv Ha lro6u-
MOAen Ha pa3BHTrle OT HaqzuroTo na XVIII B. U3qepnBa cBoHTe Br,sMox-
r\llr1l (]ll JIoB.
HOCTr{ U, vzntr]:saitKr{ Bce rro-cr{JrHoTo IpeBT'3XOACTBO Ha Erpona'
sa-
nepilO'q B Itcpcafi ynoprrro orKa3Ba Aa ce BrneAa B xnBora Ha crpaHara,
n0r{Ba Aa OTCTT,IBa TCpHTOpIII{, v8ilAAA 3a AI'nT,r '[T'pXaBHa
r ,,1r ro rrocrefreHHo Br,pBrr KbM Karacrpo@a. Iluncuta Ha 3ApaBo Il
aHapxufl. n cla6ocr u cTaBa o6er0 Ha r{KoHoMur{ecKutL A ilO-KT,CHO
U
, trtll,/{ll0 y[paBneHlIe, Ha flOJtIrTr.rqeCKU flpaBa 3a Tp€TOTO CT,CJrOBrre,
r
Ha roruTuqe cKaTa eKcna H3vfl HA rOreMHTe eBpollefi cKH AT'pXaBIl.
Ha EBpona B Kpaf, Ha XVIII B' Haii-cnoxHl{Te ,
1,, . 1sq1 xapaKTep Ha IrrogoMrrKara r{ nuflcara tta cno6oAa B npo-
r 1,; 1.1
B rosu [orJle.4 1 1

rr rrrrrrlc|Boro r{ TT,proBH.{Ta, 6e4uocrrau }/'ju^3epfiflTa Ha ceJIflHHTe B

I1orflTuirecKu npoqecu ce pa3Br.rBaT etn @panqur. EaponeitcK]I-rlT XC-
,lr.nrrnur{flTa rl pa6orunqu
reMoH or Bropara froJroBHHa na XVII r{ Haqanoro sa XVIII B. H3IIaAa B rpaAoBere, otpoMHHTe pa3-
HaeMHHTe

n Au6oxa r4 [poAbnxuTeirHa KpH3a. Br,upexu pa3IIBeTa II BJII{1HHS-

'.1'r|.il il11 ABopa, apHcToKpauvflTa u BIICUIeTO AyXOBeHCTBO - BCrlqKO
,
rrtir noAI{ Ao 4r,l6oxa HKoHoM}rqecKa v [onI4TLIqecKa Kpu3a, Ko.qro
TO Ha IIAeIITe na fIpOCreUeHlIeTo, $peucrara fIoJII{TI{qeCKa CIloTeMa
He ce npoMeHr. Crpyr<rypllre Ha Qpeucrr'rx a6conrorusrM ocraBar
r,r.Ar r(l)irrr Ha BeKa Beqe He Moxe Aa 6tge peureua c peSopun. B
,,)('uc/[r]ure roAr.rHr{ ua XVIII r.
c_rrKarr 3acruHaJru or BpeMero Ha BeJrrrKoJtenHzq IIyu XIV. Bepcaii,
@pauqux ce HaMr.rpa B HaBeqepue-
I0 il r ouorTa peBonloul{fl.
cbcpeAoTorraBaul qeHTpOBeTe Ha BJracTTa, He pa:6upa u I{H HaIi-Ma[-
llcnuxara SpeHcra peBonrour4_fi craBa roJreMnrrr Bonopa3Aen
Ko Hc cc crpeMu ga pa:6epe neo6xonzuocrra or pe$opMu, AopH H Il
rL l):r\4rollte ua Hoeoro BpeMe. Tr rqe pa3rbpcu H3 ocHoBI{ He caMo
o f p aH H qcH H-rl cMrrcl,Jr Ha,,IIp o cBer elF^r4fl" a6conrorlEsr'u'
,l,lrt rrcr{oro o6rqecrno, Ho tI u-flna Eapoua u ilIe nocraBll HaqaJroro Ha
I-{eurrptr Ha Bracrra B crpaHara rlpoAr'nxaBa Aa 6xpc Kpanal'
r,r rt'l(r u,tlt xoA Ha 6ypxoa^:u.nra KT,M lronrlTllqecKara Brracr B Eepona.
a HerpBara pe3uAeHqr{fl - Bepcafi. TaNr xusee roil, KpancKoro ceucii-
r

crBo, Bucrrrara apr{croKpal1ug, qacr or Bncrrero AyxoBeHcrBo' Xtlso-

Tr,T B TO3II npeKpaceH.{BOpqoB KOMfrJreKc ce AB}rxu ro cBoI{ co6cTsc-

..HH3aKoHHLtflpaBuna,cbccTpolocIla3BaHuepeMoHHanI4pa3nl{callHc
Ira Ael{fl.Or cyrpeuruoro craBaHe Ha Kpanfl, npe3 3aKycKara, o6e4a u
pa3BnerreHuflTa, BceKIrnHeB-
. Beqep.f,Ta, lora,'6alonere I{ KoHlleprrrre,
HUTe rrHTpr4tLr, rl3
vtaTeTo HJrrr 3anaAaHeTo Ha IIOpeAHIITe Qaaopu-
rn, nro6osHHTe aBaHTropr{ Ha ABOpa - BcllqKO ',rOBa Ce BbpTII B eAHH
3arBopcH rpr,r. To:u MHHuarropeH cB-tIT xr{Bee caM 3a ce6e ch, uHTe-
- re'
ToBa ca
lrccyBir cc caMo or ce6e cv t4 cwflTa, ue @panqux
lIo Opanqur rpe3 XVIII B. Beqe He e caMo Bepcafi' A6comorua-
ra MoHapxH fl. 3ar.ar.La. Bperraero ta ITyu XIV e orMHHaJIo H HeroBl{rc
HaCneIHIlIIHHeceI{HTepecyBaToTy[paxHsBaHeToHaBJIacTTa,acc
oTAaBaT Ha yAoBoncTBtreTo or nefinoro [p]rTexaHue. ,Il,.bpxannure
AeJIaCenpeAaBaTBpl,IIeTeHanopeAHIITeMI4HHCTpII'oTKoHTocc
r{cKa Ia ocr{fypflBaT KOJTKOTO Ce MO)Ke rroBeqe napv]/. Aa 6esnoxoqr
KOJTKOTO Ce MOXS IO-MaJ]KO Brlgilrara oco6a c HenpI{-gTHI{Te BT'npocll

l0 il
 oPBHCKATA PEBOJIIOqruI MHosNucrsoro or cenrrHzTe 14 HaeMrrr{Te pa6ornlrqn ca 6eAuu. B
1780 n e4uu anrnuficKtr rrlreurecrBeHr{K rrurrre 3a eAHo cencKo celrefi-
crro: ,,[...] To npr,rren€Ba MaJrKo rrapqe 3eMrr, eAHa KpaBa rr e.4HH KoH.
Irrecr MIInI{oHHoro HaceJleHze Ha Ha seMesraAeneqa-apr4croKpar rolutuuo rpx6ra ga ce usmarN 48
flpes XVIII B. .qBa.4ecer 1r
(Dpanqnx [poAT]JIxaBa Aa e pa3Aeneno Ha rpl'{ ctcJroBllr - AyxoBeH- $yura iltrleHuua, qerapu KoKourKrl, 1 68 Syura oBec r{ e4ua cnunx. Oc-
BKJIIOqBa BcurrKH OC- BeH ToBa re rpr6ra Aa nnaular rz AaHT,rlrrre, Korrro ce rroJrarar Ha Kpa-
CTBO, apl{cToKpallr{fl r{ TpeTo cbcIIOBI4e, KoeTo
flrprure 2o/o or q{naTa lg. CeueficrBoro HMa ceAeM Aerla, xeHara Hgrnexla [IecrAecer- r{JrH
TAHArrkr. ABe cbcnoBu, rrpeAcTaBn{BaT OKOJIO
ocTaHaJraTa I{aET'
ce4eMlecerroArlurm\ uperup6eua, q-qJroro ir nzqe e r 6pruxn. Bcrq-
}j,An\Ltfl , Tperoro - Hocr rr
e ua 28 to4krnkl". Tosu npuiraep He BKrroqBa BCHqKlr AaHT,rIr4
3aila3Bar uHoro6pofiruzre
,{lxoeeucrroro H apllcrorpauuflTa u TaKcu, aHraphflTa, ,4pyfHTe 3aAbJIX(eHHf, Ha CeJITHI{Te, KO}ITO [pe3
CHnpl{Bl{nerun.Te[pI{TexaBaTIoJIeMII[o3eMneHHvlMeHlufr,ll}{aT
I4 [oJr] IaBaT M]IOIO- BTopara noJroBr{Ha Ha BeKa AoKapBar Spencxoro ceJrcKo crorraHcrBo
frT,JrHrr npaBa Ha.qseo4anHo 3aBr{cr{MI4Te CeJIflHII
pa3pyxa 14 nepuoluqHo ilpur{uHrrBaT B cTpaHaTa rrcTHHcKH rnaA.
6pofinr .uaHbrlr{ v Ta:roa OT TfX. Mnoro oT apI.ICTOKpaTI{Te XIIBe-IIT
B AO
oT ynpaBIaTeJI}I', KOr{To He no--rero e rroJroxeHuero Ha tpaAcKrrre HaeMHH pa6orHraqa.
KpaJICKLLu .U,BOp 11 rlMre]fl'it4flTa HM Ce HaA3I{paBaT
Br'B Ear.rH o6lq crpoureJreH pa6muux npes 1789 r, roryqaBa AHeBHa HaA-
14Mal rpla)Kara Aa I43npauar npoAyltrfl vilapu Ha co6crseHl{ullTe
flpaBoro B:bpxy BcHuKIl BI4crIrH HHrIa or 18 cy. C rflx Moxe Aa cH Kyrtpr 4 $yura xns6 za 14,5 cy,
I Lr pcu ii. A pucrorcpau4re nplrrexaBar

U Oifr',lqepcxHTe qIrHoBe rpx6ra na flnarr{ sa HaeM 3 cy u Aa orAeJrr{ zaxpa:ua, Apexu rr 1pyrr

IlJ|r,)r(rroc]'ld B lpall(JlalICKATa a.(MITHHCTqA\Yfl
pa6ora, a HyxAH 0,5 cy, rEnu o6u1o 18 cy. Ha4uraqrrre Ha ocraHiurr{Te Kareropuu
Ir ilptvtr#t'fa. Ila rrparcTurca 3acMaHaTa AJIbxHocT He I43IICKBa
ill)c/(c'farnrlBtl /{oll'bJlllkl'l'cJll'ltl pcHTa, orrlycHara oT Kpanfl' u{o ce
or- pa6orHrarlu He ca MHoro no-pa3nr.rrrHil - e1nla $a6prEuen pa6orHux

r r acfl Ao apvrtfl'l a,ro sciinala {I4cJIeHocr rlpe: XVIII B' He orroBap't

Ha -
noJryrraBa AHeBHo 15 cy, irlaficrop 3vt4ap 24 cy, runocep urru il:';p-

HaceJreHr{eTo flpo cTO 3aXIOTO rUIMa Ao cTaTbtIHO apl',IcToKp

aTu BoAeneq -30 cy. flpu resu ycJroBu",r KaKro B ceJroro, raKa rr B rpaAa
6pox .r_la
cru.LI:aaKpafl, nafi-saxuara npnBl{nern'r Ha rlooTener{H0 ce HaTpylBa cHJrHo HeAoBoIIcTBo.
:a o$zqepcxnTe AJIr,xHo
ganrlqrl' He4oeorHa e r{ no-3aMoxHara rracr or rperoro cbcJroBtre 6yp- -
:"fispBuTe ABe CbcnOBll,I - Te He [naIIIaT HIaKaKBH flpeKll
@pauqua, [prrHaAnexar KbM xoa3r{,irra. Trpronqure ce orrJlaKBar HarrpuMep or MHoxecrBoro
Xopara, KoIuITo xpaH.,Ir I{ I{3Abpxar
a caMo 3aAT'nxeHl{'fl' BBTpeIITHLI MlITa, I(oI{To ocKT,IUIBar u sa1asgl- rbpfoBaf,Ta, rpo}r3-
Tperoro cbcJIoBI'Ie. Te n.f,I\aar HHKaKBI{ npaBa,
B rperoro cbcJroBrre upe: XVIII B. Ca HacrsfIIlJII{ 3HaqLITenHI{ ilpo-
BOAHTeJTI{Te - OT CfTT,HKHTe H CTpOfaTa petnaMe],j{'ra\ilfl Ha uexoBo-

Ha HrKoJrKo rpyrrIE' flrpnara or rf,x e rpyrlara

ro ce pa3.ueJlfl To npor.r3Bo.qcrso. tr{Hrepecr.rre r4 HeAoBoncrBoro Ha Bcr.rqrtlr rpy-
MeHI4 I{
I{acr or rsx nr{ or rperoro cbcJroB}re ce o6e.qunxBut yr Hcna:rrnflTa rrM craBar
Ha sa6oraTeIrHTe rpaAcKrr [poH3BOArrTeJIIlt I{ TsproBl-u.
o6un. flpr.rnep 3a roBa e r{3noxeur{ero Ha xuTeJrr.rre or XrEauxyp or
ce olrlrrBar .4a [oApaxaBar Ha XIIBOTa Ha apucToKpa\HATA, MHO3II-
pa3IHqHU ).789 r,:,,1. Bcuuxll AaHlur,r .{a ce [narqar or rplrre crcnosrfi 6eg
Ha cr.r KyrryBut ]7{vre]Hkrfl N 6laropoAnHqecKl{ TVI'lJtLl' 3aeMaT
ar"*"o"i, s crAe6Hl'tre opraHu Ir AbpxaBuoro ynpaBnenr're' Tara n3K;rroqeHr{e, crropeA TexHHTe Bb3MoxHocru. 2. .EgaaxBo 3aKoHo-

ce cb3.4aBa eArra HoBa npocnoilra Ha apucroKpa\uara- r'ilap' 6laro- AarencrBo H [paBa 3a rl{Jroro Kpi}JrcrBo. 3. IlperraaxnaHe Ha BcuirKr,r
r{3BT,HpeAHH AaHT,rItr u EaHr.Ka BT,pxy coJrra. 4. flpeuaxaaHe Ha AaHb-
po.qHlrqu Ha rorara. Bropara npocnofixa B rpa.4oBere BKrrorrBa 3aHa-
qlrre 3a Bcr{qKH fiar;.arppruna3apr }r rrt,rHuTe raKcr{. 5. flpeuaxnaHe
fl'tttn:rrTe u gpe6uure rr,proBlll/l, a.B Tperara rpyna rrorraAar
HaeMHpITe
Ha Bcraqrr{ Qoprrlu Ha HarypanHara Aecerr{Ha. 6. Hatnratxrane ua 6pox
pa6oruuqll B rpaAa H cenoro v{ ce[Tsnure B npoBI{HIII'IflTa'
Ha AuBeqa, oco6eno Ha nplToMH?rre H AHBHTe safiqu, rarepurture [...]

T2 t3
 Ha ABe roAI{Hr.r Tropro ce orurBa Aa flpxno)Klr HflKo]r or HAerrre Ha
Ocrasa Aocrarbr{Ho .{vBeq xaro Sasantt I lrpeiru:qu, Korrro c:bulo
rloBpex,u,ar peKonrara, Ho rqxHoro 3ala3BaHe e seo6xo'4uuo'
rlii $tt:lzoxparnre 3a rro-roJr.flrraa cno6oga B IrKoHoMuKara, Ho ce HarbK-
no-rope Ba Ha perrlHTenHaTa CT,npOTHBa Ha nprzBHxerHpoBaHr{Te c.bcrroBt4fl. vr e
KaTO Te.{ocTaBsT yAoBoJtcTBHe Ha Heroso Benraqecreo [nN.
tpx6sa ga EpI,IHyreH.qa noAaAe ocraBKa. Herorasr HacJreAHrrK Karo teHeprureH
3a JroBHr{re crpacri4 na lIyvr xvl]. 8. Bcxxa co6creeHocr
KoHTponbop ua Suuancure - urnefiqapcKktflT nporecraHT 6apon Xax
6rAe cseqeua I{ HerIpIrKocHoBeHa ["'] 10' flrluo [peMaxBaHe
Ha BC'f,-

Ha 3bpHeHlrre xpaHl{ [opaAu Hexep, B npolbnxeHr{e Ha rrer ToAHHH cd onlrrsa .qa cJroxlr B peA
Ka altapvtfl,.5. HaNlarqeaHe Ha rI,eHHTe
AT,px(aBHHTe $ranaHcu qpes crporu HKoHoM?ru e 6ro4xera u 3aeMkt.
rorlf,Mara 6e4nocr, qaprilIa B I1xnara crpaHa"'
Ho pasxo4ltre r{e HaMaJr.[Bar, Hanporr.IB, cJreA 3aloqBaHero ua sofiHa-
HeAosorcrroro B crpaHna arwta cBos Bpbx rIpH yrlpaBreH?Iero
Bbnpe- ra c Aumna re ce yBenuqaBar pr3Ko. B 1781 r. 6apoH Hexep ny6tu-
wa IIyw XVI. Honusr KpaJI He e oco6eno [onyJUIpHa JluqHocr'
e pas6pana' KyBa 3a npbB rtbr o6urupeH AoKnaA sa SrEHaHcoBoro rroJroxeHue Ha
*, ," *ra e u o6elcguirnnuKprrr1{Ka' opaHryrs orAaBHa
crpaHara, Koero ce oKasBa xaracrpoQalno. Cxopo cJreA ToBa urotrte
Ha Bilacrra'
ue npo6nerr.lrr He e B JII{lIHocTra Ha IipzIJIr, a B cl{creMara
[pr{HyAeH Ia HanycHe flocra cu. CneAsar{rrrr reHepaneH KoHTponbop
E4no nsxlroueHlre B KpalcKoro ceneficrro npaB[ cT'npyrara Ha
pa3xoAlr Ha Kpa- Ha Suuaucnre IIIap-rr Alexcallgrp.qro Kanou ce Bpbxla orHoBo KbM
IIypt - ancrpufirara Mapu-t Anroanera' Orporuurre
crpoHTeJr- rrJraHoBere ua Tropro. B 1787 r rofi y6ex4aBa Kpan, Aa cBprKa cr6pa-
JIHuara 3a rozulerv, cKT,noIIeHHocru, 6alore H npa3HencrBa'
Ha MHo- Hr.re Ha 144 r.xap. uora6nnu or [pr.rBunerupoBaHr{re ctcJroBrdr, c qilfl-
crBoro ttaseimus'ABopeu - Marl u'sr Tpuanou, pa3AaBaHero
ir [pe'qI'I3BI{KBar To froMorq 4a ce zspa6orsr nnaHoBe sa pe$opulz. Ho npe4loxeHuero
ro peHrLI v fielckrvt na $aroprarure u npu6luxeHare
My sa BbBexAaHe Ha o6qo 4auruuo o6narane ga Bcvqrrr cbcJroBr4.fl
calHoro Hero.qyBaHlre Ha napuNcaHl4 u B I1flnara crpaHa' "Ancrpnfira-
nperbpn BaKpax.
ra" crara oAHH or cI4MBorIlITe Ha craporo, xoero rpr6na Aa cv orrrAe'
.He CaUO UKOHOMHTTeCKTI I{ COUU€LJIUU npO6leltl{ BbnIIyBaT @pall- MeNgynpeueuno SuHaucoBoro rroJroxeHr{e ce H3ocrp.,{ p.f,3Ko.
BJIII- Or 1774 r: AT,pxaBHr,rf,T Abnr ce e yBenurrur qerupu rrbru, rroJroBriHa-
B HaBeqepueTo Ha peBonroqu.flra. cunHoTo I{HTeneKTyiuIHO
uH.rr-
na Ta or.qbpxaBHuTe AoxoAt4 orprBar sa [oracflBaHero My. Cna6ara pe-
stuai na Speicxllre npocBerurenu HacoqBa BHuMaHI{ero Speu-
Kolrra Ha 1788 n BoArr Ao r{crprHcKr{ DraA B HflKo}r npoBr.rHrlur4. He4o-
,. cKoTo o6ulecrso KbM rropouuTe Ha rIf,JIaTa cHCTeMa na a6conrcrr.rgna'
BoJrcrBoro B r{flJrara crpaHa HapacrBa. Oco6eHo c}rJrHo e ro n flapux,
lo.qllnu HapeA KHITII{Te na Mosrecr<ro, Bo:rrep, Aulpo, Pyco' "Enuu-
xofiro seqe e craHaJr cr{MBoJr Ha orro3nrlr{-flra cpeuy Bepcafi.
KJrO[eAr{.f,T a-, pazuacxr HOBH r{Aer{. o6pasoraul.tTe xopa -
apI{cToKpaTH
r:.arpas cl'Hrar flocrenenso craBa .[cHo, qe qacruqHl{ MepKH Ltrvr
n 6ypxoa, or rorlrHl4 qerar, pasMlrrrrn'xBar, cnop{T 14 HaqytHa:ar4s.
Hoe cuJIeH TJIacbK ria oTAenHLI Mr4Hr{CTpH HAlll,A AA [pOMeH.rIT IOJTOXeHHeTO.flOpegnz-
.{o orplrqaHero Ha cbulecrByBallloro yrlpaBnen}re'
s o6xlecrneHoro HacrpoeHne pLaBa u $peHcrara IIoMouI Ha aMepl{- .,rr reHepaJreH KoHrpoJrbop ua Suuancure Erueu IIIapn Jloueuz gro
cpeqy Anmus. ,{eeerru Spu"- EpueH AaBa ABe npeAnoxeHlrfl.laa:rpans.- Aa BbpHe orHoBo B npaBrr-
KaHcKrrTe KoJrogrrrl s:be eofiHaTa LIM
TeJrcrBoro no[yn pHLrs 6apou Hexep H Aa cuvrna cr,cJroBHoro u,6pa-
rIy3H saMllHaBar Karo go6pononqu r Allepura u cneA 3aBpbxraHero
cso6oAa Ha aMepI{KaHcKH.rI KOHTI{HeHT uue - IenepalrHrrre ularr{, Kouro He ca 3acelaBaJru or 1614 r. JIyu XVI
r,rM TexHrrTe pa3Ka3r.1 3a HoBaTa
ce cbrJrac.rrBa rr c ABere npelJroxeHzfl - npe3 aBrycr 1788 r. Bpbu{a
3AC],1^ILR,AT OUIe [oBeqe ono3I{IIH.'ITa.
qe 6apou Herep uils1aBa opAoHaHc sa us6opr sa leuepam*r rqaru. C
Marap ne oco6eno yMeH, JIyt XVI pas6upa,
ra rexrcoro.noflo-
peSoprvru' B 1774 r' rona (Dpanqkrfl,HaBrpr3a B eloxara Ha cBo,ara 6ypNoa:na peBonroqrrr.
xeHl4e nr,n Sunaucosara o6nacr IEI4cKBa IBBecTHI'I
rofr Ha:naqaea 3a reHepareH KoHTponbop Ha SuuaHczre An Po6ep
Xar Tropro, eEt4H or nl{.u,ep}rre na SusnoKparl'rre' B npo4rnxeuue

14
t5
 Lra apr{croKparr.rre Haqeno c KpaJl}rllaraMapux Anroauera u 6parxra
1. TIAIAHETO HA EACTi4XI',Lf,TA
r-ra KpaJUr. Brapnauero Ha HoBrI sofrcxu B rpaAa rrs6yxAa olqe rloBeqe

L nporurlar floAo3peHr.r{ra. HosuHara 3a y-BonHeHLIero Ha Hexep ce Bb3npl4eMa or

tr4:6opure sa lenepa,'ruu xlaru B HarlaJloro rta 1789
flapurxaHa Karo Haqiuro Ha rorBeHlr, 3al-oBop. flpegcraenreJll{ Ha rra-
* o6cra"o"r a Ha rte1^si,ro o6ule crseHo oxl{BJlenr.re. Oco6euo
cMJIHo
pr4xKrrre uslupatetu opraHrcHpar flocrosnen KoMlrrer u Hauuosan-
ceBbnHyBaTrlpeAcraBuTeJu{TeHarpeToTocr'crloBl{e'wtusat<smrara
rra rBapAr4:s B 3axlprra ua Vvpe4r.IreJlHoro crdpaume. Broprxara:r ce u
ga a6at Cvtit"- ,,Iqo e rpero cr'crloBue?", B I(oflTo rofi sa4ara BT'[po-
Kaxso 6eure ro npll o6nxHoseuure napux(aHt4, T.Hap. canxtonotzl. flrpnure c6lrcrqu
cr,rre: ,,KaKBo e rperoro clcriorue? - Bcuqxo' -
ucra ro? - crane c apMrrrrra rroKaiBar cvrata Ha rlapuxtaHn * qacr or sofiHuqzre npe-
ceraruHl4ll rloJlrrrrrqecKlr crpofi? - Hrluro' - Kaxso '{a
[porpa- MlrHaBar Ha rrxHa crpaHa. Ha 14 rcnra BBopl,xeHI,Irr HapoA ce orrlpa-
ueulo [...]". Tesu n.sxonro u3peqeHu'I ilpe'4craBf,T HaKparKo
ITABaIIIaTa peBonIoIIHfl' rirr K:rM Bacrutusra, Kperrocr-3arBop sa rorLITuqecKH [pecrtnHIrIIH.
vrilta Ha TpeToTO CT,CJTOBHe B
Ha C)ne4 rcparrr lrrypM rfl e npeB3era, a KoMeHraHrbr I'I tulro]rxo oSrlqepu
Ha 5 mafi 1789 r mr Bepcafi ce orKpHBa rbpBoro 3aceAaHfle
(rr oxpaHara cay6uru. flaA,auero lr,aBacrututra, Kperlocrra Ha Kpa[-
lerrepalrru uaur. B Tflx lFeTe IIpplBI,InempoBaHI{ CT,CJIOBI4,I -
HoBIltTe
[peAcraBeHl{ C IIo 300 4yIru' oKn.f, a6corlorl{3:bM, craBa e.{IrH or oLIMBoJIHTe Ha peBonrcqH-sra.
AyxoBeHcrBoro I{ aplrcroKpalluflTa, ca
Tperoro cI'cfio- Becrra sa uaAaHero HaBacr.u.lusra ce pasrlpocrpaH-sBa 6rpso n:
a Tperoro cT,cJloBlule - c 600 Ayurll' fienlT arure Ha
c'l'paHara rr rroAlaJlBa HoBI{ orHHUIa Ha peBonlor\t4flTa. Bnacrra B [po-
BI{ecaTBbpAopemeHuAaHeceo|paH[qaBaTCaMocl;ccT,BexIaTenHI{
rr4urluuurHuTe rpaAoBe npeMplHaBa B pr,Ilere Ha HoBrI Ias6opnu ynpaBII
Synxqrlu (xar<ro ce rrpeABmxAa
B AeKpera 3a cBrr(BaHero ua leuepa:r-
(rl MecrHara 6ypxoasut. Oco6eno cHJIeH e peBonloqr,roHHllrlT or3ByK
,nrra u-r), a gapalo:r;Lr 3a ocr'IqecrBf,BaHero IIa KopeHHIr peifoprrau
npegrarar Ha ApyrI4Te ABe cbcnoBl4;I ollcn censHure. flpes IoJIII H aBrycr B crpaHara 3alorlBar MacoBH aH-
B y[paBneul{ero Ha crpaHara. Te
eAso o6ulo cr6paune' Flxrou npeg- lrr(leo4anuu BT,rHeHI4s. Cenxuzre orKa3Bar Aa nnaxlar .qaHT,uIr, Ha
aa ce o6eauHAr v [ad6p*yuu"
ce [pucbeAl4H-fl Bar Mlroro Mecra IrMeHHflTa Ha apucroKparl{Te ca HafIaAHarIr, I{3ropeH}r
craEI{TeJrI{. Ha,4yxoBeHcrBoro H apacToKpaqusra
o6sneHo c63AaBa}IeTo ua Haquo. cir AoKyMeHTr4Te 3a Seoga:ruzre rpaBa, H-rIKoI{ apl{croKparlr cavsdu-
K:bM TpeToTo cT,cJIoBI4e u na |7 IOHI,I e
'lrr. 3anoqsa MacoBoro 6.f,rcreo Ha apucroKpa\vrflTa or crpaHara. TesH
'' ,r*"o ct6panue. Tosfi xoA nacrlurnxra He ce xapecBa Ha JIyu XVI
,i u fl aprrcroK parilT e Hapuqar BpeMero Ha,,roJIeMI{.s crpax".
r
wnu20rcullrofiHapex'4aAace3aKnloqr43urara'BKo{To3aceAaBa
sata-3a- B ra:u o6crauosra rpe3 Hourra ua 4 anrycr (r.uap. Houl ua uy-
ffiurr"ro. Torasa Aerlyrarl4re HaMlrpar Apyra orBopeua
.rlccara) Y.rpe4urernoro ct6paul4e BseMa peureHl{e Aa ce [peMaxHar
IItrla3al{rpacToIIKa,I,IBTbpxecTseHao6craHoBKaIIoJIaIaTrneTBa
(r'r,cJroBHrrre rrpnBvfirer:akr, $eo4a-rrnure [paBa, IIT,pKoBHI,ITIT AecrrbK
Aa He ce pa3nycxar, AoKaro ue
uspa6orxr KoHCrI4TyIrLtfl'r:.a crpzuara'
or Ir Jil.rr{Hr{Te $eo4arHra 3aAbnxeHH,l Ha ceJUIHZTe. PeureHuero e oSop-
Kpanxr e [pIrHyAeH Aa orcrbfll{ H B cne,4BatqrTe Arakl Aerlyrar}'Ire
ruu HaqttouzulHoro cx6pa' Mcrro B H.r{KoJrKo Aexpera, flprlerlr MexAy 5 u 11 aBrycr. Ha26 aBrycr
rrt pBure .qBe cbcJroBrrfl ce rrpucr'eA,lruflrlarl
To ce o6ssxsa sa rlr,6panuero nplreMa HoB BaxeH AoKWeHT - .{exnapaqus.3a rtpaBura
nue. Ha 9 ronrl cr6pauuero [paBI{ HoBa crt,rlxa -
gawspa6orl4 KoHcrr{- nir qoBeKa v rpalcilaHLtna. flr,pruxr I)'HKT Ha AeKJIapaIIHflTa rrracu'.
Yupe,4uremro, T.e. 3a cr,6pauue, rcoero rpr6na
",Xopara ce paxAar I{ ocraBar cno6oAntr v
qe He 6usa Aa orcrt,rlBa ll ua I 1 ro:rpt paBHla B npaBara cu". Or
ryt\us.. Tosu urr Kpilrlf,T cMfra, '
l'i rt H AeKnap a\klfl, ce flof B.rrBa rro-KbcHo IIrI4poKo pa3npocrpaHeHplqr
yBorIHsBaSunaHconu.aMl{HlrcrlbpHerep,KororoM[lcJIH3arJIaBHu''I
BIIHOBHI{K 3a cJIyqIuInoTo Ce. ICanxroror
Cx6mrmtra,Kouro craBar nrn Bepcai, rropax'4ar MHolo
cJlyxoBe - 6yxr. [peBeAeHo ,,6es xrcnoru". llo-6eguure Hoc.flr rIaHTa-
qe [otil.r, Al,JIrr{ AO flre3eHrlTe, a He KIOJTOTII - KACN TIaHTaJIOHIT AO rrOA KOJIeEeTe,
ce flor'rorBfl 3aroBop
r flapuN. Oure or Kpas Ha lourr raM ce I'oBopI{, ( )(")J I ri.raH r.I or apflcroKpa \fit{r a fi 6ypxoa:lrx:ra.

16
tl
 Jro3yHr - ,,Cro6o4a! PaaeHcrso! Eparcruo!"' B Horo'ro
rpllKonbopHo ilefiyrarr{ ca r.Hap. narprrorn. Te ca crruo 3a [apnaMeHrapHa MoHap-
qepBeHHfl IIBflT, CI{MBOIIaT9 Ha Kpan
3HaMe na @panqux - MexAy QuHktS. u xl{.f,, HO I{CKaT OIpaHMqeHA I{3IIT,.IIHUT0JIHa BJIaCT Ha .

Ilapux, ce BMr,KBa 6errusr uBflT Ha Eyp6onure' Brnpocure sa 6:b.qerlara KoHcrHTyI{Hfl BbnHyBar cIrJIHo o6ulecr-
CrpecHar or xo.4a sa ur,6uruxra I4 HacbpqaBaH or cBoHTe rrpn- BCHOCTTa U OCO6eHO napuxaHrr. 3aIOqSaT .4a ce cT,3AaBaT fI0JII{TI1-

u"p*.rrqr, JIyu XVI orxa3Ba ga o4o6pu AeKperure or 5-11 aBrycr 'ICCKI{ .qIICKYCIIOHHT{ XIY6ONC, KOIITO OKA3BAT CIIJIHO BJII{.'IH}IE BbPXY
u fiexnapaqHflra3afiparnra. HanpexeHl{ero MexJIy flaprx Bepcaft ra xoAa Ha crlnruxra. Cpeg rax Ir3II:bKBa flxo6uucrcnxr xly6, s rofiro
ce 3acr{JrBa. Ha 5 u 6 orrounpn otpoMHa TbJIfIa fiApv}KaH.Ia ce oTlpaBfl 'IJ]EHYBAT NPCACTABI{TCNUTE HA ABCTE TNABHII OTIO3HUI,IOHHH IPYTIH,
r<rna Bepcafi r'l o6rpax4a KpiulcKl{fl ABopeq' Ynlauren, Jiyu XVI yr- r(ilKTo rr 6ypxoasurra il3n:bH napnaMeHra. Kly6rr Ha KopAenl{eplrre

Br,px.qaBa aerycroncxure AeKperI{ r flernapaqtxrasa nparara' Kpa- cr,6upa oKoJro ce6e cu no-6eAuure ta [o-pa.qlrKaJrHo HacrpoeHa napu-
lrr:, ceueficrBoro My n Yupe4ureJlHoro cu1pauue ce [peMecrBar B )t(aHr{ r{ caHKroJrorr.rre. Heroeu BoAarIu ca Xopx lanrou, Karrufi [e-

flapux. OruoMrpvficKl{Te cr,6I4TH.s 6elexar Kpaflll.a lrbpBara loJI-aMa N4yrreH raXas flon Mapar, rofiro vsplaBa [ortyr-spHlls cpeA uapuxaHu
peBonloq[oHHa BT,JIHa B XOAa Ha peBonloq[sra' rIoA Harlopa Ha rpv' rrccrHlrx,,flpraxtel Ha uapo.qa".
Te peBoirrour{oHHu cLril4- AerryTaTrrTe or HauuonalHoTo CB6paHI'le, E4uu or rrr,pBr.rre BT,IIpocu, c Kolrro ce 3aHHMaBar AenyraruTe,
6ypNoasuxra u o6ururoBeHl4-rl HapoA ua Ilapux H ocraHiuluTe rpa- (' cr,3AaBaHero Ha HoBa IIeH3oBa u:6uparenua cucreMa sa 6t4elqux
trilpnaMeHT r{ MecrHHTe opraHII Ha BJIacTTa. BtSeX.{a ce crrcTeMa Ha
AoBe,uHaKpafl-orpoMHaTaMacaHaceJl,'IHIITe,cTapaTac[cTeMaHa
ynpaBJIeHI,Ie e cpl{Hara. Blacrra B crpaHara [peMuuaBa B pblrere Ha ilcrrpfKo mz6npame, npH KorTo MT,NCKOTo HaceileHlre ce pa3AeJUI Ha
6ypNoasulra. ,/(Be ocHoBHI,I rpyruI - ),rracLtr,H],/" u ,,aKTuBHLr". ,,lIacvBHI'ITe", KorITo
uc [prrrexaBar HrrKaKBo I{MyIrIecrBo, HflMat npaBo 1a uzimpar u 1a
tir,gar us6upanz. B qucroro H8. ;,8KTHBHI'ITe" nora.{ar re3r1, KoHTo
2. KOHCTI4TYUI'LflTA OT l79l r' ilMar olpeAeneHo lrMytuecTBo u [JIatuaT I{3BecTeH MIrH}lManeH .44-
':.
u'r,K. ,,AKTuBHure" cbtqo ca pa34eneHr Ha tpyr;:a B 3aBl{clrMocr or
Yupe4urenuoro cs6pauae 3aloqBa uspa6orrauero Ha KoHcrIz- (:yuaTa Ha IIJTaIIIaHH.fl AaHT,K, KaTO CaMO Hafi-oOmTHTe OT T.'IX pIMaT
' 'ry\\u{tal{ HoBI{Te 3aKoHIr 3a ynpaBneHr{ero Ha crpaHara' B xoAa na
upaBo Aa 6raar uslupanu r 6:sAeIrIHfl eAHoKaMapeH [apnaMeHr. Taxa
ue6arure ce p.a3rpaHr.IqaBaT ocHoBHrlTe [OJrr4TUiISCKII rpyrulpoBKH. upfl HacerreHue or 26 MnH. AyIxI.I ,,aKil4B:aLr" usIuparenu ca 4 300 000
flo cnyrafiHo cTeqeHr.le na oocrosreJrcTBaTa B 3lJra'ta na c:r6panuero, ./(yrrrr{ u caMo qacr or rrx Morar Aa 6r4ar us6upanu 3a qJIeHoBe Ha
BAflcHocpeuVKpecJIoToHa[peACeATleIg.,3acTaBaTHeroBpITeIIpH- trapnaMeHTa I{ MecTHIrre opraHH Ha BJIacTTa.
::::,:::
B:bpxeHI,{qI{apIIcToKpaTpI,aBJI,f,Bo_[pe.qcTaBIITeJII4TeHaono3HuH- Cnreu crrop ce pa3rpbura oKoJIo rlpaBoro Ha Bero Ha Kpirn:l Karo
:::,,::j:.::]:::l
:::::::::::::::
xta. Tarca ce cT,3AaBaT ynorpe6xnanllTe I{ .4O .4HeC noH{T}LrI 3a I1o- UraBa Ha rr3rrbJrHIuITeJIHaTa BJIaCT. Halara ce [o-paAHKaJIHara rpyla
llll:::l:ll:l::lll
:::":':::::'::r::r::: Jrr4Tr{qecKl{ ckLilrl *.4ecH}rua v rreBut\a. B Yupe4lrrenHoTo ct6paruue
rra,,flarpl4ort4Te" - Karo rnacyBa KpaJL,IT n.alav,a rlpaBo caMo Ha,,or-
*
: :illii: :iii :ii: :lii : i
AecHI{uaIa_npI,IBbpxeHIIuI4TeHaHeorpaHlIqeHaTaKpanCKaBJIacT,e cpouBarqo" Bero, a He Ha a6conrorno. PeA lpyrn orpaHuqeHu-s Ha
cpaBHr.rTeJrHo rrazuro6pofi Tta, HilVrA Ceplro3Ho B[rtlfl]Flfie n cr6panuero. I(pzl[cxrrTe npaBa Bo.4.rIT Ao oKoHqaTeJrHoTo HrularaHe Ha HaAMoxII4ero
B onoszquoHHaTa rreBrrrla nocrefreHHo Ce o$opruxr H.TIKOJIKO lpyllH. rra [apnaMeHTa B cltcreMaraIJa HoBara KoHcrI'IryIIuoHHa MOHapXIrf .
Tasu Ha T.Hap. aHrlroMraHiu,vrvrMoHapxEcTr{, e 3a fIapJIaMeHTapHa Mo- Orpowa pa6ora I{3B:bprIrBa cr6pauuero r o6nacrra Ha aAMu-
HapxUA C'Lc Cylrfta KpanCKa BJIaCT. E4na Or lr.ai'.-silAuure JII{qHOCTI4 t ;.4crpat\vrara" AglruHucr:p arLrB:auta cucreMa, cB6p3aHa c Seo4alnure
Ha-rpyrlara e 6lecrxuluflT oparop, no 6e:crpynyneH noJllrrnx rpaS lrpr{BrrJlerr.In a [paBa Ha craplrre rIpoB]rHuILI{, e npetraaxHara. (Dpauqrx
fa6pueir Mupa6o (1149-1791). Bropara uafi-nanoro6pofiua fpyna

18 19
 Ha .4aHT,rrHa cllcTeMa, KOflTO O6JIara paBHo BcI{qKIlt .iI,oxoAI{. crapara
e pa3AeneHa Ha 83 Ae[apTaMeHTa, KOnTO OT CBOfl CTpaHa ce AeItrT Ha
trOJIrrTrrKa Ha MepKaHTI{JiII3bM e [peMaxHata HarIT,iIHO. OCHOnHHTe
rro-MtUrKI.{ a.{MHHHCTpaTHBI{I.I eAI4HAUI{. AelapTaMeHTHTe nollyqaBaT *
rpHHrIrlEI.r Ha HOBOTO IIKOIIOMITTTeCKO SaKOHOAaTeJICTBO HenpHKOc-
roJIeMH [paBa, a rflxl{oTo p'LKOBoACTBO e B pT,IIeTe Ha rc6opHH op]laH}r,
r

npeA0raBuTeJr]r Ha 6ypxoa3r.r-f,ra.
y.rpeAplTen- rroBeHOCma Ha qacTHaTa co6cTBeHocT, cBo6oAHoTo ABI4XeHI{e Ha Ka-
B Kor{TO [peo6naAaBar
fiitTaJlrl, TbpceHe I{ [peAJIamHe Ha cToKIr I1I pa6oTHa cura $ KoHKy-
HOTO C66paHrre rcrpaxla H CbBbprlreH0 HOBa rrpaBHa cucTeMa, ocHo-
peHqrr.f,Ta yTBlpx.4aBaT I{KOHOMHqe cKaTa BJIacT Ha 6ypx(oa3i{fl Ta.
BaHa Ha He3aBHopIMocTta, IeIIeHTpaJlV3aT$4g.ra I{ AeM0KpaTI43aIIHgTa
Orpauu.lanaHero Ha Kpancl(ara Bnacr rpeBox[ qacr or Mo-
Ha cBAeSHararjIlacr. Ha pesopua e roAiroxeHa ll IJrpxrara. Hefisnre
Hapxrrcrlrre. lpaS Mnpa6o, egnn or Hafi-BJilr{reJIHI{re qJIeHoBe Ha
rrMoTH ca HarIHOHi111;713;71pAHil, qacT oT rrpeporaTr4Br.{re it npenauuasar
ce OTAeiL PuU. EnlrCxouure m r^ta3ltfaflT cr,6panuero ,BJra3aBTai4Ha Bpr,3Ka c KpaJIt. Hemacua no.4rpena KpaJUIT
KT,M CBeTcKaTa BJIacT M Tfl. OT
tionyqaBa H or HarranHflKa Ha HaquoualsaratBapA*tAMapKH3 Jlaoafier
KJILIp Ce ]r.ig1lg.ipaT oT ,,aKTIlBHHte" rpax,4aul{ B C1OTBoTHI{Te eIIapxHH'
r.{ or Apyn4 B;IIITIT9JITIU JrrrrIHOCTIr BT,B I{ I43BIH Cr6panuero. IIo rexes
BCu.TKLI CBe[ieHuIIt4 rron] {aBaT 3AilnATA oT AbpxaBaTa H ca 3aAbnxeHII
cbBer Ha [T,pBoro rlecrBaHe4al4 rcn],1l1790 L JIy{ XVI n rspNecrBeHa
Aa rronoxaT KJIeTBa [peA KoHcTr.rTyrIH-flTa. HosaTa crrcTeMa Ha ylpaBne-
ofiCTaHoBKa Ce 3a6neBa A a gIIA3P,a 6'b[eIIIaTa KOHCTkIT:ytryrfl . TasII rnersa
III{e, 3a[oxeHa B KOHCTHTyEII,IflTA, OCHryp{Ba IIOJIIITHqeCK0TO IoctIoA-
cl6a.re He orroBapr Ha I{crHHcKHTe HaMepeH?L Ha KpaJUI, rofiro rafitto
crBoro Ha 6)pxoa3[rlTa BbB opaHql{f.
rroArorB{ cBoero 6srcrso B'I}rK6I4Ha. Jlyu XVI ce Ha.4flBa c noMotuTa
Oco6eso BaxHI4 3aKoHH peryrmpar HoBHTe orHoureHl{.f, B }lrono-
1a eMlrrpaHTrurTe H ABCTpU.S Aa Bb3CTarroBH BJTaCTTa Cu. Bf,TCTBOTO Ha
MHKaTa. I-Olenaus I{KoHOMrrqecKH [po6neM e BbIIpoc.bT 3a 3eMrrTa. AeK-
IarIHuTe 3aAbI711eHI4q Ha ceLgHI4Te Kr,M r(parrr sal1oqBa rrpe3 Horrlra Ha 20 tolF.r4l79l t 3ae.4Ho sbc ceMeficTBoro
pCTHTC OT 5-1 1 aBryCT OTMSIUIT
apr{cToKpauuflTa. ocTaHanHTe 3aAbJIXeHus, ilpoH3nr{3axlu oT BnaleeHe-
cn IIyvtXVI ce Hacor{Ba KbM H3Tor{Hara lpaHHIIa, Ho B rpa.qtlero Bapeu
6una pasuosHaT. HaUuoHaJIHara rBapAI4, or Bapeu PI oKoJIHuTe ceJII{Iqa
ro Ba 3cMrrra, Morixr.4a 6rgat orryryBaH[. Ilpes noelrarp]/l 1789 n Yupe-
cc BAr{raT rlo rpeBora u ycr]sBar.Ia3aAbpxar KaperaTa Ha Kpailf 'Ha22
AflTenHoro c66paHHe rrac)tsa AeKper, c KoiiTo llrnoro HMyulecrBo Ha
roHrur noA BbopT,)KeHa oxpaHa Tofi e BT,pHaT B fIapHlK.
[tirxrara ce HauI{oHiuII'I3L{pa. C:BAaBa ce 6olar Song or 3eMI4, KoI4-
., TO ce lycKar B pa3[poAax6a. flpeo6naAaBarrlaTa
qacr or re3l{ 3eMI4 Esrcrsoro Ha Kpzuls [peAI'I3BHKBa cIrJIHo HeAoBoJIcrBo cpeA Ha-
yqpeAI'ITeJIHOTo cl,'paH],1le ca gpyrN' Exr-
nollaAaT B p:brlere Ha 6ypxoa3ufTa r{ saMoxHrrTe ceJrfHH. flo-5eAnu- l)oAa. Ho HacrpoeHHflra B
Te IUIMaT Bb3M0)ICHOCT Aa OTKyIUIT 3eM-f,Ta CV tdILId Aa 3aKyn T HoBa I{
crBoro e rroKa3ano -flBHOrO HaMepeHrre Ha JIw XVI ga ce [porlrBo-
. lrocraBH Ha KoHcrllTyu4flTa, HO OT Apyra crpaHa, [peo6naAaBa\\ura
npOfiIeMbT 3a 3eMrITa OCTaBa 3a pa3pelxaBaHe 11pe3 cJIeABaUIHTe eTaII]I
llacT AenyTaTHTe Ca O6e3IIOKOeHU OT HOBOTO HaALIraHe Ha HapOAa.
OT
Ha peBoJlloql4-f,Ta. BbIIpeKH TOBa, BT,BeXAaHero Ha I1pl{HuunaIlaqacr'
Ha 1 7 rcnu npeABoxAaHa or KopAelIuepI'ITe I'orsMa llaaca rrapuxaHx ce
Hara co6crBeHocr Bbpxy 3eM-f,Ta npoMellr{ KopeHHo o6lura Ha opeH-
cb6r.rpa Ha ,,MapcoBo rIoJIe", 3a Aa rloAnlrrue nerllllltfl 3a pe[y6nr{Ka.
cKoro ceno I{ fo npl{BnHrlaHacrpalJara Ha peBon}o\ilflT4.
IlronoMuqecKoro 3aKoHoAareJlcrBo e MHoro pa.[HKaJIHo' C Hfl- IIo sanose.4 Ha yqpeAr.rTeJrHoTo cb6paHue rracTu Ha HaqnoHanuara
[po- Kny6rr Ha Kop.qeJrrlepr.rre
r.BapAlrfl oTKpr{Bar or.bH r/r y6usat 50 ayflru.
KOJIKO.qeKpeTa ca [peMaxHaTuB'cvlqr.rl MOHOIIOJIU - pa3nzqHHTe
qreHoBe' C 4ercper Hac'b6pa'
U 3A;g1frTq1g,fiCXllre, c aa6paHeH, 3arloqBar apecrrrHa HeroBI4
MHIIIn9HII It TbpfOBCKH KOp[OpaqU[, B TOBa LIITICJI O
r{r{eTg qJIeHOBe Ha HaUI4OH2UIHaTa IBapAIIfl MoIaT Aa 9TABUI Belle caMO
tlpr4Bu;1e11urlre Ha AT,pxaBHHTe MaHI'IsaKTypH, BCflKaKbB rIpaBI',ITeJI-
cTBeHHaA3opB:bpxy[poH3BoAcTBoTo,orpaHljqeH,uflI{JIHMoHonoJIIUI
flo rosu HaquH Tr ce npeBpailIa B opraHh3r{-
,,aKTr,rBHI4" rpax,4aHu.
paHa BoeHHa cvra Ha 6ypxoa:uxr a. Cr,6uruxra :fra,,MapcoBo fIoJIe"
B TbproBLLrITa. B paMKHTe Ha ToBa 3aKoHoIaTencTBo ca 3a6pa],jre]F.uLt
BOAflT pr Ao pa3AeneHue B flKo6uHCKI{-[ Kry6. fIo-KoHcepBarIlBHI{re
BC.flr(aKBIr C.4py)KeHi4fl Ha HaeMHUTe pa6oTHuul4. YCranos.trsa ce eAI{H-

'20 2t
 ., r i, I r r, ;r r r' rr r ro r'o cr,6panue 3arloqBa cBotra pa6ora npu cJroll(Ha
MOHapXr{cTrl HaIIycKaT [r ocHoBaBaT ItoR r(Jry6 B 6uBrrrul NlallacT'up Ha
r

(xoxuure . B Kny6 ocTaBa'r no-paAuKaru0 Huc'IpocHulrc

_ffu<o6uucr<Hrr
, L,r,r, rr,rluuolr()Jlt{Tl{qecKi}o6cralloBxa. l4xoirounqecKoro no-
,,r |,r r Il):trril'lll ocIlJIOlJaBa. Macoeoro 6arc'rso llaapltcTol(pa-
ACnyTaTr.r, cpcA r(oHTo BCe no-roJlflMo BJlUflHue HMa MaKCIIMHIIU-ql{
Po6ecnucp (11 58-11 94).
, , r r,,rL, .r\ rir l(o uaMaJrIrIBaHe Ha IIpO1{3BOACTBOTO HA IIpeAI\1e',rI4 3a
Yqpe.qnrelrioro ct,6paHne 3aB'bpIIrBa cBo.sra pa6ola na l3 cen- r , r r rr l,! r\ n lll lta KoeTo r llapnx lI ocTaHuHTe roIeMI{ rpa.40Be
llpcArrpl{JlT}r.r $anupar .i{ MHorO xopa cc oKalB{lr
r,1; )f
reMBpIi llgl r., Koraro Ilyu XVI florara KrICrBa 3a B-tlpHocr KbN'{ r r., i11 11.'

L ,,, ,rrrr Il,ettttrc Ha xpaHl{'fe pacrar HellpexbcHaro' napuTe

ce
Koucrulyuttsra u Hauutrra. Ha 30 ccnreurpu 119l r. c et':macu ,'f,{a
xfiBCe npa-nxrl" 14 ,,[a xHBee Haquxra!" Yupc4urcluoro cl6pattlle
r ilr,rr 'lvlto{'Ba ce HeAocTrII Ha ocHoBHl'{ xpal{IrTeJlHll cToKI'I'
. ,, , ,r;t ('e [i BbHlu]IaTa oflacHocr. B uaqaloro Ha peBoJItouH'Ta
ce pa3rrycKa, 3a .qa oTCTlbrI{ MrCl'O Ha HoBoTo 3axotlonarcluo cr,bpa-
HHc. 3aKoHoAarcncrBoro Ha YupegurerHoro clopauuc, u3pa3eHo B
! r , ,r, rrr('/(r,p)KaBIr Ha6rrcAaear cbc 3aAoBoncrBo orcna6Bal{ero
r(oscrrrrylruqra or 1l9l r., oKoHrIarelHo npeMaxBa crapr4'tt (leo4aleH
I l, u11r.r tr1 l0 KOHTTHeHT'UHa II KOJIOHIIaIFIa CI{JIa. ftrOCreneHtfO
crpoi.i H ycrarloB,aBa er,n OpaHqIltr BJ]ac'rra na 6ypxoa:r'rxra no4 $op-
r r , r.r!1,r ,r('rro, LIe peBonrollHflTa rln (DpauqIUI Moxe .4a oKaxe CI{JI-
t\til r'il rr a KoHcTr,r'ryuHoHHa MoHapxl4.tl.
.. ! ,,r rr|( rr,ll tllCO4alUa EUpOna I1 HaCTpOeHI{.flTa Ce npOn'reUlr. Crl-
i !! ,,,,rrr r, Br,l)x) Aacrpul I'I H.tlKoH IepMaHCKU Al,pXaBH. Hail-Be'Ie
i Lr , r { ,r\;t tlrill' Mt{oro6pofiur.rre eN{HlpaHTH Harleno c lnantara 6pau
r ,iAt(( )il( )/(A'l lrllllol-o C'I,EPAHI4E 14 BOi4HATA , , , , , r r I (r'rr r-r,p Ha eMhtpaHTrITe craBa pa3[o[oxcHurlT 6nu3o Ao
, ,i, , rr ,r r l)iulnlla Ko6leuq, KT,Aero ce cQopur'rpar BoeHH[l orpa.{u'
I ,trrri ,)r rr()( n(.rl.t llt(' l)('tu('utrl tnt V,ll-lc.rltt'L'CJllloTo ct,6patrne ll , rrt'urrroro Ssrcreo Ha KpaJu ycrop.fiBa o6pa:yrauero Ha
tilUl);lll)lll:l llll ll('l ()lrll l('rl1l('ll()lt(',1(:l ('c t(illlllllrlilllll)ill 'lll lloB0To 3aKo- , ,,,r ,1,, ri1 ) rr()t(I{oHHaraKoaJllrqus. I1a27 asrycr l19l r. B flunHurl
1()/1illt'.u1() t'r,(rplulue ('ttltt.lltttrlrt ttlt I tlltttll,trlplf 3aftOUOrlaTeltIO ,! ,r,,,r, r'urr l l.r,{fleparop Ileonona II u rrpycKl{flT rcpa:r rDpngpux
c'r,flpirttttc c c'r,c'r'rttlcrlo ot ttotttt /(cllyla'l'l'1, MIlo:lt4Hcrlloro or Koi4To ca I ,, , r I I rrtylltltcBar Acxrapaqu-fl 3a cbBMe crHI'I Aeilcmult B IloMouI
or 6ypNoa:err flpor,r3xoA. I] no:lfirH'ICCKo orlHorIJeHI'Ie HoBrrre Acny- ' I rr '' \Il. a uo-KT,cllo $opnnpar u BoeHeH cbxl3 nporuB peBonm-
raru ca pa3AencHr Ha rplr rpynll. Flaii-Ascuara ca SbotlHl4rc (oKono r I r,lil)iilil|,I.Ifl.
260 lyruu), t<ol{ro Ar,pxar rBtp/lo Ha cna3BaHcro Fra KoHCT}IryIlIlr- lr r,rrr o6claHosra rln @paHqut ce pa3BuBa cvrHa KaN{[aHI{s
ra. T.uap. Ile3aBI,ICrrMu or IIcHT'bpa B Haqaroro ca cKJIoHHll KT,M rIoA- ' , ri 'rr.urc IIa BofiHa Ha BT,HtrIHara KoHTpapeBonrcurrfl. Tasu upeg'
Apr,xKa ua (xoxuurc. JIeBI'{Ilara or oKorlo 130 ayuru e cr,craB0Ha or r!1,, ,r.r :u r.rlulla Hari-cunHo or xrrpoHAHHIIlITc u HaMIlpa noAApr'x-
rrpuBl,pxeHuuu sa l{ro6uHCI(H.a r<ny6. Tasu rpyna e pa3AcneHa Ha rBe , , t', I ir:rl)o/(il.3alqx soifHara e npo.4'LnxcHl4e Ha peBorlou['ITa
(Dpaxqu.ara Ha .fl Ko6uHuure-xupol.tAuut-1n (uuero uABa or ,! r,, ,r1,,)( rl)aurBaHcro ua neilnurc rrAcll B IIrna Qeo.4a:iua Eepona'
Sparqr.rn.
rcnapraMeHra XupoHga, qHHTo tIpcACTaBHTenIl ca BoAaqu Ha ra3II I L , , , r;r o6lBflBaHero Ha BofiHa ce noAAl,pxa H or Kparf,, Ho c raii-
fpylla) ca HacrpocHu pcny6lHr<aH0Krr, Ho ca CKJIOHHH Aa noAAtp)I(ar ,, ,, , ,r, r 'lc c,[r1a Heycne[Ha soiiHa Iqe My noMolHe Aa ce pa3[paBu
KoucruryunflTav ca [porrrBHrlIIH Ha l{aMecara Ha HapoAa B rroJI}'ITu- t, r,, r( )r rlt'l'a. EAuncreeHHTe, nporHBotlocraBuJlH ce Ha Bo]"IHara,
r
r,r
qecKLITc a,6hrvfl,. Kpaiiuo JIflBara Spaxqux e c:bcraBCHa or rKo6IrHUH- ,,', r,r1,rpr1'c il ,Ko6[HuHTe oKoJro Po6ecnnep' KoLITo cMtrar, qc
Te, 6nH3Ku Ao Po6ecuuep u [aurou, KoI{To ca rBr,pAI'l peny6-nnraHutl r, i,' Ii'r l,l l il IlMa MHOIO BpalOBe BbTpe B CTpaHaTa lt Tq He MO]KC Aa
I II

rr rrpuBr,pxeH I{ul{ H a 3aAbn6orraBaHe Ha AeMoKparfi q ccKI{Te IIpouecr. ,, , r r.u it tra olacHocTTa oT nocneAuqrlTe Ha Hoyc[euHa BoiiHa'
Tc :aeuar B 3zlrara Ha 3aKoHoAarcilHoro cr,6pauue uaii-ropnnre Mec-
Ta, or Kocro ttl\Ba v rflxHoro HMe MOHTaHIpU (O'r $p. nnaullr-la)

23
22
 B o6craHonxara Ha HapacrBailIara BT'HIIrHa oflacHocr xl{poH- u(r(roroBKa 3a Br,craune. flpes HoxITa ua 9 cpeuly 10 anrycr peBonro-
rlr.roHlrara KonayHa ce o6ss.f,sa 3a Brrcilrara BJracr B Ilapux, xau6ans-
Ar{Hur,rre I{ Kparlf,r ycn.,IBar .4a ce Hz}noxart H Ha 20 anputt 1792 r'
3arosoAareJrHoTo cr6panue o6snsna sofiua na Arcrpux. 3auoqsa ne- rc B rpaAa 3arroqBar Aa 6un r{ BbopbxeH}rre orp.flAr.r Ha rrapmrKuTe
pzoA:bT Ha npoAT,nx(llrure 6ruso qeTBT,pT Ser nofiHu ua opaHqux c cllr(loJrorrr ce orrrpaBrrr rrru Trofinepu. 3ano.{sa ulypM Ha ABopeqa v
KoHTpapeBonIouHoHHa EnPoua. n cxBarKara naAar MHoro y6wru. Vnlaureuu, Kpan r u celaeficrsoro
Cperqy peBonl,ollllonHa @pauqu.fl ce lr3npaB.rl KoaJIr{III{.[ or As- Myl-rpcxT 3aKpr{na B crpaAara sa 3axoHoAareJrHoro cr6panue. fIoI na-
'rncra Ha KorryHarar napuxaulr ro npueMa perueHIze 3a orcrpaH.rrBaHe-
crprr.,r u flpycux. BofiHara 3aIIoqBa, uo Spencxar a apvtufl. He e roroBa
3a :rrefl.. T.f, ce HaN{upa rIoA KoMaHABaHero Ha po"TIJILICTK}rre o$uqepu' rr ua IIyz XVI or [pecrona H ro rlocraB.rr rroA crpiD(a B MuurKr4, 3aMbK
'I'anrn.n.
Orqe s rIT,pBI{Te c6nrcr,qu apMl{rra orcr-brBa v cKopo npycrcure eofi- flpueua ce AeKper 3a pa3nycKaHe Ha cr,6paur4ero vt cBHKBaHe
cKrur rrpeMrrHarar QpeHcKaTa rpaHzrla. ouacsocTTa oT B:bTpeIIHaTa na Konnenr. Ifeusorara cr{creMa e rrpeMax}rara lr Konnenrrr rpx6na
KoHTpapeBonrcqu.fl sbIIIo Hapacrsa. B rasu o6craHoBra xHpoHAI4H- .,ta 6r,Ae us1pau upes o6rqu us6opu or BcrrlrKtr Mblre, uasxpttulu2l
rlr{Te pr.sxo6uHu1{re r{3ocTaB.rrr BpeMeHHo cBor{Te pa3rvrrr6fl. u ce o6e- l(ylr.rHrr. Ha Mqcroro Ha craporo npaBrzreJrcrBo e cb3.{aAeH Bpeueueu
r,r'r[:bJIHI{TeJreH cr,Ber or xI.rpoHAr,rHIIIz, B xofrro xaro npeAcraBuTen Ha
Llir:aflBar B HMero Ha 3arll{Tara Ha porl{Hara' Ilarpnorr{rleH rIoAeM
o6xsaua napvltara I{ Ilflnara crpaHa. Ha upu:unure sa na6npaHe Ha Mor{TaHrpr{Te BJrH3a flauroH.

4o6poronqu orKJIlrKBar MHoro xopa' Brcranaero or 10 arrycr 1192 x e BTopara roJrrMa Br,JrHa Ha
flo.q narucraua cr,6urusTa na 11 ronu 3ar<oHoAareJlHoro m6pa- pcBonrorlurrra. To cnara rpafi ua froJrrrrr{qecKux crpoi,t, ycraHoBeH or
HlIe [pl4eMa AeKper, o6fissnalq oreqecrBoro B orlacHocr. Bct{uxl1 Mrxe, r(oHcTr4'fyrlrlurra or 1791 r. Penonroquxra HaBJrr{3a B HoB eTarr.
roAHH Aa Hoc.rIT opT,)KIze, ca cBtlKa]FI]/^ B apMI4qTa' 3a rparr<o BpeMe B
qxna (Dpanqux ca c$optlr4paur Hoelr 6aranroHu, Kot{ro ce HacorlBar
4. yTTPABJIEHT4ETO HA xtr4p OHIT4HUT4TE
xr,rra $poura. MzHasafiKfi npea flapux, 4o6poeolqlrre or Mapcvstus'
fleff c63Aa,ueHara or apueilcxr'rx oQuqep Pyxe gro JLan,,Eofiua receH Brcranzero or 10 anrycr npoMeH.rr rroJrlrruqecKara o6cranos-
.. na PeilHcKara apMur", Koflro cKopo nplreMa HoBo uue -,,Mapcwre3a"- r<a. -flro6unqkrre, pa3neneHu Ha xr.{poHAuHqr{ H MoHTaHflpyt, c rflx-
"
B xpax Ha IoJII'I I{ Haqzuloro Ha aBrycr narpnorurrHt4xr noAeM nara Mpexa or uy6ore B rrpoBr.rHrlr{flTa h lapvr}KKilTe caHK}oJrorr{,
lpoAbJlxaBa fra HapacrBa. flpe4cranureJll{Te Ha ceKIII.IIrre r flapnN o6e4r.ruenn oKoJro Kouyuara, ca rpr{Te rIeHTGpa, Korrro $axruuecxu
ce cr6up ar w wslupar HoB opraH Ha yrlpaBneHue - Koluyll a. fli<o6ua' ce cr,3laBar. @rognure cJlr{3ar or [oJIHTI{qecKara cIIeHa rr toJItMa
uI4TeIIKopAenl{epnTeBQeIIo-qeCTollS!.vffaTIIcKaHe3apa3nycKaHeHa qacT oT TexHrrTe nprAepu npeMuHaBaT B Jrafepa Ha KoHTpapeBoJrro-
3axosoAareJrHoTo ct,6pauue pr cBrlKBaHe na o6qonapoAen KonseHr. L\uflTa. flo-Harar"r,urHnrr xoA Ha peBonloqvflTa ee oflpeAeJlf, or 6op-
B rasu o6cranosKa B Haqzuloro Ha aBrycr n flapux craBa I{3-
6ara uex4y xr{poHArrHrlure n sxo6uHrlrrre rroA cr4nHoro BJrr{.rrH}re
BecreH vr31aileuilfl ua 25 tottu uanuQecr Ha KoMaHABaIqu[ [pycKara ItA CAHKIOJIOTIZTC.
aplurlfl xepuor Epaynrurafir B sero n.aplzlKaHu ca 3arrJrarrreH[, qe aKo
IIo4 Harucra ua Kolryllara 3axouoAareJrHoro cr6pauue npileMa
rrpeAnpl4eMar Aeficrnuq rIporI,IB Kpuul-fl, rpaABT ule 6rAe noAnox<eH Ha
Ha 17 arrycr AeKper 3a r.Hap. [oAo3pr{TenHu LI cre4aBa r{3Br,HpeAeH
onycToIIreHI,Ie.
rpu6yuan sa 6op6a cpeqy KoHTpapeBonrorlurrra. 3auo.rsar Macotsvl
Maun$ecrtr [peAH3BIlKBa r flapnx ucrl4HcKa 6ypx or HeroAyBa-
apecTr{ Ha apr4cToKpaTH, HefroJroxt4Jrr{ KJreTBa cBerrleHr4rIrI rr Apyru
uue. fIpeAcraBI{TeJIHTe Ha napl'IxKHTe ceKrII'I?I Be.qHala orfipaB-flT HcKa-
Jrrrua, 3afroAo3peHr4 KaTo BparoBe Ha peBorrrcwfl:q.
He KbM 3arOnoAarennOrO Cr6paHI{e 3a CBzIILfiHeTO Ha Kpan-f, u 3alOrIBaT

.24 25
 B xpax Ha aBrycr npycKara apunflnoA KoMaHABaHero Ha
xepqor Hoso:a6orar.f,Jlara [poBHHuHiurHa 1ypxoasux, u xxo6l*rqure-MoHTa-
repl{ropllfl' Hf,pu Haqeno c Po6ecnuep ce rorB.rrBar cepHo3HH nporuBopeqns. Xu-
Epaynrunafir [peMuHaBa rpaHl'Ilrara :ar,Itv.r,a Ha $peHcKa
6:sp:o' poHAr{HrIr{Te ca HarrycHzuru -flxo6uucxlrx rly6, xofiro Berre rrpeAcraBfl
Posnucrrcra HacrpoeHlrre OpeHCKu reHepanu Kanlrrynl4pirr
fia3elqu rIT'T{ 3a Ilapux' ce -lxnoro, paAuKanHoro reqeu[e Ha peBoJrroqrrrra.
.Il,rere Kpeflocrl{ - Jlonrsu u BepAroH,
Hafi
E4uu or BaxHrrre BT,rrpocu, Korrro pa3AeJrrrr ABere r-pyrru, e ro3r.r
rIpeAaBaT B HarrzuloTo Ha celTeMBprl'
sa crg6ara Ha (paJrr. .f,xo6uuqure rrcKar cBA HaA Kpitrrfl, AoKaro xll-
B ra:u o6craHosxa Kouynara 3aIIoqBa Mo6uttusa\Hfl' Ha BcI{r{KH
roAHH sa sofiHa Mblre. Xur-flAll 4o6porolqN ce HacoqBar
r<ru 6oit- poHAHHTIHTe ce crpeMrrr.4a ornoxar ro3u BT,[poc. Ho npe: HoeMBpH
flapuN ce pa3[pocrpaHsBar cJlyxoBe' 1792 r. B eAHa rafirta Kaca B ABopeua Trofilepu ca HaMepeHr{ .qoKyMeH-
Horo rroJle. MexlyrpeueHHo B
qe3aTBopeHuTepog'Jl]/IcTvll,lKoHTpapeBonloquoHepulIaKaT[apI{xaHI4 ru, ugo6ru,laBailu KpaJUr BT,B BpT,3Krr c BbHrrrHHTe BparoBe, u rxupoH-
[peBpar' B orrorop Ha roBa AHHIIHTe ca npuHyAeHrr Aa orcrbrr-,rr. flpe: 4exeuupu IIyw XVI sacra-
Au ru*rr- sa Spoura, 3a.qa H3BbpIIrar
B npoAbnxenhe sa H-rIKoJIKo Ala:a - or 2 4o 5 ceurellnpu,
BboplxeHl{ Ba npeA ct,Aa Ha KoHseHra. ,{oxa:arercrBara cpexly Kpan-{ ca raKa
oqeBHAHI{, qe foJUIMara tracr or Aelyrarl{Te ua,,6laroro" no4xpenxt
caHKIoJIorfl Hana.{ar rlapuxcKl{re 3arBopl{ u us6usar oKoJIo
1500 sa-
MoHTaHflpr4Te, rrcKarr{u cMT,prHa npncbAa. IIpz uouueuHoro rnacyBa-
rloAo3peHIr.
He xrrpoHArrHrlrrre ce oKiBBar B Mzurur{Hcrno. IIyu XVI e ocT,AeH Ha
Ha20 cerlTeMBprr apMLIJITa c BKJIIorIeHIlre B He;t 4o6porolqu ce
e y6e- cMbpr kt turarnnupaH ny6ruuruo ua2l flHyapil L793 r.
cpeqa c rpycKl{re roficxer npu Banull' Xepuor Epayuurnafir
pa3rpbcHarl{ Ersexyquxra Ha JIyu XVI o5eguussa qxna Erpona cperqy
,q.r, ,. ,*6yu.rrte Spencru go6poeonqu rue 6rAar
JrecHo. 3ano.{sa cHJreH aprnnepr.lficra gry6ofi' cne'4 roiiro
npycalll4re Spencxara peny6nura. Aumrra, I4cnauux, XonaH4ax, Heanol, Cap-
ce pa3rbBar 3autar{d. Ho nporunno Ha ollarBaHulra, $panqy3ure He At4nrrs) Bcr{qKH repMaHcKr{ AbpNcaBH or Crerqenara Pnrr,lcxa uMnepus
He ce pe- uPycun cr,3AaBar Koanzrlr4fl cperqy (Dpauqux.
orcxlsrlBa! a flpo.{tnxaBar orbHr. flpycr<oro KoMaHABaHe

rrraBa Ha aTaKa v Ha /{pyfyrs, AeH 3aIIoqBa orcrlbflJlelll{e.

floSexAasa Bo4enero uasofauarail3rurcxBa MHoro ycultrfl, z cpe4crna. Zxo-
periolrcquouna @panuux. B cle4ralqlrre ceAMI{qu sefiHI'Ire roficru HoMuqecKoro rroJroxeHr,re ce BnorrraBa, pacrar 6espa6oruqara H qe-
Pefincrara HplTe Ha xpaHlrrenHrlTe rlpo.qyKTlz, uu$raqrmra ce yBenlulrlasa. B fla-
[peMHHaBar rpaHrluara I{ Ao Kpafl Ha ro.rylHara BJIu3ar n
o6ru"t u Casofl,.Jlosyurtr Ha HacrbnBailIuTe peBonloqlloHHl{ soficrtl prDK It Apyrr{Te roJreMr{ rpaAoBe sarroqBaT BT,THeHH_f, c uaKaIJJ.j.s, la ce
ycraHoBf,T TBT,pAr{ IIeHr.r Ha rutx6a.
e: ,,Mup Ha rorru6ure! Bofiua Ha ABopIII{re!"'
Ha 4pyrux AeH cneA 6urxara upu Ba:rnu ce orKpHBa rlbpBoro Bo4euero Ha BofiHara H3r{cKBa H3BbHpeAHH prKoHoMuqecKr{ Mep-
npra Balrrau, 4,e- Kr4 - npuHyArrreJrHrr 3aeMrr or 6orarnre, ycraHoB.flBaHe Ha ,,MaKcr{-
,::, 3aceAaHLIe Ha Kousegra. Bto4yrueBeHg oT no6elata
M1rM" Ha IIeHure r4.up., Kor{To xt4poHAprHrlrlTe He ilcnar Aa npe.{[p[-
:.,.,1:,
flyrarl{Te B3eMar ABe BaxHI{ pellreHlrf - rlpeMaxBaHe Ha KpancKara
:r,: :: :
BJracr Ir o6xs.flnaHe Ha Opanqu.r sa peny6luxa' Perueno
e cblrlo Aa ce euar. CuopeA Tflx roBa o3HaqaBa orpaHurreHlre ua co6crseHocrra r{
,,i,,,,,,,,:
BbBeAe HoB peBorrIoIII{oHeH KuIJIeHAap, cnope.4 xoilro
21 cenreurpu uKoHoMuqecxara cso6oAa na 6ypxoa3vtfrTa, T.e. HapyrrraBaHe Ha oc-
qerBT'prara HoBHlrre rrocrr4xeHr,rrr Ha peBonroquxra. Ho cpeqy rsx rocreileHHo
craBa rr:,;pBkls..4eH Ha nbpBara roAr{Ha na peuy6luxara or
: :il:;il:,",1i

roAI{Ha ua cro6o4ara.
ce oQopux mrlpoK SpoHr or pa3nuarHu rorr.rruqecKr{ rpynupoBKrr,
II6pBo- Kor4To HcKar BpeMeHHr{ orpaHr{qeHu.rr B rrMero sa no6e.{ara. B llapzx
Pa:npegerreHpleTo Ha fIoJlI{TI{qecKI{Te chIl,| B KouseHra
ce 3acpmBa BJlrr.rrHr4ero Ha r.Hap. 6ecyu, KopITo ca 3a ycraHoBsBaHe Ha
HaqarHoeBnoJl3aHaXHp0HAI{HIII{Te'Teu}'IarfloA'qpr'xffaraHaoKo-
lo 400.qe[yrarl{ or IIeHTbpa, HapeqeH grlr,g ,,S14191'o" uril "paBflrlma- ,,MaKcHMyM". ll ctporr HaKa3aHVfl., BKJI. cMbpr cpeuy. cleKynaHTrrre.
Erzs rH Ao rexHrrre BT,3rn eAr{ c a HflKua p a4utKanfrt4 flKo 6uHrlu, B oAeH }r
ra". llocrefleHHo Mex,qy xupoHAIIHIII{Te, KoI{To [peAcraB-f,T rJIaBHo

26 27
or E6ep u qreHa Ha KoMyHara L[loMer. B ua'Ianoro 'flKo6uHqure oro- e npHHyreH Aa KarirTyrfiipa. Apecrynauu ca 29 or BoAaqure Ha xI{-
qacr or ocraHzull4Te 6.srar s npoBHHIII{{Ta.
poHAr{HIIr1Te, a roJr-flMa
:ro Po6ecnuep He ca cKJroHHrI Aa noAA.bpxaT Te3U UICKAH.I4L HO IIOCTe-
peBonrcquoHHa BT,JrHa - or 31 uafi Ao 2 touu 1793 r.,
rreHHo re ce y6exgaBar B neo6xoAuuocrra or I{3BT'HpeAHH Meprrr' Tperara ror-flMa
Ilpes nponerra Ha 1793 r.IroJloxeHl'Iero B crpaHara u ua $ponra roBercla Ha Biracr uafi-nesure ct4ltul,i,a peBonrolll4.flTa - xxo6unqsre.
ce BroluaBa. B o6lacrra Bangex r{s6yxna 6ynr, ro4eu or po{nl{crl'ITe
Ir HerrOJtoxHJII{Te KJIeTBa cBexIeHI.{III1. 3ne Cna64eHI{ C OpT,X}Ie u [po-
5. -qKOBr4 H CKATA II4KTATyPA
AoBoJIcTBHe,KoMaHABaHHoT[poAaxHureHepaJII{,tIoAHaT[cKaHa
lporlrBHl{Ka Speucrnre soficru ca [pI'{HyAeHIl Aa HalycHar Eenrras a -flro6uuqure HABar Ha BJracr B Kp[Tr4qeH MoMeHT 3a peBoJr]orfpr.s-
a"p*uraorre 3eMu. Boficr<nre Ha Kozulflrlr{f,Ta oTHoBo npu6lltxarar ra. tlyx4ecrpaHHr{Te apM}rr.r 3annaulBar rpaHlrIIHTe Ha crpaHara. Brn
frpencrurre tpauut\u. Bartgex, Eperan u Hopuau4u fl ce :ufilptl poflnHCTKo Br,craHrre. Mnoro
3annaX&ra OT nopaxeHue a(TkrBkl3ylpa JIeBIITe CI{JIII B KOHnen- or AelapraMeHTHTe, KoHTponupaHH or xlrpoH,4lrHrIlrre, orrca3Bar .44
ra. BCI.IrU eMI{IpaHTIt Ca O6-flSeHU I{3BT,H 3aKOHa, a TeXHUTe I{MoTI{ ce [oAqHHrBar Ha Koneenra. Bnacrra Ha KoHBeHTa ce [pr{3HaBa caMo
ca rou$ucxysaHu. flo flpeAnoxeHlre na fianrou e cr'3AaAeH HsBBH- n 23 or BcrrqKure 83 genaprarlreura. (DpanIIH.rI flBHo ce Hyx,qae or
peAeH ipulynatt sa 6op6a c KourpapeBonloql{{ra' Cruran e u Ko- perrrrrenHH Aeficrsus 3a cfracflBaHero Ha peBonroqh.,rra.
MlrTeT 3a o6uecTBeHo cnaceHl'Ie c IIIlrpoKl4 IIbIHOMOIIIHfl' cUerlual- Egua or nrpBr.{Te MepKr{ na "f,ro6vHuure e peuraBaHero Ha arpap-
HO Ha3HaqeHrz or KoHseHTa KoMrrcaprl B rrpoBrrHllrr.rlTa op[.aHu3l{paT r{nfl BT,npoc. IIpe: wHttLl ronrl KoHseHTT,T npneMa H.rrKoJrKo AeKpera,
ua6upauero Ha cpeAcrBa 3a Bo.4eHero na sofiHara' B apvuxra ce
c[ope.q KoHTo 3eMr4Te Ha eMrzlpaHTr{Te MoraT la 6t la," npoAaBaHr{ Ha
npoBexAa T.Hap. aManraMa, Karo ce o6eAugxBar peAoBHrrre BoficKll MaJrKr.r yqacrlqu cbc cpoK Ha r43rrJraulaHe 10 rogunz. flogsortrsa ce
c .4o6pononuure. c:rulo [oA.srflaralaa o6u{uucxure 3eMH. Hait-saxkruxr 4exper or 17
3a xro6lluqr{Te cTaBa Bce [o-.f,cHo, are MaKCI{MaJIHOTO Hallpexe- roJrr{ rrocraHoB-f, Ba frr,JrHoTo rrpeMaxnaue 6es Bcf, KaKBo o6esqereHue
Hrrs'Ha cvlt:aTe .Ha :aa\usra rpx6la la 6'sle [pl'IApyxeHo c o6nen-
na $eoga-rHptre fipaBa, npeKparf,Baue ua crAe6Hure AeJIa, cBT,p3aHH
qaBaHeHa[oJIoxeHI,IeToHaHapoAazflpruIalaHeToHaH3BbHpeAHIa
c Tflx, v yHlIrqoxaBaHeTo Ha BcrrqKrr aKToBe H .{oKyMeHTvr, K.acaelJ\u
r.rKqHoMuqecKr,r MepKr{. B na.Ianoro na llafi MoHTaH.[pI{Te npoKapBaT re3u npaBa. fro6uncxure AeKperr.r [peMaxBar Seo4anHure ocrartrll4
r KonseHra AeKper 3a ycraHoBflBaHe Ha ,,MaKcI{M)rM(' ua qeuure Ha u perraBar okoH.rareflHo arpapHru Bbnpoc Ha peBonloqu.rrra.
3bpHoro. Te rnacsr cluo flpeAnoxeHlre 3a np]rHyAI.{TeJIeH 3aeM or 3a Aa orrosoppr Ha HoBara o6craHosxa, KoHreutrr rlocraHoB.t-
I rrrlpa. $parr a or 6orarure co6creeuullu. na nspa6oraaHero Ha HoBa KoHcrr,rryqr.rx- Ts, e paspa6oreHa caMo 3a
xnpon4uuqr{Te ce o[HTBaT Aa ce [p0TLIBOI]OCTaBflT Ha Te3]I /.xBe ceAMl{qv H e npuera or KonseHra ua 24 rouu 1793 r. -f,xo6uH-
MepKH. Ha Hsxou MecTa B [poBHHrlrr_rrTa 3afloqBaT npecJIeABaHAfl Cpe- cKara KoHcrvtryttvr or 1793 x. e [ocrpoeHa Ha npllHuvrrvrre Ha rrbJr-
uly xr<o6nnqnre. B Jluon ce BAlIra ucrvtlacr.vl KoHTpapeBoJIIou[oHeH Hara [oJrr{Tr{qecKa h hKoHoMr4qecra cso6oAa Ha rpax.4anure. Kpafi-
MeTex. flonr.rrur<ara Ha XI{pOHAI4HIII{Te [peAII3BHKBa BCe nO-cr'rnnO- Hara lleir na o6ulecrnoro, cnopeA HoBara KoHcrrrryur{r, e o6uloro
To HeroAyBaHe Ha rrapl4xaHlr. Ha 31 naafi rroptxeHnre orp''tAlul Ha ulacrlre. Bucruara 3axoHoAareJrHa BJracr e B pr'rlere Ha eAHoKaMa-
gaHKTOJIOTTTT e V qacT or: HaqIEosalHaTa rBapAI{r o6rpaxAar CrpaAaTa
peH eAHoroArrrrreH rrapnarueur, us6npau ua o6rqu us6opu or BcrrrrKrr
na KoneeHra 17 ktcKaT apecTyBaHeTo Ha BOAaqI{Te Ha xI{poHAHHU}ITe' Mbxe, HaBbprrrr{Jrra 2l ro4vutu. Bcu.rru nplrerrz or napJraMeHTa 3aKo-
Becrra 3a MeTOxa e JIuoH yc(opxna ct 6urvxra. Ha 2 tOttvt KOnseu- Hoflpoexrrr no.4rexar Ha yrBtpxAaBaHe or nbpBrlqHr{ vs6pauut wa
TTIT OTHOBO e o6rpaAeH oT caHKrcJroTIlTe],1l HaqnonalnaTatBap4usll
rpaxAaHr.{Te B AenapraMeHTHTe. I{snrnnnrenHara BJracr e npeAoc-

28 29
TaBeHa B pblrere Ha trI3nbnHureJreu cr,Ber or 24 gytslu, Karo BcfKa Jro3yHrH 3a BT,BexAaHe Ha peBoJrroqrroHeH Tepop lr ,,o6rq uarcarrayna".
roArrHa ce fio.aMeH.rlT floJloBuHara or rflx. Koncruryuu.rlTa BerFlara llog Harucra Ha yrrufiJara KoHseHTr,t u Korur.rrerbr 3a o6ulecrseHo
e no.qnoxena Ha rnacyB ane v e o4o6peHa or 1 800 000 4yruu, xaro c rr ac eHHe orcr6[Bar. Peopranusupa c e Penol]orIrroHHrr-f, T rpu6yual,
JracyBa ce 3aKoH 3a rroro3pr.rreJrHrrre, noA r{ur.rro o6suueHu.s ilorraAar
,,rpornB" ca caMo 17 000. fiopa4u cJtoxHara o6cr:anoexa npunara- r

Hero Ha Koncruryuu-t{Ta ce orJlara Ao cKrlorlBaHero Ha M}rpa. urnpoK Kpbr.Jrr{ua. llo cn:rara Ha ro3r.r 3aKoH 3arroqBar MacoBH rrpo-
Brrpeutrara o6cranosra [po.4bnxasa la 6:,, e rpenoxHa. Po- rtecu cpeu{y BparoBeTe Ha peBonroqH.f,Ta, Kor{To B rroBeqeTo cnyqau
flnrtcrtme u xfipoH.qnHI-II4Te npoAT,nxaBar Mere)KHTe u 6ynronere. 'raBr,prxBar cr,c cMBprHo HaKa3aHr.re. B ssxoz or roJreMr{Te rpaAoBe,
Baxuoro np]lcraHl{rqe Tynou e npeAaAeHo or poqnllcrlrre sa aurutuil.- Kpenocrr{ ua xupou4uHrl}rre, ce crHra v .4o MacoBu exseryquu. Ha
crux Snor. Ha 13 ronu MnaAara po.f,nl{crKa Lllaplor Kopae upo6oN4a 2tl cerrreNrspu ce macyBa u ,,o6rq MaKcHMSrM", rofiro ycraHoBrBa
'|uT,pAn I{eHH Ha XpaHnTeJrHUTe rrpo.4yKTH, rrpoMHrrrJreHuTe cToKH
c Kr4Hxcutn XaH flon Mapar B .{oMa uy. florpe6eH}rero ua Mapar ce 11

flpeBpr,Irla B rpaHAI4o3eH MHtI{Hr, flo,nuruqecxr'r ylui'rctrla na -flxo6uH- l)a3Mepa ua pa6oruar a 3afinara. llpes eceur a ua 17 93 r. sxo6m{crara
qt,r ca r{3BbpilreH}r I{ B Apyru tpaAoBe. CrrqenpelreHHo npoAoBoJlcrBe- /lar(Tarypa ce HaJrara oKoarrareflHo. Ha.rero Ha cr{JrHo rIeHTpanH3Hpa-
Horo noJloNceHlre npoAbJlxaBa Aa ce Bnolxana' IllapuxKara KoMyHa, ur{re AbpxaBHH crpyKTypu crorr Kouuremr sa o6qecrseHo cflace-
c6eprzcrlme v, ,,6ecuvtte" ucrar BbBexraHero rla HoB ,,MaKcuMlrM" I'I urrc, vnfiro be:cnopeH BoAaq e Po6ecnuep.
c'rporr4 McpKH cpeuy crlerynaHrlrre. Hanperuarara o6cranoBKa Kapa tr{srr,upe4uare MepKrr B rrKoHoMr{Kara H BbrperrrHara [oJrr{Trr-
rur<16rrrrrtr.r'r'c /la rlpt4cMar rlac't or I4cKaHEf,Ta ua xpaitaure paII{KanHIr r(il, npegrrpt4era or xro6nsr{ure, cKopo 3anoqBar Aa EaBar pe3ynraru.
'r'(:rroriurl. llpc'l ttl:tu r,r cctlrcMltpn c'bcraBt,r ua Kouurera:a o6rqecr- llpes nocreAHr4re Mecerlr4 sa 1793 u Haqaroro na 1794 t. ycunktfl,-
Ire u() 0nitcollt.tC C o6ltollclt, Ktrt'o Ir ttCI'o BnlI3aT PO6ecunep n 6nugxure
'la na KoHseHTa 3a cna6AssaHero r{ peopraHnga\hflTa:aa apvlaflTa ce
My.l()Jud'r'r.irrocr(H c'r,pilrltuqlt. f.I,au't'ctt'1, Koiito e [pHBT,p]KeHI{K Ha }n,re- or(a3Bar ycnerrrHr{. Hosara raKTrrKa u 6oeu Ayx Ha Speucxl.ne apvtrrLt
pcr"lr4:r'c McpItI4, o oTCTpaHeH oT KoMI{TeTa. rro3Bon-f, BaT Aa ce oTxBT,pn.f,T rryxAecTpaHHrurTe sofi cxu 3a[\ fpaHLil]J4-

B xpax Ha IonH 1793 r. ca Irpuerl{ Hf,KoJIKo Ael(pera, Kol{ro rlocra- 'lc. flpes rpoJrerra u Jrrroro rua 1794 r. Speucrolre peBoJrrourroHHu
'
B.rrr HaqaJroro Ha peBonlouuoHHara Al{Krarypa Ha sr<o6pInuure. Kon- noiicxv crbrrBar Ha repaTopuflTaHa EeJrrm, Pefigcrara o6tact,tr4ta-
Ber'IT6T npe.qocraBll npaBo Ha Kouurera sa o6ruecrreHo crlaceHue Aa Jtllfl. H l4cnasws,. Cnea o6ca.4a pr aprvnepuitcxu o6crpen, BoAeH or
apecryBa [oA'o3pLITenHVI IttN\A, BT,BeX,4a Ce cMsprHo HaKasaHI{e 3a vna4ut aprutrcpuficru KarrHTaH Hauoneou Eoaauapt, aHrJruqaHlrre
cneKynaHTHTe Ha XpaHI4TeJIHII npOAyKTI4, HMyUIeCTBOTO Ha BpaloBere ca rporoHeHu or Tyrou. Cuasan e r{ Merexcbr srs BaHIex. Opra-
ua peuy6ruxura ce xousucryna, [peAaAeHa e Ha cbA 6l'rsurara KpaJIu- rr[3upaHoro cna6nxsaHe ua llapzx yt ocramarrTe roneMu rpaAoBe
qa Mapux AuroaHera. BseN.Iar ce peurl4TenHlr MepKlr 3a cMzrBaHero r rolo6p.ana npoAoBoncrBeHoro rroJroxeHue.
Ha BbTperrIHaTa KoHTpapeBoJIIoIlH.fi, KaTO B ITpOBITHUI'IflTa Ce Ir3rlpa- flocrenenno B H3rpaAeHara cr{creMa ga sxo6wHcrcara Alz,K'ra-
ular KoMr{capu ua KonreHra c nolITI{ HeorpanuueHrr rlBJrHoMourlls. B rypa 3anorrBut Ea ce vlsflBflBar pa3nvqnv rrporuBopequfl* I4cxanrlx-
'r'a Ha caHKK)Jrorr{Te 3a courraJrHo paBeHcrBo, rrspa3rBaHu oco6eso
Kpa.fl Ha aBrycr ce cBI{KBa HoB MacoB Ha6op 3a apvrprflTala ce o6xaxsa
o6qa no6un:a3aulrs. Ao or6rr,crsaHe Ha BT,HIITHHTe BparoBe. BcInqxu cl4JIHo o:t ,,6ecuate'0" a Lr. or H.rIKoI{ reBv fllro1uHrllr Haqeno cE6ep u
npeAcraBureJrzTe Ha flapuxxara KoMyHa, He Morar ga 6rgar npu-
$paHuyslr ca 3a.qr,nxeHl{ Aa noMarar 3a BT,opr,xaBaHero, o6nu'Iauero
u cruaignea:aero c [po,qoBoJICTBIre Ha apuilflTa. cru or pbKoBoAcrBoro Ha .sxo6znqure, mfi xaro re [poruBopeqar
Te:n ueprn He 3aAoBoJlflnar ,,6ecHI4Te" u e6eprucrl{Te. Ha 4 u 5 na cbrrluocrla Ha 6ypxoa3Hara peBoJrroqr{fl. Ero:aulo Kouurersr ga
celreMBpu n flapax :auoqBar BbJIHe :a:afl. Ha caHKIoJIort4Te. I{:Anrar c e o6rqecrreHo crraceHr{e, Br,npeKrr rre rbpcu [oAxpdfrara Ha caHKroJrorr4-

30 31
Te, ce cTpeMH Aa orpaHIIqI{ TtrXHOTO Bltyt[Hlt4e B IIOJITITUqeCKIUI XrlBOT. l\r6ecnuep H HeroBgre nfrznrpNenutlu. flxo6vHcKara AHKTarypa e
3ano.rsa fipecneABaHe Ha reBr{Te pa4u:rran*kr ABrrxeH}r.fl. Bo4a.m ua nl)Hera or yMepeHara 6ypxoasnrr Karo nocJreAHo cpeAcrBo Aa ce
,,6ecHure" ntax Py e apecryBaH rrpe3 eaeHra rta ll93 n u ABaxeHr{ero 'iiura3r{ peBoJrroqu[ra.
Ho cneA JIuKBrrAHpaHero Ha BbrpexrHara KoH-
ry6u cutara cm. B cle4rarqrrre MeceIIr4 e6eprucrure 3acuJrBar rtac:a- rl)apeBonloql{.rl II BoeHHr{Te yCIIexIuI Ha ap:ItrLlfl'Ia yMepeHllTe IlcKaT
re crr cpeqy Fo6ecuuep H rpyrrara oKoJro Heto, qe He ca AocrarT,q- II
l)eMaXBaHeTO Ha Ar{KTaTOpCKr,rTe MeTO.4I4 Ha ylpaBneHrre, npeKpa-
Ho paArrKaJrHu. B cpe4ara Ha Mapr 1794 r., cJreA onrrr Aa opraHr.r3rrpar laIlaHeTo Ha Tepopa rr Bb3cTaHoBfBaHeTo na hrnsara cno6oAa B rrKo-
BbcraHue cpeuy npaBureJrcrBoro, E6ep v HeroBrrre [pHBbp)KeHHrIu ca r roMHKara. flporzanrzq
u aa Po6ecnhep ca rr p.erry-ra'ru, BbBJreqeHu B
apecTyBaHrr pr cJreA KparbK rrpoqec - rtrnoTHHr.rpaHl.r. Ma-nxo ro-KbcHo rrc:raKoHHI4 crenrl{ u cneKynaur4kr, onacflr,arllu ce ot o6rzHeuzxra,
e apecryBaH u rrrJrorlrHupaH rrreHbr Ha flaplrxrcara KoMyHa LUouer, r,tIuro Po6ecnHep, HapeqeH cnpaBelnuno Heno4KynHrr.rrr, 6rz trortn
o6sHHeH B orr?rr Aa rrporrzBorrocraBr.r Konaynara na Konseura H Hero- rltt nrs6y4a cpeqy rxx. Kou$ntKrr,r MexAy ABere rpy[upoBKr,r ce
BUTe OpraHH" tirct4JlBa u wslyxsa B Kpa, Ha roJIIuI 1794 r. - Meceu repMuAop no
Y4apvre cpeqy clnepHr{rlrlre ua xxo6usur{re He ca HacoqeHlr iloBIL KaneHAap.
caMo HiuurBo. B rpax Ha Mapr ca apecryBaHr.r flanrou r{ HeroB}rre npu- Po6ecuuep yceqa lg,acrpoernflra cpeqy Hero r.r peuraBa Na ara-
BbpxeHrruu. ,{aHron e eArrH or JrrrAepuTe Ha ),MepeHoro Kprzno or HoBo- (26wru) rofi grpxu ro-
r(yBa nT,pBtz 3aroBopHprlure.Ha B reprr,ru4op
saGorarsrara lypxoazua" Koero cJreA rrT,pBlrre yclexu Ha sxo6nncxara ,rrrMa peq n KoHseura, B Ko-rrro odruHxna peArrua Aerryrurr4 BbB Bepo-
Ar{Krarypa zci<a orcna6BaHero Ha repopa u [peMaxBaHero Ha rrprluy- ,roMcTBo, nl.ll]eMepl4e, ]fi}pyttlJklfl, no 6es Aa cnoMeHasa HLIeHa. TOna
I(HrerHr{Te MepKH B Hr(oHoMt4r(irra. Tosa o6aqe ce crpyBa npex(IeBpe- rrrii o6erqara Aa c:ropH Ha Apw4fl Aeu. Ho 3aroBopHr{rlzTe ycil.rrBar
MeHHo Ha Po6ecnucp 14 uol otlat'il rpyna. flarrrou, Kauufr {errayneu u
,r(a ce opraHr43nput. Ha cyrpeurHoro 3aceIaHueua9 TepMrrAop nr,pBrz
TexHrlTe npr,rBlpxeHuuu ca r.r4Jtot,!nl4[]arJr4 lla 5 alpul lj94 r.
' n JCMa IyMara 6rtusxuxr np:z^flTen ua Po6ecnnep Ceu T{ycr. Ho saro-
Cne4 yHr{rqoxaBaHero lra rpyflfipotsKuTe, Konro oclopBar Brracrra r|opHL{qIrTe fo fIpeKT,cBaT kl He My IIo3BoJIrBaT Aa [poAT,nxv perila cv.
sa,Po6ecnuep r{ HeroB}rre rrpuBbpxeHr{r{rr, Tepopbr n flaplrx n qx-
/(yuara ucra Po6ecluep, Ho npeAce.qarencrBaulu.rrr uy orxasra. B
nara crpaHa He caMo He crrupa, Ho rr [poAr,Jrx(aBa c Heorcna6rarqa Illlcr:blrHJraTa cyMaToxa eAr4H oT nesa6erexHMHTe Aocera Ae[yTaTr.l
cula. flo4 orrpeAeneHr.rero ,,BparoBe Ha HapoAa" Moxe .qa [onaAHe (rr' ,,6raroro" :u,c:rra apecryBaHero Ha Po6ecnuep. Cleg xpamo role-
noqru BceKlz.,PenomoqzoHHuTe rpv6yuatu 4efr crnar rro cbKpareHa tlituue KoHseurbr rJracyBa ,pa". Ap)ecryBaHl{ ca Po6ecnnep, HeroBr{-
[porleAypa kr rJpv,c\Aara B roBeqero cnyqau e cMbpr. lulorwlaara rlr'5par, Ceu Xycr, Kyrou t 4pyrh po6ecnzepucrn.
pa6oru HelpeKT,cHaro. Cnope4 :a3alncrenurflTa Ha rrcropr{rlr4Te xepr- Becrra 3a apecryBaHero lra Po6ecnlrep Ir HeroBHTe rrpr{Bbplre-
Brrre Ha ro3r{ Tepop or eceHra sa 1793 Ao nsroro sa 1794 r. e oKoJro rrr'rqu ce pa3npocrpanxna 6r,p:o r llapux. fli<o6uuct<usr lcny6 u Ko-
30 xul. Ayruu. Hape4 c roBa Bce oule npoAbjrxaBa 4a 4eficrna AeKpe- MyHaTa sacTaBaT Ha HeroBa cTpafla z flprr3oBaBaT HapoAa r(:bM BlcTa-
T:sr 3a ,,o6t1ufl, MaKczM),M", xofrto orpaHur{aBa LIKoHoMIzqecKara cBo- rttre. Be.repra Bbopr,xeHhre caHKroJroru oceo6oxgarar Po6ecuxep u
6ogaua 6ypxoa:zxra. Bnacr:ra [poAr,JrxaBa la6slp cHJrHo rleHrpa- /(pyfapllTe My, KoprTo oT]?IBaT B 3AaHr{eTo ua KoUyUara. Ho re ce Ko-
na3upaHav Ha [paKTHKa e B pr,uere ua Po6ecnzep, rofiro e rJraBHara rc6axr Aa 3acra:aut Harrero Ha e4rro Bt,craHlre Ha caHKroJrorr{Te [po-
Snrypa r Kotrrlrera sa o6rqecrreHo crraceHrre. 'r'He KoHseura. BroprxenyrTe ilaplaxra*r4 3arloqBar
Aa ce pasorlrBar.
He4onolcrroro Ha yMepeHara 6ypNoasux or npoAbnxaBaHero M exq4yrpeueHHo 3aroBo pHlr\ar e o 6ssxsar Po6e cnuep v 3BT,H 3aKoHa
ua xxo6uscKara ArrKTarypara ce 3acvJtBa. flocrenenno cpeA Aeny- il yctTer,a'r Aamoiulusupar HaUV oHaJIHure rBapAefiUu or 6ypxoa.:uare
Tarrrre or ,,6raroro" ce o0opu-s urupoK 3aroBop, HacorreH cpeqy ocIsIHu Ha llapzx. Krcuo npe3 HorIITa re 3ameMar"3AaHr{ero Ha Kouy-

32
JJ
Hara. Po6ecilIlep [paBI{ Heyc[erreH ofII'IT 3a caMoy6HficrBo' Ha lpy- I Icronara rroJrprr[Ka ce ABrrxu Karo JrroJrKa Mexry y4apvre,laar.acl^lnrl
wffi AeH, 10 repr"ru4op, Po6ecnuep, Cen Xy"r, Ityrou 14.4pyru rexxlr illulflcHo 14 H€uI_flBo.
npxBr,pxeHHuI4 Ca THJIOTW],irVlAH[ 6e: crI. llonrrrrlqecxlrre npecneplBa'nlafl. Ir no[Ioro [poAoBoncrBeHo
uoJ'rolr(eHue n flapux rJracKar caHKroJroruTe KbM crupourna. flpes
,(clrMr{Hrrn u rpepr4aJr (anpun u mafi. 1795 r.) re rpaBflr ABa onr.rra 3a
6. yIIPABJIEHI{ETO HA IL{PEKTOP}LqrA nr,craHue c lacKaHyrfl.3a ,,xrfl6 H KoHcrrrryr\rz,flTa or 1793 r". C no-
r\roulra ua HaquoualHara rBapAHs. v apv,uflTa ,{upexropr4flTa ilory-
Ilpeopar:sr or 9 reprrar'rgop cnara rpaii ua -f,xo6HHcKara AI{Kra- IIIABA JICCHO TC3I{ BbCTAHIIfl.
Typa y AoBexAa Ha BJIacr noro:a6orarx-rra1a 6ypxoasux' B KoHseH- Ilpoma Ha rroJruTurrecKoro HeAoBonctBo Ha neBr4rlara e ,,3aro-
Ta ce BpTruIaT oTrroB0 rl3foHeHr.lTe AerryraTr.r-xupoHALIHUH. 3aUo.IeaT rropr,r Ha paBHrrre" ua lparx Ea6so$ (1760-1797). llpec:regnaH :a
npecJleABaHplfl cpeuy .sro6Nuuure u caHl(Ionorure' -f,ro6IIHCKIrflT u(ururnqecKrTe chMAer4H 3arBopeH npes 1795 r., Ea6ro$ cT,c cBolt-
xny6 r flapuxxara KoMyHa ca ptrrrycHaru. ApecryeaHrr ca MHoro or rc cbMrrrrrJreHrruu c'rb3AaBa B 3arBoparaitua opraHrrarlux. Ba6ro$ u
Brt L]HldT e AXO 6UHqu u sait- Aefi]g.trTe IIap HXKH C aH KIOJIOTII, M HO3 HH a oT
()craHaJIHTe rrJIeHoBe Ha ,,3aroBopa Ha paBHHTe" ca [puBT,pxeHIrIIH
Tf,X Ca ocbAeHpr Ha cMbpT r{JrH r{3EpaTeHr{ Ha 3aroqeHlIe. B crpauara
ua ypaBHrrrenHn.rr arpapeH KoMyHI{3r,Na. CaMu.f,r Ea6roS cMrrra 3a He-
ce pa3BlIxpfl ,,6xn repop", rpyrur or r.Hap. 3ilarHa Mna.4ex repopl43lI-
o6xo4uuo cb3.qaBaHero Ha o6rqecrso 6es qacrHa co6crseHocr, roero
[)i[r |pa/loBcre . flpe: eceHra ua l]94 r e orMeHeH w ,,o6ulttxr MaKcr{- rr(c pa3npe.4erq [opaBHo npugo6ur]rre or nporr3BoAcrroro (uanno
MyM'", I43B1,Hpe/lI{H I{KOHOMIITIeCKII MepKr{ ua ffio6uuqure'
ll /lpyl'rl'rc (:oJrcKocrorraucro) 6lara. Ilpes 1796 r. cre4u3raaHero crr or 3arBo-
'l'cgx,1ttTlrtpttttlttlt4T'C: llpcMaxllaT BCt4qKu OrpaHI{qeHpI.x B I{KOHOI\{I4Kara,
l)a 3ar-oBopHur\krTe 3arroqBaT rroAfoToBKa 3a BbcTaHrre, Ho ca H3AaAe-
r r il JI o)Ker cttara AI4KTarypa.
l r,r trt' n ro6 n I I
nr.r r{ BoAaqure rrM - apecryBaHrr. flpe: xrapr 1797 r. Ea6roS u Apyrrl
'
ll;rcr ccclrra na 1795 x, ce cr,3AaBa HoBa Koucrnryuu's' C He-fl ,rJreHoBe ua
,,3aronopa Ha paBHlrre" ca ocb4eHlr Ha cMT,pr LI eK3e-
o.l'llroBo Ce BbBeXAaT ABycTeleHI{u uz6opu c IIeH3oBII orpaHI'{qeHIIs. r(yrupaHpr. Hosara rIeH3oBa lrs6upareru a cuerev,a, [pecJreABaHuflTa
Bzcurara 3aKoHoAareJIHa BJIacr - napnaMeHTbT, ce cbcrol{ or ABe Ka- opeqy sxo6unrrure H caHKloJrorr.rre HaMan-rrBa coIIr4aJIHara 6asa ga
MapH Cbser sa 500-re a Ct rer Ha crapefiukrurtre or 240 Ayrun' B
- yrpaBJreHr{ero ua,{uperropvflra.
Ci;nera Ha 590-re Morar Aa 6t Aar ws1upauu caMo xopa, HaBT'pilrIanH
Cx6uruxra or 9 repuu,4op rr repopr,r cpeuy JreBr{rrara 3acr{JrBar
30 ro4lfiul, a s crnera ua crapefimr{Hr{Te - 40 roAuura. Bcsxa to4ylHa
uo3r{rlrrr{Te Ha poflJrr.rcrrrre. flpes m,pBHTe Meceq[ Ha ynpaBneHrrero
ce rroAMeHfl eAHa TpeTa oT cbcTaBa Ha ABeTe KaMapLl. Bucurara H3IIT,JI- ila TepMr{AoprraHrlr4Te HrKot4 oT MepKr4Te cpeqy poxilucTLffe M }te-
HrrreJIHa Bnacr ce B pr,uere ua,{uperroplf.fl, cr'>croflIlla ce or
]fray,l],11pa
uoJrorr<lzJrure KJrerBa cBeqeHplul4 ca cMeKqeHIr. Tosa BoAI{ Ao cb3Aa-
rrerr{Ma AHpeKTop}I, rocoqBaHu or creera sa 500-re uruz6wpauu or BaHe Ha klrwgkTflTL qe TepMr.lAoprraHrlr.{Te MoraT Aa 6t Aar cBiureH}r
ct,eera na crapefirukllnlfie. fleprao4nuuo ce ilo.4MeHfl epl4r: OT AHpeK- rrccHo or BJracr. B Ha.raroro Ha roHr{ 1795 r. s Tal\ann ytraupa cr{Hbr
TOpI,ITe. HUero Ha To3r{ opraH IaBa Ha3BaHlrero Ha IIenI4'',I IIepHOA AO rraIIyu XVI, lraronerHu.,rr JIyl XVII. HacleAnzr Ha rrpecrona no.q
1799 r"- yrpaBJreHue ua,{upexropktfl.fa. flo peurenue na KonseHra r rrMero JIyu XVIII craBa HeroBrr.sr qurro, rpaQ fiporaucxr.r, noiiro e r
IlT,pBIl,fl cT,cTaB Ha HoBIlfl IIapnaMeHT ABe TpeTI{ oT MecTaTa ce 3aeMaT cMrlrparlr{.fl. flpes ronu rofi usAaea rraauu$ecr, c xofiro o6eulasa
oT r{reHoBeTe na KoHseHra. Tara ce ocur}?flBa npI4eMCTBeHOCTTa Ha BpbulaHeTo Ha cbcJroBrrflT4 fiapra]tle}lTa v cTapoTo rroJroxeHHe Ha
Bnacrra or repMuAopu aHIII{Te rrn flzpercr opkrflT a. l{r,pnnara. C aHmzficxv ilapu) opbxrre ru yuu$oprrrrr ce opraHrur3pr-
Ynparneuuero na fiupeKropurlTa ue e oco6euo cra6unHo I{ e pa poflJrr{crKr.r AecaHr, croBapeH Ha rronyocrpoB Ku6epou r Eperan
3acTparrreHo oT ABe rnaBHrl oIIacHocTH - po.f,nHcrHre u sro6unr{ure.

34 35
 npe3 roHH 1795 r. flparurercruoro o6aqe ra3npalqa 6rpso peny6nu- MCr-rHo c roBa r{3rrbKBa rr Karo noJrr{TI{K. B naqaroro Ha ce[TeMBpr{
KaHcKr{ roficra, KoHTo B Kpa, Ha roJrr{ pa3rpoMflBar pox:rucrure. FIag lr797 r. Hanoneou noAlroMara lupexropuxra cpeqy HoB orrur Ha
750 gyruu,3rlrroBeHn c anrnuficxu MyHArrpn, ca pa3crpeJrrHrz Karo l)oflrlrcrr{Te Aa 3aB3eMar BJracrra r{pe3 npeBpar. MupHrxr AoroBop,
r{3MeHHrlurl. To:ll neycnex ne orqafiBa pornr{crr4Te H B Harraroro Ha (:KrroqeH n KananoSopMr.ro npe3 oKroMBpH 1797 r., e H3r1sno HeroBo
oKToMBpu 1795 r. n flapux re rrpaBrr orrr{r 3a B6craH}Ie, xoilro e pa:- lBopeHrre. IIo rosz.qoroBop Ancrpnx [prr3HaBa $peucxure 3a.BoeBa-
rpoMeH c [oMorqTa Ha opE.4r{.,{Ta Ha apMrulTa I{ aKTHBHoTo yriacTl{e Ha rur.s s Eerrzx, Hugeprar,qrls.kt Pefiucxara o6lacr. Odpasynar ce.uBe
reHepar Hanoleon EoHanapr. Brnpexu re3pr Heyclexrr rrpffi uen]r;l rroBr.r Al,ulepnu peny6nuru - Jlnrypuitcxa u l\usatmuitcxa, B Kor{ro

ilepuor Ha yrrpaBJreHnero Ha r{uperropuxra, po.flJrr{crKara orracHocr rurH3a roqrrr qxra Cerepsal4ratrus,. Hanoneos HaJrara roJreMH KoH-
npoAbnxaBa La 6t le cepuo3Ha 3arrJlaxa. rpulygvtu na uoeure peny6nura H KT,M @palrrlux ce orrrpaB.rr noroK
Ha $oua sa uec:,aluJrHoro BbrperxHo [oJroxeHr{e repMrlAopu- ()'r 3Jraro, xoero cra6nnu3krpaAbpxaBHuTe $raHaucu. Boeunure rz no-

aHrrrrre u ,{upenroplaflTa uv,ar BoeHHH [I BT,HIITHoIIonI{TuqecKu ycne- JrHTHqecKr{Te yclexu ro npaB-rrr He caMo eArrH or uafi-upoclaBeHuTe
xu. flpes 3rlvraraua 1794*1795 r peaonmqlroHHrzre @peucrra apv,Lrlz, rllpencru reHepaJrr{, Ho H rroJrnruuecxa $urypa.
3aBna.qrBar Eerru.a, Hugepnangu.fl u PefiHcxara o6nacr. Boeuuare B saqanoro sa 1798 r, Hanoneon ilpeAnara Aa ce opraHn3lrpa
ycnexh Ha peny6nuxara BoA.flr Ao paspyrlaBaHero Ha rrr,pBara Kozuru- cKcfleArrqr{.x 3a 3aBnaAflBaHero Ha Eruner. Ifelra Ha er(crre.qu\yrura
qr.rx. flpe: 1795 r. ca cKrloqeHrr MrapHrr AoroBopr{ c flpycua, Hngep- c Ia ce JfiiKBup:rpa anrnuficxoro roclo.qcrBo n Cpegu:emHo Mope u
ilan4us,uLlcnanusl B roa":rzqrura ocraBar cauo Asrnux, Ascrpunw /la ce 3acrparrar anrnufrcxrrre vHrepecu s l4ugvt. flpe: rr.rafi l79B r.
fluenaour. l{auoreou c roJr.rrMa ecxaApa xopa6u ra roiicxu 3arroqBa er(c[eAuqn-
MupHure ,qoroBoprr or 1795 r. 6enexar npoMl{Ha B}B Br,HIIrHara lra. Ha rrbr 3a Erzner e rrpemer crparer[qecKrrflT ocrpos Manra.
norr{TuKa ua peny6nlrra:ra. llocrefleHHo urqeflTa 3a peBon]ou]roHeH IJ Eruner orHaqiuo ct 1mrusra ce pa3BrrBar B rroJr3a na Hanoneon.
rroxo4 cperqy peaKrlrroHHa Erpona orcrbrrBa Ha 3a.qeH rrJraH Lr ce Bb3- 13 egHa 6hrxa npv rtupa.,,ltu4rr. ro* pa36arBa soficKara Ha MaMenro-

craHoB-f,Ba crapilflT cTpeMex ua $peucxara BT,HIITHa IToJIpITVKa 3a xe- ru{Te r.r BJrrr3a B Kafipo. flocreAsalu.rrr orrr{T Aa 6t Ae saB3era Cwpvts

..reMoHu.rr r Espona. C rr.rapnlme AoroBopu or 1795 r e peanrr3r.rpaHa

c Heycflemen. B ua.{aroro Ha aBrycr 1798 n asrnraftcra ecKaApa rroA
' crapqaMeqra na Speucrara BT,HrrrHa noJrrrrr{Ka 3a r.Hap. ecrecrBeHu r(oMaHABaHero Ha aAMrrpan Hencrn pas6ura npz A6yxup Spencxux
rpaHr{qu ro peKa Pefis. IlocneABaJroro npeo6pa-:yraHe Ha Hlrgeprau- rplor. Hanoreon u Speucnure roficru ce oKasBar B KarraH.
A:afl, B Earascxa peny6nuxa, cr,Io3eHa c (Dpauqua, noJlara HaqaJloro IIo npenae Ha orcbcrBrrero Ha Hauoneon floJroxeHr{ero ua [u-
Ha a3rpaxAaHero Ha cr{creMa or 3aBHcvMu or (Dpanqkrfl. prbu\epuu peKTopr{.flTa e secra6umro. EruuercKr{.rrr noxoA craBa npuqn*a 3a
peny6nuru. Tasu cncreuacepa3BklBa npu [ocJleABaJrvre ilpe3 1796r. cb3IaBaHero Ha HoBara (rropara) anrN$peucxa Koannrlt4.rr [pe3 eceH-
'ra na 1798 r B He.s srusar AHuut, Ascrput. Ocuascxaravrufiepws,vr
BoeHHH reficraus cpeuy Arcrpua lz.l4rutws.
B naqaloro sa 1796 r. KoMaHABaHero Ha I4ranraancxara.aput4t Pycux. flpez 1799 r. BoeHHoro floJroxeHue ua @panqua ce BnorrraBa.
e rroBepeHo Ha MnaAH.rr 27-rogwteu rcHepiu Hanoneon Eouauapr. E4ua pvcra apMvrfl, rroA KoMaH.qBaHero Ha reHepan Cyeopon nilKlpt4u-
I4raluaucrcutr roxoA na Eonauapr rrpe3 1796*1797 r. e noperrlIla pa $peHcrcnre 3aBoeBaHut s Vlrarux. Heycuexu rbplrrr ,{uperropur-
or 6lecr.sulu BoeHHrr yclexx. 3a rparrco BpeMe rait ycnxza.qa cJroMr{ Ta u Ha Apyrr{ BoeHHrr $pourone.
ctflporr{Bara na flueuosr. B sxronKo yclerrlHu 6urxu, tIpI4 Kolrro hasuara ilpr{rruHa sa neycrofiuuBoro rroJroxeHr{e ua r{nperro-
ce [po.rrBtrBa HeroBrr-rrr orpoMeu BoeHerr ranaH! Hauoneon ycrlf,Ba pHflTa e cta6ara ir corluanna 6asa. B exeroAHr{re uz6opu 3a ABara
ga pas6ue [ocneAoBareJrHo HflKoJmo arcrpnfcKl{ apMrrpr. E4nonpe- cT,BeTa npe3 nocneAHHTe roArlHr{ no6e4u freqeJrfi T nprrBbpxeHurr\vff e

36 31
Ha posJlptcruTe H .f,Ko6HHIII'ITe. B 3auaAua @pauqu.a orp.flAllre Ha po- 7. PEOOPMI{TE HA HAIIOJIEOH EOHAilAPT
sIucTKHHacTpoeHI4TeIIIyaHI,IIlpaBfl:rAopI{onIITI-IAaIIpeBeMaTuenu
rpa.4oBe. 3acrznsa ce rr BJlrr_rrHrreTo Ha.sro6unqure, oco6euo cnel BO-
llpenparsr ua 18 Spiomep 6enexa Kpa.f, Ha peBonroqprfl-fa vt Ha-
eHHlrTe HeyCIIexH. JIOTUO e u $nnancOBOTO rloJIOxeHIte Ha CTpaHaTa. 'lilJloro Ha rwl.rraata AurcTarypa na Hanoneou Eonanapr. T.x o6a.re He
L: ti flporuBopeqae c HHTepeczre r{a crpaHara. YcrasoBrBauero Ha
flonrarHqecxugr crpofi, cr,3AaAeH or repMI{.4opI1aHI-lHTe, ce oKa3Ba
nrrpeuuu, TaKa }r Ha BbHIITHI{ crlJIHa Bnac! Ko.rITo Hocr{ cuoxoficrnue BT,B BbrpeurHara noJILITr4Ka Ir
uecra6llneH I{ noAnoxeH KaKTO Ha
JII{KBIUII- nocHHn ycnexlr HaBTlH, rro3BoJr-flBa Ha HoBara 6ypxoasux.4a yKpelu
oilacEocTH. IIpu rona flonoxQHr{e eAr{HcTBeH r43XOA OCTaBa
TA UKOHO]\4I,IqC CKA H IIOJIHTI{qC CKA BJIACT.
paHeTo na KoucruryrJ4flTl Ha,{r.rpemopvflTA pl BbBeXAaHeTO Ha CI{JI-
C I }Ofl

HO ynpaBJresze. cnoueHbT 3a Po6ecnnep u3KJrroarBa BT,3MOlKHOCrta E4uoruuHoro )rrrpaBneHue sa HanoneoH rrpeMuHaBa npe3 pa3-
3A Cp7ilHA nf,Ba .{I4KTarypa, 3aTOBa Ce [peAfloquTa HflKO.I CLIJf,}fA [IOJII{-
lrr4rrdr{ erarrr{. Cneg nperpara ot' 18 6prorraep rofi e cauo e.{HH or rpr{-
Mirra KoHcyJrlr HaqeJro Ha H3rrr,JrHlrreJruara BJracr. Cnopeg Koncrury-
Tr4qecKa $rrypa, rron3Baula ce c rro.4rpefiutar:a aplalaflra'
llpes eceura ua 1799 x, MHo3IrHa or BoAeurl{re flonlrr]ruu ca y6e- \nflTa, [pHeTa HacKopo cJreA ToBa, Beqe uflraTa BJracT e cbcpeAoTo-
,rcHa B pbrlere Ha rrtpBufl KoHCyn
AeHr.r B neo6xoAhuocT.ra oT H3BsprrBaHeTo Ha rrpeBpaT)
Ho Ha TflX uM - Hauoleou, a ocraHaJrr4Te ABaMa
cropo TaKaBa snrypa
oT apMr{rra. uMar caMo cbBeulareneH tJrac. 3acrlnsaHero Ha Bracrra My r.rABa B pe-
rpx6ra cvrltaJrr{qHocr, rroAKperrrHa
'lyJrTaT Ha HetoBHTe BbTperrrHorloJllzTr4qecKu rr BoeHHH ycflexu u ilpe3
e HzInmIe. Ocranan ISonIrpaH cbc cBoflTa apMl'r, s Erunel Hanoleos
Eonanapr npeAnplreMa plrcKoBaHo rlr,ryBaHe upes anmuficrara 6loxara Iu02 r. Hanoleon craBa rroxr{s}reH KoHcyJr , a ua 2 AeKeMBprr 1804 r
rofi ce KopoHf,cBa 3a r4Mneparop.
a CpeguseuHo Mope u ilpe3 oIfloMBpI{ 1199 r. rpucrl4ra mr @panqux'
Tofr ce oKa3Ba Hafi-roAxoAflxrara 3a rlpe4croflulIlfl rpeBpar' Brrperunara rroJri4Tr{Ka sa HanoneoH e HacoqeHa Kr,M oKoHrra-
f,lrypa
Prxoso.qllreJl Ha [peBpara cra&a Cuitec, eAI'IH or lIJIeHoBere Ha lonHoro H3rpaxAaHe HavmcrrlTyrlr{Hre Ha HoBara 6ypxoasua grp-
/
acana. E4*a or nbpBr{re 3aAaqx e $znancosara pe$oprrla. Crzgaza
finpercropuxra. Ha 18 6prorraep (9 uoeruepu 1799 r-) 3aceraunfrraHa
ABara,cbBera ce ilpeHac.xr B rlapzxKoro npegrpa4ue CeH Kly noa
(rc HoBa crrcreMa or rrpeKrz .qaHbrIH, cr6upaun ueHTpanz3upaHo or

.re flapux e 3arrJratrreH OT BT,CTaHI{e Ha neOsro6unIlure. Ha- :ulpxatsHrz opraHr4. B 1800 r. ce ocHoBaBa aKuuoHepna (Dpencra
...npeAnoq
' ,oreo" EoHanapr e o6sseH 3a KoMaHABaxI Ha pa3nonoxeHlzre e IIa- (1auxa, Kofro rronyrraBa flpaBo Aa [ycxa IT,pxaBHH 6anruoru. Or
pux eoficrz. Ha 4pyrur aes - 19 6prolrep, npe4 o6rqoro ct'6pauwe lli03 r. $paHxrr craBa ocuoBHara rapr{qHa eArrHr.rqa. Tesu kr g1py-
n,r MepKr{ AoflprrHac.flr ga ce cra6ulrknrpar AT,pxaBHrrre QuHancu
sa lsaracbBera Hanoleos Abpxcu peq, c KorITo lrcKa 4a y6e4u 4eny-
II CTOIAHCKII-'I XHBOT.
Tarrrre e Heo6xoAlrMocrra or npoM.rlHara na Koncrrl'ry\hflaa' Aeny-
TaTr{Te Bb3MyTeHO pearHpaT Ha perrTa My }1 ro o6suHssaT B CTpeMex Cnequamru MepKE ce B3eMar 3a noArroMaraHero Ha $pencrara
Hauoleol{ HanycKa 3ailuta. Torara ce ur(oHoMrrKa u oco6eHo Ha rrpoMr.{uneHocrra 14 TT,proBr{flra. Cts4a-
K:bM AllKrarypa. Pa:xole6au,
rcofiro e [peAceAaren Ha BaT Ce [poMI4[IneH]I II T6pTOBCKH IIaJIaTH, OKOHqaTenHO Ce HiUIara
HaMecBa HeroBrrrr 6par Jlrocueu Eouanapr,
MeTpurrHaTa cuc'Ie]lla, Bo.4I4 ce nocneA0BaTenHa rrpoTeKuLIoHI{cTKa
Crsera ua 500-re. Tofi ce o6plqa c peq Kr,M o6xptxlrnuTe crpaAara
ilofllrTrrKa, Ko-rrTo 3arrlr{rara $pencKaTa [poMr{rrlJreHocT oT BHoca Ha
noilnrEuu. fIoA xouauAarta:rra BepHu na HanoneoH reHepann sofiHu-
rlrrre B 3lJrAta 3a 3ace/ia]flurfl u pa3toHB aT Le]i1y^furlrre. cruara
BJrr{3aT 'ryxnrr fipoMrrmne]rr4, uraBHo alrruuitcxu croKrr. Iipes 1806 r. ce yHrr-
Beqep rracT o.r AerryTaTrrTe oT ABaTa CT,BeTa o6ssssaT pa3nycKaHeTo ltwgupa rbproBcKoro npaBo cr,c crrequanea Trprorcru KoAeKc.
ua [uperropuflTa r{ 3aMecTBaHero ir c KoHcyncKa KoMHCII-fl OT TpI{Ma Hanoreon npoBexAa H r;a)rila aAMr{HrrcrprilunHa pe$optyra. Cptc-
'r'cMaTa Ha orpa-
KoHcynu Haqero c Hanoleon Bonanapr. AelapTaMeHTrrTe e 3aIa3eHa, Ho caMoyrryaBJreHr{eTo e

38 39
HpIqeHo rI BJracT"fa e crzJrHo rleHTpaJrrr3HpaHa. Ha Bcr{rrKr.r pT,KoBoA]FIu aA- paBeHcrBO [peA 3aKOHa. YcranoseHo e HoBO aEM:g,H]1,CT?ATUBHO-Te-
MHHHCTpaTI{BHII .UII,XHOCTrI HUL3HaqeHr4flT A Ca OT rIeHTpanHaTa BJIaCT. pr{TopuanHo ycrpofi crro, Koero n}rKBr.rAupa crapr.rre rpaHuurc MexAy
Ha pe$opua e noAJroxesa u cr.qe6Hara cucreMa. OrlreHena e oTAenHLrTe rrpoBHHrIUU.
us 6opuo crr a Ha c'b AVr4Te, BbB exrar c e p zunuqHI,r cr, ALrlruu\a, np aB oro Penonroqzxra cb3AaBa HoBa coquanHa crpyrrypa Ha o6ulecrao_
Ha arre lr.ar\ufl np eI [o-B Hcrrre cro.fl rqa crAe 6na r{HoraHrlutr. Pe $opuara ro. Brs Qpeucrcoro ceno ce yrBT,pxIaBa currtanpocnofixa or cpeAHH
s crAe6nara o6nacr e 3aB'r,pilreHa c paspa6ornaHero lr npueMaHero Ha t. gpe6nu co6crnenuqu. BoAerua cuJra B rrpoMuilrneHocrra r{ IbpxaB_
Kpuur.rHaleH KoAeKc npes 18 11 r. Horo ynpaBneH[e craBa 1ypxoasvara.
B 1801 r
e noArrr{caH KoHKopAar c rrarrara, Koero rrocranxrcpait Penolroquxra paxAa HoBa cacreMa Ha yrrpaBJIeHVe Ha AT,pxaBa_
Ha cK:bcBaHero Mex.qy (Dpeucr<ara ubpKBa r.r Puu. Kouxoplamr e rro- ra. crapuxr adcomorrzgrM e 3aMeHeH ctc cBercxa Ar,p)KaBa, B Ko{To
6eAa na Hanoneou, 3arrloro rofi nocran.s l{rpxnara rroA KoHTpona Ha KoHcTr.rryrlu.rrra, rrapJraMeHTrr rr 3aKoHr.rre orrpeAeJr.[T
$yHxquure ua
.{bpxaBara. KaroJrzqecroro }r3noBeAaHrre e penutr{.rr caMo Ha e1lna IbpxaBHoTO yflpaBneHrre.
qacr or SpaHqysure. C Apyr 3aKoH ce perynupa cso6o.{ara u Ha 4py- Crc ceogra 4u6ouuua n uarqa6Hocr Benraxara $peucxa pe_
rHTe Bepor{3rroBeAaHr{.fl B cTpaHaTa. BonIoIIn I oKa3Ba cI4JIHo BJrI{rIHIre BT,pxy prcroprzqecKoro pzBBr{Trre Ha
Bprx Ha 3aKoHoAareJruara Aefiuocr na HanoneoH e cb3AaBaHero qara Erpona.
na lpax4aucKHfl KoAeKc npes 1804 r, HapeqeH [o-KT,cHo Hanoneo-
HoB KoAeKc. Tosz xogexc nvtBlr4rzrpaoroHqareJrHo Bcr4qKpr $eo4anuu
IrHcruTyur{u }r ycraHoBflBa HoBr.rre 6ypxoasuu HopMrr Ha rpaxAaH-
cKl4.f, XrlBOT, OCHOBaHTT BT,pXy paBeHCTBOTO [peA 3aKOHa H npaBOTO
laalz3flBa ua ceo6oAHara Borrlt Ha JruqHocrraB qacrnnfl. xrrBor. lpax-
Aaucxu.fr KoAeKc ce Bt,3rrprreMa Karo ocHoBa B 3aKoHoAareJrcrBoro Ha
MHoro qEponeficxu crpaHu npes XIX B. rr e B cuna c il3BecrHrr rrsMe-
HeHprfl u Aocera nlr OpaHqux.

Beriurara Spegcra penoJrrorltlrr ocbrqecrB.rrBa ocHoBHr{re yrpleil Ha

flpocnerqeru{ero, Ho o'rrtaapt no-Azlfleir. Ta npouenx H3r1ano xilBora Ha
Speucxoro o6rqecrro, ),Hurr{oxaBa HarrbJrHo crapvr HaquH Ha nporz3-
B0ACTBO Iz [pOII3JIIa3axIZTe oT HerO COqIIaJIHU w ilolluTklqeoKll CTpyK-
Typu. B ceJrcKoro crorraHcrBo e nvKBrlArlpaHa rl3rlrno Qeo4alHara
co6crBeHocr H Bcr{arKrr $eo4anuu flpaBa u ilptlB:anreruu. B upouuru-
JIeHOCTTa Ca [peMaxHaTrz OrpaHnqeHuflTa 3a npov3BoICTBo 11 T:bpfo-
Bprfl, rrrtr.Bu4rpaHa e HaMecara Ha AbpxaBara. t{acrnara co6crneuocr,
na3apHoro crorraHcrBo u cno6o4uara KoHKypeHuvra craBut ocHoBara
Ha rrKoHoMlmara. Brre4eHa e HoBa AaHT,irHa cvcreMa, ocHoBaHa Ha
npHHIIuna Ha paBHoro o6rarane. Cvs2'ap.oaa e r4 HoBa [paBHa c]rcre-
Ma, KOflTO OTMeH' BCTKaKBH IIpI{BI4nerI4I't H flpl43HaBa IpaXIaHCKOTO

40
41
 @PAHUI,Lfl I,r EBPOfIA ftPU HATTOJIEOH llpes nponerra Ha 1800 r. e4na SpeHcRa apvrvtfl ua.rero c Ha-
noJreoH npeMrrHaBa u3HeHaABaluo Alnure, HaBJrH3a s tr4raril4x u ua
14 rcnu 1800 r. npu Mapeuro paslusa aecrpnficxzre soiicKr.r. B ua-
qzlrroro Ha
PeAxlt ca [epI{oAI{Te B cBeroBHara l{cropu.fl, Koraro JlplqHocrra $enpyapu 1801 r. Ancrpax e npuHyAerra Aa cKnror{H Mr.rp
s JlrcHesr.rr. flo ycloruxra Ha Mlrpa Belras Ir JreBlr_rrr 6p_ar ua peiiu
Ha 9AIIH qOBeK B.ltvtfle TaKa CpUIHO BT,pxy UCTOpr4aIOCKOTO pZl3BI{THe'
rrpeMrrHaBar xrrrr (DpaHqut, a Cevepua[rutus. e no4
Taxr,s e nepvoAT,T Ha HaqaJloro Ha XIX 8., ocraHaJl B rlcropllflTa Karo QpeHCKH KoH-
rpol. Pycur u3lu3a or sofiuara [opaArr pzuHornacu.rr cr,c cBoure cl,-
,,efloxara Ha Hanoreou".
ro3HrlrIu. l4zry6nta KoHTlrHeHTaJrHrrre cr{ naprHbop u, Auutuxcbulo e
Hanoneon Eouanapr e poAeH s 1769 r' Ha ocrpoB KopcuKa B
npuHyneHa Aa cKrroqu Mr.rp B Airauen rpe3 Mapr 1802 r.
ceMeficrBo na.r,pe5ur apl{croKparlr. 3amprura BoeHHO yqHnuilIe B:bB
@paHqur u cnyxl4 B pa3nurlHu rapHrr3oHu. Hanoneon e rrpllBbpxeHuK
Muprr MexAy (DpaHqlrr n Erpona e Bcr,rrlHocr caMo eAHo npu-
Mr{pue. @eo4anHara pearr{HJr B crpaHuTe or KoHTr{HeHTiurHa Enpona ce
ua uS6lxnanaTa peBonlgqvtfl., Ho He yqaCTBa aKTHBHS B fISJIIITI{qSCKIIS
orac.rrBa oT pa3rrpocTpaHeHr4eTo Ha rAeHTe Ha peBoJrloqrlaTalg', Bbnpe_
xr{BoT. 3a nr,prN 116T I{MeTO My CTaBa H3BecTHo IIpt noTyulaBaHero
Ha poflnHcrKH, Merex n Tynon, Kofaro e [poI{3BeAeH reuepan. cneg
ru rrauoro6pofrnure BoeHHr{ Heycrrextr, He rrpecraBa Aa cb3AaBa HoBH
I{ HoBr{ Koiurr{u}ru cpeuy Opanqnx. AHrnra_r orAaBHa e rrporr{BHr{K Ha
naAaHero Ha {Ko6uHIIure 3a KparKo BpeMe e B 3arBopa, Ho rIocJIe e oc-
(tpeucxara xereMoHll, a Enpona, a KoJroHHaJrHoro cbnepHuarecrBo
Bo6oAeH. flpes orrounpu 1795 r. KoMaH,4Ba apruneptrflra npu rlory-
MexIy ABere crpaHu s.npaBr Hafi-ynopnrr.rx Helpu.rrren ua @paHqnx.
rrraBaHero Ha porlnl4orKl4fl Merex s flapuN. cle4 rosa crnrovna 6pax
Bofiuure, KoHTo ro4u @pauqux or lJ92 n, rrbpBoHarraJrHo uMar
c }Ko:e$un EoapHe, ltuzxac Eapac, eAI4H or qJleHoBere ua,{uperro-
3a rlen Aa 3auIHTsr peBonrollr4.rrra r4 Aa [penecar nefiulme Lrqevr B r\fl.ila
pvxra. Ha Eapac Hanoleon Abnlxl4 rlocra clr Ha KoMaHABaxr apMH.,ITa
Eepona. Ho oule npn {apexropnflTa, a oco6eno flcHo [pr{ Hanoneou
sLlra4un.
HacrtrrBa npoM_flHa B xapaKTepa Ha sofiHxre - pa3npocrpaHflBaHero
Cxponrua Kapuepa Ha aprlrnepufi.crcu oQuqep - roBa Bepo.,IrHo
Ha peBonIouHoHHrrTe rzAeu [ocTefreHHo ce H3MeCTBa OT CTpeMeXa
6u 6itto HeroBoro 6r.qeure, aKo He nABa peBonroulrrra. Ho u cleA
I(bM xereMounx r Enpona. florne4uaro H or ABere crpaHra, rofiHure
ToBa Haloneon rpx6ea laqaKa, AoKaro s 1796 r. crAdara He AaBa
MexAy (Dpanqux u Erpora utrar gnoficrBeH xapaKTep re ca eAHoBpe-
rrraHc Ha 27 -ro1utttttllt reHepafl. Heronara 3Be3Aa I'r3lprBa rto Bpe- -
MeHHo 6op6a Ha ABe rrAeonorr{H u 6op6asa rocilolcrno n Enpona.
Me Ha r{TaJrr{aHclt[, [oxoA Ir B [po.4bnxeHlre Ha 6nHso 20 ro[uttu
Alauencxusr Mrrp npocr,xlecrByBa MzurKo rroBeqe or to.4uHa.
He 3aJI-asBa. leuepal, KoHcyJI, plMfieparop, 6recrsu TIIJIKoBoAeIL
yMeH AlrnnoMar, crloco6eu 4rpxaBHHK - Hanoleos Eouanapr e
llpe: nponerra Ha I803 r AHrunx u @panqux ca orHoBo rrn rofiua,
a npe3 I805 r, ce o$opux rperara Koarruqr{f, KT,M Asuus ce rrpfl-
rroBeKT,T, XOfirO pa3Tr,pcBa crapkls, pe4 n Erpota u, o6nuaH vrwl -
cbe.4uH-rrBar Ancrpux, Pycttt u HeanonuraHcxoro xpancrno. flpes
Mpa3eH, craBae1Lrla or nereHAlrre B cBeroBHaraucropllfl. PoAeH na
oKToMBpr{ 1805 r. AHrnu.f, yAT,px€ eAHa or naii-roneuttre no6eAu s
MaJrT,K OCTpOB n cpeAuseuHo Mope, roii nolyuaBa BcHqKo oT c1'-.4-
cBoflra vcropufl, - trpu noc Tpa$anrap Ha :acilamcxoro r<pai.r6pexue
6ara v, tta 52 rclwnv yuupa Ha MaJIbK ocrpoB s IOxHz.f, Atlau.I:ux,
aHrnuficrlrsr $ror no4 KoMaHABaHero Ha aAMrrpan Xopaqzo Helcr,s
I{3OCTABEH OT BCI4IIKI,I.
pa:6lrra o6eAlrueHure Sloru ua @pauqnx u ua llreirus. crroeuux I4c-
Ilpenparrr or 18 6prorrlep 3aBapBa (DpaHqr'rx B rexKo BoeHHo
ilaHnr.. Cairapur Hencru HaMupacMbprra crr B pa3mpa Ha cpaxeHuero.
rroroxeHl{e. cpeury He, e l{3npaBeHa BTOparaKoanuuvts' Haqeno c AB-
Ezrxara npu Tpa$anrap noKzt:Ba MorbulecrBoro Ha aHrlrriicrr.rx Snor
crpr4fl., Py cux, Anruus u HeanonuTaHcKoro KpancrBo. Heo6xo4ulro e
tr oKoHqareJrHo Hiuara Anrnns Karo rrbpBa cBeroBlm MopcKa cuna.
Aa ce npeAnpl4eMar 6rp:r,r MepKIl.

42 43
 Ho n cpaNeu4flTaHA Cylua no6c4it.a c ltct4,lMr:ililo llil O'fl)allala Ha TiurHara 6loxa4a e 3aMr{cJreHa rt Karo cpeAcrBo 3a noAnoMaraHe Ha
Hanoleon. flpes orrourpn 1805 r, eAHa foJlrlMil atrc't'plli'ict<a apMI4' e $peucxara npoMurrrneHocr H ocuryp.rrBaHero sa Hefinara xereMoHu;l
[pI.{HyAe}Ia.4a KanLITpII{pa npu Ylrl, npe3 HOCMupu I latttltcott l}Jln3a BT,B ua enponefi cKrrre rrasapu.
Bueua, a B Haquuloro Ha AeKeMBpH npz Aycrcp"rlH{ tlotullH'l'c Boi'icKH ce Tlrnsutcxn.sr uzp 6enexu Bbpxa Ha rocxoAcrBoro rra Hanoleou
cpexlar c apMr{}rre H a Aacrpux u Py cut, BoAcHkr o'l' o BO H'l'c M r epaTopll
14
r Erpona. @peHcxara ,rMrrepu.rr, 3aeAHo cr,c 3aBr{cuMrrre or Hefl Abp-
Anexcau4rp I n @panq II. Cpaxeuuero rIpH Aycrcp:rnr1 tla 2 4erceu- x<aBkr, ce fipocrr4pa B rlflna 3ana4ua lr l{enrpanna Erpona. Ha n:lox
npu 1805 r., HapeqeHo ,,6ktrt<uta Ha rpllMara lrM[0pixropl4", 3aBbpurBa Pycux e sefisa cbro3Hrrrla, a KoHTrrHeHTail:aara 6nora4a, cnopeg Ha-
C rrT,JrHaTa no6ega na HanoneOn. AnCr:pzx e [puHyleHa Aa l/1311e3e Crt IIoJreoH, ule nocraBrur Ha KoJreHe u Aurutux. llpes 1809 t flpu Barpana
sOfiHaTa rl CKlrrorrBa MLIp npu TexKIt yCIOBH.,I. Ha npecrOla Ha Healo- Hano-neon ycrurBa Aa cpa3u Mr,JrHVeHocHo Ancrpr.rx, Ko.rrro e BJr.rr3Jra
Jrr{TaHcKoro KpancTBo 3acraBa 6parsr Ha HarroJreou - Jlyll. B 1806 r B [erara Koanur{rlrr c AHrnuq. Hospr.f,r Mrrp orHeMa Ha Arcrpux nna-
nIaIorepMaHCKI,ITe.qbpxaBfic"t*Aarrrt Peftlcr<u sblo3, a Oparu II e npu- AelalzflTa f.r na Agp[arrrqecKo rvrope. Crcopo cJreA roBa Kr,M Opauqlrx
HyAeH Aa ce orKaxe or I{MrreparopcKara cI{ TbTTIIA. Tara npes 1806 r ca nplrcbeAuHeHu flancr<ara o6nacr, Hu4eplau4krr v tepMaHcKoro
oKoHqarerHo e JIrrKBlrAILpaHa cBe[IeHara PIlMcKa I{MIIepI'IJI. 6a.nruficxo xpafi6pexlle. floa $peucKo yrpaBJreHue ca 50 nals. or
C rrlusaHero ua llpycna BbB BofiHara npes 1806 x ce o$opM' 6rrzso l8O-uumlouHoro HaceJreHr4e Ha Erpona. B 18l0 r. HanoneoH
rreTBbpTaTa KozrJrr{qurr. flpycllx o6aqe ce oKasBa cra6 npoumHl{K Ha cKnlolrBa 6par c AT,ulep.f,Ta na arcrpuffcKr{.rr r{M[eparop Maplu JIy-
Hanoreon. B Ane cputeHvs. rtpu klena lr Ayepuar rpe3 olcroMBpu Hsa. HaroreoH e Ha Bbpxa Ha cBoero BeJrrrque, a HeroBara :avrilep:afl
l806 rnpocrraBeHlrre rurKota ilpycKu soilcKr.l npersprr{Bar r4cr}THCKI{ u3rJrexAa HecbKpylxr.rMa.
pasrpoM. B nocneAnure cpaxeHl'Irl s LIsro'IHa flpycut Hauoleon pas- Ho nocreueHHo ra3u uvrileplafl 3afroqBa Aa ce pa3Knaula. Kou-
6IrBa nporurHHr_llrre cl.l u .{o6luxaBa pycKaTa rpaHr4rla. Pycut oTcrlbtl- TrzHeHTarrHara 6loxa4a He npeKT,cBa aHrnnficxara r6proBr4, c KoHTH-
Ba I{ [pe3 rolu 1807 r, s Tunsur [o.4[ucBa rtaup. Cnope4 ycroBusra HeHTa. Erponeficrara uxoHoMr.rKa e rflcHo cBbp3aHa c aurnltficxr.fle
lHAMVqAPyCUX Ce C"6rJrac_rrBa c BcI{qKrrTe 3aBoeBaH[s H xereMoHH.rITa npoMurrrneHr{ }r KoJIoHnaJrHrr crox}r H He Moxe na cbrrlecrBysa 6es
u4.Hanoleon s 3auaAHa u I{eurpanna Eepona. Or csos crpaHa Hano- rxx. Erpso ce pa3Br{Ba xonrpa6aHguta c re3u croKv.
leon upusuaBa TI3roqHa u cerepna Enpona sa cQepa Ha BIITISHHe Ha HanoxeHoro or Hanoneou Speucxo rocrroAcrBo HaA KoHrrrHeH-
Pycut. B sauaAHzre repMaHcKI{ 3eMpI ce c'b3qaBa Becr$ancroro Kp'u- Ta 3arroqBa Aa [pe.4rr3Bt4xBa cr{JrHo HeAoBoncrBo. I44eure ua (DpeH_
crBo, a Ha repl{Toprltra Ha flomua, BJIa.4rHa or flpycu-a - Bapurarcxoro cKaTa peBoJrlot\k1,fl, CA nOBAr4rHZUrr.r HarlrroHaJrHoTo cb3HaHHe Ha eBpo_
xepqorcTBg. Pycug ce npI{CT,eAI,IHrBa KT,M KOHTI{HeHTaJIHaTa 6JIOKa.4a, neficxnre HapoAH pr cera roBa opblrrure ce HacoqBa o6parno cpeuy
lpoBb3rnaceHa or HauoneoH B Kpas ua 1806 r oxlmaropr,rre Sp eriqysrz.
Kouruneurannara 6nora4a e rpafina M-lpKa, npeAflpplera or Ha- flrpnoro u uait-cepmosHo orHr{xle Ha cblporrrBa ce paxAa B
rIoJIeoH r6op6ara uy c Auruus. Heslg\loNHocTra Aa 6rAe no6e.qena I4cnasmx. CrrosHurc na @paHqu.x c v,tnp:aus,IoroBop or 1875 r.,tr4c-
Anruus c BoeHHpr cpeACTBa rapa HanoleoH Aa ofrr4Ta Aa CTOpII TOBa C rrauus. froHac.fl MHoro rpyano KoHrr{HeHrulrruara 6noxa4a. rlpes 1907 n
r{KoHOMI{rIe Cxu. CtrnaCno .4eKpeTa 3a KoHTI4HeHTaJIuara 6lora4a nCx- $pencxll soficrz HaBJrr{3ar Ha HcrraHcKa repr.rropr.r.f,, :a 4a 6lornpar
KaKBIITBploBcKH,IIoxIeHcKIIl1,nv|ApyrhBps3KI{MexAyKoHTI{HeHTa aurtti.tct<ux cbro3HHK flopryranux. CneA sefiHoro [aAaHe $pencxu-
u Ocrpoaa ce sa6panxsar. HanoneoH pa3rII{Ta' 're 6roKarara ule Ha- re soficrur BJrrr3ar n Ma4pra4, Ho raM us6yxra BbcraHlre, noryrueHo
Hece cprneH yAap B6pxy a6trruitc16.aTa [poMr.trlJreHocT LI T6pIOBVIfl. 11 x(ecroro or $pauqysure. tr4cnattcKr4.,rr rpan Kapnoc IV a6grzxupa a
rqe HaKapa Anrnus Aa rrolrcKa rraup. E4uoepeMeHHo c ToBa K0HTI4HeH- rron3a Ha cv*a cil @epHango VII, no Hauoneou nfirrr.raura u EBaMala

44 45
Ha SpeHcKa repr{Topl4g }r rH 3acraB.f, Aa ce orKaxar or i{cIIaHCKIr.fl rpar{Hr1ara uaPycux npeMrzHaBar oKoJro 30 xul. Aylrra. pycxrExr no-
npecroil. Kpan Ha \4cnauvs, crasa 6par ruy Xose$ EoHanapr" tr4c- xoA or 18i2 r. 3aB:bprrrBa rpar-urrHo.
rTaHrlrrTe He Oe iloivllIp flBUt c $axruueCrcOro nUrnrlAUpaHe Ha TflxHaTa Cle4 neycnexalaa Hauoneonoenfl, pycKlt noxoA flpycux cxrc-
He3aBHCr{Mocr H npe3 Ha 1808 r. ce BAHrar Ha BT'CTaHUe. To
JUITOTO ra c HanoneoH pr ce o6pasyea ruecrara Koanlrqrrfl - pycux, flpycnx,
ce pa3pacrBa 6rpso, ilo.{rloMaraHo or 4e6apxnputr n flopryralux Aurrtus u lllrequx. Krrra rsx ce npucbeAuH.rrBa rro-KT,cuo n Arcrpux.
aHrurrrficxr{ soficru. B rpax Ha 1B0B r' HaloneoH HaBJIT{3a c 300-xu- Hauoreos 6rpso 3arroqBa rroAroroBKa 3a Hb,Ba rofina. peurrarennoro
JUTAHa apuufl.kr3aBilaryBa Ma4pu4, Ho cr,nport4Butaua ucrIaHIrI{Te He cpax(eurre, r.uap. Eurra Ha HapoAr.rre, craBa B cpeAara Ha oKToMBprI
e yHrruloxeHa. 3ano.{sa r.Hap. repu[tr (napm:aHcxa roilua) Ha Ilenlrfl lB13 r npx Jlafiuqur. fIoA Harlrcxa Ha rpeBb3xoxlarrlure ro cuJrrl
HCTTaHCKI4 HapoA. tr4cnalux craBa orBopeHa paHa B uMIIepruITalr'aHa- Hanoreon e npJ4HyAeH Aa orcrbn?r.
loJreoH u rofi e npI{HyAeH Aa xlrp)Ku TaM olpoMHa apMrlt{. HanoneoHoaaravtMrueput-fl 3arroqBa Aa ce pyurr4. Boficrrzre Ha cb-
Crnporxra opeqy $pencrnre oKyrlaropl4 vv.akr B repMaHcKlrre ro3H?rrIHTe HacrblBar rr,rra speucrr.rre rpaHrrqt{. Hanoneon ce orurBa

Ar,pxaBr{, u n lllreiiqapux. flpes rponerra sa 1809 r. n flpycux e4zH 4a cr6epe HoBa apMrrr, Ho yruopara B crpaHara e orpoMHa. Hapacrna
BoeHeH orp.flA rro.{ KoMaH.qBaHero Ha IIoJTKoBHI{x Illul npaBl{ Heycle- H NOIHTIiqECKOTO HCAOBCPNE KbM UErO. B IPOAbJIXEHIIE HA IO.\IIHTI
rueH orrHT 3a BT,craHIre. B lllnefiqapufl' ce P.ilrrra HapoAHo BbcraHlre $peucxara 6ypxoa:ux e noAxperu{na Hanoneon, Ho HeroBnre ana6u-
noA pbKoBoAcrBoro ua Au4peac Xo$ep. To e noryrueHo e.4Ba npe3 rlLlv ca usnpaBurrr @pauqux cpeu{y flpeBr,3xoxAail\a fl cnla. flpes
1810 r, crleA pa3crperau.a HeroBn-fl BoAaq. lbpBr{re Meceur4 Ha 1814 r. cbro3HuqecKr{re apMrrr{ [peMr{HaBar rpa-
CreA TunsurcKllfl rraup Pycux ce BT,srIorI3Ba or cso6oAilta Ha Hzrrara u na 31 rraapr BJrlr3ar n llapux. flog aarucxa Ha reHepaJrrurre
4eficrnue Ir oryrlupa (DuHnaunus u fl,yuancrure KH-zxecrsa Brau- cn HanoneoH e npr4HyAeu Ea al1uxupa ua 6 arrpnJr 1 8 1 4 r Tofi rpl6na
ro u Mqlgosa. Ho tlocreleHHo H3roAI{Te or ro3u MI{p ce I43qeplBar. Aa ce orreuru Ha cpeAu3eMHoMopcKrzr ocrpoB El6a, xofiro My e ilpe_
Kosrr.ureurannara 6loxa4a e HeI'ISroAHa 3a pycxara rtproBl{-f, Ir or AOCTaBeH KaTO BJraAeHHe.
I 8 10 n tr e npeKpareHa. OrnoureuuflTa MexAy ABere crpaHI'I ce BJIo- Cneg a6guxauuflTaHa HanoleoH, BT,B (Dpauqzx ce Bb3craHoB.rrBa
ruaBar 6r,pso. 4laHacrufrTa na Eyp6ouure. Ha npecroJra 3acraBa ilpeKapanuflr Al,nrpr
HauoneoH 3aIIoqBa.qa ce rorBl{ :a rofina c Pycnx' Cr<nroqesu ca roArrHr{ B eMzrparlnx IIyu XVIII. flpes rraail 1814 r rofi ny6nuxyea
cr,ro3lr c flpycust r Ancrpux. 3a nasrugaHero r Pycnx e rloArorBeHa KoucruryuuoHHa xapra, c Ko.f,To B crpaHara ce BtBexAa npeACTa-
eAHa orpoMHaapMur. or 6nnso 500 xnn. Ayxrl4. Ha24 roHu 1812 r sa- BrrreJrHo yrrpaBneHze. Crc crrosgurlnTe e crrrorreH Mr4peH AoroBop,
rroqBa pycKLIflT rloxoA sa HanoneoH. Tosa e Haqaloro na Bennr<ara rofiro ocrasx (Dpauqax B rpaHurrr4re or 1792r.
orerre crBeHa r,oittta ua P y cut . 3aeglro c llyvt XVm B crpaHara ce 3aBpbrlar eMrrrpaHrure c
Cne.q Ase ycrelrrHrr 6urxv npu Cnonencx z Eopoglzuo $pau- qen .qa BT,3cTaHOB_rrT [OJrOXeHrreTo oT TOAHHHTe npeAz pCBOnrOUHrTa.
rry3uTe BJIlr3ar s Mocxsa. Hanoleon oqaKBa pycHaIIrITe .4a noucKar vrzgmrar ce ucnar,ufl 3a BpbrqaHero Ha HarlrroHaJtu3vpaHtTe 3eMrr Ha
Mrrp, Ho I4Mneparop Anexcaugrp I orrassa. Pycrara apvtnfl' ua6upa apr{croKpaqusra a AyxoBeHcrBoro, Aopr{ 3a BT,3craHoB.rrBane ua
$eo_
cr{Jrrr, 3afloqBa naprl{3aHcxa 6op6a cpeuy Spanqysure. B'Mocrra AirJrHrrre ilpaBa u npuBlrnerutr. MHoro or npocJraBeunre oSuqepn ca
us6yxraroxap, xofiro yHlluoxaBa loJI;IMa rracr or rpaAa. Ees 4ocra- npomHeHr.r oT apt'/.uxra.I|[sBT,prrrna ce rrvcTKa rr B.qT,pxaBHvtt anapar.B
TT,qHo npoAoBoncrBue 3a 3LrMara, HaMI'Ipaur ce Aaneq ot cnoute 5asu, crpaHara 6rpso napacrBa HeAoBoncrBoro or BJracrra na Eyp6ouure.
Hauoneon 3arlorlBa orcrEfIJIeHHe. Xecrorara pycKa 3HMa, IJIaAT,T Ir MeNgynpenaeHHo npe3 cerrreMBpv 1814 r srs BzeHa 3anor{Ba
HanaAeHlrflTa Ha napru3aHlire crorf,Bar Speucrcnre soficrul. O6parHo KoHrpec Ha c1,ro3Hrrur4Te, Koprro rpxdea gayrouuxrtronure enponeficxu

46
rpaHr.{qu. Orqe or caMoro My Hatlaro ce [porBrBar nporlaBopequsra Cenepuo rrlope) u Kancnara KoJroHHl{ s IOxHa A$puxb. Hosara re-
MexAy rzHTepecHTe Ha roJIeMHTe cvrvl . pr.rropuirJrHa Kapra Ha Erpona, Har{epraHa na Buencxn.f, KoHlpec, c
Hanoneon e go6pe uH$oprraupaH 3a HapacrBaulolo HeAoBoncrBo MaJrKrr rr3MeHeHr{, ce 3arra3Ba 4o llrprara cBeroBHa sofiua.
cpeuy Eyp6oHzre. llpes qxnara sulaa rofi aa6mo4ana o6cranosxara B pa6orara cu Blrencru.f,T KoHrpec ce pr,KoBoArr or HflKoJIKo
srr @pauqru 14 pa3Brrrl{ero }Ia KoHrpeca nt's BaeHa Ir perraBa Aa ce rJraBHrr roIIHTuqecKl{ [pHHuI{[a - pecTaBpauu{, JIerLITrrMHocl co:
BT,pHe orHoBo Ha npecrona. B Haqaloro Ha Mapr c MaJIT,K orPsA cJrr{3a nu.4apHocr u latalac Ha clriluTe r Erpona. Pecranpaqu-ara o3HarlaBa
na Spencrcnx 6pxr H ce HacoqBa Kr,M flapux. Irl:upareuure cpeuy Bpr,u{aHe KbM rroJrr.rTHqe cKuTe cTpyKTypI.{ ornpeAH peBonloqlrfl Ta, re-
Hanoneon noficxtt 6rp:o ce npucr,eArrH.aBar KT,M nero. Jlyll XVIII THTITMHOCTTa - 3a.{OBOJTflBAHe HA npaBaTa Ir npereHqlrl4Te Ha cTapL{Te
3ae.qHo c npu6rnxeHrre cH 6s[a e Eenrlr.s. Ha 20 vapr Hanoleon rpu- pexlrMrr, conuAapHocrra - cbBMecrnu Aeficrsutr cpeuy Bcrlr{Ku pe-
yrra$a-nuo BJrr{3a B flapux. 3aro.Isar ,,crore gHLt" Ha HoBoro ynpaBne- Bonlor{HoHHLr vLev kr p.Bl,ur}r.e:aufl,, 6aranctr Ha cvrrLrre - Ilocrl4raHe
Hr4e Ha Hanoneou.' Ha paBHoBecr{e MexAy Benrarr.rre clrnu. Pagnurlrero Ha re3u rIoJr}ITH-
Becrra 3a BpblrlaHero ua HanoneoH BbB Opalrqux rpttMttprBa r{ecKu rrplrHrlnrru BoArr Ao cr,3AaBaHe ua CsetueHfi"rl cb]o3 rrpe3 cen-
BpaxryBarqvrre cvtrrw Ha Buencxns KoHrpec. Begnara ce o6pa:y- reMBpH I 815 r.
Ba ce.{Mara Kournr{uu.rr. Peruasaxrara 6urxa MexAy apMl{-f,ra sa Ha- tr4uutluarusrta 3a Cneulenux cr,Io3 HABa or pycKlu It Mrleparop
noJreoH rr cblo3Huqecrzre soilcxu, KoMaHABaH[ or aHrJluficr<ua gyx ArercaH4r,p I. I{erra ua CseureHlr.f, cblos, ttJIV KaKTo ro Haplaqar
Veluurmu, ce Bo.qlr na 18 rcuu 1815 r. 6ruso Ao 6enruficr<oro cen- oule ,,Crrc: Ha rpoHa u orrapa", e o6eAuu.flsaHero Ha ycuItuflTa Ha
qe Bareproo. B rasn 6uma soficxure na Hanoneon ca pas6urrl. Ha Bcr{qKH xpr{cruflHcKuBna4erenu r Eepona 3a 3alla3BaHero Ha HoBIr.rI
22 touu Hauoneou ce orpuqa orHoBo or npecrona u ce npeAaBa Ha peg r Crapu.f, KoHrlrHeHr Ir cpeqy sailraxura or .4pyru peBonIouLIH
aHfJrrurrraHHTe. Tosu nbT rofi e l8rrpareH Ha 3aroqeHue B nuleqlJufl. r.r HarlrroHiuruoocro6ogureJlHlr .ABulreHn-lt. .{ororopr,r sa CserqeHI'Ix
ocrpoB isera Erelra B loxnara qacr Ha Amanril.Iecxrz-f, oxeaH. TaN{ cr,ro3 e rroArrr{caH nbpBoHaqanHo or Pycvtt, Ancrpux u llpycttx,
Hauoneou w.npalaaiv,ait 1821 n IpeAcTaBIITeJILI Ha TpHTe OCHOBHH TeqeHI{.,I Ha xpIICTI{.f,HcTBoTo -
. !,oxaro eoficKl{re Ha Koiuruuurra ce rorBflT 3a pellaBauaralurrca I{3ToqHoro IIpaBocnaBI{e, KaroJrl{qv3Mbr Il nporecraHTcrsoro. Kr,N{
c flanore.eu, B croJrrrrlara Ha Ancrpux 3aB6prxBa AuilnoMarnrrecKl4-f,T Hero ce npHCT,eAHH.sBar BCHTIKIT esponeficru AbpxaBlr, c u3Knloqe-
KOHrpec. B sero yqacrBar rrpeAcraBureJlla Ha floqru BCI4.IKI'I eBpo- Hlre Ha narrara u OcuaHcxara:aMileplar. Marcap qe [pucT,crBa Ha
neficrur AbpxaBn, Ho perrleHll.flTa My ce B3eMar or Ilerre Benurca cu- rrbpBrrre KoHrpecu Ha Cseueuu.a cblo3, AHrnu.s nocrelleuHo ce or-
nlr - AHrnH-fl, Ancrpu.a, Pycut, @panqur u flpycux. Te uepraxr u ApbrrBa or HeroBara TIoJII{TLIKa. Tara ce l{3rpaxAa I4 [ortHT]IqecKzsr
HOBara rroJil4TrurrrecKa Kapra na Enpona. @panqza ocraBa B rpaHHIIIzre crro3, xofiro rpx6za la s. 3arra3r or peBoJrroqvoHHl{Te u.qeu. CneA
cu or
1792 r.,Pycux [onf{aBa Ilo-roJlflMaraqacr or flonura. Bcrz.mu Buencxrls KoHrpec sa Erpona HacrblBar roAIzHIr Ha peaKqlr.fl.
repMaHcKr4 AtpxaBrr ca o6eAuseulr s lepuaucKa cblo3. Arcrplu ce
orKa3Ba or Eennrs [oryrraBa ro-ror.sMara qacr or Cenepna tr{ra-
ra
tux, rJlpycttr ce piurrrupflBa B Pefiscrara o6lacr. Eelru.s u Hu4ep-
nale4urs. ca o6eAuueuu s o6ilIo KpancrBo Hu4epnau4ut,lJJsei.tgapus
e npu3Hara 3aBunatv 3a HeyrpaJlHa AbpxaBa. Hafi-roneuure KoJIoHrr-
aJrHu rrprrAolusxu uNaa Anrnras, KoflTo [oryqaBa ocrpoBuTe Mama
(n Cpe4useuno uope), I{efinou (rLlu1*ritcxtax orean), Xemonan4 (e

48 49
 r4Htryc T PI4AJIHATA PE B OnrO \Wfi npoMr.rurneHocrra, a c ue.ran6are cu e B cbcro.rrHue ra Ky[yBa rrpor{3-
BexIaHI{Te OT He.,I CTOKIT.
Ilpes XWII B. Hacrr,[Bar rrpoMerrn s aHfirr4ficKoro reKcrr{.rrHo npo-
B roAuurre, Koraro qana Enpona ce pa3Tbpcou oi arorrturlecKu- rr3BoAcrBo. Hape4 c rpaAuuuoHHoro nporr3BoAcrBo Ha BbrrHeHo cyKHo,
re 6ypu na (Dpeucrara peBonlouus, u roitnwre ua HanoneoH, e.[Ha Bce [o-roJUrM A-sJr 3aeMa nporr3BoAc:rBoro Ha naM] rHr{ rcrauu. Tegu
tr4u4ycrpuaJtH:dtq e Ha nbr ra upoMeHH KopeH- :rexu, lqo6lrr h ernnnr rrrraroBe HaMrrpar Ao6rp na3ap B cauara An-
Apyra peBoJrloqI.IJ{-
Ho )KHBora Ha o6rqecrsoro. tr4ugycrpuanHara peBonIoIIH.f, o3Har{aBa flrl4r, Ho oco6eno MHoro ce r6pc-sr B KoJroHrrrrre. Ilarr.ry*rure rbKaHrur ce
npexoA oT pbrlHoTo rIpor.r3BoACTBo Ha cToKlr KbM MaIUI4HIIO, OT MaHH- rl3rroJl3Bar H Karo cpe.qcrBo 3a pa3M.fiHa or rT,proBuuTe na po6u. 3acu-
JIeHOifO TT,pCeHe Ha niIMytHI{ t[IaTOBe rrOCTeIle]IHO HAABLIULaBA TflX]IOTO
Sarcrypara rrru f,adpuvuara cl{creMa. BoAeuIa crpaHa B ro3lr npoqec
crasa AHUrrJr. rpor43BoAcrBo. Bcu.{KII eT,3MoxHocrrr Ha rraaur.lSarcrypara ca r.r3qepnaH[.
flpe: nrpnarb nononuua sa XVIII B. Bce oilIe ocHoBHara $oprraa CrsAaear ce uperuocraBKn 3a MexaHrr3r{paHe Ha nporr3BoAcrBoro.
Ha opraHrzsauu.,r B npoMlrlrrJleHoro npou3BoAcreo s AIIIIH, e MaHI{- floseara Ha HoBhre rexHurrecKu uso6pereHus, H trrpBvrre reK-
Jr(rypara. B Hea tpyarr ce H3Br,prxBa pbqHo H orAenHlzre onepallllrl cruJrHrr MarrrlrHr{ craBa crroHTaHHo H HeopraHxsr{paHo. Egao u:o6pe-
tsnpor-r3BoAcrBeHr.rrr ur{Kr,JI ca pa3AeneHu. Brnperu ue rtauuSaxryplrre reHue BoArr cneA ce6e cu Apyro. Passuruero Ha eIlrH KJroH or npo-
rrpoH3Be)KAzlr MHoro fioBeqe croru B cpaBHeHHe c:bc 3aHaflTaluficroro MrrrrrJreHocrra Hanara npoMeHr{ r.r B Apyrlr orpacnrr. llrpnure uso6pe-
rrpor{3BoAcrBo, $u:uuecrurre B:r,3MoxHocrl{ Ha pr,tlnpIs. Tpyr, ca 3arra- TareJrrr ca xopa c pit:nuqHrl npo$ecnu - Ar,pBoAeJruH, rracoBHuxapv,
3eHH - eguH pa6orullK He Moxe 4a pa6oru troBerle or onpeAenen 6pofi ) {ureJrrr, neqarapu, cBerrleHr.rur4. O6rqoro, Koero rr{ o6e4unxra, e
qacoBe. ManuSarrypl{oro [polr3BoAcrBo I{Ma rpaHHIIa Ha cBoure Bb3- Ayxr,T Ha orrprrBareJrcrBo 11 'rbpceHe, 6rp:oro BHeApfBaHe Ha rexHu-
Mo)r(HocTrr, Korrro He Morar la 6rlm HanxBbpJUIHI{. Te orKprrrr{fl Ir He Ha rrocJreAHo M-f,cro - Bb3MoxHocrrrre 3a sa6ora-
Or cpe4ara na XVIII B. HaceJIeHI{ero Ha Aurriux 3alroqBa Aalaa- TflBaHe. CtsAasar ce H MHoro o6rqecraa, Kor{To o6.snssar HarpaAr{ 3a
pacrBa c 6rpsu reMlroBe. Axo s 1750 r. ro e oKoJIo 10 nnn., ro Kr,M HayqHr.l h rexHrrrrecKrl orKpr.rrrrfl. flpe: nropara froJroBEHa Ha XVIII s.
1Q00 r aHrJrr{qaHHTe ca Beqe 16 rvrmr. kasHara npv.uvua 3a roBa e Aurnrz-s Beire e crpana, B Ko.trTo Bpb3Kure Mexly HayKa:ra, orKpt4TrlflTa
HaMaJr.rrB&Hero Ha cMtprHocrra, rtfi naro or cpeAara Ha BeKa enure- 6rpso.
H rrKoHoMHKara ce pa3Br.rBar
MHr{Te or r{yMa ca pqAKocr ir ce uogo6pflBa xr{rl{eHara. Hapacuattnxr Asrnu.s craBa poAuHara Ha l(w.gycrpwatHara peBoJrrorln.rr H no-
6pofi ua HaceneHzero yBenr.rqaBa n Ireo6xoAl,IMocrra or IIpopI3Bo.{- panrr [peArrMCTBara Ha cBoflTa rroJrrrrrrqecKa crrcreMa. Oure or roAu-
crBoro Ha rroBeqe xpaHa u o6nerno. HHTe Ha flypurancxara peBonroqus Al,pxaBara ce orKa3Ba or HaMeca
Asmuficxoro ceJIcKo cro[aHCTBo rlo roBa BpeMe ce pa3Br{Ba B HKoHoMHqecKIr-f, xuBor. Bcflr<axsv orpaHHrIeHLIf,, MoHoloJIH, pef-
cburo c 6rpzw reMfroBe. Cne4 flypuraHcKara peBonloqsfl Ilpo.ur,n- naMeHTaur{s Ha [porr3BoAcTBoTo ca npeMaxHaT[ Lt Lto To3I1 HaqrrH
::;:i::t:i: xaBa npoqecBT Ha I]poroHBaHe Ha ceJI{HHTe or 3eM.rITa u rfl flocre- ce cB3AaBar v3KJrroqr{TeJrHo 6laroup ptfl'tlakr ycnoBu.n sa cro6o4noro
:i::iii$!

rreHHo ce cbcpeAororlaBa B pbldeTe Ha flo3eMneHaTa apHCToKpaIIur. pasBrurTHe Ha HoBaTa na3apHa rrKoHoMHKa. Tarca ce cTHra .4o ceplr.fl oT

OcHosHa $urypa B ceJrcKocro[aHcKoro [pou3BoAcrBo craBa $epue- HOBrl TeXHIIqeCKU pe[IeHH_rr, CT,3AaJrrI nbpBr4Te MaIIIIIHII H TIOJIOXITJII,I
pr,T apeH.qarop. @eprr.repure o6pa6orrar 3eM-ara c MoAepHIr MeroAIr, Harriuloro Ha lraBv:Hara or npoMeHH n aurnzficxara r{KoHoMHKa.
B6BeXAaT HOBH Kynryplr H [pOIr3BeXAaT MHOIO xpAIfI4) C KO]rTO Mofar IIpe: 1733 r: ,{xou Kefi cbsAasa nerflxrara coBarrKa, Koero rro3Bo-
Aa u3xpaHBar HapacrBauloro HaceneHue. Asrnuficxoro ceJIcKo cro- nr,Ba Aa ce yaKopu [poqeca Ha rbKaHe rurxoJrKo rrru. CneA r43BecrHo
raHcTBo npor43Bexna u AocTaTlqHo TexHHrrecKkl 11 Apyrv Kynryph 3a BpeMe o6aqe sanoqBa.qa ce qyBcrBa HCTHHCKT{ ,,frd"g" sanpexAa. flpes

50 51
 1761 r. flxefirrac Xaprpufinc KoHcTpyrapa rrr,pBara npeAaqHa MarrruHa, or napaxoAa ,,CaBaHa" sa27 Ewptvr Il'raca. flpes 1803 r. Tperurnr<
Haperreua ,,!xeni.r". YcrnrpureucrBaHvrfl'ta [poAbnxaBar u s 1775 r. KoHcrpyupa nT,pBu-s JroKoMorI{B, xofiro ce r43lron3Ba B eAHa Mr{Ha, Ho
Cauroel Kponanruu u,3AaBa HoBa ilpeIaqHa MarrruHa, rcoxro u:pa6orna rlcTrlHcKuta peBonroqu.fl B TpaHcrropTa HacflbnBa c KoHcTpyrrpaHeTo
r.t,HKa lr,sqpaBa naMyrrHa HuruKa. Or cso.fl crpaHa 6lpsoro [por13Bo.4- Ha rroKoMoruaa Ha fixopax CreSencsH e 1814 r. Ilpes 1825 n no
crBo Ha npex.qa BoIH Ao Heo6xo4lrrr,rocrra Aa ce ycbBT,prxeHcrBa [po- nr,pBara xeJIe3oIIbrHa ruHul. s AHrrI,Ix JIoKoMorI,IBlr ,,Paxera" Ha
rlecbr Ha rr,(aHero. CneA MHoro pa3rxrrHu Kor{crpyxrlaz rrpe3 1786 n CreSeucru, rexaul 7 r, rpero:na roBap or 1,9 r cbc cKopocr 8 naulpr
E{rraruA Kaprpafir a'h34aBa [bpBr.rs MoAepeH r:bKaqeH craH. s uac. flpeguMcrBara Ha xeJre3orlbrr.vrs rpaHcnopr ca raKa .rrBHrr, qe
OuIe c [o-rrBara Ha IIT,pBHTe Mal]rktHla craBa -flcHo, qe re He Motar BeAHara n Aurrurg vr B wna Enpona 3arorrBa 6tpso crpouTencrBo Ha
Aa ce 3aABr4xBar c qoBerrrKa uJrlr xr{Bor}1gor(a cr{ra. Ero gauro orsa- x(eJl e 3oftl,THkl JIHHHII.
qaJro ce rr3rroJr3Ba crrJrara Ha BoAHoro KoJreJro. llpez 1769 n PuuapA Crs4asauero Ha nr,pBHTe Marula:akr a oco6eso laailapnarra Marrrpr-
Apxpafir cBbp3Ba Ef,KoJrKo [peAarrHr4 Marrrr{Hr4 c BoAHo KoJreJro H cT,3- Ha ?I JTOKOMOTITBa [peAm3BrrKBaT T4CTHHCKa peBOn]OUHS B]B BT,DTeAO-
AaBa nr,pBara $a6puxa B Mo.{epHr.r-rr cMtr{cbJr :oara3r 4yua. Bo4Horo 6asHirra Il MeraJrypruqHara [poMr{[ureHocr. Te crrqo ce cna64xnar
KoJreJro o6aqe ngracxra $afpwxure Aa ce crpo.f,T caMo rroxpafi pexra, c Marrrr4Hlr u ilo5usur.e HapacrBar c 6t pzu reMrroBe. Oco6eno toJreMr{
a ToBa HeBr{Har?r cbBnaAa cT,c csxlecTByBarrlaTa TpaHCnopTHa Mpexa ca HyxArrre or Mer:ur. MeranypruvHara npoMprrrrJreHocr H3xrrBf,Ba
nIu e AaJIeq OT H3TOqHHUI{Te Ha CypOBI{HH II OT na3apllTe. I4craHcKlr 6yrra cneg Br,BexAaHero Ha Br{coKrrre nexlil npe3 1766 r. u
TrpceHero Ha HoB BHA H3TorrHuK Ha eHepru-rr Aarilpa [peAr.r eno- oco6eso clea 1784 n, Koraro Xenpu Kopr uso6perflBa,,rrylrnHroBara
xrn'& ua trlngycrpualHirra peBoJrroqur. Oqe B Kpafl Ha XVII H Harrzuro- reul'o u noJrf{aBa nr,pBara croMaHa. flpes qenux XIX s. M.spKa 3a r4H-
'r'o rra XVlll r" (rparrrqy:rurrr,'rrl[cuu Ilamcll 14 aHrrl{qaHr.rHrr Hrorouen AycrpuanHara MoilI Ha eAHa crpaHa crasa ao6uabr Ha Bbflrr{ula u xe-
[p01'(yil4tllr lla llal)It4 MarrrllHlz, Ho Te ca HecbBT,plIIe-
cL3AAtlZlT nrpBl4'tc nxso. llpousBoAc'rBoro Ha Bbilrurrla, pyla, rreJls3o, croMaHa a vrauJ:alauT
HU U HenpUJro)IOIMr4 B tUHpOl( trlau{a6. BHe4pxsaHeTo Ha HOBklTe TeK- cB3AaBaT HOB KJrOH Ha [pOMr.[rrJIeHOCTTa - TeXKaTa krH.LyCTpI1Is..
crHirHH MalItrHr{ o6aqe uanara neo6xogllmocrra or Hon 4nnraren. B I4rupy crpua-lr,n3 a\uflT a s AHrrH.f, usytcnBa MHOro KalrrrraJro BJro -
npoAbJDKeHr.re Ha MHoro roAr4Hr{ KoHcrpyrfloprr .{xefinac Yar npaau xeHh.rr. flrpsure cpeAcrBa sa Hosara Sa6puuna vHqycrpns, HABar or
oularlr c naprrara Marrrr{Ha. flpez 1769 n rofi nareHroBa nr,pBara crr 6rpeopa:araBaruara ce BT,HrrrHa rr,proBx.fl . Anrnufi crr.rre rr,proBr1lr
MarrrrrHa, Ho rfl Bce orqe e HecbBbpurena. Cle4 HoBH orrvra npes 1782 r BJIaraT C OXOTa IIap[Te Cr{ B HHAyCTpHflTA,3aXIOTO TS UM HOCr{ Curyp-
Yar roHcrpylpa HoBa, ycr,BbprreHcrBaHa MarruHa, Ko-f,To Moxe Aa ce nz ne.{ar6u. Hosara coquuurHa npocnofixa - ilHAycrpuaJrunTe, xcu-
rr3froJr3Ba MacoBo. IlapHara MarrrrrHa ua Yar r{3Br,prrrBa peBoJrrorlutr B Berrr flecreJruBo ]r Brarar BcuqKu crou ue'ran6r{ orHoBo B rrpeA[prl-
eHepfeTr{Kara 14 ycKopsBa pf,3Ko HH,qycrpuaJrhsat\wffa. flTrflTa cu. flo-loneMuTe Halrr,rHar.Vs ce Qunaucupar or aKuuoHepHrr
Cr:4ageuara or Yar u Eytrtn KoMtraHult safloqBa 6rpsoro upo- ApyxecrBa. flocreueuuo ce pa3BlaBa r{ [rr4poKa 6anrosa cr{creMa 3a
,r3BoAcrBo Ha napHr.r MarrrHHrr. Te Havrupar BeAHara rrpvnoxeHue BbB KpeArrTrlpaHe Ha npoMHrrrJreHocTTa.
BCUqKI{ KJIOHOBe Ha IpOMUIIIJIeHOCTTa - B MHHIITe, B MeTanypDIrIHIITe I4ugycrpua:la3a\lz,flTa s Anrnvs 3aror{Ba or BTopara rroJroBr{Ha
npeAlpr4flTr4.rr, B TeKcrr4JrHure Qa6purlr. 3anoqsar h onrTn naplrara na XVIII B. rr 3aBbprrrBa B cpeAara Ha XIX 8., Koraro rfl craBa flbpBa
Malrrr{Ha Aa ce rtpuroAr.r 3a Hyxlr{re Ha rpaHcrropra. flrproro cuoryq- npoMlrrrneHa cura s Espona r{ B cBera.
JIr{BO [pr4JroxeHr4e Ha napHaTa MarrruHa cTaBa B MOpCKHS TpaHCnOpT. 3ano.rHana e Aurru.n, tr4ttgycrpmanHara peBonrouu.rr B Haqanoro
flpes 1807 r. aMepuKaHeqrr (DylruH MoHrr.rpa napHa MarrrrrHa Ha Ko- na XIX B. ce rpexBr,pn.f, n B crpaHure or 3anaAHa r.r I]eur:panua Erpo-
pa6. Ilpes 1819 r.3a npbB nrr Amau'rrqecKx.rrr oKeaH e npeKoceH na - @pauqux,Berlrux rr repMaHcKrITe AT,pxaBH..BT,n scsxa orAenHa

52 53
crpaHa T, [poTHqa cT,c cBorrra cneu[QLIKa, HaJIalaHa oT ecTecrBeHu- npoMurrlJreHocrra. E4plrre 3eMeBnaAenql{ * roHKepHTe, ycrulBar Aa yro-
Te pecypcu, 3aBapeHoro HKoHoMuqecKo floJloxeHr{e H coql'ranHl4Te l{ ,reMlrT cBor{Te HMeHi{fl 3a cMeTKa Ha ceJUrHlITe up,i3BIdBaT MOAepHO Cen-
lorurr4qecKllre crpyKTypr{. cKocronaHcKo nporr3BoACTBo. To naoxe Aa oc;ltrypvHa rlpoMHlrrJleHocrra
llrprure HaqeHKr{ na tr{u4ycrprraJtnara peBon}oul{.fi nrn Opan- AOCTaT:bqHO C)?OBHHr.I U XpaHr.{ 3a rpaACKOTo HaCeJIeHIre.
uufl 3anoqBar B roArrHrrre na @peucxara peBonrollux, Ho c tIl,JIHa cuJla Haqaloro Ha r{HAycrpr4utu3a\vflTa n lepuaHux e noAnoMorna-
rq ce pUBBLIBa eABa cneg 1815 r. tr4xououuqecKlrre u rorurnqecKure ro ol KoHTr{}reHTaJrHara 6nora4a na Hanoneos or 1806 r. I{rteuso
ycnoBH.f, ntn {Dpalrqu.rr He [o3Bor''B,ar 6rpzu reMrloBe ]ia IrHAycrpHa- npe: 181 I r. e ocsonaHa [onyrlHnara rIo-KBcHo cBeroBHa u3BecrHocr
nv3a]dJaflTa. B pesynrar HapeBonloULrrraB'EB QpeHcroro ceJlo ocraBar Meranyprur{Ha Supua na (Dprl4pxx Kpyn. Clea 1815 r. HHAycrpH-
MHoro cpeAHIr u6eguu ceir.rrHu. Jluruenu or loJIeMH Suuaucorr'r nt:- aJilu13a;]-J.v7flTa npOAT,nXaBa C UO-orpSll reMfroBe, HO e 3arpyIHeHa or

Mox(Hocrlr u o6pa6oraarqr4 HeroJIeMI{ yqacrbllu 3eM.f,, Te He ca B cr,c- rvrr.cara Ha Karrr{TaJru. 3a pa:ruxa or Anrnux u @pauqur flpycut, a
rorHue Aa npunarar uafi-uo4eprulre MeroAH ua o6pa6orxa Ha 3eM.ara h npytl4 repMaHcKII AT,pxaBI4 nOAIIoMaIaT ilapfirlHO I1 C .{pyIII Mep-
w la csa1EBar npoMr.rmJleHocrra c ueo6xoALrrr.ture ir rexHl4qecKpl KA B:bBeXIaHerO Ha HOBLrre nporlsBoAoTra. oco6eno cHJIHo Bltust],j,vIe
Kynrypu. 3a4rpxaHero Ha ToJUIM 6pofi ue oco6eso 6oraru xI4reJIu 3a xoAa Ha VH.qycTpvINrH3A\uflTa vl3vlfpaB?. MaCOBOTO xeJIe3OrIT,THo
B ceJlara craBa npuiruma H 3a ro-6asuoro pa3BI'ITue Ha BbrperrHara crpourencrBo B repMaHcxr{re 3eM}r, 3anoqHaJlo clea 1835 r. Brpsoro
T16proBrlfl r.r na3ap. Ilpurorau 3a cBo.rrra 3eM"s, ceJr.flHIIHtr rpyAHo ce pa3BHTUe Ha HayrIHO-TeXHIIqeCKaTA IIII{CT,II B TflX II3IIlpaBa 3HaqI'ITeJI-
OTKT,CBa OT Hef, U ArS @pauqu.rr na3apbT na cso6oAHa pa6orua prxa Ha pon 3a HHAycrpnanv3ar\rtflTa. flonuru.IecKara pa3rroKbcaHoc!
He ce pa3Bl4ra 6rpso. frpeqKa, e [peoAorl,IHa r{acTuqHo npe: 1834 r,
KOflTO CT,TUO e rOJrtrMa
lonf,raa qacr or $pencxara ilpoMlrrlneHocr orAaBHa e opI{eHTI4- Korirro ce o6pasyna leprtancxx MUTHVqecKr4 sblo3 or 28 grpxasv.
paHa KT,M [pOI43BOACTBO Ha IIpeAMeTII Ha JIyKCa I'I MOAaIa, KOHTO He Bce uax Jrr{flcara Ha eAI{HHa AbpxaBa 14 rloJlplTuqecrara cna6ocr ua
ce uyxgax'i HnH TpyAHo ce flor,raBar Ha MexaHl{saqux. Opencrara 6ypxoa:rura sa6assr repMaHcKara HHAycrpI4arIu 3arJns, Ko-flro ce pas-
6ypxoasux,e cBbp3aHa rJraBHo c 6aHrepcxa,qefrnocr Ir rbproBlrq fl no- BHBa c uo-6rp:lr reMrroBe eABa npe3 60-re roAnuu Il 3aBbpllBa cneA
HIICKI{TC NC'IAJ6H OT KAIIIITZUIOBJTOXCHII'TA B NPOMI{UINCHOCTTA HC fl o6eAltreuuero Ha crpaHara rrpe3 1871 r.
npuahzvar. flpeuxa :a 6t p:oro pa3Btfiue Ha HHAycrpuanu3a\YsTa aa Lr B no-asocramalrrTe B I{KoHoMIrrIecKo I{ noJII4Tr{r{ecKo orHollre-
nonfl Tr4qecKrlre ycJroBrd-n cneA oKoHqareJrHara pecraBpal{u, Ha Eyp6o- Hr{e crpaHrr or llsroqna Enpona l4ngycrpualHara peBonloqnfl ce
Hrrre rrpes 1815 r. Te ue ce r{HrepecyBar or 3aKpllnara H roAnoMaraHe- pa3BHBa eABa BbB BTopara rloJroBuHa Ha XIX B. H B H-flKol{ or r.ax rfi
ro ua $pencKara r.rHAycrprrr, Ko-trTo e no.4rlox(eHa Ha KoHKypeHIl,I4rITa Ha npoAbnxaBa r{ AO roAHHHre na flrprara cBeroBHa soiiHa. EAuucrne-
asrnzficr<ure npoMrrmneHr{ croKH. EAsa creA IOncxara peBon}ouHfl or Hara crpaHa H3BIH Enpona, B Ko;rro lrHAycrplraluga\HflTa e cT,c 3Ha-
1830 r LlHrycrplraJrv3ar\usram,r @pauqru rptrBa c no-6rpsu reMno- qHTeJreH o6xrar, ca Cre4nHeHure aMepI,IKaHcKkl IIIaTI{.
Be z B o6u1u rmua 3aBT,pruBa upes 60-re roAI{HH Ha XIX s. Brupexu 6tpsoro pir:BHTHe Ha HoBHre I{H.{ycrpHanHU rexHo-
B repnancxr.rre AbpxaBH l4uayc;rpuatHara peBonro\us, ce Lls- Jrorlru u $alpruunara cncreMa,.4o cpeAara na XIX e. erponeficxara
no-6anuo. BoAeuIa crpaHa B r4KoHoMIrrIecKo orHoIIIeHlre crl
B:bprrrBa orqe [lKoHoMrrKa ocraBa npeAI{MHo arpapHa. E.qna or cpeAara Ha BeKa BbB
Harraroro Ha BeKa crara flpyou. Cne4 pa3rpoMa npuilenaz Ayepuar BOAeTTIUTe CTpaHr.r Xaro Aurnux, @panqux, Eelrux Il H,{KOI{ fepMaH-
r flpyclrx ca [poBeAeHu peQoprran - ocso6oAeHpl ca ceJlf,Hl4re or ruq- cKH AbpxaBpr ocHoBeH KJroH B t4KoHoMLIKaTa cTaBa I1H.lyaTpvflTa.
Ha 3aBucrrMoc! npeMaxHrrv ca qexoBplTe orpaHfiqeHufl. lonflr,{a qacr [HaycrpuanHara peBonroqus HocH crc ce6e cu MHoro HoBIr cotll4-
or ocso6o.4eHl4Te ceJrf,Hu ce HacoqBa KbM lpa.4oBere I{ Tt'pclr pa6ora n alHu npo6nevu. TxrrpoMerut 4elrorpa$cxara crpyrcry?a, Karo HaMaJI-f,Ba

54 55
6pox ua HaceJreHuero B ceJlara H cI{rIHo yBe-ilt'IqaBa xHTeJII{Te Ha lpaAo- IIO-BAXHI4 HAYqHI4 OTKPI4TI4fl 14 TEXHtr{qECKI4
eere. flpes nr,pBara IIoJIoBI4Ha ua XD( a. n Autlt'Ii, Opauqux z lepua- I43 O EPE TE HLLA B f OII4H?ITE
trtar ce rroflBflBar HoBI{ npoMl{rrureHfl paitoun,pacrar rpaAoBere. HA I4HTYCTPZAJIHATA PEB OJIIOUIUI
B pesylrar Ha I{H.qycrprranvsa\b5ra pa6orHara cura ce KoHIIeH-
Tpupa B roJreMure rpaAoBe 11 [poMI.IIIrJIeHNre pafionu. @a6puunoro 1733 r. - flxoH Kefi crs4ana Jrerflrlara coBaJrKa.
npor43BoAcrBo HaJrara HoB HaqvH ua pa6ora - TorIHo crla3BaHe Ha pa- 1735 r. 3a nrpsu rbr s AurruxEfilpaxavt
- lap6u ;tolltsaKoKc or
6oruoro BpeMe, rlocroflHHo npucr,crBlre ua pa6oruoro Mrlcro, crpora KAMCHHH BbilIHIUA.
TexHororr{qHa AEcIIVnnHHa, HeIIpeKbCHaT IIenOIOAITUeH pIrT}M Ha 1766 r. - flrprara Blrcoxa nerrl 3a 4o6an Ha xeJr.rr3o r Anmus.
pa6ora. Pa6orsuxr,r ce rlyBcrBa Karo npHAarT,K Ha MarIrl{Hara. I\xta L767 r. - {Nefinac Xaprpufirc KoHcrpy}rpa rrbpBara rpeAaqHa Marrlr_
crlcTeMa oT HaKa3aHH.fl Ir MepKrl 3a cIItBBaHe Ha .4rrcuu[ntrHaTa rtpa- Ij.a,,!x.e]okr',.
Bflr rpyAa Ha Sa6plrunure pa6oruuqr{ TpyAeH Ir Henpl'IBnexareleu. B Pnvapa Aprparir cr3taBanbpBara
!7_9?. - Sa6puxa.
HaqzlrrHr4rr nepuoA Ha r.rHAycrpvanvBuJrl[Ta yclroBus'ra Ha rpyAa ca 1769 r. -.{Nefirvrc Yar narenroBa rrr,pBara napHa
Marrrr.rHa.
TexKrr, JIlrrIcBa BC-f, KaKBa oxpaHa ua'pa6orHoro Mrlcro, 3altnaulaHero - Carr.rloen Kpouumn cT,3AaBa HoBa rpeAaqHa Marrrr4ua.
1175,
e HrIcKo. 1782 r. - {Nefiuc Yar xoucrpyupa ycT,BT,pueHcrBaHa napua Marrrr{-
flpolreux ce Ir HaTII.IHT,T Ha xuBor Ha HoBure pa6ornuqz. 3a xo- Ha.
para, H.4Barrlrr or ceJrara, ycnoBHrlTa3a xlrBor BT,B sa6pZUnUre o6ule- 1784 r. - Xenpz Kopr uso6perrBa ,,rryAJrr4HroBara rrelu,..
)l<iltKr. H rpaAOBeTe Ca nO-HeXIuIIkleHIIqHkl, XpaHaTa - fIO-JIOlIa, pa3- 1_7_89, - EAurn4 Kaprpafir cb3AaBa rr,pBrrn rtKaqeH craH.
xo.qr.rrc 3a )KI4Bor - fIo-roJIeMI{. Ilpoueux ce crepeorlrnt,r s ceMefiItu.fl 1"/97 r. - flocrpoeu e rrbpBrr.rrr xeJre3eH Mocr B
Cnrresax.
xhBoT, tloJtoll(cHflero Ha )KeHara, orrrrex.4aHero I{ BT,3[I4TaHpIero Ha n - Puuap,u Tpenzrrzx KoHcrpyhpa rbpBrr_fl rroKoMorr.rB.
]!O:
Aerrara. Miroro x(eHH I4 geqa pa6orxr rIplr rexKu ycltoBv:fl. ntr Sa- 1807 r, - Po6rpr (Dynrru MoHrr,rpa napHa MaruvrHana
xopa6a ,,Klep_
6puxure. ETo :allo pa6oruuqure [oHac.tr rpyAHo IIpoM.rIHara I{ ce M0HT".
npzcnoco6xear 6anno il Mr,rII{TeJIHo KbM He.lt. Tesu rexru H Henpu- 1808 r - Ilrpnoro ra3oBo ocBerJreHrze e BBBeAeHo s JIouAou.
sHqAH ycnoBrr.f, uapa6ora H xaBor BoAf,T Ao cnoHTaHHIt nporecrlr Ha 1808 r- XoseS Mapra Xar<apa KoHcrpyrrpa rr,KaqeH crau, c xofiro
pa6ornuqu'- qyneue Ha MaIIrlrHIrre, IIo.qrIaJrBaHe Ha $a6puxr.rre. Morar ga ce uzpa6orBar rrrapxrr rro rbKauare.
B:snperu HoBrrre coIIIIaJIHI'I npo6leuu H TexKoro rloJloxceHue Ha i B 12 r - @praprn Krounr v Aq4peac Eayep
' pa6oruuuecKara KoHcrpyt4pm Gpsa ne.rar_
KJIaca B laaqaJtlurrs. [epl{oA, I4ugywpuastHara peBo- Ha rrpeca. flrpruxr Becrlrr{K, rreqaraH Ha He.f,, e anuuficxnsr
nlorlt4Jr AofipnHac.f, MHoro 3a HKoHoMHrIecKoro pa3Blrrlre ua Erpona. ,,Ta[uc".
Crnpoao4eua or MHoro HayqHo-TexHrrqecKu orKpI{TIuIf, Tfl rrpaBu xI{- 1814 r - lxop4N Cre$elrcrH KoHcrpyupa ilbpBuflcr{
JroKoMorHB.
BoTa Ha xopara fro-JreK. 1818 r --f,rco6 Eepqenuyc ny6mrrcynara6iugasarernoro
Ha aroMr4re.
B pesyrrar ua l4uaycrpvanHara peBonloul{fl B cpeAara Ha 1827 r. - Orxpula e [T,pBara 3ooJroruqec Ka rpapaHar
J1ou4ou.
XIX s. 3anoqBa Aa ce cb3AaBa HoBo I{KoHoMHqecKo pa3AeneHlre Ha 183I r. 'Llz,,usar nbpBilre rpyAoBe na Mafixin @apagefi3a
eJreKrprr-
cBera * rpyna or cHJIHo pa3ru'tv npoMlzrlrJreHla crpal,:^r r 3anaAua qecTBOTO.
Erpona z Cenepna Anepuxa, cneABaHH or crpaHrrre or tr{sroqua I834 r- Mopnq Xaxo6z KoHcrpyrzpa rrr,pBrr.trr eneKrpoMorop.
Enpona u KorroHpllrre, Kolrro upes XX B. rlorlaAar B rpyrlara Ha lB35 r, - Caurogn Konr rEspa6or"u,rpum peBonBep.
pa3Br{BaullllTe ce cTpaHIr.

56
1836 r. -i1o*a, flpafise npov3Bex,qa nyrrrKa c rzrrpo, I.I I4rJIeHo 3a- E BPofrErzcxara c our4AnHA
IIZUIBAHC.
I4 IOTI4TI{qECKA CI4CTBMA
1837 r. - Cauroel Mops lEso6perma renerpaQa'
TIPE3 IIbPBATA TIOJIOBI{HA HA XIX B.
1837 r. IIyu fiarep cr,sAaBa rtpBara $ororpa$ur, HaperleHa ,,Aare-
-
porl.Iflwf,".
or IOc-
1841 r. - flolara ce HaqaJioTo Ha cencKOCTOrraHCKaTa x:vvlLts.
Passzruero Ha coquzulHaT a rr rto,.,T.,qe c*ara c,creMa r Enpona
ryc llu6vx.
3a nbpBl4 nbr Hapro3a or erep npu npe3 nlpBara rroJroBuHa na XIX B. nporuqa H3r1flno noA BnasHuero
1846 r. - Yursr,I Mopmn ilpilJftra
BaAeHe a nocJre Ir rrpu orrepauus'
ualr6, ua r4rtgycrpualtHara peBoJrloqrrfl Ir rroJrr{Thqe cuLrre vt4eh na @penc-
Burmemra Eayep upaera rIbpBI{ ycfleureH olur c noABoAHI{ua'
KaTa peBonlour4_rr.
1856 r. -
1856 r. * YHrsN{ flepxunc clrHre3l{pa nbpBara usrycrnena 6ox' Orqe n Kpatr Ha XVIil n Haquuroro sa XIX B. crapara courliurHa
crpyKTypa ua o6ulecrnoro 3anoqra.qa ce pyurr4. flrpnure.(Be cbcJro_
1856 r, - B ueqepara Heangeprzur BbB @panqr.rx ca oTKpIITI{ CKeJIeTII
Ha npail cropwlecKrlfl qoBeK.
BIjX -
ApucToKparlr{.flTa r4 A}XOBeHCTBOTO, IOCTeTIeHHO ry6xr cnoure
r{apns fiaprrn ,,flpousxog Ha rrprlBvriler]Ilkr rr Mrrcro n o6ulecrroro. Tperoro cscJroBr.re, rcoero o6xsa-
1859 r. fly6ruryraHa e KHlrrara ua
-
rlr4oBere". ura BcuqKu ocraHaJrr{ o6rqecrneHa upocnofixr.r, Hrpae Bce fro-foJurMa
trIruaq 3elaensafic 3arorlBa ycrrelrlHo neKyBane Ha po.qunHa porx. B uero o6aqe Hacr5rrBar 3Haqr4TeJrHH npoMeHrr. r{acr or crapara
1861 r. - (QuHancosa rr rr,proBcxa) lypxoasnx. cBbp3aHa c HKoHoMr{qecxrrre
rpecKa. }I
noJrarr{qecrr.rre crpyrrypr Ha craplafl. pexuM, ry6n cuqo r:nt4rnt4e.
1865 r - lperop MeuAel ny6nzxyra rr3cJreABaHrurra cI{ ro reHerl{(a. Bce no-srrzxreJrHa c]f.I,a craBaHoBara [poMrrrxJreHa 6ypxoasru, cr:-
1865 r - Hur*o Ha aHTucerrTu]tiuta c TpeTr{paHe Ha paHu c xap6olo-
Ba KI{ceJII'IHa or,{xoyse$ Ilucrep. AaleHa c BbBexAaHero Ha Maruurrure z Sa6pruuara cucreNaa. p.sgxo
1866 r - KoucrpyzpaHo e IrbpBoro ropreAo. ce npoMeH"rr z upocloiiraraHa HaeMHHTe pa6oruuqz. Bue4pxraHero
A:r$pea Ho6en cb3AaBa ;rrrlr'auura- HA MAIIIIIHIITE U $A6PUUU ATA CI4CTEMIABOALI AO CT,3.{ABAHETO HA CT,tsI,P-
1867.r. -
rrleHo HoBa npocrofira HaeMHn pa6oruuqn
1867 r. - Bepnep Sou Cnl'aeuc zso6perxna AlrHaMoMalIvIHara' - lpoMr4rJ]neHu.f,r npoJre_
rrprz rrr,T ce npwnata xene:O6eroHHoro crpolIrencTBo. Tapuar. Passuraero Ha MaruzHHoTo nporl3BoncrBo 11 ro.f,Bara Ha rro_
1867 r - 3a
e nepllo.4lrllHara cl{creMa Ha eJIeMeHTr{Te CBT}IHIITE I4 IIO-KAqECTBCHI{TE NPOMI,IIIIJIEHI4 CTOKII OKZBBA BITILflH]PrE
1869 r. - Crcrarena KI
Br,pxy Ape6Hara 5ypNoasux, cBbp3aHa cr,c 3aHarrqnficroro npor.rs-
Bo.qcrBo. Tasu 6ypxoa3Lrfl. TpyIHo r43Alpxa KoHKypeHrlunra. Marra
qacr or He.x ce upeycrpofrna u ce npilcloe1rllnflBa
KbM npocnofirara
Ha flpoMHrrrneuara 6ypxoa:ux. flp eo6n al,aBa:fl\ur a.racr o 6aq e rro
cre-
IIeHHO Ce pa3op{Ba rr cTaBa eJreMeHT OT npoMrlrrrJreHH' rrponeTapu?tr..
rlporr,rena HacrbrrBar rr B ceJroro. flpes nrprara rroJroBrzHa Ha XD( s.
B Iroqru BcrrqKH crparur or 3ana4ua u I-{eurpamra Erpona Seo4a-nura_
TE OTHOIIICHI' B CCJIOTO CE xIVIKB]1.,.LIPAT. B SASUCUMOCT OT HAqHHA, fIO
xoiiro uporzqa ro3rr nr{KBrrAarlr{oHeH npoqec, ce rrpoMeHrr rr couuzlJr_
cbcraB B ceJroro. B pesynrar Ha peBoJrroqnsraB%s (Dpanqzx canao
HI4TIT
qACT OT API,ICTOKPAUV,TAYCr,flBA.4A
3ANA3II CBOI{TC HMEHI{'I H OCHOB}IA.

59
'r'Arurcl or 3cMflT'a e npraTexaHue Ha 6)?xoa3vrTan cerrHrrre. B crpa-
CC O6SS,flTA P[3KO NPOTIIB BC.SKAKBII I,{3MEHCHH' HA C6TUCCTBWAU\Hfl
Hr4-r'c or I-(eurpanua Enpona ceJr;{Hr.lre ca ocno6o4eull or ruruua rroJrurr{qecKn crpofi. @pn4pux leuq nponaraHAupa HAerzre Ha Erpx n
$eo-
AiLrrHa saBrrcuMoc! Iro caMo Haii-6orarure or rflx r4Mar Bb3MoxHocr TCPMAHCKHTE AbPXABII 11 OKIBBA CIIJIHO BJII,I-f,HHC BT,PXY
$OPrrArrPAUCrO
Ia orKyn.f,T 3eMHTe clr. B pesylrar Ha roBa aprrcroKparluqra 3arriBBa Ha peaKrllroHHr{, pex,M B rrx crreA i 815 Mexry 18 16 a 1834
r r. Kapn
cBor.{Te ]]i|.1e}fr4fl. U 3aIOr{Ba lA pa3BIdBA MOAepHO CenCKO CTOIIaHCTBO, Ilyl.nur $oH Xanep :a3raBa B rrrecr roMa rpyAa cu ,,pecranpa\Hfl, Ha
ocHoBaHo Ha HaeMHI{, TpyI Ha MilrrolrMorHr.rre u 6esrznaorHrlTe ceturHu. TIOJII{THqECKHTC HAYKH.., r r<OiirO O6OCTTOSASA NPI,IHIIUIIA HA
JICTHTI{M-
Pa:suruero na $a6pruunara cHCTeMa cr,3IaBa uoru pa6ornu Mecra B HocTra v AaBa rrMero Ha erroxara c:rea 1815 r. _ pecrarpaqlrx. KoH_
npoMHrruleHocTTa II IOJtrrMa qaCT OT CeJITHIITe Ce HaCOqBaT KbM rpaflo- CEPBATI43MbT KATO NOJIHTHqCCKA NOKTPHHA ]/.WA ]f,Afi.-C,1.IIHO
PA3BIITI,{C
BeTe, KaTO fronT,JIBaT peAOBeTe Ha npOMHrXneHr{g nponeTapu?ff. or I_{eHrpalua Espona u uaii-eeqe B repMaHcKrrre Abp_
B crpaHrrre
Hoaara cJroxHa z 6r,psopa:BlrBarua ce coquanHa crpyKTypa XAEH. C PA3BIITI{ETO HA I{HAYCTPI{ZLIIHUTE NPOMEHH I{
PEBONIOIIHI{TC
ua erponelicroro o6ulecrBo BoAr{ u Io cnoxHrr r{KoHoMuqecKrr, co- or 1848*1849 r. sru,,nuero Ha KoHCepBarH3Ma HaMiuurBa, no roii ce
\uanrl;a H rorurr4qecKu nporr{Bopequ_fl. floxsflsar ce [oruTr4qecKu 3arra3Ba Ao rorlrHr{Te Ha Ilrpnara cBeroBHa noitua, uzpasxtailxu
crx-
.4OKTpr.rHr4 H TeqeHH.s, cboTBeTcTBarqrr Ha coulriurHaTa cTpyKTypa Ha paHeHlrre nO3LIIIHIT Ha apHCToKp a\uAT a B rroJrHTuqecKr4Te crpyKTypr{
o6qecrnoro - KoHCepBarH3MT,T, mz6epalusuT,! HaIIH0HzITIIT3MT,T r4 Ha AbpxaBr.{re or l_{eurparllr,au I4:ro.rHa Erpona. Heroeara cour{aJrHa
coquiu[r3MT,T. OCHOBA NPE: XIX B, OCTABA CPABHHTCNHO I',ICHA AP}ICTOKPAIqHATA)
B yclonl.lxra Ha pecraBpawflTa Ha crapufl. crpoil, HaroxeH or -
AyX0B9HCTBOTO, qr.lHOBHUr{eCKOTO C.LCJIOBTT0 V qacT oT CeJrtrHHTe.
perxeHrulra ua Buencru-a KoHlpec, ronrrrr{qecKrta Brracr ocraBa B tr4aeure Ha KoHCepBarr{3Ma r{aMr{par orpaxeHr{e B .,onr.rr,Kara
ptqere Ha aplrcroKpar\H.flTa. Ocuosua rronrlTrrqecKa AoKTpuHa Ha yrr- ua crerqeaur cr,ro3. l,rasuure ABrrrarenu ua enponeficKara peaKqr4s
paBnflBaruara upoclofir<a craBa KoHcepBarr43urr. Toii ce paxla Karo caArcrpru, Pycuxuflpycux. Oco6euo cHJrHo Blufl:rrveB rl_rrnara cuc_
peaKuu, na'apncroxp auuflT a rr AyoBeHcrBoro cpeqy peBonloqrroH- TeMa Ha CnerqeHru cblo3 r4Ma aucrpuiicru.r{T r(aHrlnep npznq Kne_
Hr.rre rrpoMeriu, HacrbfruJrlr B pe3ynrar Ha {DpeHcxara peBonrouur. ueuc Merepuux (1773*1 859). ceerqenn-ar cbro3 rrpoBexra qerupr4
Koucepnaru3Mbr ce crpeMu Ia 3arrlr{TaBa rpaArrquoHHuTe qeHHocrLr KoHrpeca Me)KIy 1818 u lB22 r.Ilpes 1820 r. zs6yxaa lz6epa_nua
Ha QeonanHoro obruecrBo - MoHapxkrflTa) perHil{.sra, cbcJroBrrrrra rur peBonroqrr{ s Llcna:aus. flo rosn noBoA Ha KoHrpeca r Tponay npes
cr,ciroBHara bo6crseHocr. Cuope4 uero o6ulecrBoro He tpx6ea ga 1820 r. Caeqeuuxr cbm3 npoBT,3rJrac,rBa np,Hq,o.,a 3a rrpaBoro Ha
cKbcBa ptr3Ko c Tpa4ldrlutffe h u3fruTaHaTa B MVHzuroTo CUCTeMa Ha HHTepBeHur{.rr BbB BCrKa crpaHa, KbAero rs6yxne penorrcqnx.
Cre4
opmHrr3arlus.:ape!\ B Hero. Hafi-svcrua Qopnaa Ha opraHrr3aLtnflTaHa Karo npe3 1 820 r. no406uu peBonloql{H uraa s Heanon u rlueuour, ua
AbpxaBaTa, cnope.q KoHcepBaTopr{Te, e HeolpaHhqeHaTa MoHapxu.rr, B KoHrpecHre s llafi6ax u BepoHa e B3ero perxeHr4e sa BoeHHa r.rHTep-
Ko.rrro BnaAereJUrr e orroBopeH 3a cBorrre geficr:sun cauo upe4 Bora. Te3v CTpaHIl. Brs Bepoua e ocbAeHo rr 3arroqHaroro npe3
BeHrIH"rr B
llpolrennre cle4 @peHcxara peBonlorlu.fl Kapar KoHcepBaropnTe Aa 1821 r. HarliloHaJrHoocno6o4nreJrHo BT,craHr4e Ha rpr,rIKH.[ HapoA
cpe_
npueMar u $opnan Ha KoHCTHryuuoHHo yrrpaBneHue, Kor{To o6aqe ue ruy ocuaucraravMr,ep]g^tr. 3acnnaarqara ce peaKr{HoHHa rronHTrrKa Ha
HaKbpHrBar ocHoBHrrre npepomruBr.r Ha MoHapxa. BzgHzre u4eono- cneuleHux cr,ro3 e flp,rruHa 3a rrocrerreHHoro orApbnBaHe Ha Anmn.s
3rz Ha KoHcepBarr{3Ma ca aHrrhqaHrautr E4uru4 Erpr (1729*1j97), or Hero. flpes 1823 r, r, ce olsssria orKprzro cpeqy HaMepeHuero
repMaHerlbr (Dprz4prlx feHrl (1764-1832), unefiqapeqrr Kapn Ilya- Aa 6rqe noAloMorHaral4cnasux B onura il aa cn Br,pHe i6rurrr_
snr Sou Xarep (1768-1854) u ap. EArrcuA Erpx n 1790 r. rmtaBa TE HE3ABUCHMOCT NATIIHOAMCPHKAHCKII KOJIOHUII, IOrrCrArA
PCBONIO-
KHHrara ,,Pa3MtrurreHllg Bbpxy peBonloqhf,Ta nrr (Dpauquf", B Ko.f,To IIHf, r{ ycraHoBrBaHero ua 6ypxoasHa MoHapxxx rrr (Dpauur.{, npe3
 qvero Mexry kl[Ayc.rphanqr.rre u pa6orHuuecKara KJraca H craBa
1830 r, nocJle.qBarara peBonloulas s Berrug H rloJlcKoro Bl,craHl{e or e/iuH
1830 r. orcnabrar CseqeHu.f, crros. B Auuus ra Opanqux tlocrelleH- or H3ToqHrIuHTe, or KoI'ITo IIo-KlcHo rlepnil IrAeI'I ocHoBaren-[T Ha Mo-
H0 BJII/LIHIIeTO Ha KOHCepBaTI{BHIITe U.4eH HaMiIn Ba I{ B Tf,X B3eMaT AepHHtr coqr{aJrH3}M Kapn Mapxc. Pvrcap4o e rBbpA npHBT,pxeHr.rK Ha
Bpbx H.{eHTe Ha HoBara rrorplTrlrlecxa.4oKTpI{Ha - tu6epatuzva. r.nap. cno604Ha rr,proBH-'I, frporr4B nporeKrIHOH M3Ma HA aHrnnfi crara
Hafi-srl,Irre ltnara vI 6r,p:opa:nuraula ce [oJlurl{qecKa AoIopr'IHa apr4croKpaul1,fl., il3pa3eHa B ,,xr{TH}rre 3aKoHr4,, or 1g15 n, u rr3T6K_
or Haqiuroro Ha BeKa crana ml6epiullr3Mbr. Tofi upe4craBJlrBa lr.4eono- Ba, qe HKoHoMr4qecKlrre nprrBl{Jref}rl{ Ha apucronpar\uflTa ba upe.rxa
rr{qecKo I{ froJrr{Tr4qecKo rerleHHe, o6eawuxtarqo np}rBbpxeHl'Iunre Ha sa 6rpsoro pa3BuTr,re Ha HHAycrpusra. I4rcouoMurrecrure ,li, nu
rrapnaMeHTapHnx crpofr u 6ypNoa:ul{Te npaBa u cno6oAu. Kopenure aIdtrruitcxua ma6epa,'rzsrM ca pa3BprrH r{ or r.Hap. ManvecrrpcKarrrKo-
na enponeficxzx mr6epalll3T,M ce HaMlrpar B vAevre Ha npocBerrrreJllr- la ua Sa6pllxaHrure Puvapa Ko6aeH n lNoH Epafir, xorro ce 6opn
JIyz Mourecr<to, Bonrep, Susuorparure, Agau 3a rlpeMaxBaHero Ha ,,xre6HHTe 3aKOHU" Ir BbBexraHero Ha cno604-
re -,{xon IIor, Illapn
CnrUr. COqUzIIIHaTa OcriOsa Ha rul6epalu3Ma Ca nIaBHO IIpOMI{IIIJI9HaTa HATA TbPTOBPTX.3A PA3BVTITCTO HA I4KOHOMIIqCCKI{TC UAE]r- HA I]?I6EPA-
lypxoasux uvHrenureHlrrura. Cuope4 m'r6epa;rrrcnaa couuuulHara xap- lrustlaa B repMaHcKmre Ar,pxaBr4 foJrf,Ma poJr.f, rzrpae Opra4pux Jlucr

Mourrrr Ir uporpecbr na o6nrecrnoro Morar Na 6t Aar AocrurHar[ qpe3

(L789-L846). Tofi o6o*rorasa vr.neflTa3a cb3AaBa'ero Ha lepuallcrnx
rracruara co6crseHocr rrp]I ocl,Ifyp-t{BaHero na cso60Aa Ha nuJ:ITrlrpa B MrrrHrrqecKr{ cbro3 0r 1834 r, rofiro rp.a6na Aa noAloMorue 6rproro
r{KoHoMr{Kara I{ Br,B BcHqKH Apyru c$epu. Ero satqo mlSepalure zcrar r{HAycTpr4aJrHo pasBrrTHe Ha repMaHcK}rTe AbpxaBr,r.

cro6oAa Ha ruilHocrlra, cJloBoro, y6ex4enuxra:arlpecara. Te ce o6x- Pagsr'rrzero Ha u!,evrre ua wtdeparru3Ma ca cBbp3aHlr c yclexrrre
B.rrBar 3a [orHTI{iIecKo paBeHcrBo Ha rpaxAaHure. 3a Hafi-4o6pa grp-
ua tr{HgycrpmaJrnara peBonrorlu_f,. Ho ma6epanHu ABr{xeHr{{ ce flpofl_
BflBAT U B Her.r.4ycrplraJrHo pa3Brzrr4 crpaHr.{. Ourzr sa rz6epanHa peeo-
xaBlra opraHlrcalIu.f, r,u6epastur e cMrITar KoHcrlITyIIIloHHara MoHapxlr.f,
c pa3AeJIrHe Ha 3aroHo,qareJlHara, Ir3rIT,lIHI{TeJIHarav ctAe6nara BJIacr. ntor\ktfl. uNfi e r4cnallue, rlpe'3 1820 n, e HeanoruraHcKoro KpaJrcrBo t4
flreuoHr s l82l n u ro-KbcHo npe3 i830 r B pyczx rroA BJrrrrrHrre Ha
locrrn Ao rlapnaMeHrarpt6za Aauvrar I4MorHVTe xopa, KoLITo Aau3'
pa6oga:r saKbHfire H Aa KoHTporfirpar I{3rIrJIHI{TeJIHara BJracr' E4llr or u4eilTe ua @pencxara peBorroqu.f, rpyra .rru6epaJrHo Mr.rcJrerqn o$uqe_
flbpBrr..Te TeopeTl{qu Ha fIoJrI{TLtqecKaTa nporpaMaua rut6epaluslrra e pr{ npaBf,r onxr 3a 6yHr npes AeKeMBprz 1825 n creA cMbprra*a v:v._
asriuitcrv.sr,{unoco$ [xepeirau Eesmu 748- 1 832). OcrosHara
( 1 neparop A"rreKCaHA:bp I. flena6pucrxnxr 6yHr, KaKro rr [peArrlecrBarq]r-
qen na rrrr6epiulu3Ma, crlopeA Heto, e cb3AaBaHero ua o6rqecrno, B Ko- Te ro s r4cr,ailufl v ]r/-TAJL]?.iaHCKHTe Abp)I(aBu ca [ory[IeHH
peBoJIIOgVtU

ero Aa I{Ma Bb3Mo)KHo nafi-ronxuo ulacrue 3a BT,3MoxHo uafi-ror-fll'I JrecHo nopaAr{ cla6ocrra na 6ypxoasu_xra B Te3H crpaHu.
6pofi or HeroBrrre lLIIeHoBe. Cnope4,{Non Crtoapr Mru (1806-1873) Pa:nu.rHo e [onoxeHl{ero BBB @pauqux u Eelrux, KbAero
I4uaycrpualHara pesomorla_fl cneA 1815 r. ce pa3BVBa 6rpso. Tora
AbpxaBara rpx6aa Aa ce orralxe HarItJIHo or HaMecara B ltu7qrral' )Kvt-
BOT.Ha XOpaTa h Ia Aalle ITbJIHI,I [paBa Ha r7HI,vlB.uIla.
noArorB, ycnerrrHrz, xpafi ua lOncrara peBonrorlu.fl nrr @pauqzx or
Jlu6epa:rure ca cpeuy HaMecara Ha AbpxaBara B uKoHoMlrKutav 1830 r. r{ Harrrro,zurroocso6o.q,reJrHoro B'craHae s Eenr,.{ [pe3 cr,-
sa cso6oAHoro pasBI{THe Ha rra3apHoro crolraHcrso. Cl'uluo BJrrIxH:ae urara roALlHa. flpes 30-re ro4unu fpa]rluuara MexAy KoHCepBarh3Ma
Bbpxy HKoHoMurrecKHTe Bb3rJlep;u Ha rul6epalmsua ora3Bar H.uKorKo u nu6epatrusrua n Erpona e {cHo npoKapaHa - BbB Br{CoKopa3Brrrrzre
rruqHocru. Anrunficrlur I{KoHoMrrcr flefiu'r4 Purapro (1772-1823) tzH4ycrpuurHtl,IbpxaBH Anmrax, (DpaHqux u Betrus. nu6epanu:nam
il3 aria s 18i7 r. TpyAa cra ,,IIpuHqurII'I Ha [oJrurl{rlecKara uKoHoMH-s r4Ma cvIlHYI tto3ul\uvt', AoKaro KoHcepBarI{3MbT ocraBa rocro.qcrBaul B
--u AaHtqHoro o6naraue", n Kofiro pa3rnelx,.qa qacr or MexaHIr3MI'ITe Ha no-cla6opa:Br{Til re MoHapxrru r I{eHrpa-nH a u klsroqga Erpona.
HoBoro l{HAycrpaanno o6urecrso. PIExapro nGpBI{ BI{xAa rlporllBope-

62
 flpes nr,pnara [oJIoBrrHa Ha XIX n. or:rlr6epann3Ma ce o'{AeJUI MHoro cJroxeH. Ycroeu-sra Ha rpyra Ha pa6ormuecKara KJIaca B H.trKoI,I
AeMoxparurleoKoro .iltsuxeHlre. Herosara tJIaBHa couHaJIHa oriopa ca npou3BoAcrBa cayx<acxBarq?r, Kar(ro ToBa e IIoKa3aHo B I{3cJIeIBaHero
.4pe6nara bypxoa:ux H npoMl{luneHl{;ir npoJlerapuar. lnanuure uy Ha repMaHcru{fl corluirJrrrcr @pugpux EHrelc ,,IloroxeHllero Ha pa6or-
pa3nuqufl or nu6epanr{sMa ca B creneHTa Ha peiIJIHr{Te [ornTurle- HuqecKara KJraca s AHrrru-fl" or 1845 r. Ero:arqo ycnopeAHo c pa3BIrrH-
cKH npaBa Ha qJreHoBere na o6urecrBoro. loraro ml6epanure ca sa j eTo Ha rrpoMr.llllneHrr-f, nponerapuaT ce IIo.qB.flBaT Lr nbpBHTe KpuTVr{HLI
orpaHr.rqeHl4x n us6upareJlHrlTe [paBa, AeMoKparI4Te u3rurar Jio3yHra 3
,1, rr3cJreABaHr{rr Ha HoBoro o6rqecrro or rneAHa lourca Ha pa6orHzqecKara
:a o6u{o u:6npareruo [paBo. To:u lo:ynr ll3pas-flBa I'{cKaIrIrflTa 3a Krraca. @paHqysu're Kno4 AHpLr Ar,o Ceu Cuuou (1760-1825), LLIapn
HapoAeH cyBepeHrrrer B AT,pxaBHoro ynpaBreHne. Mno:uua or Ae- 11
Oypne (1772-1837), Xo:eQ llpyaoH (1809-1865) u aHuu.raHlrHr,r
MoKparfiTe ca il npzrBl pxeHrrqfl ua peny6luKara Karo uail-crnrpure- ri
I Po6rpr Oyeu (1771-1858) ca nbpBlrre reoperllupt Ha coquuull{3Ma B
Ha Ar,pxaBHa opraHu3al{Il.s Ha HapoAHHfl cyBepeHurer. EAuu or uafr- Enpoua. Texura-rr couuaurrr3bM e Bce oxle yroruqeH, 3atqoro B nepu-
'*
BJrH-rrTenHLITe nu.qeprl'Ha AeMoKparl4qecKoro ABlrxeHrle s Erpona e + oltra Ha HarrzurHara rrHAycrpr{ann3ar\H5, upocrofixara Ha rIpoMIruJIeHu.x

flxysene Mauunu (1805-1872). flpes l831 r, rofi cr,sAasa opraHu3a- nponerapuar Bce ou1e He MoNce Aa 6rAe pa3rpaHurreHa Ir orAeJreHa Karo
wlflra,,Mna4a klrarrtfl.", Ko.gro ce 6opu :a. HauuoHanHoro o6eAzue- caMocrorreJrHa KJraca cr,c cBof, cneqn$uvua nporpaMa.
Hr{e Ha crpaHara u ycranoB.sBaHe Ha pery6lraxa. Ilo-xt,cno ocHoBaBa B yclonrura Ha 3acr{neHa 6op6a MexAy KoHcepBalu3rra u tu6e-
r4 opraHlr3arlt4tra,,Mraga Erpona", 6operqa ce 3a cblo3 ua enponeiicxu pa[rr3Ma pa6ornuuecrara Kraca e Ha crpaHara aa nt1epatHara 6yp-
AeMoKparuquz peny6naxn. fIoA BJIlI.f,Hue Ha paHHIlt $pencnr yro- xoasvrr. Ho cleA lOncrcara peBonlouu, nrr (DpaHqIa-a or 1830 n u [ap-
IIlIqeH COUI4aJIU3I'M CpeA rIaCT OT AeMOKpaTIlTe Ce pa3BnBaT vAeV 3a naMeHrapHara peQoprraa s AHmIffi or 1832 r 3aloqBar nrpnure ir ca-
npeMaxBaHe Ha KJlacoBara 6op6a u ycraHoB-f,BaHe Ha o6ulecrso Ha MOCTO-rrreJrHrr npof,Bn. Brcranusra Ha fi,Kaqr4Te or Ilnon npe: i83 1 u
coqr{aJrHoro. paB eHCTBo. i 834 r, Haqiuroro Ha ABHx(eHIrero Ha rlaprucrrlTe rlpe3 1836 r s AHI'nH.fl
Or na.Ianoro ua XIX a. r Enpoua ce 3acI4JIBar Ir HaIIVoHanHr{Te r{ BT,craHrrero Ha cr{Jre3r{ficr<lrre rbKaql{ or 1844 r. 6erexar Haqaroro
ABHxeHrifl. TloAsr6ar.a na Erpona, Ir3BT,prIreHa ua Buencxufl KoHrpec, Ha caMo cTo-riTeJrHaTa 6op6a Ha npoMrIlxneHrr[ nponeT apuaT.
ocraB, Hepe[IeHLI peAuIIa HaIII{oHaJIHI{ npo6.rettu. Tpll roleltu uuo- -ficHoro pasrpaHzqaBaHe Ha HoBara Kraca Ha npoMltruneHn"a npo-
rouauuoHarHr4 HMrIepuI4 roclloAcrBar s tr{sroqHa Enpona - Arcrpux, neTapHar BoArl Ao cT,3AaBaHeTo Ha nT,pBaTa HayqHa IIoJII{T}rqecKa AoK-
Pycut n Ocuancxara vv,rreprrfl* Mnoro or HapoAlITe B Te3r{ rrMIIe- TprrHa Ha corlr4zrJlrlgrr.ra. T.s e Aeno Ha repMaHCKI{Te coulraJrllcuE Kapn
puu - rroJr.sur4, qexu, yHrapqu, (luulan Ar\Lr 14 6anraHcrlme HapoArI, Mapxc (1818-1883) u Opu4pux Enrerc (1820-1895), xouro ny6nu-
or Haqaroro Ha XIX B. 3anoqBar 6op6a 3a HaldlloHanHo ocso6oxAe- KyBar npe3 1848 n ,,Manu$ecr Ha KoMyHucrnqecrara ilaprufl".
uue. HepemeH ocraBa u npo6lerratr 3a HaIII4oHaJIHoro o6eAunenue Maprc cr,3AaBa Hoaa $unoco$ux na vcroprrfl"Ia, cnopeA Ko.sro
Ha repMaHCKr{Te Abplrasu u l4ranuq. HauuoHaJIHr{Te ABIlN(eHIu ce r{KoHoMr{qecKrrre fl rroJII{THqe cKr{Te nporrlBopequ, u 6 op6 ar a MexAy
flperrnhrar rflcHo c nu6epanueua Ir AeMoKpar[qecKuTe ABLIx(eHr{fl. Kracr{Te orrpeAeru{T pasBuTr.rero Ha qoBel]IKoro o6rqecrao. flo cHJIara
Ilpes qernx XIX s. re craBar eAIrH or BaxHHTe $axropu B pa3Brrrr{e- Ha HcTopr4qecKara 3aKoHoMepHocr $eo4alusrrar,T e 3aMeHI4JI po6onra-
ro Ha eBponeilcxero o6urecrso. AencKI{.rI crpofi , Kanrrranrl3MT,T 3aMeHr $eo4anu:ua, a coIII4aJIII3MT'T
flo.seara H pa3Bl4ruero Ha HoBara pa6orurqeclca Knaca - npoMllllJ- na pa6orHur{ecloTa KJraca lue 3aMeHH KarII{'TaJrIur3Ma H x{e ycraHoBu
JreHr4rrr [ponerapr4zlr, BoAr.I Ao IlocreneHHoro o$oplr.lauc ua co6crseua Hono 6esKracoso o6qecrBo. HoBara colll{anucrlrqecKa reopr{fl -
norururrecKa AoICpIrHa - couuztnu3um. CoqtlalHl{flT Bl,llpoc B pa3- MapKcrr 3Mr,! c.rasa Hafi -sJrlr-fl TeJIHara riorrlrurle cKa AoKTpuHa Ha pa-
Brrrure uH.(ycrpr.IirJlnu o6rqecrna [pe3 nT,pBara IloJlOBlIHa na XIX s. e 6ornu.recxara KJraca npes Bropara rIonoBI{Ha na XIX u npe3 XX e.

64 65
 Erponeficxara cour{aJrHa r{ rroJrrrrr{qecKa cucreMa npe3 nbpBara
rroJroBr{Ha ua XIX B. e AonbJrHeHa r{ or rroJrrirr{Kara na6atar'c sa Cu-
nure,uzpa6oreHa Ha KoHrpeca sT,s BueHa. Benvrr.rue cn:-luB Erpoua
ycraHoBsBar paBHoBecxe, Ko ero rro3BoJr-rrBa )p ex.qanero ua erponefi -
cxrare ron$JrHKrH 6es soeHHa HaMeca. C ugsecrHa lr3rJrroqeHr.rrr rir3x
noltplrnKafiperila3Ba KoHrrrHeHTa or roJIeMu eoil;.tw Eo Kpafl,HaBeKa.
Coqualluara rzrl.ITllqecKara Kaprlrma Ha EBpona npil IIbp'
r
Bara rroJroBrffra Ha XIX B. e cJroxHa H [poruBopeqvIaa. ollaOr.Hzsr
KoHOJI,IKT - MexAy KoHcepBarI{3Ma vt wt6epanu3Ma, ce ycnoxH'aBa or
HaMecaTa Ha HoBr{ IIoJIHTr{qecKr{ AOKTpT{HII tl AF,]1I)Ke]H!\fl. llrcrporara
u cnoeo6pasHeTo Ha [o]IHTr4qecKr{s xuBoT ce [po.sBrIBaT f,cHo B pa3-
BrlTllero Ha Bc-rIKa orAeJIHa crpaHa.

66
 AHUIIIJT TIO TIbTg HA PEOOPMIITE

Ha cBoero MorbllrecrBo'
B 1815 r. Anmux I'rsr:Iex'4a Ira Bbpxa
cvra B Eepona' yqacrBara BbB BcLrtKH
BelHKa ctala
Tq e eAfiHc'rBeHara Bennra YeP]]_!
@palrqus' '::::::#;;,
Aurru{ficrllflr nraBllo-
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clraBara ria rpafiuux
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e nbpBll s ceera' 3a-
no6erumen nal Hanoueon' AlrnaficKl{''Ir Snor
npaBl'r anruruficrara flpoMr{il-
floqHuulara I'lu4ycrpualua peBonroqflf,
JIeHocr nafi-uor-rrqara r Erpona' --- a irffi,d Dan.
- AEflrrlx 3aIIOqBAT
HO C naCfSUBaHeTO ia 4rnrOOuarnAlllfltvtvlpt,U
ff'TpeIIIHI'I npoTl4Bopewls' Ilpea
Aa ce flpotrBflBaT IbiIIO CKpPIBaHIITe
;;r* >ivm s.AHr*IficKltrt rapilaMer{r npoA:brxaBa ou rylly*u
cBoeToIocIloAcTBoBcl.tcTeMaTaI{ay[paBJIeH}leToHa.4bpxaBaTa',firere
B ylpuD{cr'f,BaHeTo
rfiwuaB napilaMeHT a-rJvlf|,1.Teld TOprrTe' ce cMeH,IT
Aa rrpciMeHfl KopeHHo
rloml'rl{Kara na crpanara' B-
Ha BJracma, 6es tosa
rrapJlaMeHra orraBHa ce lrs6upar,e4uz
x'9pa - rpeAcraBl'Irerl'r
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apllcroKpal{H-fl. Bbp)'{ylrKara ua Anrnr'rxaucra-
Ha eApara rlo3eMlleHa
ra IIbpKBa, H-,{KoI'I ot tpuuancucru or-JlouAou' Mnoro
"uU-Oot*urerIOAKytrBaHero Ea u:GrEpatenu ue e
oT TIOJII{TLIq LrTe caKOpyI{[I4paHI'r'
Beqe He [pe'AcraBJrf,Bu u-o]1-
rai*ra3a HHKoro. napT aone*r"r orAaBHa
t, a e B pauere Ha receu Kpbr flpuBl4nerupoBaul'r
", "rOrp*ar,a",
I,LrAycrpuannara peBonrcIll4f, IIpoMeIlfl
cl',InHj',
_-a: ll',IjlcKoro
MHOro, AeceTKI{ xI'IJLfAI',I ce-
o6ulecr:so. Hacenenr,re:ro e HapacHaJIO
ce rpaAOBe' B crpauara ca
ralvr ca orLIUrJrI{ e 6rpsopasnllBaulme
[poMl{IuJreHara 61lxoa-
ce rroflBEJIlI HoBlr couuaflHfi llpocrouKl4 -
3flf,I{IIpojIeTepha.rLT?KoI{ToI{MaTcBo}II,IKoHoMEqecKIltI{C0IITIaJIHI{
npo6neu n u nofl I{THqecKI{ IrcKaHHfl '
Ioneuu-ar u(oHoMIlqecKLI pa3urer na
Anrruu B HarIrIJIoro r{a
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eofiIil{Te ru *on*ra*''Xor-'- optt
tStS I u'rya anrrurficrara
flpousrogcrroro B ce:IcKoro crorlaH-
I{KoHoM}IKa I{3rIaAa B Texra Kpl'tsa'
pf,3Ko' TbproBIIr4Te He Morar Aa
crBo I{ npoMl4lrrJleHocrra cflaAa lloAaBar
*o*t. Xwrsrua xopa:ary6rat palwara cu rn I'BnaAar B Mprepl4'f,'
"r.
67
 B ra:n o6cr:anosxa KoHCepBarI{RHoro npaBl{TencrBo Ha ropl{Te lB29 r ca npeMaxnari4 al(roBere, nouro sa6paI{JIBaI npI{Bbpx(eHHII}Ire
He e B cr,crosHne Aa ce opLIeHTLrpaH Aa B3eMe Heo6xoAnlrure peme- ila KaTOJIHIIH3Ma [I npoTecTaHTCKIlTe CeKTI4 .qa B]IU3aT ts [apJIaMeHTa II
ttt4fl. 3a M3rni3ane or KpII3ara. EAL{HcrreHara MflpKa, [peAnpllera or /ta 3aeMar AbplxaBHrl Anr,xHocrl{. Pe$opur'me Ha ropl{Te npes 20-re
Hero, e B rroJl3a Ha no3eMJleHara apllcroKpaullfl. llpes 1815 n ca BT!- r o.qrrHrr roflpl{Hacrr 3a ycnoKorBarlero }Ia o6ulecrso'ro, Ho He pa3pe-

BeAeHH T.Hap. )KHTIIH 3aKoHH, C KOHTO Ce nOBUIITaBaT pn3KO MHTara Ha lrraBar mJIeMI4fl npo6leu:a pe@opuara Ha napnaMeuTa'
BHocHIrre ceJIcKocrofIaHcKH rrpol{3Be,AeHLtr. IIo ro3LI HaTIHH ce 3atta3- AHrrIaficrara cucreMa Ha napnaMellrapHl{ uzSopu He e npoMe-
sar ue.rar6r4Te Ha apncroKpauu.gra, Ho BI4ooKIzre IreHI.I Ha xpaHI{Te rrrrua IIpe3 uenu.flXVIII s. Ou1e or HeroBu.fl rpafr cr,udecrByBar MHoro
ce oTpa3flBaT TexKo Bbpxy xr{BoTa Ha [o-ron-rlMara qacT or ]iacene- 'r:Hap. rHl{nu Mecra - uz1uparettuw paitouw, B I(olrro HacerleHllero e
Hrrero. ,,)KHr:uurle 3aKoHu" caH y1lap cpeqy lzHAycrpr{trTa, r'rii xaro rraMiurrJro CHJIHO, I{O Te rlpollbJlxaBar Aa pl3npalqaT IeryTaTH B rlap-
rpxlea na ce [natqar Ilo-BIICoKx IIeHI{ 3a cypoBl'rHnle H fIo-roJIeMH raMeHTa, .4oKaro roneMlr rlpoMllurneHu rpa4oBe Karo MaHqecTtp,
3af,rJrarlr ua pa6orunqure. He.4oaoncrBoro B crpaHara HapacrBa, 3a- IU e Qun4, Xa"nuQaxc, Iluitllc H-fl Mar cBolr np eAcr atsur eltla.
rroqBar BBJTHeHHT, Ha IUIKoI{ Mecra pa6oruuqme HanaAal Qa6pr'rxure llpotr,tuurneHara 6ypxoa3llrl or"4aBHa I{cKa npoMflHa B napna-
14 rrynfr MaIITI{}II4Te, xpoBexrar ce [oxoAl{ sa 6eAnule. 3acunsar ce r\,rcHTapHara cucreMa. Pe$opunre Ha npaBuTellcrBoro Ha ropllTe
ucnaau;rTa ua ruSepanure :a peSopMlr B riapJlaMeHra. ,rtaBaT Ha.4exla 3a rlpoMflHa v B napnaMeHTa, Ho KollcepBaTlrBHo-
IlpasurelcrBoro He HaMIrpa Apyr HarII4H Aa ce cnpaBl{ c rrx, oc- 'lo uM Kpl4no ce nporrlBorlocraB-x. fipes 1830 r' rIoA BJIIlrHIrero Ha
BeH cr,c cula. flpes 1817 r. ce orMeHfl Aeficrsuero uaXa6eac Koplyc rrr6yxnanara nr,n @pauqltx lolcra peBonloqll-f, I{ BcJIeAcrBLre Ha
artr, rofiro rapaHrllpa rpaxraHoKl{re [paBa. Ha 16 aBrycr 1819 r. s I tlCT'bIIIIJIaTa LIKOHOMI4qe CKa KpII3a LTCKAIjIjflTA 3a napnaMeHTapHa
I

CeHr flumpc OufrnA s MaHqecrrp ce cr6npar oKoJIo 50 000 Ayrull, lreSoprua ce 3acrrJlBar. llpe: 1831 r. Ha Bilacr v[Ba rtparureJlcrBo
npeA KoHTo.oparopu or orlo3lluu.xra I{cKar pet|optrlr. Egun xycap- rra Brrrr{Te, oulaB-flBaHo or nopA lpeil, xoero BHac-n 3aKoHorlpoeKTa
cKrr rronK c E3BaAeHrl ca6u ce ycrpeM.sBa cpeuy MllruHra. Y6uru ca 'ra pe$opuara B [apnaMenra. Cne.{ AT,nru cflopoBe, uoru us6opu
11 gyrru, 4'ecerru gpyrrr ca paHeHu. B cneAsalql{Te .4HI{ [paBHTen- rr rroA cr{nHu, Har}IcK na o6rqecrneHocrra upes 1832 r. saKoHT,T 3a
CTBOTq. npoKapBa B napJIaMeHTa HOBI{ 3aKOHI4, KOII1TO tIOCTaB-flT IIOA r rapnaMeHrapuara pe@opMa e [pl{er.
rourpbr npecara u za6pauxsat MHTHHTI{re. Krpsanuxr I{HuuAeHT B Ilaprarraenrapuara pe$opnaa s AHrru, or 1832 r, e loJUIMa TIoJII{-
Manuecmp IxoKI{pa oSurecrseHocrra. XycapcKlrflT rIoiIK e yaracrBan 'ruqecKa no6erla ua rul6epalnara 6ypxoa:us. Ts, h gaea Br,3MoxHocr
s 6u'ff<ara npu Barep:roo I4 BeAHara cr6rarlrero nonyqaBa HMero ,,KJIa- /la Bne3e B naplaMeHTav Aa B3eMe yqacTr.{e B ynpaBneHlrero Ha crpa-
Hero npu flumpnoo". nna. 143 ,,rnkrltur Mecra" ca nHKBI4IIIpaHV Lt Ha npeACTaBH-
'rerrrr Ha npoMlrureHrlre rpaAoBe Ir Apylu pafiouu ^a4errvl
c [o-MHoro6pofino
ftrocrenenno craBa -flcHo, qe ronl{TuKaraHaHac:,z:tlre He Moxe Aa
pa3perlu npo6reuure Ha crpaHara. E4na rpyna or [o-MnaAH Ir eHep- rraceneHl{e. Bsuperur qe ce 3afla3Ba pIMyxIecTBeHUrIT IISH3 }1 OCTaBaT Aa
rurqHrl ropn Haqero c lxopaxt Kanunr u Po6rpr lluiil nmlsar B rpa-. c'bulecrByBar oule ,,fHIrJIPl MeoTa", pe$oprtaara or 1832 Il norafa Haqa-
BureJrcrBoro. 3anoqsar pe$opuu B AaHarlHara cpICTeMa, orMeHeH e Jroro Ha cbBpeMeHHara noJllrrrrqecKa cr{creMa na Anrllu-q.
HasurauuouHlrr{r aKr or 1651 r. Pe$opulrpa ce u crAe6Hara cucreMa, B nr,pnux fiapnaMel{! usSpau rlo HoBara us6mparetma c}IcreMa,
Karo rrHoro or cypoBllTe HaKa3areJIHIr MepKI{ ce npeMaxBar. B JIon4oH, MHO3HHCTBO IrMar BHrpITe, KOlrTo npoBexnaT cepvfl, or MepKu s Ayxa
a IIO-KI,CHO H B qqnaTa CTpaHa, Ce Cl,3AaBa IJIaTeHa lpaACKa nOnI4IIIzlI. ra tw6epatwsr{a. B 1833 r ce ilpeMaxBa po6craoro B Il.rlnara Epnrau-
floluuaure floryqaBar IIpo3BI4IIIero ,,6o6kr", or uMero Ha MIlHLtcrl,- cKa rrMrrepH.a? a rlpe3 1835 r. ce peSopullpa rpa.4cKoro caMoyrpaBne-
pa Ha Bt,rperuHllre pa6orlr Po6rpr lluirtt. flocleAonareJlHo B 1828 u rrue. Bseraar ce I{ Ir3BecrHI{ MepK1I sa no4o6p.rea6e Ha floJlo116eHl{ero

68 69
 llpe: 1833 r: ce HaMaJr-trna pa6ornrlro Bpe- 3aKOHHH CpeACTBa ga ce 6opn 3a nony:raBaHe Ha eAHaKBII nOIHTI{qeCKU
Ha pa6orHHrrccKara KJraca.
Me 3a xeHlITe u Aeuara B TeKCTUnHIlre $a6plffiu, B CJIC.4BatUara roIH- H COr{rlanHH rrpaBa 3a BCHriKr4 rrreHoBe Ha o6ulecTso'ro. Ilporpauara
Ha ce peopralt3vpa crrcreMara Ha couuanHara fioMotq :a Seguu're, Ha acouuaqnflTa e HapeqeHa ,,I{apoAHa xapra" (airrrr. uapmp)' Orrau
KaTO Ce C:b3.4aBaT r.uap. pa6orHuqecKu AoMoBe. Te:u axroee o6aqe ric rpou3nn3a I{ rrMero Ha ABI{xeHIrero - rraprucru. Xaprara e ly6nu-
ca AOcraT'brlHH H B CneABatlII{Te ro.4}rHl{ napnaMeHT}T orHoBo ule ce KyBaHa npes 1838 r. H cT,Abpx(a rtecr HCKaHI{I - eAHoro"4HIxeH Irap-
3aHlrMaBa c [oroxeHlrero Ha pa6oruuqure . naMeHT, o6rqo n:6upaTeJrHo flpaBo 3a BcrurqKr{ Mbir(e, paB],i^t4 VZ6upa-
PeSopuara or 1832 r. e noAKperleHa aKrHBHo or flpoMlttunc- TerHr{ pafioHu, npeMaxBaHe Ha ns6nparerr{tls ueH3 Sa Kavapara na
HI{.q ilponerapl|1.ur, Ho Tfl He My AoHac-f, HI{KaKBU [Olt{THqecKIr flpaBa' oSuluHlrre, raituu ns6oplt, 3allJrara 3a qreHoBere Ha napnaMeHra' B
Kar<ro u [o-paHo, pa6orHuqnre Hc nprrrexarar n:6uparenHu rlpaBa' qrnara crpaHa 3arroqBa KaMIraHlIfl :a clSnpane Ha noA[I'Icl{ nog Xap-
Orpaunueuure Mcpxr{ Ha npaBuTelcrBoro Ha B}II'l{Te Hc Molar Aa pe- Tuta h BHac.aHero il ea pasruexgaHe or napnaMeHTa.
lxar TexHIlTe coquanHl.r npo6nelru. Ilocreleuno pa6oruuqure 3ailoq- Hauepeuuxra na Jloser u xopara oKoJIo Helo ca 3a npoBexq(aHe
BaT CaMOCTOflTeJIHa 6Op6a 3a r4KOHOMUrreCKr4 fi noJIHTr{qecKIl npaBa. Ha Mupo[]o6usa u saKoH]Ia KaMIla[IHt B rIoAKpeIIa ua Xaprara' Ho
EAsa or nbpBlrre uenu Ha pa6orHuuecKara KJIaca e cb3AaBaHe- cKopoKT)MrIaprucTKoTOABIrXeHI{eCe[pI{cT,eA}IHrRaTr{npl'lBT)p){(e-
ro Ha uefiun npo(tecuoua:run opraunsaquu. llpe: 1799 u 1800 r' rc HuuII Ha [o-rBbpAli I'1 Aopll HacuJIcrBeHu Aeficrsnn- l]xynuan Xap-
ca:a6paueul{ c:L,c 3aKoH. B uepuo4a ua pe$opullre Ha ropt{re rpe3 Hu, .{Neiilrc O'EpaxH, @epnoc O'Koulp t4 Apytu npeAcraBl4ren}r or
1824-1825 r. e pa3perreHo HaeMHure pa6orHurlz Aa ce opr.aH]4tLlp'dT no-cra6opa:Bkrruta B LIHAycrpHiurHo orHorleuue Cerepua Anruus'
3a AoroBap[Hc Ha 3arlJlarure u pa6ornolo BpeMe, uo ce :a6paHxaa ocnen xJecTTe rrcKaHlrr, ToBa KpHno xenae Aa ce ilplr3Hae [paBoTo Ha
npaBoTo rlM Ha CTaqKa. Tosa.4asa Bb3MoxHOCT 3a Cb3.4aBaHeTo IIa IIT,p- HapoAa.IIaceBT,opbx.a&ab.npeAnaraAaceBAI{rHereHepauHacTarIKa,
rure npo$cblo3Hlr opraHH3auuu. flpes 1833 r. e ocHoBal{a H nbpBara aKo napnaMeHr:br orxBr,pnl'I Xaprara. Taxa uaprtlcrHre ce pa3Aenflr
HauvoHaJrHa opraHu3auux ua npo$crrc3l{re. 3a xparxo BpeMe uefiuu- Ha .(Be Kpl{na npr{BT,pxeHr{rll{ Ha ,,MopzutHaTa cuJla" oKolo Jloser u
-
Te qreHoBe napacrrar Ha oKono 1,5 uuluoua. EAnu oT nT,pBllTC BOIIa- npuBr,pxeHltllrr Ha ,,{tll3nuecrata Quta" HaqeJIo c O'Konrp'
rru Ha.ro3u npo$crro: e $a6puxaurcr Po6rpr Oyeu (1771-1858)' B Kt,Na nsroro Ha 1839 r. ca cr6paulr oKoJIo 1 200 000 ro.(rlmca,

cBoflra $a6puxa Oyeu nrnex(4a MHoto coqr{aJrHH MepKH - rro-BHCoKIt KOllTO 3aeAHO C Xaprara ca ilpeAcTaBeHrl B rrapnaMeHTa. I4cxauusta

3a[Jraru, ao6pe ypeAeHI{ pa6orunuecKu )K}lJIIIUra, ytluruua 3a Aeua- Ha qapr,tlcTr.rTe ca oTxBBpneHr{ oT napnaMeHra. flpmnlpxeHullllTe Ha
ra. Iltpeure My ycnexrl B coIIIIanHara lefiHocr ro eH'rycua3uput t'I .,Qu:uuecrar a ct4.ra" npatsf,T HeycnerueH oIrHT Aa oprault:npar o6qa
npez 1824 r. roii crsAaaa a Altepuxa pa6oruuuecxara xoronll's Hoea c'rarrKa. tr4z6yxsa H BbopT,xeH 6yur s MIrHbopcKlr-fl rpaa Hronopr'
xapMoHl{f,. Tosa Ha'ruHaHue npo[aAa H B cJIeABaxIHTe ro4uuu OycH llrpnuar ofirrT Ha qapThcTHTe Aa r{3BoroBaT rroJr}rTrlrlecKl{ [paBa 3a
noAloMara ocHoBaBaHero Ha ribpBHrc pa6ouruuecKll KOOnepaTIIBIl. pa6ornnqzre 3aBbpIIrBa Heyc[e[rHo.
llrpronavanHo npIrBT,pxeHuK Ha orAenHr{ pedloprvru, Oyerl cropo cq Bropara crr toJlrlMa KaMlraHllf, qaprucruTe opraHlr3r{par rrpe3
npeBpbula B COqrCanucT-yTonHC! OrpUuafrxu Kanr{Tanl4cTuqccKaTa lB42r., Koraro crpaHara e o6xsaHara or HKoHoMI{rIecKa KpH3a' Xap-
crrcreMa u eKcltJloararfrrflTa ua pa6orHu'lecKara Kraca. Tara Beire e rroAKpenQHa c noAnHcrlTe Ha oKoJro 3 300 000 Ayruu. To:u
Ycnope4uo cbc cr,3AaBaHero Ha npo(lclrosr, pa6oruuqnre 3a- n:LTB[apnaMeHTaficKa]f.HflTaHaIIapTucTuTecaIo'aJIoxeHI{Ha'qe-
floqBar 6op6a I{ 3a IronuTrrqecKh npaBa. IIpe: 1836 r. cArrH or cbpar- 6atu, tto orHoBo ca orxBT,pneHu, Bb[peKrr qe v4eflTa 3a BbBexAaHe-
HuuHTe ua Oyeu - Yulsn floeer, cr,3AaBa JlouAoucrca pa6oruuuecra ro ua o6uro.u:6nparenuo npaBo 3arroqBa Aa HaMVpa [ocneAoBare-
acouuaul{fl, qil.f,To Ircn e .qa o6eAusu pa6oftruqure rr c Bt'3MoxI'lHTe nu. Oftrono npHBT,pxeHIruHTe Ha,,S Il3llue cxat a' ckrra" opraHl'I3llpar

1l
70
MHOXeCTBO CTaqKrl B paoOTHHrreCKr{Te rIeHTpOBe, HO Te 3aBbprUBar C KaHaJrH3auI4fl, JIoIlo ro4ocna64aBaHe u xr{fneHa, 6olecru u BHCoKa
Heycnex. cMT,prHocr ca rrocro_rltrHure crrr,T.Hrlur Ha x(pIBora ua pa6oruuqure.
llpu6rp:aunre Aeilcrsus Ha rrpriBl,pxeHnrdure ua,,$u3uvecxa- lorlagtrre Ha KoMrrcrlr4Te HaMupar urupoK or3ByK u cpe4 o6-
Ta cuila" or6nr,crnar qacr or )MepeHure [oAApr,xHHuH Ha r{apru3Ma. ruecrBeHocrra. flaplanreHfi,T e npr{HyleH Aa ce HaMecH rr npueMa
[anNeHuero ce JruruaBa u or noAKperrara Ha qacr or rrpoMrrilrneHara ceprl.,ror 3aKoHH. B 1842 r. ce :a6pau_f,Ba B MHHHTe 4a pa6orrr xer{}r
6ypxoa:ux, Ko.rrro 3aroqna 6op6a 3a HoBH :ru6epaluu pe(roprru. r{ Aerla noa 10 loAuHu. B 1844 r. ce sa6paHttBaHa.neqa noA l0 ro-
EAso or Hafi-saxHure rdcKaHru ua :ru6eparHoro ABr{}KeHue B AuHu Aa pa6orar rrr SadpuxrlTe) apalornv,xr AeH Ha gerlara H xe-
Aurrtu"q e BT,BexraHero Ha cHCTeMara Ha r.Hap. cno6o4ua ft,proBu.tr. r{hre B npoMurxneHocrra e otpaHuqeH tta12\aca. B 1847 t cneIBa
Tosa o:ua.raBa HeHaMe ca Ha AT,pxaBara B r{KoHoMr{Kara H [peMaxBaHe lroBo orpauuqeHue Ha AercKH.r u xeHCKH, Tpyn Ha l0 uaca, a or
Ha Bcr{qKH nporeKuuoHr{crrrqHr{ MepKH. Haii-culnu ca HacrpoeHrrflTa 1850 r. e orpaH[r]eH r{ TpyAbr Ha Mr,)Kere na trO u ilonoBtrHa qaca.
nporlrB ,,xr.rrHrrre 3axoHu". Ilu6epanure cM-flTar, rre BucoKHTe I{CHH flpnelraHero Ha re3rr 3aroHr{ HaMarsBa couuanHoro HarrpexeHr{e B
Ha ceJlcKocronaHcrr{Te npoAyKl'I{ Hoc-qr leqan6a erurlicrBerro Ha ro- crpaHara. llo epeue na enpoueiicxrrre peBoJrrourrr or l848-1849 r.
3eMneHara apucroKparlr.rq, AoKaro HHAycrprranqure, pa6orHnuure II AHmuq ocraBa orHocvrerHo cnor<oiiua.
Bcr{qKH Apyru couuzurHpr npocloiixu crpaAar or rrx. Cnope4 nu6e- llpe: rosn neplroA AHmu-a BoAH aKTlrBHa BT,HrrrHa rroJrrrrr4Ka.
panuTe BT,BexIaHero Ha cHCTeMaTa Ha cso6oAuara rf,proB]lfl lue ce B Ha.{anoro sa 20-re toAr{Hrr troA pbKoBoAcrBoro ua pe$oprraaropa
orpa3rr 6:raronpu.rrHo rr Ha BT,HrrrHara r:bproBr{-rr, rcfi naro eBTI{Hure lNopaN Kasunr r, 3arroqBa Aa ce orAp:brrBa or peaxrluoHHara rroJrrrrrr-
auur.riicrn npoMrrrlneH:,r, v3nerrurfl. ule Morar Aa HaMep.rrr no-roreMl{ na Ha CseqeHrur cr,Io3. flpez 1822 x noAxpen.f, Frar{r{oHaJrHoocao6o4n-
na3apu n Enpoua t4 B ueJrn-rr cBrr. TeJIHoro reIDKeHIre Ha rpr,IlKr.r'r HapoA, a roAr.IHa no-KT,cHo ce o6gsxea
B 1839 r. ABaMa Sa6plrranru or Mauqcc-mp - Pnuapa Ko6nen peurlrreJrHo nporrrts nnaHupaHara or Crerqeuxa cl,Io3 eKcneAlrr1uJ{ cpe-
u ,{xoH Epaiir, ocHoBaBar Jlura za 6op6a cpeuy ,,xrzrHurs 3aKo- rr1y RbcraHuurrrre rzcrraHcKri KoJroHrrzs Ilarmrcxa Alaepura. Bo4eHa or
HH", Ko.flTo ct6upa BerHara MHoro ilprrBT,pxeHrzqu. l-Ipouaralul.ata TbproBcKr.rre cr{ rrHTepec}r,Aumux flr,pBa npr{3HaBa He3aBHcr{Mocrra Ha
Ha r.Hap: MaHuecmpcra LIKoJIa 3a orM.xHara Ha ,,xI{THr{Te 3axoHra" 6usruure rrcnaHcKu KonoHrru. llpes 30-re u40-re toArrHu rfl,pa3rur4pflBa
e ltnoro cllilHa.),Ho cpeqa cblporrlBa B napnaMeHTa, KT,AeTo Bce oule KOJtOHrrUUrHrrre cr{ 3aBoeBaHr4s U n flaleuuux rI3ToK. Aumniicxoro roc-
rrMa MHoro flpeAcraBurenu Ha rro3eMreHara apucToxpaulrx. EAea e noACrBo zl4uyrya e pa3ur4peHo. flpes 1840-1842 r. Anrrrlrs BoAr.r cpeqy
1846 n - cneA rrope.4rrqa or Jrorxlr cerrcKocronaHcKrr peKonrrr, [ap- Krlraii [bpBara,,on]ryMHa soiiHa". Ilpuvuua sa soiiHara e :a6pauara ua
naMeHfi,T cneA npoAbnxuTeJrHu u 6ypuu le6aru, orMeHf ,,xr{THr{Te xzraiicxoro npaBr{TencrBo 3a BHoc Ha onu},r\4. tr{Hrepecure ua auuufi-
3aKoHH". C rosa Anrnn.fl rrr,pBa or erponeficrrrre crpaHrr Br,BexAa cKHTe Tr,proBur{ ca Hap},rxeHr.r u Anuux ce HaMecBa B Txxrra norsa. B
rloJrlrrrrKara ua cgo6otrHara rr,proBufl . pe3ynrar or soiiHzira o[tr]MHara rr,proBr{rr npoAT,Jr}r(aBa, a AHrJrrr{ rro-
Orlrsnara Ha ,,xr{THr{Te 3axouu" e [ocneABaHa or per]opnau s ny.laBa Karo KoJIoHHzIrrHo BnaAeHr.re Xonxorr
couuiilHara o6nacr. B ua.ranoro ua 40-re roAHHlr ce cr,3AaBar HflKoJr- Erp:oro uH1ycrpvanHo ptBBllrr{e, cT,rreraHo cT,c cepvflTa or
Ko [paBuTencrBeHu KoMHCT{a, Kor{To rpa6na Aa pa3cneABar rroJlox€- m6epa;ruu peSopurz npaB-sr AHHns uafr-npoql$TflBauIara crpa-
Hrrero ua pa6oruuqrrre B rrHAyc'tpLtxra. !,oua4ure Ha re3u KoMrrcuu ua n Enpoua. ZxonouuqecKu ilpoclepure! coquanHa cra6unuocr,
noKa3Bar y)KacqBarur{Te ycnoBr.rrr ua pa6ora u xrlBor B M}IHnTe, $a6pu- T6pIOBCKa eKCIIaH3U_s, MOpCKO I{ KOnOHUanHO MOITUICCTBO TOBa Ca
-
KHTe z pa6orunuecKr{Te KBapranu. Macosa u 6e:rcoHrponHa y[orpe- crrMBonr4Te Ha. HoBara, BuxropuaucKa elloxa, Hacrlrrr.rna creA KaqBa-
6a sa xeucKrr u .qercKr{ TpyA, HeHopMHpaH pa6oreH AeH, Jrrlrlca Ha Hero Ha npecrona Ha Kpanulla Bzr<ropux e 1837 r.

72 73
 (DPAHUILfl TIO BPEME HA PECTABPAIII4'ITA B nepuo4a Mexny iB15 u 1850 r, HaceJreHrrero Ha @paHqu_a ce
yBenuqaBa or 28 ria 35 u:ur. ,{yilru. Ilo-rorsuana qacr or nero xuBee B
I4 IOJICKATA PEBOnIOUfl-fl
cenara Ir MzLrrKHTe rpaAoBe. B cpeg;rra Ha BeKa ntn @paHqu_a rrMa caMo
5 rpa4a c
HaceJreHne uaa i00 000 4yrura - IIapuN (oxono 1,5 rralu.),
Mapcmtua, Jluou, Eopao u Pyau. Btnpexu qe B rrocJreAHoro Aecerlr-
llepuogr,r or 1814 ao 1830 r sr,n @panuu.rl ce Hapur{a o6urso- nerr{e HapacrBa rroroKr,T Ha npecenBaHe KbM lpaAoBere, OpaHqux nce
seHo Pecraspar\Hfl' Ho BCbIqHoc'r c It3KJIloqeHhe Ha Aruac'rl,t.flTa Ha oule clr ocraBa crpaHa c npeoS-na4ararlo cencKo HaceneHr{e.
Eyp6onure or crapr{f, pexr{M ce pecraBptlpar ManKo Hetua. .{ra4ecer Elaro4apeHue Ha peBonrouuoHHlrre npoMeHH ocHoBHr{ d;ury-
rr nerre roAr{Hr4 r{a peBon}oqus u goima ca npoMeHunll crIJrHo crpa- pr{ B cencKoro cronaHcrBo ca cpeAHuxr n 4pe6uu"qr co6crneHnx. B
uara" IlpeuaxBaHero na Qeogalunre rrpaBa 14 [pLrBHner]II{, npoMeHI{- nbpBr4Te roAHHn cne4 Pecranpal\LlflTa crorraHcrBoro He ce pa3BHBa
Te B 3aKOHOIaTeICTBOTO, HOBaTa a.{M}rHI{cTparI4BHa cUCTeMa flpaBflT c oco6eno 6tpsu reMnoBe. Hafr-eaxuure Kynryprr B 3eMeAenuero ca
or (Dpauqux MoIepHa lbpxaBa rI Bcf,KaKBo BpT,IqaHe Ha3aA IrIe npe- 3bpHeHrrTe xpaHlr, cneABaHu oT ro3qTa u 3eneHqyKonpoH3BoAcTBO-
.I,H3BHKa CHJIr{aTa CbnpOTr{Ba na o6qecrsoro. llourgpf,n or AbnrHTe ro. Cencxocrorlal{cKara fipoAyrur{.tr e 3aIuI{TeHa c B}rcoKr{ Mlrra, Ko-
roArrHu Ha eMr{rpaurun, IIyu XVIII orxBr,pn.fl cr,Berllre ua xpafiunre ero ocuryp.f,Ba Aocrarr,rrHo roxo.qlr Ha cenoro. flpoueuure, HoceHIl
poflnrrcrrr rr npe3 I814 r. v34aBa KoircruryquoHHa xapra, Ko.rlro craBa or tr{u4ycrpvailHilra peBonroqrrfl, crr{Mynr{par HoBtr, no-MolepHu
ocHoBa Ha rroJrr{TuqecKara cncreMa na @pallql{.f, I{ yrBT,px.4aBa BoAe- MeroAH Ha rrpolr3BoAcrro. flpes 1836 r. ce cb3AaBa crrerluaJrHo ceJr-
rlara ponfl Ha MoHapxa B rr3IIbJrHIrreJIHara BJracr. 3axonoAareJrHara cKocronaHcKo MnHrrcrepcrBo. Hosure MeroAr{ cu npo6unar 6anHo
e noAeneHa MexAy Hero H AByKaMapeH [apnaMeHT, Ho eAHHcrBeHo urr. Cpe4 rrpuqrlHxre 3a roBa ca pa3noKT,caHocrra u v.anK:z.flT pa3-
Kpan.[T HMa npaBo traBlr,ac,3aKoHonpoeKTH B napnaMeara. lopHara Mep Ha crorlaHcTBara, rfirrtcara ua QNHaHcoBr{ BT,3MoxHocrlz,, a rl
KaMapa ce clJCToH oT HacrreAcTBeHHLt Ha3HaqaBaHH oT KpanJI [epoBe.
roreMusr 6pofr uerpaMorHlr ceJr.rrHu, KoHTo rneAar c HeAoBepue Ha
Kauapara r{q Aerryrarrrre ce us6upa 3a cpoK or 5 rogr.tul qpe3 cnox- BCUqKI4 HOBOBT,B eAerrUfl .
Ha u:6uparenHa qeH3oBa cl4creMa. Ha npaxrurca or 28-nau:uloHHoro
C no-6rp:rz reMnoBe ce pa3Br{Ba npoMrlrxneHocrra. T.a uony-
uacen€irr.re canao 100 000 4yruu ilonyrraBar u:6uparennrrtpaBa, a Ae- qaBa u3BecreH Tnacr,K 6naro4apeuue Ha KoHTHHeHTanuara 6noxaga
ryrarr{re ce lr36npar caMo or eAHa rpyila or oKoJio 12 000 Ayulr. Pea- Ha Haloneon. B rercrlurHoro nporr3BoAcTno upeo6laAaBar naMyrr-
JreH AOCTi['rr AO BrraCTTa HMa apHoToKpaw.flTan MaJlKa qacT oT eApara Hure, JreHeHure u oco6eHo KorrpnHeHr{Te rr,KaHr4 n pafioua ua Iluou.
6ypNoa:li .
I4lrenno B To3r{ orpacbn 3arroqBar Aa ce cr,sAaBar nbpBrlTe Sa6plrr<u
Curl.uusr KoHcepBarn3bM Ha KoncruryuzoHHara xapra e ypaB- c ynorpe6ara Ha rbKarrHrl craHoBe" Tyx ce [pr.rJrata 3a ilT,pBu tr.br 14
HOBeCeH OT np[3HaBaHe Ha paBeHCTBOTO npeA 3aKOHa, npeMaxBaHe
HoBrrflT craH Ha Xarap.4, c xoiiro Morar aa ce uspa1orBar rrapKrr [o
Ha OlpaHuqeHuflTa IIpH 3aeMaHeTO Ha AT,pxCABF']/r V BOeHHI{ cnyx6n, T6KAHP1TC.
npaBo na ny6nuueH fipouec, cro6o4a r ras6opa na npoSecu, ]I cBo- I4ugy crpuastHara peBonrourlfl crr{Mynrrpa Meranyptu.rrra rl Ma-
6oAa ua npecara. Ilpusuara ce H <Jo6crseHocrra Bbpxy 3aKyreHl{re nluHocrpoeHero. flpes 20-re ro4uHu ce cr,3AaBar rrl,pBrrre roreMr4
xouQncxyaaHrr rrMorn ua IJrpxnara rr eMntpaHTHTe, 3aIIa3Bar ce IIeH-
Qupruu Karo ra3rl ua lUuafi4ep-Kpro:o. TeNanosere Ha HaBnr{3aHerc)
cL7tlTe, TklTrlkTTe U Apytr4 OTrt4rlltg. Ha IlpeAurlrHoro ylpaBneHl{e, KaKTo
Ha MarlruHrrre ca Aocra no-6aBHu B cpaBHeHrre c Anrnu.s. OcHosHH-sr
r{op.4eHT,T Ha flo.rerHH{ Jrefr{oH. (Dpauquq na Pecrarpaqrrqra rrpeA-
I43TOqHHK Ha.eHeptufl OCTaBa BOAHOTO KOIIeJIO 11 XI{BOTI.rHCKAIa Tf,ta.
craBJI.rIBa BCT,urHocr eAHa,,npocBereHa" MoHapxu[.
Ilpes 1846 r. nr,s Opaur\Hfl.r.tMa carrao 5000 rapHrt MarrrrrHrur. Xele:o-

14 75
rrl,THOTO CTpoHTencTBo 3aflor{Ba oT 1827 r' I{ Ce pa3BIlBa c no-61'p3H BT,B BpeN.{eHHH KoMrrpoMi.rcu. PagraralfiTe ca rpyna c pa3nur{Hu [onu-
THqecKH y6exgeuax, Kouro ca npornBHlrrlr{ Ha cr,ulecrByBarqara rro-
reMnoBe cneA loncKara peBonlouutr.
flpe: qerul nepno.4 @panqua BoAH rlporerulloHllcruqHa rlo- JruTr{qecxa cr.rcreMa. t{acr or: Tqx HcKar peny6lnnaHcKo ynpaBJreHue

JIIITHKa,KaTo3aullTaBaCeJICKoToCToIIaHcTBoI{npoM}IuneHocT.Ia nJII4 BT,3craHoB,qBaHe ria l-IanoleoHoBara HMnepr{x.

c Br{coK}r uura. Bt,HutHara fi,proBuf e 3HaquTelno orcla6eHa rlpe3 C;re4 urproHaqrurHrrri MoHapxuqecxu ,,6x1 repop" JIyu XVIII
roAIrHHTe Ha peBonlout4flTa v y[paBneHl{ero sa HanoneoH
u u3r]HTBa ycraHon-sRa no-cAT,pxaH pexHM Ha yrrpaBneHpre c noMorrlra ua Kaua-
pa, B Korrro yMepeHr{Te ilaprrrr4 ca MHo3HHCrso. Ho cle4 y6uficreoro
curtHara KoHKypeHull-fl Ha aHrrufi cKIITe rbproBIIH'
Ha rrpxa Ha coIIHzIJIHara crpyrcrypa Ha $peucxoro o6rqecreo creA' npe: I 820 r sa npccronoHacneAHlrKa xepuor llo Eepu, cun Ha 6para
qacT oT I{KOHOMII- rpa$ ['Aproa, ynrpaMoHapxncrr{Te 3acunBar
iB14 r. ca apucToKp?{Ij,1,Te) KoLtTO Ca Sary5lflu roJUIMa Ha Kpan-q - BJrlrxHraero
liecKllTecI4npnBI{IIefHIl,Ho.qoMI-1H}IpaIBcl{cTeMalaHafIoJlHTHqecKaIa cu, ro4Kpenflluu or AoxTprrHepure. flpoueun ce uz6upareJrHt{_rrr 3a-
KoH H Ha rls6opure npe: 1820 r or 450 genyraru n [oluara KaMapa
srasr. Haii-6orarara qair or 6ypxoa:rura - eApI4Te 6armeplt H rT'proBlII{'
CanpuHyAeHIIAa3aeMaT[o.BTopocTeIIeHH}I[03HIII{I{B[onI,ITIlKaTaAo uMa caMo 80 nu6epann, au 1823 r. re HaMaJUrBar Ha 15 gyuu.

IoncrarapeBoJrroqr4r, KoraTo Te rroeMar BJlaCTTa. culuo BJtl4[HI/.e Bbpxy Bnu.f,Haero Ha ynrpaMoHapxu'irrare ce 3acr{.rrBa oure noBeqe cneA
couHarHHS fl rorurnqecKrlg XHBOT Ha CTpaHaTa IrMa cpeAHara
KJIaCa' cMT,prra ua IIyu XVIII n r.rABaHero Ha [pecrona Ha HeroBr{rr 6par.* rpa$
cT,cTaBeHa oT TLpToBIII{, UHAycrpl{anqrE, 6Oraru cerrrl:l,
Ir T'Hap' peHTI'r- !'Aproa, rroA HMero tllapir X. Hosrlf,r Kpan orAaBHa e r{3BecreH Karo
epu. flocle4HuTe BJIalar cBollre Ka[rrrar[ s 6aHxosu Ir Apyrlr IreHHIl BO.4aq I{a yJrTpaMoHapxl.IcTIITe I{ HeroBaTa norzTrzKa froKiBBa crureH 3a-
KHIDIKa H fler{eJl-f,T OT Tf,X JIHXBI{ I'I AIIBI4I9HT}I' noli ua4xcuo. B nap-rraueHTa e rnacyBaH 3aKoH, c nofiro eMHrpaHTHTe
Hafi-nlrcxoro cTT,friuto s o6rqecrnoTo 3aeMaT 6eArure ceti,.Htl LI flony{aBar peHTH na crofinocr 1 unpa. $panxa xaro o6esrqereHue 3a
pa6orunqnrq. B celoro rrMa MHOrO xopa, KOHTO He npIITeXaBaT AOCTa- rcoH$ncryraHuTe r4M B roAvHr{Te Ha peBon}ollr;rra lavror:a. 3acranea ce
TBTTHO 3eMrI II HaeMar.4OIIIJIHIITeJIHo. Terunre AoXo.4I{
ca HeCIlrypHI'r flaplalreHrm npaBu o[]rr Aa npoM eHrr Hatrla:aa
BrrrlrHrrero ua I-{r,pxrara.

H r{ecTo re ce pasopflnar. flponuruJleHllgT [poneTapllar nrr (Dpanqua Ha HacneAflBaHe Ha 3eMrrra, Karo nT,pBopoAHrr_rrr crau rpr6na Aa noJryqa-
Ha Ba rro-roJurMuta qacr or He.fl. To:u npoercr npenrrsBlrKBa clrrrHa
ce Qopmrzpa no-6asHo. Ctrqecrryna IIbrHa sa6paua 3a cb3AaBaHero peaKrlr4_f,,

npooecuoualllH cr,Io3H. flpanurelcrBara KaKTo npeAl{, TaKa 11 cJle'q oco6euo B ceJroro, mfi xaro Hapy[raBa ycraHoBeHure 6ypxoa:alr oruo-
lOncxara peB0nloquq He pa3pa6oTBar cOqI{nJIHO 3aKoHoAaTeJIcTBo, no- urel;H*. 3acnnaauero Ha BJrrurHrrero Ha aprrcroKp a\r4fl.tau AlxoBeHcrBo-
paAr{ Koero rloJlolxeHuero ua pa6orunquTe e rexKo H Te npeAcraBnf- TO Ce Bb3[pUeMa OT BCUTTKH KarO nOAr0lOBKa 3a IT,JIHa pecTaBpaul{, Ha

Bar coulrzulHa lpyfla, BZIHA'|,/ CKJTOHHa KbM B',brHeHUX U 6yHrone' crapvs.pelcrlM. flocrenenno B crpaHara ce oQopux cHJrHa ono3urltu.
Brr Qpeacxru rorl{TzrrecKl4 )IClIBst cnea 1814 r' cbulecrByBar Hf- B 1829 n lllapl X Ha3Ha.rara HoBo, oue no-xpafiuo ynrpaMoHap-
KoJIKo ocHoBHu ilorl.ITuqecKu rpyflr{. flrpnara or r{x e
Ha ynrpapo'nl4c- xrrqecKo npaBr{TencrBo Harrero c rpa(p llonltrsx. Bcuqxrz qJreHoBe Ha
THTe, KoHTo cMrITar KoucmryuuoHHara xapra 3a rio3opHo orcrr'rueHrre npaBuTencrBoro ca H3BecrHrr Karo .[pocrHr4 flporuBH]ruv Ha Koucru-
.
I{ MeqrarT 3a l]birHaTa pecTaBpaul4 fl, Ha cTapvfl' pexlrM' T'Hap' AoKTpH- ryuuoHHirra xapra or 1814 r Ouo:lrquara ce o[ac_rrBa or noJrr{T}rxara
Hepfi, uIfil )rMepeHH pofltll?rcTlt, cMrTaT,
r{e
rocrurHaToTo paBHoBecl{e Ha HoBoro npaBr{rencrBo v Ha us6opure or 1830 r no6exAasar mt6e-

Mex,4y Brlacrure r;ptlsa la 6r1e 3ala3eHo, AoKaro rul6epalure ucrar panrlre. HegononeH or HoBoro noJroxeHue, sa26 mu IIIapl X pasno-
HaMaJI,IBaHeToHaKpiucKaTaBnaC!KaTo.ceHaIIpaBI.IM?lHHcTepcKI4'T pexla HsAaBaHero ua 4 opgoHanca. C rsx ce pa3nycKa HoBara Kauapa,
cbBer orroBopeH ilpeA Kauapara HaAeflyrarure rI ce pa3ul4pqr nonlr- orMeH.rr ce cso6oAara Ha [pecara 14 ce HacpoqBar us1opuno nos N:6u-

rylqecKlrTe flpaBa Ha cpe.4HaTa K]raca. flnere rpFI]I BJIII3aT l1oHtlKofa pareneH 3aKoH, xofiro n:rnroqBa yaracruero ua 6ypxoa3rflTa.

76 77
 Oprlouaucure Abnlo HarpyllBaHoro HeAoBoJIcreo' B
B3pI'{BrIBar Texr<oro rroJloxer{He ua pa6orunlrecKara Knaca BoAr{ Ao MHoro
IlapuN ce H:Jilrttar 6apnrarlu, Ha Kor{To ce rr0e ,,Mapcule:ana"' Kpan- ro-oracHrr couniurHlr c6lr,crqu. flpe: 183 I ra 1834 r. r Jluou ce Brlr-
cxu:re sor:rcxfl He Motar Aa ce crrpaB{T c BT,craHaJIure. CneA Tpl{JIHeB-
rar ABe Rl,craHlr-fl Ha r]Kaq]rre or Sa6plrxu're 3a Konpr{Ha. iluoncrnre
BT,craHlI{ ce IloJI3Bar c noAKpena lI cflMnarl,Iu He caMo or pa6orHu-
ua 6op6a llJapn X e npuuyAeu Aa a6rxr<lrpa" Ouo:uuuflra' BoAeHa or
LICCKaTa Kracc or xpyn{ rpaAoBc. Ho H or roJrrMa qacr or pcry6nu-
BJlIrflreJIHHx )I{yprlaru'tcr H H3rarcn Aaol$ Tvep (1797-1877), xauu
@uluu, AyK A'OpneaH, or Opneau- KaHrIr.rTe. flolnrur<ara Ha rrbnHa He3arrHTepecoBaHocT ua 6ypxoa:u-
Ha oBaKaHreHu{ flpecron JIyu
.flTa KT,M COIIHZLIIHH.'I Bbl]poo npaBl4 pa6oruu.ieCKaTa Knaca 6:rarOlptl-
Eyp6oHctara Avuacrnfl.
cKH, KJioH ria
gTHa noqBa 3a pa3BLITI.IeTO Ha COqIIaJIHCTI4LIeCKLITe I{AeH.
IIyn @ulur e us6pau or Kanapara 3a ,,Kpan ua $panqysnre"'
Kpanxr-6ypxoa1 KaKTo ro HapHqar, e AaJIeLI o't Bl,3rneAl{Te Ha cBoHTC Oqe pauuzsr corlua-rrucr rpaQ Knog AHpr.r 4ro Ceu Cuuou
Iiyp6oHnTe, 3a poJlflra Ha KpaJUI B Al,pxaBara. Toii uoxa:ea (I760- I 825) Hacor{Ba BHHMaHrrero KbM prKoHoMtrr{ecKr4Te u coqr.{ aqHH-
po.qHr{HH - re upo6reun Ha HoBoro lrHAycrpuanuo o6ulecrno rr ilpaBr.{ [r3Bo.qa, qe
rrHTCpeC KbM r{HAyc'rpuanHo:I'o n SuuauconoTo 3aMoIBaHe Ha cTpaHaTa
H HeIOBI{Te Bb3r[€.ql4 c],BEa.4aT c .[e3u Ha y[paE]rrtBalu],1Te npocloi,rxn. couHaJrHlurT Mrrp tIIe 3aBrcrl oT ycne[rHoTo perxaBaHe Ha [poTr.rBope-
qrurra MexAy pa3nurrHllTe K;racu. CenculroHncruTe ce :aa4rrr;ar roBa Aa
florurlr.{ecxara cl{creMa na IOncr<ara ${olrapxu'q orpa3rBa npc-
craHe rrpe3 o6pa:oeauue u couuarHu pesoprrau. Illapn @ypue (1772-
MrlHaBaHero Ha Bnacr"ra B p'buere Ha 6ypNoa:tlxra. Or Koucruryuu-
1837) cr,uo B{pBa B MrrpHnre Mero.4u Ha pemaBaHe Ha cor-luzurHu_f,
oHHaTa xapra e npeMaxHaT nplIHul{nbr 3a tsoActuaTa pon, Ha Kparfl,
Br,npoc v. cMflTa, ve npo6relrrrre Ha o6ruecrsoro Morar Aa ce [peo.qo-
or-paHuqaBar ce flpeporarl4Br{Te ua IJ,r,prnara u Kauapara Ha [epo-
nere. HavaneHl{ ca MMylqecrBeHl{.tir uell3 - oco6eHo 3a r.Hap. cBo- nerr qpe3 opraHu3apaHero Ha coquirrrHr{ KoMyHr{, r.Hap. $alaHru, r
uIe ycnoBr.rrTa Ha cso6oAa rr xapMoHr{,fl.
6oAslr npoSecun (a4roxarn, npo$ccopu, lexapu), I{ Bb3pacroBara KOTITO XOpaTa )KUBe.qT B

rpaHuua _ 25 ro1ttttu. Yse.nuqaaa ce 6poar ua n:6uparelute 4roriHo, Muoro no-Kpaen BbB Br,3tJreAHTe cu e Onocr Elasrlr (1805-
88 1 ). Tofi napaa, qe nporr4Bop equflTa MexAy 6ypxoa:zxr a u,,Mexa-
Ho BT,npeKrr.ToBa or 32-uuluonuoro HaceJleHr{e Ha cDpauqnl cauo 1

HH3ktpaHHs, pa6oruur" He Morar Aa ce pa3peuar rro Mr4peH [T,T, a qpe3

200 000 Aymr{ HMar rrpaBo Ha rJrac. Ha nparrura eA}lHcrBeHo uar.i-
crzna. Enarir<kr e e4uu or nr,pBrrre npoQeczouanHr.r peBonrour{oHeprr r{
6oralara qacT oT 6ypNoa:xxra - $uHaucoBara H TbpfoBcKaTa oJ[r-
rapxHs, uMa locrln Ao peanHara Brlacr. I4:lebH c[creMara Ha Bracrra uenurr My xuBor npeMlrHaBa MexAy railuure 3aroBopr{ u orturlt 3a
BT,opbxeHH 6yHrone Lr 3arBopure. Orqe no-rpaeH nporrrBHuxna6yp-
ocraBar MHoto coquaJl'Hu npocloiirn - Ape6Hara 6ypxoasu-t, r'oiLfiMa
.qacroTCe,lflHrlTe,3aHa.[TqId]ITeHnpoMrllullc}]ltflTrlporlerapl{ar' xoa3nxra e lluep Xo:e$ flpy4oa (1809-1865), rcofiro s 1840 r. n3Aa-
Ba KHurara,,KaKBo npeAcTaBn.f,sa co6crgeHoc'rra?".,,Co6crneuocrra
Cucrerlara ua K)lcxara MollapxPu e roArlox(cHa Ha KpHTI'IKa H
e Kpax6a", 3aflB Ba llpyaou laaraKyBaAl,pxaBara u nefinure opraHr{,
HanaAKII or Mltoto crpaHu. Ha nr,peo Mrcro ca npriBt'pxeHHIIrITe Ha
KoHTo .lt tta3qr. B ceoare KHHfIr, ilon3Baullut ce c roJLxM or3B)rK, Hc-
Eyp6ouure, KoHTo He Morar Aa ce flpllMrlpsr c orrlaAaHero IrM or Ha-
ropr{KT,r couhzurr{cr JIyu EnaH (1811-1882) npaan rorren cou}.rzL.reH
ulroHaJrHara cqeHa. rlo-cepuosua cr,nporHBa nABa o6a're or crpaHa
aHarrur3 ua lOncrcara MoHapxv, u rroJroxeHr4ero Ha pa6orHnvecxara
r{a paAlrKalure peny6ru{KaHuH, rIoAKpenrIHu B roJIoMHTc rpaAoBe I{
uaii-se.Ie e llapurx or npoMHlxlre1t4fl. nponerapl{ar. IIpe: 1832 r' r KJraca. Ilyr.r Enau e [puBbpxeHux Ha AeMoKparuquara peny6lllrca c
o6rqo lr:6lrpareJrHo rrpaBo, B Kosro ule ce [poBexAar corruanHrr pe-
Ilapnx us6yxra peny6ntlt<ancxn 6yur H oruoBo rlo HeroBllre ynu-
rru ce H3ArIrar 6apuragu. 6yumr e rlorytueH, uo peny6luKaHCKHTe Qopuu sa o6nert.raraHero Ha rroJroxeHrrero na pa6oruurlrurre.
ngeu, aeza6paBellu or roAI{HI{Te Ha peBonIouH-flTa, npoAl,JlxaBar Aa Iolcrar4 uolaapxvrfl vMa yr eptuHHa rrpbB norneA eKcrpaBaraHTeH
r{Mar MHolo nocneIoBaTeJlrl.
nporr.rBHnK - IIyu Bonanapl rureMeHHuKbr na Hanoleon. Cne4 1830 n

7B 79
Kynrr,T HanoneoH ce BT,3paxAa' MHoro ynw\Pt ca Ha3oBaHIz IIa
KT,M I- E PMAHC KI,ITE AT, PX{ABI4 MEXAy
HeroBoTo r.rN{e, rpe3 1840 r. ocTaHKuTe na HanoneoH ca frpeHeceH}l PEAKIIAflTA I4 PE@OPMT4TE
or ocrpoB Crera E:reua. Br,HuruonoluruqecKl4Te Heycilexlr Ha IO:r-
cr(ara Morlapxu;1 - TpyAHOTO 3aBnaA-rIBaHe Ha Alxnp, 3anor{Haro npe3
1830 r., ata6usr ilpecrl{x ua (Dpauqux B cl{creMara Ha Ben}IKr{re Ha Bueucxur r(oHrpec npe: 1815 n Ha M_rrcroro Ha npeKparn-
ErpOna, 6yAf,r canruMeHTaJrHrrTe cIIoMeHu fro BerHKaTa I{Mne-
ct4.1r1B rill'a cbilIecrByBaHe'ro cH npe3 1806 r. Cneqeua PHucxa uMrrcpufl cc
pafl.HaHanoneou He caMo cpeA o6pa3oBaHHTe Kpr,roBe Ha o6qecrBo- ( r,iAaBa uoao o6e4uHeHue
To, Ho H cpeA o6uru-roseur'ITe xopa, oco6eno cpe.4 cen.uHure. Yueu,
- lepuaucrcn.flT cT,ro3. Tofi ce cbcror.r or
it) Tltpxann - eAI{a uMuepu-a (Ancrpua), 5 rcpalcrna (flpycux, Xauo-
a*r6nquosen, cr,c cHJIHa Borrf, u crpeMex Kr,M Bnacr, Ilyr'r Bouanapr rrcp, Earapux, Carcouul u Brop'reu6epr),29 KHfxecrBa u 4 cso6orFrfi
Ha ABa rIT,rIl - npes 183 1 u 1840 x,, npaBrr orr{rll 3a Bbopr,xeu 6yur u r pa4a (Xau6ypr, Jlro6ex, Epeueu u <Dpanr$ypr ua Maiiu). Brpxonen
Bs3CTaHOBflBaHe Ha.rrMnepuflTa. Manap Te Aa 3aBT'ptuBaT Heyc[eIIIHO, ()praH Ha cblo3a e Byugecparur cr,c ccAaJrr.ruIe BT,B @paHr$ypr, Heron
6ouanaprucrhre [eqersr BCe roBerre rlpuBl,px(eHuul4. r r pcAce.{aren e arc'rpufi crv.rrr npencraBr{TeJr.

Or naqa:roro ua 40-re roAHHr{ BoAeEa rIoJIHTuqecKa Surypa Iepuaucxnar cblo3 e cJro)(Ho H B roJUrMa crencH r{3hycrBeHo o6eAu-
e Opaucoa fu:o (1787-1874). KoHcepaaruBeH B cBoI{Te Br'3rJreAI{, ircHrrc. OrAeluurc AT,pxaBr.I 3arla3Bar roJUrMa ceo6o4a BbB BbrperxHara
filso ce 6ou la 3acerHe [lHTepecr{Te ua QnuancoBatail TIpIOBCKa- !r BT,HrIIHara crr IoJII{TIIKa. HqKor oltflx Aopu He Bnl{3ar B cr,}o3a c u.tr-
Ta olurapxHfl h He npen[pneMa HI{KaKBrr MepKu 3a pa3peuaBaHe Ha [aTa cu TepuTopuq
couuarlHufl Bbnpoc. Curypen B noArperlara Ha Kauapara Ha Aenyra-
- HanpHNlep yHrapcKHTe r{ ].rTaJ.rHaHCr(r{Te BnaAcHHr{
rra Arcrpur n tr4:roqna llpycua ca H3BIH uero. r{nen ua lepuancrux
THTe, pa3nonaraxl c loBepHero Ha Kpafltr, Iugo orxe.I,pn.f, BC-SKaKBI{ (,'r,io3 e anrnlriicr<r.rqr Kpa[ Karo BnaAeren ua Xauosep. Hu4epnaHAu_fl e
npeAno)KEHlr{ 3a AeMOKpaT}1l3AUMfl Ha ronuTUqecKHs XHBOT Vt CMflTa, c'r)u{o qreH Ha cr,ro3a,
rrfi raro BnaAee,[roxcen6ypr H:qxno rBopeHue
qeIIojII{TuqecKaTaCI{cTeMaHaMoHapxHATaHeCeHyxAaeoTHuKaKBu
rra ancrpuiicxr{r r(aHunep nprrHu Knerracrrc Mercpulrx (17j3-1859),
xoperquri.l MexryBpeMeHHo l{H.qycrplraJlHoro pa3BI{Tue Ha crp aH ara c'bro3T,T cnyxu He ronxoBa ua o6eguHeHuero Ha crpaHara, KoJtKoro Ha
rr C-raHzurr{Te [pOMeHI{ B CoqI{aJIHaTa o6cranosKa HanaraT 11pOMfHa B
vl\efrTa 3a 3arra3BaHe Ha crapnfl. pexuM a I{enrpa:rua Enpona. Bo4erqu
TiOIHTHT{egKaTa cHCTeMa. HaCrrnunara or 1846 Il KpII3a B CeJIcKoTo
/EpxaBr{ B cbro3a ca llpycux u Ancrpru.
crorlaHcTBo e nocneABaHa npe3 1847 r' or SuuancoBa I'r lrHAycrprr-
Oue or cpeAara ua XVIII r. llpycrlrr 3aroqBa pe$opuu B Ayxa Ha
arrHa KpH3a. Epoxr na 6e:pa6orHrrre B roreMl{Te lpaAoBe pacre, xH-
,.[pocBereHurr" a6colrorr.r3bru. Cnc4 cMT,prra r]a @pr.r4pm II npe: 1786 r
reiicxnre ycnoBHf B rpaAa rr ceJroro ce BJrorrraBaT. flpes 1848 L B peq o6a.{e re ca npoKparenu. Cta6ocrra Ha rrpycKara Ar,pxaBa nponzrraBa
npe4 Karuap aTa Ha AelyTaTr{Te rrpoHrlr_laTelHrlrT HCTOpTTK H IIOJIHTI4 K
rrpu nofiuara c Hanoleou npc: 1806 l, Korar.o npycKara apMrr.rr, cMrr-
Alcrcuc.Ae Toxeur (1805-1859) upe4ynpexgaBa KoJIerHre cu: ,,A3 raHa 3a uaii-4o6para a Erpona, e pa3rpoMeHa npui4erta n Ayepuar.
cMflraM, qe Hue cnr{M Br,pxy ByrIKaH [...] 3a Eora, npoueHere.qyx4 Ha 'Iona nopaxeHr{e craBa npHquHa 3a npoBexgaHero
Ha Honlr rul6epaaHn
yrpaBneHl{e, 3alrroro [...] ro:u Ayx rqe BH AoBeAe Ao 6esAHara". peQopnau. flpes 1807 r ce npeMaxBa rrlqHara Seo4alria 3aBucr4Mocr
B nepuo4a ua PecranpaqvflTa h lolcxara MoHapxuq @pauqu-t Ha ccJUrHr{Te. Te noay.ranar rrpaBo Aa orKynyBar u $eoga:rHure cH 3a-
r{3BT,ptrrBa rrpexo.4 oT KOHCepBaTH3Ma rru ru6epaJrr43Ma. Bnacrra
I:brrxeHur. flpes clegaaulr.rre ToAHHH ce u3BT,prxBa alMulrrlcrparuBHa
lpeMrrHaBa B pr,uere sa nail-6orarara qacr or 6ypxoa:lura. Ho lo- pc$opua, orpaHr.rqaBa ce uexoBara cr.rcrcMa. Boeunara pe$opua npe-
JrIrTHqeCKaTa CIICTeMa na lOlCrara MOHapxlIf fIoCTerIeHHO 3aKOCTe- JvraxBa npununbruxra lra apr{crorparlr{rra nlpxy o$lrqcpcKure Inbx-
H.rrBa r{ ce HyxAae 0T npoMeHu. r{ocrrr, cb3.{aBa naHIBep (uapo4uo onrnueHue) rr BT,Bexra o6ua soeu-

80 B1
Ha noBI,IHHocr. Fe$opnnre or 1807*1813 r'
npanx'r flpyclix aBaHrapA BJrrz3ar 28 g'spxavu. Ilocrenenno llpycu.r craBa Borerla:ra B rrxoHo-
Ha IIAeI{'re ua nudepauu3Ma, }Io rora IIe [poAhJI]KaBa
AbJIro' M?rqecKo orHorrleHr4e AT,pxaBa n lepuaHcxr{.rr cT,}o3.
na llpy- or r. n
Buenexilrr l(oHrpec [pe.[aBa r{acr or TIoJIQKIITe BJlan'enl{fl Pe$opunre 1807*1813 ilocneABzuroro HHAycrpurrJrHo
reqeHue sa Pefis' u 6anuo, cb3laBar r.r KoHconrrAr.rpar Ho-
cr{fi Ha Pyomx, *o u o6rrrrt*TflBa cbc 3eMI{ no '{oJrnoro pa3BuTlre na flpycu.a, MaKap
alacru: Ha I{3ToK *
Teplrroplura ua ltrpycux ce ctcrol{ or ABe roJIeMI4 Brrre npo cJro itt<u sa npoM[[rreHara 6ypxo a:]r.fl rr rrpoJr erapuara. B ce
npaaaenSypr lr I'bro'ina flpyclu, u Ita 3arlaA -- Fefilrcxa
flpycltx' onle o6aqe 6ypxoa:zxraHflMa Aocrtrr 4o sjracrra, Kof,To ce HaMupa
Ha BeKa cH oc-
I{gouon'tllKara Ha flpycux npeS rrT]pnara IIoiIoBI{Ha rr3rlflno B pbr-lere Ha apHcToKpa\r4LTa.
Ha ceilllIllre'
rane arpapna. Pefiopruara or 1807 n .4aBa JIpIqt{& cno6oAa CneA BNescKu fl KoHrpec rrorLt rr.rqecKara peaKrlrr-fl B3eMa Bp]x HaA
cyM!{ 3a orryilyBaue ga t}eoga:r- rroJrr{rrrKara Ha pe$opnau. flpyclrx e eAHa or'cb3AarenKrTe u flraBHrrre
Ho rI,I 3a&billl{aBa.qa nlraular ToJIeMII
Hr.r're 0H IloBHltt{ocr!{' B pesylrar Ha roBa
eApI'ITe SeMeBJIaAeJIIlx4 - IoH- $nrypu Ha peaKrluoHnrzx Crerqeu crrcs. Jlu6epanHure apr{croKparr{,
a cbluo u roneMu rla- npr.rBbpxeHurlu Ha [poAT,JrxaBaHero rra pe$opulrrti, ca orcrpaHeHrr
Kepl.ITe, noryrraBaT gacr or SeMIrre Ha ceJIflHI{Te'
pro", cpeAcrBa. B flpycu-a ce o$oprraxr e"4pI'I ionKepcKu cronaucrra' or Bracrra. Ilpycrnxr rpan @pu4pux Bunxenu III (1797-1840) ce
B KOr{TO 3&IlOqBaT ce upl',IJlarar MOAepHII MeroAI't HA 3eMeAeJIHe c orKa3Ba or noeroro [pe3 [ponema Ha 1815 r. o6eqanze Aa BbBeAe
"4a
r{3noJlsBaue Ha HaeMHI4-a rpyl Ha Muoro 6e:nuornu KoHcrt4Tyrlus u npeAcraBuTeJrHo ylpaBrreHrre. llpes 1823 r. Havcrlt-
ceJL[HI{'
r{ac-
B npomuuueno orHoueuue flpycru e ila3'4exena Ha ABe Ha ce c63AaBar rrpoBklHuua:rlavt naHATa3v (cr,cronnu npeAcraBrzren-
rra. B 6orau{re c MI{HepaJIH}, peaypcu 3a[aAIrI'{ pellncrn
[poBI4H- crBa sa sc.f,rca o6racr), uo re ca otJraBeHr4 or aprrcroKparylaflTavr:nflvrar
* H MAIIJI{HO-
ul4l{ Ce pa3BI{Ba TexKaTa I4rlAycTpt{s MeTaryprufl'ra rrolrrrr HVKaKBo Brrusulae. YuuaepcureraTe - ueHTpoBe Ha pa3Br{Tuero
crpoeHero.I{enrnpHaBbrileAoG]r.F,aureKcrl'IJrH&TanpoM}rluJle- na lx6eparuara Mr{cbJr u rrpecrta, ca rocraBeHrr noA [paBr{TeJrcrBeH
B
Hocr cra.aa uSTor{Hara r{acr Ha crpaHara u Haii*ne're Cl1:resu'fi' KoHTpon. C uArauero Ha npecrona Ha HoBH.rr rpa-n @pu4pux Bul-
Peftucxa.flpycl{.f, oile.q 1815 r' 3a[orlBar Aa ae BbBexAar
rIoBLIre xenn IV (1840-1861) Halexflrlre sa ml6epaluu pe$opnaz H B:bBexIa-
TSXHOJTOyEL{ I,I MAIIIUHHOTS [pO]'I3BoAcTB0. CrSAanar ce [bpB]ITe He Ha KoHcrr{ryuus HapacrBar. Ho cropo Kpan-f,r AaBa Ia ce pas6epe,
qe He BB3HaMepflBA AA rrpoMeHrr [OrHTr{arecKaTa crlcTeMa.
roneMll h4erarypl'Hrlriu Srapvrll xaro,,Kpyn",,,Eop3nro" "Xboxcr"'
pIHAycrpI{aJIH3alrlrsra H3I4rpa- Clea 1815 r, Ancrpna [pe,qcraBnfBa MHotoHaurroHurnHa lzMrre-
Oco6eso'eufi Ho BJILItrHI{e 3a xoAa Ha
r'
*uro*uro xeuesbuarHo crpolrrercrBo,3a[orIHaro cnea 1835 pl,.fl., B KO.f,TO BJrpr3aT fepMaHIIt4, qexlr, CJrOBarIr4, yHfaprlu, pyMtHrIH,
",
Ho r*onno*ere Ha i4ngycrpuaJlHara peBoillouu{ ca MHoro uo-6an- xr,p B arH, c Jro B eHrlr{, ur arrvraHtJu t4 lpy rpt Hapo.{H. ! orraunup arq n B klu-
Hr.I or re3u n AHruus, Opauuux I4.{opu o'r
Eenrus' rrepu;tTa ca repMaHrIHTe - HeMcKr{flT e3rrK e oQuqzaneH 3a BCrrqKr{,
roJle-
flpycxara rt,proBHtr e cIrJIHo 3acerHara or Jlllrrcara Ha repMaHrlr{Te ca Haqero Ha orpoMuara 6ropoxparr4qHa MarrrlrHa, Ko.sro
MHra' I-Ipes 1818 r'
Mr4 RpI{craHI.Iura u or MHo}I(ecrBoro Br'rpeuuIr rpa6na Aa y[paBJr.f,Ba ro3rr MHotoHarIuoHaJreH xoauouepar. EguH
ce npeMaxBaT BT}TpeIuHI{Te MI{Ta, & IIo*KEcHo ce cKIIoqBa AorcBop or ilraBHHTe npo6nerrar.r, Korrro pa3T"bpcBar vMnepusra npe3 rleirr{fl
c HnllepnaH.4ux, xofiro AaBa H3na3 Ha Irpycxure croxIr rlo '[onHoro XIX n., e Harlr{oHarrrHuflT.
TeqeHI.{eitaPofiuAoroJIeMI,ITeHI,IAepJIaH.II.CKI,Inp}lcTaHI4UIaHaoKea. B ulcououuKara Ha Arcrpux cT,ulecrByBar toJreMu pa3nfi-t,vfl.,
Opu4pl'ix Jlucr floxaro B H.rrKopr qacru - Eoxeuur, ITotvrdap4ut, i{eurpanna Aecrpzx,
ua. B cleAralunre roAIrHI4 fipycxllflr IlHAycrpI'{aJIeq
(1789*1846) noalr eHeprurrH& KaI\4naHUtr-34 npeMaxBaHe Ha BcI{tlKI{ ce pa3Br,rBa r{HAycTprrflTa, fJraBHo TeKCTHJIHaTa, TO OCTaHZUIUTe O6-
BbrpeirrHn T'bproBaKI4 rpaHuug u tvura' fIoA eru'{ara
ua flpycu-a n rracrvti oco6euo H3TorrHHre, cu ocraBar arpapuu,"f]eHTpanHoro [pa-
lS34r,cecB3AaBaOdutugtrepMaHcKaMI4THHqecKI/tQbI'o3'Br<ofiro BUTeICTBO npe.4[pHeMa H3BeCTHH MepKr.r 3a paSBrrTrreTO Ha HHAyc-

82 B3
 rIT'pBIrTe xeJle3o- JroBbK AHIIIOMaT, HaMHpau ce I{3IIflnO I1OA BnflflHI{eTO Ha KOHCepBa-
TpI4flTa H TbproBl{flTa. 3aloqBaT .4a ce rpoKapBaT
B Tpnecr' [peMaxBar Tr4BHr{Te u4eu, MerepHl{x e 3arpuxeH caMo 3a QynxquoHtlpaHero Ha
IIbrHr4 11:[{:rlr114., crpoll ce MoAepHo np]IcraHl'IIIIe
pa3Bl{Tae rexKl{-s amapa'r 3a yxpaBneHue Ha I{MrIepuxra.EguucrBeuure pe$op-
ce HqKOU BtrpeIJrHH MUTa. Ho KaTO llfno I{KOHOMIrrIecKoro
e lr MI{, [pOBeAeHI{ IIO HeroBo BpeMe, ca B apMuf,Ta, N To rlo.4 HaTUCKa
Ha ABcrpHfl H3ocraBa B cpaBHeHlre c roBa Ha flpycI'{f,' tr4rrluepuara
Ha rlofiynlrpHu.s teHepzut PaAeuxu. flog pr,xono4crBoro Ha Merepnnx,
rrgBT,H"r"t.*u"uuafepuancKl{'gMI'trHI{qecK}1cI']ro3orlB34r'
BbrpeurHlr-tr MLrHHc15p rpa$ Kononpa1t h BniltffeJlHllfl HaqiuIHI{K Ha
B coqnalnar a Lr rTolruruqecKara crpylcypa na Ancrpux
H3rlflno
B cuqKure ir npana u npI{B}InerHLr ca
3aila' [onuura.rlTa rpa$ Ce4nuqKlr qsnara I{MrIepHs ce KoHrponupa or cl'{n-
AoMLIHI,Ipa apl{croxpaqnqra.
ua noluqeficKa Mpexa, Ko.rITo IlpecneABa BC.gKa npofiBa ua nu6epal-
seulr.T,gpa3llonaracfoJIeMI{no3eMJIeHIlBIIaAeHI4JIunoJIyIIaBaBIIC0KI{
floloxeslrero Ha ceJI- Ha ono3fluux. Aacrpr.riicKl{re yHHBepcI{TerI'l ce HaMHpar noA crpor
AoxoArr oi 6.on-t rre cH rlpaBa Ha.4 ceJItHI4re'
paoorxr KoHTpoJI, Ha cryAeHrlrre e :a6paneHo Aa yqar r vyx6IEHa. flpecara u
CKoTo HaCeJIeHI{e e TexKo. IleuffiUre CeII-f,HI4 Ca npl'lHyAeHll 4a
H qIeCTo rinaulaT AO non'- KHr{roLI3.qaBaHeTO Ca rIoA I{aA3Opa Ha qeH3ypaTa.
,,0 ]UTKOJTKO MeCerIa u ie*rnr" na $eOgawrre
pa3nl4qHrr Aaul'Ull' E.quncrnenara qacr or l{Mnepu.ara, Ko,flTo ycrulBa Aa 3aila3rl v3'
BlrHara or cBoprre ,4oxo.{I4 no4 Sopuara Ha
MHoro curlHo BItt4xHrLe B apMu-tlTa I{ oco- BecrHa caMocroflTenHoc! e YHrapux, IIo cunara Ha rpaAl'IquflTa raM
Apucror<paqaxrafivra
ocTaBa Aa cT,tuecTByBa [apnaMeHTT,T - CT,CJIOSHO Cl6paul4e, B KoeTo
6eHo s AT,pxaBHI{re clyN6N' 3a ynparnewlero Ha orpoMHara MHo-
n ruHoro6poen 6ropoxpa- AoMr{HHpa yHrapcKara apncroKpallux. Ilpea 1825 r rofi rporecrupa
roHarII4OHan Ha v.Mllepvtfl e crSAaAeH Texr'K
Buperu rle B Hero ca AorlycKaHn I1 [peAcraBrTeIrkr cpeqy o[IrTHTe Ha ueHTpanHoTo rlpaBrrrencTBo Aa ce HaMecBa B yH-
THqeH afiapar.
repMaHqu lt qpe3 rapcKara I{KoHoMI{Ka qpe3 cllcreMuta Ha v,laTara- flog prxoroAcTBo-
or MecrHara apllcroKpauvfl, Toil ce KoHrponl{pa or
HA rlflnura IIMTIe- To Ha ABaMa BnHTITeJII{I rv1epu - tr{rqnau Ceueuu, pbKoBoAI{Ten Ha
Hero ce fipaB.f,T OIII4TI{ 3a ycl{neHa repMaHl{3allr1'fl'
cpeqy 3aclrilBaurara ce eApr{re MarHarrr, u Ilafioru Koruyr (1802-1894), npurrpNeHur Ha
pux. Tazu rtoJII4TIlKa rlocrerleHHo ce HacoqBa
rur6epanur z AeMoKparr'runu peSopuu, Yurapus'craBa eAI4H or rnaB-
t"rporrru or crpaHara Ha rlo-Mour*,lre HaIrI{oHanHH rpyrlfl - .,pe- Hrrre qeHrpoBe Ha aHT?IrepMaHcKara orlo3plul{fl r Aecrpux. B yHrap-
AUMHO OT yHrapu[ wqexv'
cKara liKoHoMHKa 3aIIorIBar Aa cv upo6r'lrar nT,T [o-MoAepHrr MeroAIr
Btrperuuara rloJII{TIlKa ua Ancrpux e Ll3lr'f,ro [oAqHHeHa
Ha
B ceJrcKoro crorlaHcrBo I{ npoMl4urneHocrra. fipe: 30-re IoAHHI{ ce
cTpeMexaHdzanazsaleToHacTapI4TefIoIIIltTI4qecKlicrpyr<ryprz.3a
qacruqHl'I pe$opr'lu nocTpoflBa nT,pBHfT MocT MexAy.4Bere qacru Ha cronHqaTa-By!.au
p*rrr.u or flpycux ryri ne ce rpoBex'4ar Aopll IuI
flerqa, 3acr{JrBa ce rr,proBcKoro ropa6onlaBaHe rlo p. flyHan. Koruyr
, yrrpuur"ruero. I{xlara BJIacr e B pbuere Ha cIrJIHo ueI-ITpanI43I{pa-I e [ocrreAoBareJr Ha reopuflTaHa @pn4pr'rx Jlucr za lr3rpax,4aHero Ha
@pauu
Hara aAMlrHtcrpaqufr, pbKoBoAeHa or Buesa' I4r'lneparop
peBorlrcqlafl saxrilreH MIrrHHqecKrl cuo3, xofiro Aa rloMorHe:a no-6rpsoro pa3BI4-
(1792_1835), npexunxl 6ypnure roAIrHH Ha @peucrara
uaii-rrrpAl{Te THe Ha yHIapCKaTa IUIKOHOMIIKa.
u HanoleosoHare sofrHLr, e eavrr Or IIpLIBT'px(eHI',IIIU
pe$oprrau' He' Cutltluxt KoHCepBarH3T,M l{ peaKIII4rITa, B3enr{ Bpr,x n Ascrpnx
na a6como rv3war Erpona I4 nporIIBHI'IK Ha Bc-'IKaKnu
Hulqo!"' Haclegnnxlr ullpycux, AaBar orpaxeHl{e Bapxy r{srocrHut xuBor Ha lepMaHcKH-
roBHflT AeBH3 e: ,,Vrpanlxnafi' u se cMeHqii
c'sc atadu yMcrBeHI'I Br'3Mox- Te 3eMIuI. Br,upexr qe cneA i815 r. H-rIKor{ IoxHolepMaHCKI{ A:bpxaBH
rray @epAznana l (1835-1848) e uorex
or Ha AbpxaBara' (Baeapux, B rcprervr6ept E aAeu, Xe c eH-,{aprlular) nraex.{ar KoHcrH-
Hocrlr u He ce HHTepecyBa n:o6qo ynpaBneHhero
qITH0BHHUI{' Tyr\vru, KaTo Il-sno B lepMaHcKlrre 3eMH Ce ycTaHoBtBa peaKqlrflTa.
KaTo fo rlpeAocraBfl B pBUeTe Ha BI{CUrI{Te
IIpe: qelll.a replloA or 1815 ao 1848 n safi-cunsara rIoiII{rH-
flrprure rlpoBoAHllqu na tu6epasrut3Ma H HalluoHzuru3Ma craBar
cTyAeHrcKr.{re optaHu3arluu Ha r.Hap. 6ypuur. IIOHIUIHH or ItAeaJIHTe
uecra $urypa B crpaHara e npllHII Merepuux' Onuren ABpxcaBHllK'

B5
84
Ha OpeHcKara peBonIoIII4rI u yLIacrHL{uH r
6op6ara cpeqy HaIIrecrBH- HapxuqecKara IioA naruclta ua MerepHux Saeapcr*tTe BJlacri{
BJIaC.i..

ero Ha HanoneoH, cryAeHTure ucxar nu6epanHu pe$opuu u o6eguue- E3eMar MepKa cpeqy opraHH3itroptr{Te, }lo ctAT,T ri4 onpaBAaBa' Cnell
Hrre Ha crpaHara. Ha 18 or<rourpu I B I 7 t:, B AeH, Ha toAHtlIHHHara or r"e:u cr,6ur:urr oTHoBo c0 3acr{JrBa i{aA3OpT,T Bl,pxy yi{pisepcl4TeTl{Te l{
Eurxara Ha HapoAlrre upu Ilaiinql{r u no cnyuafi 300-roAuruunHata rrpecaTa. 3a6paneuu ea Ber{qKI{ llolrrdTHrlecKr4 napT!{I{ H C1,}03H, no-
ga 2000
or npoBb3rnac.f,BaHero ua Pe$opnraqLrflTa or MaprNu llyr"p, roJIsMa Jtr4TLrqeCKI4Te peqfl Ha OolUecrseHH MeCTa. Ooxeeri e CnIlCt,K

ryyfla cryAeHTr{ or rl.rrnara crpaHa ce cr,6upar xpafi:aurxa Bapr6ypr. 3alroA03per{h B arlTHnpaBflTerc,rBer{a Aefinocr. Br'reAeHr ca cTpc}rH
Oparopure r{3Ar{rar no3yHru nporlrB TuparrurTu sa c:L'3AaBaHe Ha KoH- nacnopTHl,InpoBepKl{HanoA,03p[-{TenH}lTeribT}II{UHII(}BCIIqKHtsI,T-
crHTyurrfl u o6e4uuenHe Ha crpaHara. Ha KJIaAa ca I{3ropeHH CHMBO- peurHorepN{aHcK}r rpaHuqH.
Jrr{Te Ha peaKur.rJrra - KHrrrurra Ha Kapn $oH Xanep ,,Pecranpaqux Ha IIpe: tr837 r. nepcoHaJlHara yHl{fi lvlex.qy XaHouep u AsinrEs e
noJrrrrrzqecKuTe HayKrd", qacr or npycKa BoeHHa yHz$opnaa, H-rIKoI{ or npeKbcHara. Honusr KpaJi Ha Xauonep pa3nycxa ,[aHArara I{ orMe-
.4erperr.rre Ha flpycKrr.fi Mr4Hucrbp na o6pa:osaHlrero. Cre.qsaulara ro- Hr Koncruryr$LflTa. CeAeu I{3BecrI{I'{ npo$ecopu or yrll{Bepcurera B

avma 1ypru*tre npaB-f,T otllrr 3a ocHoBaBaHe sa o6u{oHaulroHzlnHa op- I-rorrEnren, Mexry KoI'Iro I{ ABaMara 6para ,[ro6 rE Bulxemu lpptoa,
raHu3arlrl, cbc CI4MBOJIIITe Ha lrMnepcKoTo 3HaMe qepHo, qepBeHo v r43-rrr{3ar c nporecr.
r{lenonere ua IsorprHreHcKara ce.qMopxa rpx6na
-
3JrarHo. flpes napr 1819 r. cryAeHrtr llynrur 3aug y6una peaKuuoH- Aa HanycHar Xauorep, Ho craBar u3Becrlttr B u.xJla lepnaaHur'
Hr{, rrucareJr Anrycr $on Koue6y, xofiro e pycrla rcHepaJreH KoHcyn u tr41exra3a HaIIHoHzurHo o6eAuneHlre ce flpo.trts.fi8a oco6eno cul-
TaeH areHT Ha pycKaTa nonHqHt. Ho [pe3 1840 r., Kotaro Opallqux 3aIUIalIrBa Aa oKynupa lennx 6pxr
Y6uficrsoro Ha Koqe6y e cI{rHaJI 3a 3acuJIBaHe Ha peaKIIr{-rITa. na PefiH. B qslara cTpaHa ce HaAr{ra flaTpfiorlrqeH npII3LIB 3a 3auIHTa
flo upe4loxeHr4e Ha flplrHu Merepnux Ha 3aceAaHlule Ha MI{HIICTpT{Te Ha HaUUf,Ta. lInO4 na T63II naTpIIoTlIqeH n6.qeM Ca LI3BSgTHI'ITS II6CHI{
or r1sna lepnaauux e Kapnc6ag npe3 aBrycr 1819 r ce ilpl'IeMar rlope- ,,CrpaNa sa Pefin" lt ,,lepuaHux, fepuaHux HaA Bcur{Ko!"'
Bropara
Anrla or penpecvBHr{ Aerperrr, o4o6peuu ro-KtcHo z or Eyu4ecpara. neceH cera e HaqIroHiIJIeH xIrMH Ha leprraanua.
Oprarursaqunre ua 6yprrt vr e c a za6p aueun, 3 alloqBar trp e cneABaHIu flpe: ntpna:ra floJIoBI{Ha Ha XIX n' Arcrplu *tflpycut craBar
Ha T.HAp. AeMarO3[r,. BbBeX.4a ce crpor KoHTpon BT,pxy yHrrBepclrTerrl- cr4MBoJII4 Ha pearllu.flra n IleHrpalua Enpona. ,{euxeuuero 3a KoH-

Te OT CIIeUIIaIIHO HasHaqeHLI [paBI{TeJICTBeHU KoMIICapH, yBonHeHH ca crr{TyurroHHo yrpaBneHue, rul6epalnu pe$oprrar rr HauploHanso o6e-
nauoro npo$ecopr, Br,Bex.u,a ce crpora npeABapurenHa ueH3ypa BT,p- AHHeHueHaMHpaBcefIoBeIIe[pI4BBpxeHI{uI{BIepMaHCKI,ITeAbpxia-
xy flpecara rr KHHror.I3AaBaHero. Ct zlasa ce IfeHrpalHa cneAcrBeHa nu. \4agycrpaanqu II rtbproBlll{, npo$ecopll n cryAeHTIr, 3auaflTrtnrl
KoMrrcu, s MafiHu c'bc 3a!.ac.a.4a cneArI .{efinocrra Ha oro3HqH-qra. u pa6or.HuqH HacTo_flTerHo HcKaT rrpoMeHr.{ B [oJruTHqecKLI.s ]I(HEOT.
Kapnc6a4cxrrre AeKperu 3a KparKo BpeMe rlapanr{3Irpar AyxoBHLIfl Ieprraaucrure Ar,pxaBll B Kpa"f, ua 40-re ro.4IrHH ce HaMI{par Ha npala
XHBOT Ha CTpaHara Ha peBonrcql{f,T4.
Brnperz roBa, ABuxteHuero ea peSopurl u o6eAnuesl{e He e.

cnpflHo. llpes 1830 n rIoA BnILnHue na lOncrara peBonrcqu.a 3arloqBar

BT,JrHeHu-s Ha MHoro Mecra. fIoA ctzm*r-r HarIrcK na o6ulecrseHocr-
Ta B HflKor{ AT,pxaBH (Epayuurnaiiri Xecen, Caxcouna, Xauonep) ca
BT,BeAeHrr KoHcrrrryullu. Ha 22 wait 1830 r. xpait Xarv'6ax s PefiH-
crca Eanapur ce cr6upar 30 000 AyIIIu. Oparopure ln31utar no3yHrpl
3a HapoAeH cyBepeHrlrer u o6rqorepMaHcKa peny6luxa, cpeuy Mo-

B7
86
 PYCTIfl,II3OCTABA AHMHO OT CTpar{a Ha Ar,pXaBaTa, KO.srO rp-A6na Aa rIOCpeIrIHe HyX-
AHTe Ha apv'nflTa. Br,rpeutrara rbproBu.rr Ha crpaHara cpeua MHoro
npeLiKr.r KaKTo oT a.4Mr.lHHCTpaTrlBeH XapaKTep, TaKa r{ oT orpoMHr{Te
npocrpaHcrBa rr Jrrrncara na go6pu rrr,Tuura. Bt,n srurunara r"bproBu-ri
B Ha.raroro na XIX u.Pycua nafi-ronqMara A:bpxaBa n Enpona
e
npoAr,nxaBar la vl{aT npeBec TpaAr{TIHoHHHTe cToKrr - MacJro, JreH,
c nail-nuoro6poiiuo HaceneHl{e. Hefinara repnToputr ce npocrupa or
KoHorr, Koxrr, Ar,pBeH MarepHan I{ BT,JIHa. EAra ruu cpeLila Ha tseKa
Ilolura Ao Alscra Ha aMepIrKaHCKrl{ KoHTIIHeH! or OuulanAu-x Ao
3afloqBa rlo-r-oJl;iM H3Hoc Ha 3bpHeHIr xpaHrI. I brflraa qacr or Br,Hr[Ha-
gepuo u Kacnzficro rraope. B cperara Ha BeKa HaceJIeHHero na Pycux
Ta r:bproBu,r e B pl,rleTe Ha qy)K.4ecTpaHHrr l"bproBrIrr.
HaAMrrHaBa 70 rturnoua.
I{H4ycrpuanHara peBonrouu.s B Pycux cu npo6nna nr,r MHoro
Orpoltuara IrMnepfi.a e uafi-ugocraHanara B nKoHoMHr{ecKo H
6asuo. Ilutcara Ha rxlrpon BT,TpeureH nasap) KarruTaJrrr H cao6oAHa
noruTlrqecKo oTHoIIIeHI{e crpaHa a Erpona. OcHoeHara npuquHa 3a
HaeMHa pa6orna pr,Ka ca ocHoBHHTe fipeqKu 3a BHeAp"[BaHero Ha Ma-
ToBa e 3ala3BaHero ua SeogalHus xapaKTep Ha pycKara nKoHoMI'lKa.
rrruHHoro $a6pruno nporr3Borcrno. Marcap qe nr'pBn.sr rapaxoA ce
B cencroro crorlaHcrBo [poAbnxaBa .4a c],urecrByBa cr{creMara Ha
norBflBa oqe ilpe3 1815 r:, a nT,pBara xeJre3onr,THa ruHr4tr e [ocrpo-
KpelocrHntrecrBoro. flpeo6na4asau\ara rlacr or cersHure ca 3aKpe-
eHa npe3 1838 r., MacoBoro u3rroJr3BaHe Ha MarlrrrHr{Te e oce3arenHo
IIOCTeHII KbM 3eMrTa 14 Ce HaMI{paT HaIT'JIHO BT,B BJIaCTTa Ha IIOMeIII-
eABa npe3 BTopaTa rronoBHHa Ha BeKa.
quul{Te. Texnu.flr rpyr e cla6onpou:lBoAl'rreJIeHl mil raro re He ca
tr4rouonauqecKara rr3ocraHanocr Ha crpaHara AaBa orpaxenve u
3av HTepe cyBaHrl ()1. IoJIyq aBaH eT.O Ha no-BrrcoKr{ .n oxo.qu. ocralrana-
B:bpxy coqllzurHara lr,ilolr,uruqecKara crpyKTypa. CelxHure ca rroBeqe
Ta qaCT, T.Hap. AT,pxaBHI{ CeJI{HH, Ce [IOJI3Ba C ilO-IOI-'IMa CsO6OAa, HO
or 90o/o or HaceneHrrero Ha crpaHara. Eypmoa:lura e MaJrKa s cta6a
rr rexHHTe cTorIaHcTBa He ca B?lcoKonpoI{3BOAHTenHrl nopaAlr peAuua
rpoclofixa. T-r ce cr,crorl nperrrMHo or gpe6uu rtproBuu, 3alnaflTqvtr
orpaHuqeHu-fl H roJleMlrre AaHburT, c KoI{To ca o6loNesu' Ilo.4o6no
rr npoMrrrrneHurln. Cra6ocrra ua 6ypxoa:uflTa ce AT,JDKTT He roJIKoBa
e z rro:toxcgl{I4ero Ha r.Hap. yAenHI'I ceilflHu1 co6creeHocr Ha EMrIe-
na nefinara rraa:ro6poiinoc! KonKoro Ha Jrlr[cara Ha HKoHoMHrrecKrr rr
paropcKoro ceNreficrso. 3eNr.sra flpoAr,nxaBa 1a ce o6pa6orsa clc
Orct,crenero Ha go6p e u 3pa3eHa
fioJruTr4qe cKkl y cnoBnfl sa pa3Blrrr{e.
crapdre lteroAH, r{ecro peKonrure ca cta6v, B pa3nuqHH pailoun Ha
6ypxoa:ua npoclofina B pycnoro o6urecreo BoAr{ Ao rona, ue Heo6-
crpaHara nonsrora BbpnyBa mal. Toea cr,3AaBa ycnoBu.fl 3a MHoro
xoArlMure pe@opuu ce npoBexAar B ryxa Ha ,,npocBereHnr" a6co-
BT,JrHeHhfl u 6ynrone.
Jrroru3bM * orrcpe. Oco6euo Mscro n Pycrlx uMa HHTeJrrrreuqrnxra. B
' B pe3ynrar IIa HucKara npoII3BoAHTeJIHocr Ha rpyAa Ha Kpe-
grr6ona rro-roJurMara cr{ qacr rfl e or apucroKparuqeH npou3xo.{. 3auo:Hara c
rrocrHure cenflHH pycKoro ceJrcKo crorlaHcTBo Ce HaMr{pa n
r{Aerrre na 3ana.qna Enpona, MaKap rr Muurra ua 6poii, Tfl rlrpae BaxHa
Kpr{3a. ,{oxo4Izre Ha rIoMeIIrq[uHTe HaMiuHBar, MHolo or rflx 3aAnbx-
ponfl 3a pa3Brrruero ua o6pa:onaHrrero rr npocBerara. Ha n:upxa Ha co-
HflBar, a HeMarIKa rracr Aopu ce pa3op"flBar. O6urara 6eAllocr I{ 3al(pe-
quiurHara orul6a ce HaM[pa apucTorpardv,tfia, pa3 eneHa Ha ABe irac-
NOCTflBAHCTO HA CCJIflHHTE KbM 3CMtrTA HE fIO3BOJI'BAT AA CE CT'3AAAE
pa6orua cula.
rn. flponuHuniurHara apucroKpaqu.rr - rroMerilqulir{Te, ce npr.rAT,pxar
rrrupoK BT,TpeIIreH na3ap Ha KarfilTaITL\ croKII I1
3rpaBo 3a cBor{Te rrpr.rBr{neruu H ce crpaxyBar or Bc.rrKaKBu pe$oplru.
flpolrauumeuocrra cblrlo Hocu orreqarr,Ka Ha Seoganrlsua' C)c-
Flsxon or r.rrx [opaArr Kpu3ara B cencKoro crolaHcrBo Bollrr lrzurxo
HOBHr.rqT A.rrn oT rrpol{3BOACTBOTO Ce naAa Ha 3aHzurTr,tlluTe. lolaruara
MaTeptliulHo cl,xlecTByBaHe H ca Aaneq oT cbBpeMeHHara qr{nr4nH3a-
rracr or rrpoMr{flrneHllre uanlt$amirpu ca AbpxaBHn. B rqx pa6orxr
qus. Bucruara apucToKpauu-ri, cr,cpeAoroqeHa oKono ABopa Ir ABere
He HaeMHr{ pa6ornrnpr, a 3aKpenocreHr{ ceJlflHu. Ilpou:aogurenHocrra
cronurlu - Cauxr llerep6ypr u Mocrna, AaBa ocHoBHrrre KaAprr 3a
Ha TpyAa e HIICKa, HOBHTe KanIITaJIOBnOXeHIUI Ca MaJIKO II I{ABaT IIpe-

89
 u e cpaBHUTeJrHO AO6pe 3a- !,exa6pncu.rre ca MnaAH o$uqcpu, no-rorrMara qacr or Kouro
.4bpxaBHa.Tzl i4 BOelIHara aAMlrHucrpalll{'fl yqacrBarB rroxora Hapycrara apMufle Enponanpe: i814-1815 r" 3a-
no3Hara c Mor,epHure I{AeH Ha 3a[aA]{a
Eepona' EAua qacr or ra3u
rIo3HarH c y,t1erTe na flpocreu(eFrr.rero, Te Br{n(Iar loJrflMara H3ocra-
Ha npoMeHI4 n AIXa Ha "rpoc-
Br{crla apHcToKpail,llr{ e npllBbpxeHl{I( l rraJrocr na Pycu.a or 3anaAHa Erpona n neo6xoAr,rMocrra or npoMeHrl.
a5conrorl'r:r,Nr'Ha cbe}"{ecrHoro BJIIIflH}Ie Ha BIIc[Iara BoeH-
"ararrrri' ce Alrr)Kar olpaHn- B naqaloro sa 20-te ro71rlHrl ce or,3AaBar ABe Heneranuu o6u1e crna,
ua u cnyxe6Ha aprrcroKp awls' H llHTenfileHuuflTa r{oHro pa3pa6orsar npoeKTr'r 3a i{oHcruryrrrroHHo yc'rpoiicrno. Ha-
Ha XiX s'
qeHure pe(loprr'ru, ilpoBeAeHI'I [pe3 nbpBara noJIoBIlHa rreJro Ha ,,CenepHoro o6rqecrro" ca H. Mypanron, C. Tpy6eqrofi,
tr4AeaHero Ha flpecrona Ha MTIaAIIfl
HMlleparop Anercau-
ce npoBe- il E. O6onencru, K. Punees, 6parx EecryNeeu. Bo4aur.r ua ,,K)xuoro
Irp I (1801-1 825) aara Ha.Il,ex,qn' qe B crpaHara Morar '4a o6rqecrao" ca fL llccren, C. Myparsos-Anocron, M. Eecryxee-Prc-
ce o6xprxaBa c xopa'
,- p"Soprrl. Oure B HarlaJroro Axexcau4rp uun. tr4 rsere o6qecrsa pa:pa6orBal KoHcrr{ryqHoHHH rrpoer(r}r, B
Ha pycKoT0 caMo'41'pxaBue'
npr.lBT,pxeH Lil\u HArIpoNleHIl B cHCTeMaTa r(orlr'o rlcKaT BbBexAaHe Ha KOHCTHTyuII,I H rpeACTaBHTeJlHo ynpaBne-
Ha rpaBgrencrBeHl{Te
floA rqxHo BltktflHve 3arroqBa peopraHl43alrkrfl Hne. B cBo-tr KoHcrrrryuuoHeH npoeKT ,,Pycxa npaB4a" flecrel 4opn
[pe3 1803 r' crapllre Korerlrr{ ca 3aMeHeHV c Munr4c-
"tfy*ryp"
- orKpllBar ce HtKoJIKo crrrla Ao y6ex4enuero, qe Pyclrx rp.a6ra Aa ce BbBeAe peuy6laxau-
B
TepcrBa, flpaBqr ce pe$oprtau e o6pasorarurero' 1l cro ycrpoficrno. ,,Ceeepnoro o6qecrBo" uMa Bnu-rrHrre cpeA r{flKor{
llMrleparo-
yrru"p"rtara. B cre.qsaluure roAI/tHIr npla6lnxeHl{f,T Ao
ruapgeiicxn rroJrKoBe s CaHxr llerep6ypq a,,IOxuoro o6rqecrno" - n
(1172-1839) ct's4asa uflnocrelt npoeKr
," .r"O Muxaun Cnepancru ro3lul npoexT rJraBeH cbtselua-
roxHI{Te rapHH3oHI{.
3a HoBo Ar,pxaBHo ycrpoilcreo' Cnopeg
c'sge6wll Qyurquu llosor 3a BT,craHuero ria orluqepr4r'e craBa crbrrBaHero Ha rrpe c-
TeneH opraH cT,c 3aKOHOAaTeJIHLI' I{3IIr'JIHI',ITerutt'tt' roJra Ha HoBr{.f, HMneparop Huxonafi I npe:l AeKeMBpH 1825 r. IIa
cbBer' Ilonuruqecxll flpaBa rro-
K:L,M r{Mlleparopa craBa flrpxannulr i4 4exeuepu (orryx ir4na H rlMe'ro AeKa6pwcru) nerep6yprcKr{re rBap-
CI'CJIoBI{e (rt'prosqN-
nyqaBar caIiIO apl{croKpallllflra Ir r'Hap'
cpeAHO
ceruun)' Cnepaucxu npe'{Bl'rxAa .qeiicru ilonKoBe ca u3BeAeHrr Ha CeHarcKrr"rr nJrorqaA, 3a Aa rronoxar
Te, IIpoMrrrIIJIeHlrIIu're, A:bpll(aBHtrre KJrerBa npe.q HoBr{, HMneparop. BoAeuu or
cBor{Te o(tuqepv, rroJrKo-
I{oTMflHaI{aKpe[ocTHI4rIecTBoTo,HoBno-A.UIeqHo6rAeqe.Korrcru- BeIe oTKa3BaT Aa nOnOXaT KJleTBa U Irl34l4tat nO3yHrI{ 3a BbBe)KIaHe
tyu^n*,rtarrpo.n"nacnepaucKl{CeHarr'KBarHaclrrHacbnporl4- Cxopo Ha KoHcTrlryqr.rx. FIo 4eiicrsuxra Ha gexa6pucrrrre ce orpaHuqaBar
;;. o; rrx npes 1B 10 r' ce BbBex'4a carrao 'Il't'px ar,nrlfir c:bBer' caMo c rona. Cropo nnorlaAr,T e o6rpa4en or JrorJrHH ria Huxolafi I
or lBopa'
Cnepaucxn rl3ra1aB HeMHJIocr I4 e orcrpaHeH noiicr<u H Br,craHrruure ce npeAaBar. lre ceAMrluu no-nr,cHo BepHrrre
' CneA 1815 r. Alexcan4lp I ce orxasra or BcTKaKBII cepHo3HI.I
ce BbBeAe npoAclaB'ITer- Ha ,,IOxHoro o6qecrso" apueficrcu qacru ce ofrurBar ;ta [peB3eMar
lpoMeHI{. ,na4,euoro or Helo o6erqaslle Aa r{epHr.rroe, Ho ca pa3rrpr,cHarr{. BoAa.rure ua 4exa6pucrrire ca apec-
yrlpaBneHl{e B I4MlepvflTa He e I{3rIT'JIHeno'
Cluuo BJIrl''IHI'{e Br,B
Ho
A'
ApaxueeB' craHaJr oM-
BoeHHIrflT MIIHI{cr:bp
ryBaHri, rrerrrMa or r{x ca ocrrAeHu Ha cMT,p! :r,al 120 ca H3npareHrl
uru"tru npu4o6una Ha 3aroqeHue n Cv6up. Brupexu Heycnexa ua 4era6pucrn're, Texrrlr-
Heroso Aeno ca r'Hap'
pa3eH Ha BCI4qKu cr'c cBoflTa peaKul4oHHocr' xr 6yHr noKa3Ba 3acr{JrBaHero Ha ono3r{uuxra a o6ulecrBoro cpeuy
pa6orm I{ xllBeflT B TexKll Ka-
BoeHHH floceJllrula, B KoHTo ce[tHI4Te H3ocraHaJrara Seo4anua cucreMa Ha pycroro caMoAT,pxaBue.
3apl\{eHH ycnoBns. Ilepuo4rr Ha ynpaBneHue r{a uMrreparop Hnronaii I (1825-185-5)
BHesauHara cMr'pr na Alexcangr'p I
e Kpa's Ha 1825 r' soau
ce cMirra 3a elr4H or nafr-pearcurroHHr{Te B pycKara ucropnx. llo4
.qo nr,pBara cepuo3Ha
npofBa Ha cbnporlrBa cpeuy caMo'qbpxaBH-
crpor KoHTpoJr ca no craBeHH yqrrnr4rl ar a y ynr4Bepcrrrerr{Te. IIp ecara
ero - 6Ynrrr tta 4er<a6Pktcrvra: u KHurorr3AaBaHero ce HaMr{par noA clpota rleH3ypa. flpecle4aar ce

91
90
 yqunHulaTa ce BT',Bex- ri reKcrr.rnHara npoMr,luJleHocr. Ho uxorrolrnqecKoro H3ocraBaHe
BI{AHII IIpeAcTaB}ITerlH Ha IrHTen}rreHIII'1flTa' B
Ha
Pycux He Mox(e Aa 6l,Ae rrpeoAon-f,Ho.
Aa r.Hap. reopK, Ha ooullHanHara HapoAHOc! Ko'flro ct'llbpxa rpl.l
l IIpHHI{I'{IIa -,'flpaBocJlaBrle, caMOAT'p}taBHe', HapoAHOCT"'
Blnuuara noJn4THKa ua Pycua npu A_nexcau4t p I n Huxo;rafi I
ocHoBHt
Al'aa 3a uen ro-Har',n-blrHoro repuTopualHo pa3urrpeHne. CleA Trrrt-
T'e:u nprlnqHnl4 Tpfl6Ba Aa flpeAna3-f,T MJIaAexra or
nopotrHl4Te uAeH
3LrrcKu.rr Mr.rp KbM Pyatx e npr{cbeAHHena (Dun:ranil:afl* a na Buencxnrr
,u ,ur,r.,{r, x stw6epast't3r,M H Aa floAqepraf,T oco6eHu' xapaKTep Ha rroHrpec - lr fro-roJr"rrMara qacr or llo:nua. C roaa slllroxHocrnre 3a re-
pycKoro o6u{ecreo. E4uo or uait-saxuvle cpeAcrBa 3a npecneABaHe
,ru e cb3naAeHoro npe3 1826 r' Tpero orAene- puTopr.ranHo pa3rrrlrpeHue Ha HMnepur{T a Ha 3ar,a1 ca H3qeplaHu. flpe:
"uo6oaoMllcJrelqure *
Co6crsenata KaHllenapu{ Ha HMlreparopa TaAHa rIoJI}Iqu''
cneABarqHTe toAHHH pycKala BbHlIIHa IIOJIHTT{Ka Ce CbcpeAolor{aBa tJraB_
Hr{e Ha
3a Ho BT,pKy I{:roqnl.rs BT,npoc - za cralara Ha Ocuancrcara Hvrrlepus.
xoxro rpx6aa A,a AoKnaABa 3a BCI{qKI4 HacrpoeHu{ e o6qecrsoro'
KbM Hero e Brnpexz ve Pyczx e ocHoBareJrna ua CseueHr{.rr cr,ro3 rr peruure-
HaqaJrHr.IK na Tperoro orAeneHl4e Ir Ha )KaHAapMepvfl'Ia
I4Me cKopo CTaBa CIIMBoJI Ha flO- neH rrporlrBHr{K Ha BcHrlKn peBon}orluoHHu H HarluouanHoocro6o4u-
Ha3HarIeH rpaS EenxbHAopq), queTo
peaKuHfl .
TeJIHT{ ABHxeHu.rr r Erpona, HHTepecure ir e tr4sro.rHz, Bbnpoc fl Kapar
114111q9cK?Ta
Aa orcfi,nr4 or ra3r4 noJrHTHKa. Cleg xaro r:bprlr{Te 3anoqBar 6op6a sa
B cruloro BpeMe Huxonaii I paz6tpa ueo6xoAtltr'locrra or rlpo-
ce HflKOiIKO a'[MI4- cBoero ocno6oxgeuue rpe3 1821 r., Pycua 3acraBa Ha rtrxHa crpaHa.
MeHH B ynpaBneHlrero Ha crpaHara' flpoeexaar
rpaQ Cne- l1pe: 1828-1829 r.Pycux BoroBa c Ocuancrarauuilepvfl, rcoero ir nocu
nzcrparrlnrur peSopruu. KoNrucn-f, rlor, pr'KoBoAcrBoro ua
Ha BCr{tlKV 3a- tsa)Kurrfl crparernqecru KoHTpon BT,pxy ycruero Ha p. fiynar.
paHcKr, ll3BT,prrrBa orpoMHa pa6ora no ro4nsuxar]J/lflTa
llpes cle4nar{ure toAHHH Pycua 3aclrrrBa [oJruTr.rxara cu na Ean-
oorr, npe: 1830-1832 r. rr3AaBa oKorlo 50 roua cT'c 3aKoHI{'
KaHr{re u r trtl:roquoro Cpe4n:euHoMopue. B 1832 r r{ ce HaMecBa Ha
TexroroilonoxeHl{eHaceJIflHI{TeHKpI{3aTaBceJICKoToCTo-
rraHcrBo Ka,par Hllxolaii I 4a npegnplreMe Ir3Becrun pe$opnn u n crpaHara Ha cyJITaHa, 3alJrarrreH or HenoKopHufl cr4 yrrpatsuren sa Enr-
ner Mexue4 A-rru. flpes 1833 r eAHa pycKa ecKaApa HaBnH3a a llpom-
,us, o5ra"t l{afi-saxHara pe@oprraa e HarpaBeHa npes 1837-1841 r' Brrre H croBapBa 30-rurn-ageu IecaHT n Ynxxp tr4crcetecu, Ha H3ToqHrr.rr
r.r 3acflra gip>rcanuure cersHu. 3a rsx ce
o6pasyna creqlranHo MIr-
6pxr Ha Eoc$opa. Ilpes cbrqara roAHHa e rloArrrrcaH rr3roAHlrrir saPyw,x
HucrepcTBo, perynupaT ce AaHT'III'ITe uM, .[aBa ce [paBo
Ha rl3BecrHO
CT'AllJIl{lUa' yrIHnUlUa U VHxxprzcxenecuitcxu AoroBop, c rofrro Pycust ce 3aAT,JDKaBa Aa oKzBBa
CaMOyIlpaBJ{elH:1re, CTaAaBaT Ce CIIeUUanHU
BoeHHa rroMoul na OcuaucrarauMfiepufl. To:u gororop e roJU{M yclex
6olrrurlu.I-orrqua .rabr or MaJlol.{MoTHI,ITe I1oJlyqaBaT 3eM,'I. Paspa-
saPycua, Ho B creABarrlrrre roAHHrr Arrrnlls u @pauqnx ycrurBarAa noA-
'6orsa'rceIlflpoeKTlr3aIrocTeIIeHHorooceo6ox'uasaHeHaKpenocr-
polrrr pycKrrre rro3nulru u [pe3 1840-1841 x, Hararar npuHunna Ha Ko-
HI{TeceJIflHH,HoTececTpyBaTIIpeKaJIeHocMeJII4HaI4MIIepaTopa
cerflHu' neKrllBHara HaMeca Ha Benur<ure calrt g Oclaaucxarauvtrrcpvfl.
r{ He BJIH3ar B a]/.ra. Pesoprraara, 3acf,rau{a 'iI'1'pxaBHIlTe
Ha r-'IxHoro rroJroxeHl{e' Ho Pycux ocraBa eAHa or ocHoBHHTe nr,pxaBH, KoHTo Kpertxr peaK-
AortpuHacr He caMo sa uo4o6pxBaHero
Ha KpenocT- rJrlflTaB Enpona. lipe: lB30 r, rf, e roroBa pLarnrnparil eoiicKu cperqy
a3utpaBaponr{Ta Ha reHepanHa peIIeTI{IIU'g 3a oTMqHaTa
BbcraHanrrre 3a HarllroHzurHa He3aBr4cnrraocr 6elrufiuu u caMo us6yx-
Horo rrpaBo nPes 60-re roAIlHH' I

,I
Hzuloro rro cbti1oro BpeMe BT,craHpre s llo[ua _f, orrJtorurBa or roBa.
BurogovuqecKaTao6lacrHlrxorrafilrrporexgailollHTilKaHa
IIo npelre Ha peBonrcqyrflTa or 1848-1849 r, Pycux oxzr:Ba rroMorrl Ha
crpor suuaHcoB KOHTpOJT r{ Br{coKtl [pOTeKIIHOHUCTHiIHil Unra.
Tesu
I
Ancrpllr B noryuaBaHero Ha ),HrapcKoro ocso6oAureJrHo ABtl)r(eHHe.
MepKI,InoAIIoMalaTBI/t3BecTHacTeIIeHpa3BI{TIIeToHaIIpoM[[I,leHocTTa
r{acr or rpaAcKara 6ypxoa:ul' flpe: 40-re ro- flpe: naii 1 849 r egna 1 00-xu rl-qkra apMn4 KoMaHABaHa or reH. EpnraH
r.1 3aNlorBaHero Ha eAHa
flacxenuv, HacrbfrBa a Ynrapzx v pa3rpoM.[Ba ynrapcrure soficxu.
II4HH3anoqBaIo-MacoBoTonpllnoxeHl{eHaMaIIII{HIITeBTpaHcnopTa

g2 93
 crnepnn"lecTBoTo Mex.4y Pycnx u 3anaAuure BeJIIIKI,I CtrItt4 B EBPOTIA B CPEAATA IIA BEKA
BhUpOC BOAH.4O pg3KO H3OCTpf,He Ha TexHI4Te OTHOIxeHI'Ifl B
Irl:rOqHlrq
cpeAara Ha 50*re ro.4l4Ht1. floeoA 3a 3ailoqHanara npe3 1853 r' Kpuu-
cxa nofina cTaBa clIopbr MexAy flparocnanuara u KaronuqecKara Kru rpan ua 40-re rolrrHrr Enpoua e Ha rrlr Aa ce pa3.qenr4 cr,c
ubpKBa 3a,,ctsernTe Mecra" n llalecrrlla. B KpuucKara BofiHa
Ha cllcreMara, ycraHoBeHa sa Bueucmufl KoHrpec or l8l5 r. Ts ce HaMr.r-
(Dpanqnx'
crpal{ara na Ocuascxara l{Mtrepl{fl 3acraBar Aumns u pa B erarr Ha [pexoA or crapr{q pexr.rM KlM HoBoro 6ypx<oa:Ho o6-
flrpaona'raJlHo npel{Mylr{ecrBoro e Ha crpaHara Ha Pycux, xoxro ulecrBo, nopoAeuo or tr{u4ycrpuarHara poBonrorlur. flpexo.qbr e MHo-
oKyrrupa lyuancrure KHflxecrBa. Ho cleA HaBnI{3aHeTo Ha aHlJIo- ro cJroxeH a uHoroo6pa3eH nopaArr pa3rrrqux.raB HKoHoMmrrecKoro rz
r{epuo trtope, rofruara Qe rlpeHacl{ Ha pycKa re- nonurr,rqecKoro pa3BHrHe Ha orAeJrHtrre rracru ua Enpoua. flre crpa-
Spencrux $lor e
prrropl4.f,. lipe: 1854 r. 3anoqBa npoAT,JIxI{Jrara 6lwl:,o eAHa ro.4lrHa su * Anrnnx u Pycut, npercraB.fiT ABara [oJl]rruqecKr{ rroJlroca or
oOauau Ha uasHara'pycKa BoeuuoMopcra 6asa Ceeacrouor' B 6ur- roBa BpeMe. B cpegara Ha Be(a Aurnu.s 3aBbpuBa lllugywpuatruara
KaTa npH cesacronor. npoIEqaBa rlKOHOMHqecKaTa H3ocTaHaIocT peBonrouHfl rt fipaBu nT,pBr.rTe npoMeHr{ n0 nbr.rr Ha pa3rrrrrpflBarloro
Ha Pycux lr cna6oc:ma ua neffnara apvtrtfl. E pa:rapa na o6caAara, ce npelcraBurenHo ynpaBneHue. Pycux cflKarrr e3ac-ru*ar-aB crapure
ua 18 $enpyapu yMupa Huxolafi I, a npes cerreMBplz Kpenocrra SeogarHu crpyrTyprr H ce HyxAae or cr{nHo cr,rpeceHr4e, sa Aa rpbr-
nara. Ilo.{nileanvrfir npes 1856 r. flapuxxu MI{peH AoroBop cJlara ue 6arno r{ Mhql{reJrHo rro lrT,Tf, ua 6ypNoasnure pesopnau.
[perpaAa cpeqy pycKara eKolaH3]Ir Ha IoIr. Ilopaxeuuero r Kputu- Ocrauamare crpaHu, pasnonoxeHn ce uex4y JIaMaHrua H pycra-
cxara soilHa IlocTaBfl ocTpo ueooxoAnuocTTa oT I{3Bt'pIIIBaHeTo Ha Ta rpaHr4ua, ce HaMr.rpaT Ha pa3nI4r{HI4 cTtIIrUIa nO nT,Tfl KT,M HOBOTO
4u6oxu peQoprtu s PYcttx. odqecrro. flporueocrosur.{ero Ha BpaxAyBaxlrrre Knacr{ lr upoclofi-
KI{ TaM e roJIKoBa c}IJIHo, rre KoM[poMr.Ictr Mexly rxx, xofiro o3Har{a-
na perloprrau, e rr3KJrroqeH Karo perueune, Tesn crpauu ca 3aJrerr4 or
roJr-,rMara penoJrroquoHua BbJrHa npes 1848-1849 r.
B resu 6ypun IBe roAr{Hr.r Opanqux npaBr,r HoB eKcrrepuMeHr c
peny6luraucKo ynpaBJreHr.re, 3a Aa [peAloqere orHoBo cnaBara Ha
6ouauapracrrara uMrrepu.s. PenomoquuTe B repMaHcKnre AbpxaBr{,
Ancrpux uVltamtx ca ycJroxneHr4 or HarlrroHaJrHr.rre npo6reuz. tr4ra-
JIL{aHrIr{ I{ yHrApq}r ucKaT Haul{oHanHa He3aBr4clrMocr. Knu ToBa I4Ta-
rrHaHrIHTe npu6anar z o6e4uuentrero Ha crpaHara. Cruloro xena.rrr H
repMaHqnre, Ho re ca pasABoenu MexAy .{Bere Bo.qerqv cwnu * flpy-
cux u Ancrpm. B r<pafiua cMerKa HaurroHaJrHr.rxr npo6leu ocraBa 3a
perrranaHe rro rrbr.rr ua nofiHara,
Apucroxpaqntffa 14 KoHcepBarr.rBHu.rrr cnoMeH sa MraHirnoro ca
ararryBauu or npoMr{rrrJreuara 6ypxoa3urfl kr u1eure ua ru.r6epa:rzsua.
I{o s uonuil.r}recKn, }ril.rBor ce HaMecBa cbrr{o u pa6orHnqecrara K[aca.
B 6op6ara opeuy crapufl pexrrM dypxoa:uxra 4.pa6orurzuure BJul-
3aT rrecTo B cblos, Ho npoTrrBopeql4.[Ta
Mexly T{X cKOpO r}r pa3Aemr.

94 95
 na pa6OruU- crpen6a, Ha rraBaxa ocraBar 50 y6uru. Ha cyrpuura IIaplrN ocBMBa
Irl,l,eure Ha coU[aJILI3Ma CTaBaT [O.[uTur{eCKaTa IIpOrpaMa
r{ecKara KJraca. flonuru'recKr'Ire 60p6u B UeHrpanHa I4 I43ror{Ha Enpo-
c 5apnrcagu,3aloqBar npecrpenKu c rronr{rlu.rrra. flonoxesprero e He-
[porrlBHI4IdI4' yAbpxr.rMo u JIyx (Dulan rpt6sa aa a6gurcupa. Tpugnenuara @enpy-
rra saloqBar Aa [pI'IJiI4qar Ha 6oKcoB Maq c rpl4Ma
B clrcreMa'ra Ha MexAyHapoAHI'ITe or- apcKa peBonroq[s cBan-f, lOrcxara MoHapxrlr.
flpoueuu Flacrr,flBar 14
KOHrpec II cBe- Kanaapara Ha Aenyrarrrre cbcraB-rr BpeMeHHo [paBr.{TeJrcrBo, B
HOUIeH[rfl. YcranonenoTo paBHoBeCUe Or BuencKILfl
MoHapxurl Koero ce BKJrroqBar rroerr,r A-n$onc IlauapuzH, acrpoHoMr,T @pan-
uIeHr{,I cb}o3 ce HapylllaBa. Mortu{ecrroro Ha Ir3TOqHI4Te
pon-ara cLI Ha coa Aparo, couuanr4crbr IIyu Elau u pa6oruuxr,r Anercalr4rp Al-
nocreneHHo 3arrar.la. Pycux ce oIIIzTBa Aa rIpoAbDI(aBa
BofiHa 14 6ep. flo4 HarHcKa Ha BT,craHr.rqnre (Dpanqux e o6.sseHa sa peny6nnxa.
xereMoH a Enpoua, Ho rlpercpfl.'IBa nopaxeuue n Kputucxara
cu npo6neuu' HauuoHaJIHIlTe Cr,crasbr Ha rrpaBuTencrBoro He e eAHopoAer{ h npeAcraBf orAenHu-
e rrpHHyAeHa Aa ce 3aeMe c BTtTpeIITHI{re
upes sofi- Te Kprrna B orro3tluH.rrTa.
.rpo6raon, Ha TpMaHIIH Ir I.ITzuIHaHIII'I ce paspellaBal cbulo
Itrrpnure geitcrr,ux Ha npaBzTeJrcrBoro noKzrBar Hzuurquero
,r. C"rou"- Ar,pxaBI'I - fepuancrmxt paitxuWratl;"tx'
"".qu"'rrou, Ha pzunurrHu reqeHz.rr B Hero. 3a peuraraue Ha rexKurr coqr{aneH Bb-
HauscrorouaArcrplucellorBrBaArcrpo-Yul'apl'If-MHoroHaul4o-
3a cr'xpaHeHl{ero clr rpoc ce cb3AaBa r. Hap. Jlroxceu6yprcKa KoMLrcr{fl, pbKoBoAena or
HzuIHa HMrIepI{lI, roxro rp.a6sa laM,lkrcnv [oBeEIe
JIyu EraH. O6.sssra ce r{ npaBoro Ha rpyA Ha BceKpr, HaMan-f,Ba ce
raro Benuxa (nrna, oTKOJIKOTO 3a XeleMoHI4X n Erpona'
pa6oruraxr ,4eH Ha 10 qaca. Pealusr.rpa ce u4eflTa wa Jlytt Enan sa
Or xpax na 40-re Ao Harliiloro :aaTA-re roAIrHI'I Espora fipexu-
IrHAyc- T.Hap. HarIHoHzurHH pa6orunuuqtr. B rsx Moxe Aa ce 3anvrue BceKH
sssa soiaHu, peBonlouun u pe$opnaLr' 3a Aa ce poAI{ HoBoro
6espa6oreu y nonyqaBa 2 Spauna Ha AeH, Koraro pa6orv.,u 1 $paur,
rpuanHo o6ruecreo.
aKo He pa6mu. Cropo xr,lr llaprN or rlf,Jrara crpaHa ce ycrpeMrBar
6espa6oruu, 3a La ce 3alrrrrar r ,,pa6oruluvr1LlTe" u rexHuxr 6pofi
1, pEBOTIIOUI4OHHATA BbTIHA OT 1848-1849 r' e rroBeqe or 100 000 4yruu. Ho raxro craga o6uxHoBeHo, MHo3rrHa
fipe4iloqurar 4a He pa6orx'r il Aa [oryrraBar BceKr{ AeH cBos Spanr.
t(pu3a, o6xraHa:ra Erpona or 1845 r'' caMo yc- B nponuuquflTa ca He.qoBoJrHrr, qe MHoro or pa6ornuqr{Te xr{Be.flT Ha
.t{xonoulluecKara
u I{eurpal-
xopina pa3BI'IrHeTo Ha rIoJrarHtIecKI{Te 6op6u s 3auaAHa r:rp6a na co6crseHr{rlrurre r{ AaHT,Korrnarr{HTe. Toaa negonoJrcrBo ce
B couIlaJlnara
naEepona. Pa:sflrnero Ha I{KoHoMIlKara, [poMeHure ycrznBa onle rroBeqe, Koraro rrpeKrrre AaHT,rIil ca yBenuqeHu. c 45o/o, sa
crpyKTypa, IIoJTI{TI{qecK,liTe vrltalnzls' Ha cpeAHara Kraca
v pa6ornu-
.44 ce iloKprrflr AbpxaBHr{Te pa3xo.4rr.
yrlpaBn-fl BaIIIHTe'
rlr{Te ca [peAI43BI{KaTeJICTBO K6M XereMo :lj.krflTA Ha Pesynrarrr or re3rr HacrpoeHu.rr ce orpirflBar Ha cbcraBa Ha H3-
Brn @panqux, flpycvt4 Ancrpux Apyrlre I{ repMaHcKI{ '4bpxaBl{ 6paHoro npe3 arrpun Yupegurelxo cr6pauue. B nero upeo6la4anar
1B4B r. rIoJrI{rI{lIecKI{.rIT MI{p pyxBa' 3anoqear
peBonIoIII4I'I'
npe: [pr{BbpxeHr4rlxTe Ha peuy6nurara, Ho re ca u nporr4BHrrrlu Ha rflr{po-
cu B
' Kpr=utu Ha ynpaBneHfiero sr-r (Dpanuu't{ '4ocrl{ra Bbpxa KHre courlzlnua peSopivru. Cpeqy rrpucl,crB]Iero ua JIyu Eran e npa-
qe Mox(e '{a cfipe
*nuuuroro na 1B4B r. flpasurencrBoro HaI{BHo B.rpBa' BureJrcrBoro vrwa cuJr:au HacrpoeHn-rr. Ha 15 rrlafi eAna roJUrMa rpy-
aj|ylTa\]f1flTaHao[o3HIII{-,ITa,KaToza5pauuMI4TI4HrI{Teu.4eMoHcTpa- na .qeMoHcrpaHTH, Bo.qeHa or Omocr Enasrrz h p;pyru corll,riurzcrr{,
rllrvre. Toraea 3alloqBa r.Hap. 6aurerHa KaMrIaHux' Ha cBI4KaHI{Te HaxnyBa B ctpaIaTa Ha [apnaMeHTa c vcKaHvrfl 3a AeMoKpaTmqHa r{ co-
22 Sez'
or ono3ulll{sra 6anrerlr ce .4bpxar TIoJII{TrrrIecKI'I pequ' Ha urraJrHa peny6tnxa. B orrorop Ha roBa BoAaql.rre Ha corluanucrr4Te ca
pyapu 1B4B r. erunn uoAo6en 6anrer e :a6paneu' Ha lpyrw' AeH
Ha
apecryBaHu, {rorcelr6yprcKara KoMHCT{.fl - nuKBr{Arrpaua. Ha 22 touu
,,Eynesap,ua Ha KarIyqI{HI'rre" ce
[poBexAa MI{pHa flporecrna AeMoH- e rmAaAeH AeKper 3a pa3[ycKaHe Ha,,HaUr{onarudte pa6oulrHzqll",
BnesanHo yqacrHlrul{Te ca HalaAHarI4 or noficxa' 3arlor{Ba
"rpuqrr.
97
96
KaTO Ce npeABI4xAa no-Mna.4HTe 61r.,.aT [p]reTH B apMl{''Ira, a I1o-
la cKT 3a KOHCTHTyUT{fl, KOtrTO [peABrrXAa 3ana3BaHe Ha MOHapXI{rTa
BT'3paCTHHTe -- EacoqeHH Ha pa6ora B npoBHIIUHqra' 11 AByKaMapeH rrapnaMeur. ClcA onHT 3a BbcraHrre na 6epruncxnre
lexperlr 3a pa3l-Iycral{e'ro Ha,,pa6o:rultlltqu:re" npe4}r3BHKBa pa6oruuqu rpe3 ror{u ilpaBrrrcncrBoro Ha Kannxay:eu u Xan:euau
clrnHII nporecrlt cpeA napl4xrure pa6o'rHaIru. Ha 23 wtttt B lpaAa 3a- e 3aMeHeHo c fio-yMepe[ro Har]eJro c P. Ayepcnanr. Ha I B naali 1848 r.
rroqBar Aa ce crporr 6apuxa4I't, t73,.l.-J.ar ce no3yHr]r 3a,,.qeNloKpaTplq- rt,r @panx$ypr Ha Mafiu ce orKprrBa QpaHx$yprcro Haur.roHanHo
Ha II COUHanHa peny6:rktKa", 3a [peMaxBaHeTo Ha eKCI]JIOaTaIII4-tl'r'a. ct,6pauue, xoero rpx6na Aa peruu BT,rrpocuTc sa o6eAHneHuero Ha
flpanurelcrBoTo AaBa 1IIIpOKI{ tibJIHOMOlqI{s Ha BoeHHIlfl b'lHIIIcCrl,p crpaHara u :a u:pa6orBaHero ua o6qa KoHCrr{ryrIHx. Ct,6pauuero
reHepan Karenqr. Tofi s1}eexfla BoeHHo rronoxcHlle. BKaptsa soiicru wzlupa aBcrpo-yHrapcKu{ epqxcpqor trtoxo.r 3a uMrepoKu ynpa-
B rpaAa Ir noryrraBa 6tp:o u xecroKo Bl,craHuero' Y6Nrn ca HaA Br.rreJr rr cr,craB-fl BpeMeHHo r]eHTpanHo rrpaBuTencrro. Pa:rpourr
1500 liyilu, MHoro or BTlcraHaili{Te ca H3ilpareHl{ Ha Karopra' ua K)ucr.oro BbcraHue Ha rrapuxKn.ll uponeraprrar H naAaHero Ha
Ilpe: oxrounpr'r Yupe"aure[]Ioro cx6pauue uspa6o'rea HoBala Bueua npe3 oKToMBpr4 3acunBar KoHTpapeBoJrrouuflTa e lepuauux.
Koucraryuufl, cnopeA xoxro @pauqlls e o6[seHa sa peny6llrKa I{a- Ha 3 noenspu r EeplnH e r.r3Br,pueH npeBpar r{ B rpaAa orHoBo ca
qeno c npe3u.ileHr. llpe: lereunpn 1848 r. ce npousBex.qar usSopn BbBeAeHx soficru, a IlauArartr e pa3nycHar. Ha 6 4ereurpu e [po-
3a npe3H.[eHT H Te Ca ciler{ereHu c toJrsMo MHO3T.IHCTBO Or IIyn Eoua- RT,3rJraceHa Koucrnryun.rr, Ko-rrro AaBa r43BecrHr.r 6ypxoa:uu cso6o-
napr. C roaa @erpyapcxara peBonloql{fl 3aBbprlrBa, a JTyu Eouanapr l1H, Ho 3arra3Ba npaBara Ha Kpan.q u Ha aprrcrorparlr{flTa. Ha 30 rraafi
Bo.qH cJloxHa 6op6a 3a BEscraHoBflBaHero Ha lrMflepl{rra' 1849 r. e BT,BcAcH :r.lrap. TprrKnaceu ns6upaleneH 3aKoH, c xofiro ce
Pesoriouu.qra B repMaHcKi{Te 3eMII 3arloqBa rrT'pBo e Ea.qen, 3ana3Ba rocloAcTBoro Ha aprrcroKparlutrTa B npycKrr-f, ,Ilau4rar ll n
Broprem6epr, Xeceri-fiapMular, Barapux lr Caxconu'fl' Haecsrr- yrrpaBncHuero Ha crpaHara. B Kpa.E Ha Iraapr 1849 r. @pauxSyprcxo-
/Ie c e opraF{I{3}ipa'r' I{I'IT}'IHrI1, AeMoHcrp aq um. Cp asaure JIH o 6lp r o ro cr,6pallue 3aBbprxBa u:pa6oreauero Ha o6rqorepuaHcKa KoHcrH-
ca c,6pa:y'naHl{ npaBlrreJlcrBa c yqacrhero na 6ypxoasu-gra' Ha- "ry\ut. Tx npegauxrra cb3AaBaHero Ha $e4epaqux or 36 repuaucxlr
{:{aJloTO Iia peBon}OqfiflTA B llpycur e noCTaBeHo C IoJITIMa AeMOH- AbpxaBrl HaqeJro c HMrreparop r{ AByKaMapeH napnaueur. l4unepa-
cTp.arlr{fi ua 3 rr.rapr s Kr,orH. B Beplrau B}JrHeHHflTa 3aIOqBaT Ha ropcKara KopoHa e npe.qnoxeHa Ha npycKr{fl Kpan. Ho xoucruryuu-
6 mapr. Ha 16 Mapr npucrlli-a lr3Becrue 3a peBoxloul{''{ra nls Bu- ,Ta e olxBr,pneHa or rroqrr4 Bc]rqKr{ AT,p}KaBfi. llpycna n Arcrpua
e.Ha H 3a ocTaBKara ua K. MerepHl.rx. l1o4 nanopa Ha cu6uruxra or3oBaBar cBorlre npeAcraB[Terrr or Opanr$yprcxoro ct,6patve u
npycKI{.flr rpan (>pn4pux Bnrixelrra IV ltsAaea sa 18 Mapr yKa3 3a rpe3 n.flroro Ha 1849 r ro ce ce pa3rycKa.
cBr.rKBaHe Ha npycKr4 llasArarl 3a BT,Bex.4aHe Ha KoHCTIlTyIdIlf, 3a Peronroquxra r AscrpuiicKara HMneplr,rr sanoqBa noA BnuflHr4e Ha
rrpeMaxBaHe Ha ueH3ypara rr Apyru pe$opruu. Clulus AeH rontl- Becrra ga a6Auraqu flTa Ha Ilyrl @umrn. Ha I I n 1 2 nmpr rrs Brleua ce
MaAeMOHcT'paqHr{HCKau3BexlaHeTo}j'aapMptfl'raI{3BT'I{rpa'{a' rrpoBexAaT MacoBrr AeMoHCTparIr4u c ucKaHu_rr 3a oTMtrHa Ha qerr3ypaTa,
-oaCTLl. 3ano'rsat
Cp"rqy I(eMoHcTpaqr4flTa ca [3irpaTeHrr BoeHHr{ 3a BbBexnaHe Ha rpaxAaucxu cso6oAr{, 3a cBr{KBaue ua Pafixcrarl 3a
6apuoa4nrl 6oene, 3aBT,pIuHnH c lo6eAa Ha BbcraHuqure' Kpan- ocraBKa Ha nprrHu Merepuux. Ha 13 uapr B rpaAa u:6yxea BbcraHrre.
cKr.rle noficru ca npHHyAeHL4 Aa HallycHar rpaAa. Ha 29 Mapr e tr{uneparop (Dep4lruauA I e npunyAeH Aa orcrBnu. Merepnux rroAaBa
cbcraBeHo 6ypxoa:no rpaBurencrBo Har{eJIo c Jlyao:r$ Kalrnxa- ocraBKa, o6pa:ynaua e 6ypxoa:na HaurroHanHa rBapg.ufl, cryAeHTu-
y3eH ,r fiarug Xas:euan. Cr,sAaAeHa e Hau]toHanna rrap4ux' Ha Te cr,3AaBar cBo,r BT,opr,xeHa oprar{H3ar!1fl, - Ara.aeunqes JreruoH.
22 mait e orrpllr aonous6paul4flr rpycKx IIau,4raE B Koiiro MHo- Cr,craneno e npaBl4TencrBo, B Koero Bnn3ar npeAcraBrrreJlr{ Ha rlr-
3l{HcrBo nrraa 6ypxoa3t4flTa. JlasArartr ce 3ael\{a ga o6crlu npo- 6epanuara 6ypxoa:ua. Ha 25 a[pun e ny6rumyn'aH npoexr 3a KoH-

98 99
 cb3AaBaHero Ha gByKaMapen Paiixcrar
cruryIll{fl, rofiro fipe.qB\lxAa e o6sseua 3a He3aBHCIiMa BT,B SlluaHcono rr BoeHHo orHoIIIeHIuIe, Ho
H BT,BexAaHero Ha u:6upare:ruo npaBo c BI{coK I{MyIuecrBeH ueu:' C
llce oue ocraBa B paMrxre ua AncrpnficKara l{Mnepux. B xpax ua ltafi
ToBaceIIoJIaraHaqaJIoToHaKoHCTl{TyqIloHHaTa'MOHapxH-'I,BKO''ITO ilpornacrrBar cBofl HauI{oHiuIHa aBToHoMI{rI cbIIIO Xrpnarcxo, Crose-
HMnepaTOpT,T CH 3ala3Ba roJIeMI{ rlpaBa. rrnx lr fla:luaruul, Ho npaBlirencrBoro r EyAaneilia orKa3Ba Aa yAoBner-
IIpe: ronn 3a[or{Bar 3ace1atlinflTa Ha HoBIrr Pailxcran L{eurpa- Boprr racKaHr4rrra I{M. tr4runeparoprr ce B:b3noJI3Ba or roBa rr 3aroB.rIABa
neH BbIIpoc cTaBa fionoxeHrreTo Ha ce]HHr{Te. cneg AT,IIU pa3HCKBa- Ha xr,pBarcKH, ynpaBuren Ena.rHq r,a HacrbIII{ c sor'icxure cu cpeu{y
]Jkrfl ce peuraBa Aa ce [peMaxHaT rnalHnTe 3aAT,nxeHxfl, a alJlapvsra
Ylrrapux. flpe4nu4 oqeBuAHara orlacHocr, r EyAaneula ce cr,craB.l
u Apyrure AaHT,IItr Aa ce oTKynyBar, KaTo Ar,pxaBara rloeMe
rlacr oT Kouurer 3a 3aulura Haqelo c II. Kouryr. Boficrure na Enaurau npe-
rsx. c [peMaxBaHero ua seo4anHure 3aAT,Jr)I(eHrlq ce pa3rII.IcTBa I]b- TT,prurBar nopa)KeHue rr orcrr,IlBar xru Bnena. Cne4 noryuraBallero
-r'.sr Ha 6ypxoa:ulrre orHoIIreHI{.rI B ceircKoro cronaHcTBo' iloly'tll;pr Ha Omolanprliicroro B:r,craHue sts BueHa 3ailoqBa opraHu3l'IpaHero
Ha noxo4a cpeqy Yrrrapnx. Ha 14 arpxn 1849 r )'Hrapqlrre o6ss.ssar
BeA}IT,xcBoeTo,CeIqHuTeBeAHaraCTaBaTKoHCepBaTuBeHeneMeHT,
roirro ucra ycraHoB.[BaHero Ha peAa B AT,pxaBara. rrr,JrHara ck1 ue3aBn:t4Mocr or Aecrpux. Ho rsxHara ct g6a e pellreHa
Culvruqra a Ancrpux ca r.f,cHo cBr,p3allu c peBonloullrTe v cxeA cpeurila Ha HoBIIfl rrMneparop (Dpauu tr4oseQ tl Huxorafi I srs
HaurroHanHoocso6oAlareJllluTe ABHxeHu.tr Ha Apyrlrre HapoAlr B HM- Bapuana. flpes nrafi l0O-xunsAHa pycra apMl{fl HaBJIu3a r Vnraprx lr
fiepi{rlTa. B uaqaloto Ha oKToMBpH npaBurencrBoro peuraBa Aa w3- na 13 anrycr yHrapqlrre ca rpHHyAeHr{ Aa Kallurynlrpar.
npaTHqacToTBHeHCKu,'II.apHH3oH3a[oTylxaBaHeHapeBoII}ouu-,ITaB B cpe4ara Ha BeKa Wrattus. e cJIoxeH KoHllloMepar or HflKoJIKo
yurapux. B orrorop Ha ToBa sts BneHa ns6yxra BbcTaHfle. 3auo.IsaT AbpxaBr.r. Ha ror ce HaMrrpa HeanonuraHcKoro KpailcrBo, Harrero Ha
BoeHn[ur: lru- Koero crolr KJIoH or !'nHacrnflra ua Eyp6ouure. B cpe4ara Ha [ony-
.vnfir{Hfi 6oere, BbcraH]Ilrrrre oBnaA.rlBar ApceHala.
Hncrr,p naryp e 3arGBeH u o6ecen' I4uneparoprr H ABop:br HaIIycKar ocrpoBa e flancrara Ar,pxaBa. Ha cerep o'r Heq cr,uIecrByBar H.TIKoJI-
BueHa u 6srat r Onuror{. Ipa4rr ocTaBa B pbrleTe Ha B.6OpT,)KeHu- Ko xepuorcrea - flapriaa, Jlyxa, Mo4eHa, TocKaHaz Kolrro ce HaMI{par

re pa6orrinqr{ H cTyAeHrra. flocreneHHo npaB}IrencrBoro ycn.flBa Aa noA aBcrplrfrcKo srusHlre. Hafr-6otarure o1tacru a Cerepua tr4ra-
ct6epe soilcxv H B HaqaroTo Ha HoeMBpll Bl.CTaHrleTO e IIOTyIIIeHO. rufl - Beuequx ra Ilou6apnufl, Blrrl3ar B ct,craBa ua Ancrpuficxara
C rosa ce.crara xpafi ua peBonloqlrflra n Ancrpux' flp-e: AeKeMBpH uMflepr{fl. B ganaAuara qacr Ha crpaHara ce I]aMI4pa rpalcrno IIu-
1848 r.. Ha [pecrona 3acraBa HoBHrr l{Mneparop @panq tr{o:e$,
q}Iero eMoHT HaqeJIo ct,c CasoiicKara ArIHacrHs. OcHonHuxr npo6neu ua
yrrpaBneHr.{e npoA},xxaBa Ao roAHHr4Te Ua llrpeara cBeToBHa sofiHa. L4ratux npes XIX s. e HefiHoro HaLIaoHaJrHo o6eAusenue, a eroxara
Pesorloqu.f,ra r vHrapux HMa 3a qeJr BbBexAaHeTO Ha nn6epan- or Kpa-fl sa XVIII n. ao 1870 t, Korarc o6eAuueHuero 3aBT,prIrBa, ce
Hn pe$opura I{ Haul{oHzulnoro ocno6oxreHue Ha crpaHara' Oure or lnapu.ua PlrcopAxr.rueuro.

CaMo.ro HaqiIJIO Har{eIO tta Cr1urrtqra ca tu6epastHaTa ap}ICTOKpaUU,

B 6op6ara sa o6eAuHeHuero Ha crpaHara or HarlaJroro Ha BeKa
r{ r{HTeJluteHunxra. Pesor}oqfiflra 3aIIoqBa Ha 15 rraapr npl{ Becrra.3a ce npennl{Tar pa3nrlrlHu nonl{TuqecKu Hlekr r{ oplaHu3arluu. EAua
cr,1nrusrasle BueHa. B fleua u:6yxna BbcTaHHe [I BIaCTTa npeMI{Ha- lracr ol IITaJrr{aHIrI{Te I4cKar o6eAuuenuero Aa craHe noA pr,KoBo.4-
Ba B pbrlere Ha rIpatsI{reJICTBo Harrercr c WepeHr{,l pe$opuarop'JI' Ea-
crBoro na llneuonrcKara ALrmacrlrtt, Apyrpt ca 3a c\34aBaHero Ha
B nparurelcTBoro BJrr43aT C1,ulo nollyrfpHllre Ilaiioru Kouyr
.il4fli:{H. o6rua uraluaHcKa peny6lnxa. Kru pa:luut4flTa3a HaqI4Ha ua o6e-
n @epeuq ,{eax. B cpeAara Ha Mapr yHrapcKl{qr napnaMeur orMeH{ .qrrHeHuero ce npu6arxr :aricKalenxra 3a [poBexAaHe Ha 6ypNoa:uu
KpenocrliuqecrBoro, npeMaxBa aHrapl{rra. Aec-rlrbKa, $eo4alnux cr'I, perlopuu. Bc.uqxo roBa npaBl{ eiloxara Ha PIacopANI{MeHTo cnoxHa
KaKTo r{ nJtaulaHr1rlTa, BtBex,(a ce o6ruo AaI{T,rIHo o6:raraHe' YHraprzx
H rrporrlBopeqr{Ba.

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 lltpeuar eran ua PucopANr.rMeHTO e cBr,p3aH c.qBI4)KeHHeTO Ha Kap- ua or,{xy:ene lapn6al4u. B'rnpeKu repoll3Ma Ha 3axIIlTHrIu}ITe Ha
rpaAa, ua 3.romr Pnlt e ilpeB3er. Cxopo cneA ToBa nal:.a v nocne.qHoro
6onapure. Texuure Tiaittttr o6ruecrsa na6upar qreHOBeTe CI4 CpeA IXI{-
poKlaKpr,roBe or o6ruecreeHocrra - rul6cpalHzua apucroKpaqua, 61p- orHrrlue Ha peBonloq plflT a -' B eueuuascxara peny6nuKa. Petsomoullf, -
ra s Vlr.arr.x e no6ereua.
xoir3r.rrrTa r4 Irr{TeJrHreH\L1tffA. flpe: 20-re u 30-re roAItHlI rap66uapure
npaB,'lTH,'IK0JIKoonl{Ta3apeBon}oqll,I,HoTecanoTy[IeHI{CIloMoUITaIIa
Cqeurirra Ha peBonIoLIIII{re o'r 1848-1849 r. He e eAHo3Haq-
cseu{eHras ctros. B cneABarIHTe rOArlHr4 foJtflMo BJIIIIHHe npz4o6una
ua. Bt,s (Dpanqm peBonlolrnflTa cBaJr.tl cllcreMara Ha lo;rcxa:ra tlo-
Ma- :uapx:afl, ycraHoB-flBa peny6nnxa Ir, MaKap rIo-KT,cHo JIyn Eouanapr
JrruepT,T Ha peny6nnrcaHcKoro AeMok?afl'IqHO .qBHXeHHe ,nxy:ene
qlrtru (1805-1872) cac cBo.sra opraHll3aul4-tl ,,Mra4,a l4raJrt4r"'' .4a Bb3cTaHoB{Ba }rMIIepYgTa, TIK0HOMU{IeCKI'I're l1 [OruTuarecKure
Pesorlouuoutttne ct 6urvs, s\4ruilafi npes 1848-1849 r ca eAHH crpyrrypfl AaBar Bb3MoxHocr sa 6rp:oro HxoHoMllqecro I{ rIoJIarH-
EecKo pa3BI{THe Ha crpaHirra. Ouurure na 6ypxoasr{-f,Ta B [curpalua
oT eTa[uTe ua PucopgNuMCHTO. Pesorrour{sra 3alorlBa uail-uanpeg r
HeauontrraHcKoro KpaJlcrro. flpes lrlyapu 1B4B r. Ha ocrpoB Cfiuuruq
Enpona Aa AofiAe IIa BJIacr rlo Ilbrt Ha peBonroquflTa ca HeycEelIHI{.
us6yxna BbcTaHrre, frocne.4BaHo oT Br,JrHeHru B Il-flna Lhurus.lIoA na-
Hancxxr4e ce Br,3craHoB-flBar craplrre pexl'IMrz. fharsara [pHqHHa
3a Heyclexa ca I{KoHoMizrlecrara H norl{Tuqecr<ara cna6ocr ua 6yp-
nopa Ha cr,6utusna B:bB BCHqKH rlTaJrr4aHCI(H AT,pxaBI{ Ca CbCTaBeHI{
xoa3lrf,Ta, JIUfICara Ha eAuHcTBo Mex.{y He, rr ocTaHanHTe coqllaJlHH
npaBrrTeJlcTBa c yqacTueTo ua 6ypNoa:uATAh Ca BT,BeAeHH KOHCTHTy-
quu. Ha 1B uapr us6yxra BbcraHlle ilporllB arcrplrilqure s MunaHo, rpynu - pa6orullqltre, ceJl.f,Hure. Cnlno BJrrtrlHr{e oKa3Bar H Hauuo-
HaJrHr{Te fiporuBopeqr{fl, yMero II3IIOJI3BaH[ B CTpaHI{ raro Ancrpur.
cToluuala ua Jlolr6apAnq. CIeA HeKOnKoAHeBHu 6oeae ancrputicliH-
re sOiicxu Ca [p]IHyAeHI{ Aa HalygHar lpaAa I{ Ce u3Te[UIT Ha II3TSK. Btr4ranux cr,flepHur{ecrBoro Mexry piBnl4qHure AuHacrrlr{ rr Abpxa-
Brr npeqH sa o6pa:yraHero Ha o6ru Qpour cpeuy Aecrpux.
llo cruloro BpeMe BbcraBa u Beneql'ra, K'r,Aero e o6'sseHa penyonura'
llo4 enuxtlu e ua u,6tttuflTa nlieMoHrcKu-[r Kpiu Kapn A:r6epr o6ss'f,- Br,npern rosa, ct 1vlrutra raM ocraB.f,T cHJIeH orilerrarbK. B cle4-
sa sofiua Ha Arcrpux. llocreAsaT fo H Ap).rr.ITe LITIUIIaHCKII BJIaAeTe- Baruure roAIrHIr BtB BcrltrKu crpaHu ua l{enrpa-uua Eopona 3aroqBar
nn. Ilou6dpAlrq u BeHeUrur B3eMar peurcHue Aa ce npl4cbeAuH-[T Kr'M Ia ce npoBexAar KoHCTIITyIIIzIOHHI{ pe$opull. Maxap Aa e 3arlzt3eHa
flueuonr. Kore6ruleocrra Ha Kapn An6epr rlpu Bo.qeuero Ha Boi'illara AoMuHuparu ara ponfl Ha apl4croKp a\urTa s o6uleorsoro, 6ypxoa:uxra
u Aa IICIIEIfl HOBI{ IIO3IIUUU I{ OKA3BA B.JIUAH]dC B .qbPXABHOTO YTIPABNCHI{E.
AaBa Br,3MexHocr Ha arcrpuiicrrare soiicru Aa ce opraHl{3Hpar
3aIOrrHaT HacTT,nneHIIe. PerunrengoTo cpaxeHue MexAy IIIIeMOHTCKH-
CleA ro.quurrre Ha peBonloqu{Ta 3aroqBa HoBa elloxa na sofinn
u pesoplrn, KoHTo Hzularar oKoHqareJIHo HoBoto 6ypxoasuo o6ulecrro
. re Ilt arcrpnficxnre soiicxu craBa B Kpa-[ FIa rcru'I npu Kycroqa' Ilue-
Capas6ntu, Kpan_flT HCKa M}1p rr H.'TKoJIKO CeAMIIqU IIO-K'bCHO n Espoua.
MOHTUUTe
ancrpulicxara Bracr uag CerepuaLhasrutn e BT,scraHoBeHa'
flpes eceura na i 848 r. 3anoqBa HoB rIoAeM B peBonroun'flra, B 2.BOilHtII4 PE@OPMI{
Ko.riro roJIflMa pon, vrpaflT flxy:eue Mauuun H nonynrpHl{'fir peBo-
nrculroHep lxyseue lapulatavr. flpes uoertnpn us6yxna B:bclaHlle B Ilpes 50-re pt 60-re ro.qI'IHH Ha BeKa B MHoro erponeiiclcu crpa-
Puu u narraTa e rrpHHyAeH Laus6xra. BtsexAa ce CBeTCKO ynpaBne" HU Ce rl3Bl,plllnar 6rpsu IIpoMeHH. trITOHOUUqeCKH pacrex, yqacrue Ha
Hue I{ ce IloArorlln KoHCrIlryIInx. llpe: $erpyapn 1849 r' e o6sseHa 6ypxoa:mra B c[creMara Ha BJlacrra, rloJllrrlzr{ecxu peQopuu, Haqiuro
Puucxa peny6nnra - Bp:bxHara rorlKa Ha peBonlouuf,Ta' Ha opraHu3l{pauo pa6ornlulqecKo rr coL\uanvc'ruqecro .qsuxeHue, sofi -
IIpe: uponeTHrlTe Mecerlr4 r.rcrraHcKrl, spencxra u arcrptlficxtl HH 3a Haqr{oHaJrHo o6eAuuentle H HoBo paBHoBecl{e na cumre s Ee-
eOiicxu Ce HaCorIBaT rtn Puu. Cr,npOruaara Ha lpala e OpIaHII3I{pa-

103
102
pona - ToBa ca caMo HrKoH oT ocHoBHHTe npouecll 11 cT,6I4TI{fl, KOHTO I{HTEPHAIIHOHATT. TOii C'b3AABA CBOI{ CCKUHH B IIOqT'}I BCUqKI,I CTPAH}I
npoMeHrr JrrlKa Ha Craput KoHrI{HeHr npe: 50-re u 60-re roArrHI{. ua 3ana4ua Eepona.
lnaeHara rrepra Ha enponeficxara r{KoHoMuKa npe3 To3Ir nepr{oA Maprccorurr cour4anr{3T,M He ycraHoBrBa MoHorron B},pxy nonu_
e 3aBT,prxBaHero Ha tr4ugycrpualHara peBonrouufl e AHrrur, @pau- TrMecKHTe HileV HA pa60rHuuecKara Knaca. or cpe4ara Ha BeKa CHnHO
qux, Belrux, repMaHCr(HTe .qbpxaBr{. B lpounruneHocrra oKoHLIare[- BJIIr-rtHrle npu4o6nna aHapxH3MT,! rrHHTo BoAarrH ca repMaHeqtr Marc
HO Ce Hanara MaII]IHHOTO [pOr13BOACTBO, a HelpeKbCHaTLl-flT nporpec I{upHep (1806-1856), SpaHrry:Hre Xo:edl .llpyron, Xopx Copen
B HayKara H TexHHKaTa LaBAHA LrHAyCTpH.flTa H CeTTCKOTO CTOIaHCTBO (1841-1922) r{ pycHaKbr Muxaur Barynuu (1814-1876). llporunnu-
MHOIO HOBrl TeXHOTTO|I{I.I, KOIITO npOMeHflT C HeBepOgTHO 6tp:U reU- uu Ha Bc-f,KaKBO OfpaHHqeHue or crpaHa Ha.4bpxaBara u HeliHr.rre :a-
rroBe xuBora Ha eBponeficroro o6ulecrso. topu u B no-H3ocraHaJla- KoHH, aHapxllcTure cM_rrrar Aa ocso6oArr o6ulecraoro rrpe3 MeroAr{Te
ra I4sro.rua Eapona HHAycrpnann3a\tr,tfia craBa Bo.qetuata rrHufl. B Ha noJrurr{qecKr{.f, Tepop. or cpe4ara Ha BeKa MoHapcH H noJrHTHrIrl BCe
I{KOHOMI{KATA. no-qecro craBar o6err Ha r{3crpeJruTe lr 6ou6ure Ha aHapxrlcrrrre.
Er,psnre ycnexr{ Ha rrHAycrpuiurHoro npoH3BoACTBo 3acrrnBar BoAeqa crpaHa n Enpoua npe3 To3r{ neprroA e Anru}la. Moru-
rIo3HuuHTe Ha 6ypxoasvfl'Ia B HKoFloMur{ecKx-fl H lroJlt{TnrlecKuq xv- urecrBoro na ueiiHara HKoHoMHKa e AeMOHCTpr.lpaHo Ha rlrproro cre-
nor. B naii-ron.flN4a crereH ToBa craBa r Asr:rus. Br,n @pauqx-s cpe.q- roBHo rr3JroxeHrre B rlou40u upe: 185 I r B aumuiicKara lonuruqecKa
Hara KJIaca ce orKa3Ba or no-tulIpoKu roruTl4tlecrcn cno6ogu B HMero cI4CTeMa frocTerreHHo ce cr,3AaBa KJracuqecKH_sT
lBynapTr{eH MoAen, np}I
Ha eAHO noqrrr eAHonuqHo ylpaBneHrre, Koero o6a.Ie i{ ocuryp.BBa rofrro 4rere ocHoBHH ilaprur-Burure (lu6epa-nnre) u ropure (xoncep-
BT,3MoxHo crrr 3a r4KoHoMV q e cKIr Hanpc.4T,K. KoucepnaruBHl{Te p e}I${- naropure), ce cMelurr B yflpaBneHuero Ha crpaHara. 50-re lr 60-re ro4u_
uu e I-{eurpalua Enpona - r fipycux u Ancrpu.fl, Br,BexAar orpa- Hr1 AaBar ua Aurnra-s BeJrlrKoJrenHr{ nonHTurrecxu $uryprl - tulepanu-
HuqeHrl $opuu Ha KoHcrrrryurroHHo u npeACTaBureJIHo ynpaBneHue. re Xeupu lla,ruepcrou (1784-1865) uYutav lna4cron (1809-iB9g),
Heycnexrr ha repMaHcKara 6ypxtoa:u, npe3 1848-1849 -t .fl Kapa Aa KoHcepBaroprr Eeu4Nauuu fiuzpaerru (1804- 188I). AumuficKrrre yr-
rr3ocraBu peBonroq[oHHrrre MeroAr{ n 6op6ara 3a BJracrra u r-a ce PABIUIBAIqU BHXAAT OIIACHOCTTA OT HOBOTO 3ACHIBAHC HA COUZAJIHOTO IZ
crpeM..rr xrra pe$oprraH, rrocrrrraHr{ rro napnaMeHTapeH rlbr, noAKpe- rrorrurrrqecKoro HanpexeHlre n o6rqecrBoro npe3 60-re ro4llnu. 3aroea
u.gur'qecro c rrKoHoMrIqecKlr u frnHaHcoa HarucK. npe: 1867 r, KoHcepBaropr{re r{3Br,ptxBar HoBa napnaMeHrapua pe$op-
Mscroio Ha reBll.fl $nanr Ha roJlrlTrrqecKlrre 6op6u r Enpora Ma, Ko.f,To yBenuqaBa rryBcTBurenHo 6poa uauz1upme.nnre. B roArrHlrre
saeua pa6oruuuecKara KJraca. Haii-srusreJlHara noJIHTHqecKa .4oK- Ha cBocro Haii-npo4rnxarenHo ynpaBneHue
-
LB6B-1774 r., rtpasn-
TprlHa - Mapxconu.rrr coquanrr3r,M, e reKnapupaHa o$uqualno n TeJrcrBoro Ha ftaAcron pa3urup.sBa Kpr,ra Ha pe$opuure s o6racrra
Haqaroro Ha peBonloquoHHara BbJIHa or 1B4B r. flpe: Qenpyapu n:- Ha alMytuu cr p a\r4flT a, o 6p a: o r auuero, BbB exla c e crr creM ar a ga t ail-
.nuga uefinara nbpBa nporpaMa - ,,MauuQecr ua KouyltucrliLlecKara Horc rnacyBaHe - crapara Meqra Ha rraprucrr.rre. pe$opunre n Au_
lraprvs.". OcnosHara Lrp.efl Ha MapKcr{crKara AoI(Tpr{Ha rlpeAcraBtr HC- l rrrrIfl oKa3Bar BrH.sHue Ir BT,pxy col_lHzulllcrrrrrecKoro n npoocrrc:Horo
TOputtscKOTO pit3Bu'rxe Ha qOBeqeCTBO'rO KaTO HenpeI(T,CHaTa 6Op6a t ABlDKeHIre, KOTITO He 3aeMaT TaKaBa pfl3Ka aHTZnbpxaBHa ro3rlrlrlf,
,l

MexAy Knacr{Te. B sonoro o6uecreo ocHoBH}Itr xoH$lurcr e MexAy I KaKTO CTaBa B Apyflr cTpaHlr Ha KoHTrrHeHTa.
t
6ypxoasuxra u pa6orunqecKara KJlaca H rx rp-a6na 4a ce 6opu :a :a- l B erponefrcrara rroJtr.rruxa Aurnlfi ce nprrAbpxa KT,M nplrHr{H-
BOIOBaHeTO Ha rOrHTUrreCKara BJIaCT H yCTaI{OBqBaHeTO Ha AI4KTaTypa i na Ha paBHoBec]rero na Cu;rure. Hapacrnarqoro Btulr:aue aa pycax a
Ha rrponerapr.rara. 3a nocrr.rranero Ha re3r{ rlen}I Maprc, EHrcnc u Enpona cnea 1849 r. u nefiuara eKcrraH3mr Ha rot ruu Ocuaucxara
rexHHre npr.iBt,p)KeHHuH opraHH3r4par ttpe3 1864 r. e JIoHJoH llr,pnur r{Mrrepu-rr, nopaxAar cunHr onaceHu;r n Aurnnx. Tosa e ocHoBHara

104 105
 orpaHuqaBa pycKoro BJrH.sHHe n Erpona. Or xpaa na 50-re roAHHr4
[pr{qHHa 3a HaMecaTa Ha AHrnr.lfl B KpuMCKaTa BoiiHa Ha CTpaHara Ha
XereMo- rrJraHoBere na HanoneoH III ca cBbp3arrn ctrTra.r,ust n HaMepeHuero Aa
cyrrTaHa. cleA ra:u soiiHa \,{scroTo Ha onacHlLf, [peTeHAeHT 3a
err @paHryl, H OT'HOIIICHLIf,Ta noArroMorHe nefiuoro o6elnHenue r4 Ia ycraHoBr{ TaM $peucxo n:rlu-
Hn.r n Erpoua 3aeMa Bropara r{M[epu{
Mexry ABere crpaHn ce BJlolrasar. AHruus pa3lrlupsBa H 3a3'[paBflBa uue. Ilo-r<'rcuo HauoneoH ce fiporr{BorrocraBfl rpy6o ua 3anoqHaJroro
cBo.flra KoJroHrrarHa HMneplu. Ilpe: 1857-1859 r. rt roTyilIaBa
Ioiul- noA err{Aara ua flpycr.rx o6e4rlneune Ha tepMaHCKHTe AbpxaBH.
MOTO BT,CTaH]/re HA Cnfrat4re s rr yKpenBa cBoeTo locno.r"lcTBo B
vl]Ij^ilufl. Oule no-ana6fluuosHa e KonoHuiurHara rronr.{TuKa Ha Bropara
Hef, rr cT,ceAuure il cTpaHu. tr4rtIltrs. e o6sseHa 3a BHUeKpaJIcTBO
I'I B I4Mncpu.a. 3aeAuo c Anr,rr.rl Tf, BonH Bropara ,,orrr.r).MHa sofrHa" c KH-

181 1 r. K?anuqa Burropux B3eMa rrlrJrar a sa nnI:uitcKa LIMIIepaIpI4ua.

rafi npes 1856-1860 r u ronyqaBa c$epa Ha Bnu.rrHlre s loxcu KH-
flpo4tlxana 3aceJlBaHero Ha aHrJlllficxure KoJIoHHrr s IOxHa A$pura rafi. E4HonpeMeHHo c roBa SpaHqysure ycn.flBar Aa ycraHoBrr cBo-
u Arcrparuu. 3ano.rsaT nbpBlrTe cucTeMHH 3aBOeBaHI{rI n A$pllxa. cro rocnoAcTBo Br,B Buersana ll Karr,l6o4xa u oSoplrxr eAHa roJl.rrMa
cleA cnoxHu flOJrrrTr{qecKu MaHeBpu Jlytt Eonanapr Bb3cTa- c$epa Ha Brn-sHr.ie r laleuuua H3ToK. flo cruloro BpeMe Hanore-
HoB-t{Ba llM[eprl.rlra nre @panqu fl. H Ha 2 4ereurpu 1'852 r' e
npo- oH III sano.rBa cBo.sra roJrrMa MeKCrlKaHcKa aBaHTropa. tr4:nor:saiiKrl
Bl,3rraceH 3a r{MnepaTop noA rrMeTo Hanoneou III. KoucrnTyuH- peBonlorluoHHure u,6urus r Mexcuxo, npe: 1862 n raM e H3npareH
fl.fa Ha Bropara r{Mnepr4_r{ 3AfiA3BA O6UOTO lts6tlparenuo npaBo H cr{JreH$peHcrll Koprryc, xofiro :aeua cronr{uara 14 [poBb3rJrac-sBa aB-
napIIaMeHTa, HO Ha [paKT[Ka qflnaTa BJIaCT B CTpaHaTa e B p]'Ue- crpuficxux epqxepuor Marcunaulzru 3a HMneparop. MercuxaHur{re
Te Ha r{Mlreparopa. Ynparnenuero ua HanoJIeoH e HacoqeHo KbM o6a.re He [pr4eMar qyxAoro HarrrecrBue u HaroleoH III e nprtry4eu
BT,3CTaHOBflBaHeTo Ha MOr"buIecTBOTO Ha opaHqu.s. Irlxosounrara na H3nparua uos[ soficrn,3a Aa yKperru Bnacrra Ha cBoero rrpore-
Ha crpar{ara ce pa3BHBa 6rpso. Hanoneos III nonara MHoIo lpI4xI'I
xe. Bupexu loBa, MaxcuuunrrrH rraAa B pbuere Ha MeKCr{KaHqHTe
3anocTpo4BaHeToHaHoBr{xeile3oll:brHl4LlltlJ.rllj',KA}IAIIIj,npl{cra- H e pa3crpensn. MercuKaHcKara aBaHTlopa crpyBa Ha (Dpauqux uu-
HI{UIa'rIOIInOMarapa3BI{TI'IeTOHaCeJICKOTOC'IOfIaHCTBO'BT'HIIIHaTa
rruap4Ll $paur<a u Kpr,BTa Ha MHoro Speucr<x nofruuqa. Al,r6zquos-
rr,pronux.'tr4Mneparopl,r llua alt6uquflTa la Ha[paBu flapnx Haii- HaTa KOJIOHII aJIHa nOJrr{TIIKa, IrOrJrT,UIaI]Ia OrpOMHn cp eACTBa, 3 aCIIJIBa

xy6apur u 6naroycrpoeH rpaA n Enpoua u npe3 Ilsnoro BpeMe Ha Kpr{rrrKure cpeqy HanoleoH III. Or cpeAara ua 60-re toAHHrr Bropa-
Bropara vwfiepufl, flapux ce npeycrpofisa. cJleAsaiixlr Anrnux, r Ta HMnepxfl 3arroqBa Ia ce pa3Knarqa.
1855 r. e flapuN ce opraHr{3rrpa ceeronno r.r3JIOXeHIle, KOeTO noKa3- OcHoeuure ct'6urus, B cpeAara Ha BeKa e I {eurpanua Erpona ca
. sa :aafi- AolprlTe n o crlllr{eHlrfl H a $p encrara uKoHoMHKa'
o6eguueur.re ro na LIr amrfl v Ha lepuauux.
flpe: 60-re ro.quHt4 3arloqBar pe$opr,lu u B clrcreMma Ha y\- Cre4 nopaxeHuero Ha peBonloqlaflra or 1848-1849 r. HHVuHa-
p aBneHHeTO . Ilu5epatmzrlpa ce [apnaMeHTap HuflT Vt IIOJIIITI.Iqe CKHfl T Top 3a o6c4nHerurero na tr{ranux e fllreuoH! eArrHcrBeHara Ar,pxaBa,
KoflTo Bo.qr.r aHTriaBcTpuiicr<a nolrernr<a. Or 1852 r. Her{H M}rHr{cr:bp-
I(IrBor, pa3[rupsBa ce cso6o.4ara Ha npecara, npeycrpofisa ce ctrc-
reMara na o6pasoraHr{ero, pa3perraBar ce npoSctro:ure' Bt'nperu npeAce.qaren e rpa$ Kauluo Kaeyp (1810-1861).iloa HeroBo Brr.tr-
(,[IilHar a cr,npoTrlBa aa peny6rurKaHcKaTa ono3rlllllfl , HanoleoH III c e HHe Kpan Buxrop Euauyul Il sbaexAa KoHcruryurroHHo ynpaBneHr{e

nonynfipHocr cpeA rrl{poKr.rre Qpeucrlr Ivracn' r.r peAr.rqa 6ypxoasna pe$oprun e nu6epalen ,Iyx. fllreMour craea
rioJI3Ba c
Ycnexure BT,B BbTperuHaTa rroJrrrTr4ra na Hanoneoa III ce c1)qe- u air - 6r,psopa3BuBarlara ce .4r,pxaBa s I4r arus..

TABUTV C aU6UUllo:HH fuIaHOBe BbB BT'HtrIHaTa IOJI]ITUKa. Me'IraTa Vnaen.quunorr,rar, Kanyp pa:6upa, qetr4rarus He Moxe Aa u3BT,p-
Ha HanoJleon III e .4a ce BT,3CTaHOBr,r $pencrara XeIeMOHH' Ha KOH- ruu o6e4uHeHrrero cn 6e: BT,HrrrHa rroMoru. E4lrucrreHara erpouefi-
rHHeHra. 3aeffto c Anrnns @pauqur yqacrBa n Kpuucxara sofiHa u cKa cuJra, croco6Ha na rroMorHe ua llueuoul e @panqa.a r.r Kaeyp

106 1A1
ce HacorrBa K.I,M Hefl. Tona cr,nna4a c xeiraHrlero Ha Hanoleon
III u B xpaa Ha oKToMBpi{ ce flpoBexga nle6ucqur, xofrro ilp]rcbe.{H}urBa
npe: I85B r. Ha cpeura n llnona6uep Mexry ABere crparlu ce crrloqBa K)xsa Vratux rru llueuour. flpe: arpun 1861 r. ce o6xsssaeAr{HHo
npeABlrx- I4ralliaucNo KpancrBo Haqe-qo c Bunrop Enanyul II. E4uucrreulrre
BoeHeH cblo3, HacoqeH cpeuy Aecrpllr. Cuopasyrnleul4ero
Aa KbM flnenronr la 6t Aar IlpflqbeAHHeur'r 'rlorr'l6apAux u Beueqtlx' TepHTopnH, ocraBail1rt H3BT,H o6e4nueua \4ratnx, ca BeuequaHcKara
o6racr u llancxara I'bpxaBa c Puu, s Koiiro r.rua $peucxu rapHH3oH.
ocranarure I{raJIrraHcKI4 Ar,pxaBu 4a o6pa:yrar rcon$e4epaqnf, non
rlo- BeHequaucxataoltacr e npucbeAuHeHa KT,M crpaHara cne4 nofiuara
rroqerHoro rlpeAceAarencrBo Ha Ilarlara' B sal'nHa Ha BoeHHara
rraoll Opatrqufl Aa rtonyqu HuUa z Casos'
or 18t56 r. Mexny Ilpycun, tr4ralus. u Arcrpux, a Purra - cneA Speir-
Bofinara c Arcrpu.a 3arlorlBa npe3 anpun 1859 r u trpeAHsBIlKBa cKo-rrpycKara sofi Ha or 1 870-1 87 1 r: O6e4uHeHuero ua trlrar.ua aara
u flaucxa- BT,3MoxHocr :a 6rpso HKoHoMuqecKo r{ IIoJu.{TI4qecKo pa3Brrrr4e Ha
BceHapoAeH [o.4eM :'l B:-cralLlfle Tocxaua, Mo.4ena, flapua
cTpaHara npe3 cneABarulrTe AeceTrrJreTH.rr.
ra o6racr, KbAero BJlacrra npeMuHaBa B pr'Ilere Ha BpeMeHrIt4rrpaBn-
IOJI eMI{ r]o- O6e4uuenuero Ha lepnaanlu u3IrcKBa Mrroro roBeqe ycuJtnfl)
TeJrcTBa. flp es ronu ancrpuiicrar a apMrLlfl. Ilpefl,pflfl 8a .{Be
paxeHu-fl npu Maaxenre u Con$eplrHo. Ycuexr'lre Ha HraruaHuure AuilroMarurrecKa JroBrocr u I#rKoJtKo eofiHra. B I848 r llpycua ce olrrr-
Ba Aa r{3noJr3sa orcra6erdrrre rro3}rrluu Ha Ancrpux v gLa3acunr cBoero
t6ur. rp"utxar Hanoneou III, roiiro He xeJlae cb3AaBaHero sa o6e-
BJrH-Er{He. Ho cre4 Karo flo'ry,rrraBa peBon]oqlttraB YHr.apux, Aecrpux
arr"rru, cHiIHa l/rrastux, cnoco6na ra ce orKT'cue or SpencKoro
BnH-

.snue. Ero 3auro Ha 11 rom'r Opanqur cKJIIoqBa [pr{MHpI{e c

Arcrpux' orHoBo [pe.q.{B.f,Ba [pereHquaTe ai.HaBoAeuIa crpaHa. Cnoptr Me](4y

Ocranan cau, flueuoHT e [p]rHyAeH Aa noAnl{rrle Ha 11 uoeunpu uup nBere crpaHrr ce peuraBa Ha cpeua s Orr\arorl npe3 HoeMBpu iB50 r.,
cauo Jlou6apl.ll's'' a Ha KoJ{ropycKurr HMrreparop Huxonafi II, u:6pali zaapdur:,p,3acratsa
c Aecrprrr, cnopeA xofiro flneuonr lonyqaBa
Beneunancrara o6lacr ocraBa aecrpufr cro BnaAeHue'
Ha crpaHara ua Aecrpux. lepuaucxuflT cr,Io3 no.{ BbpxoBeHCTBoro Ha
Hacr.snunu.sr no.4eM sLlranfifl,npoAl'nxaBa I{ cneA xpax na rofi-
Ancrpna e Br,3craHoBeH. Ilpycux rpx6ra Aa orcrbrru.
nara. ITpel rraapr 1860 I Tocxaua, flapua u MoAena npoBexlar rlne-
B cle4naulure roArrHr{ HKoHoMHKara ua Ilpycu{ r.t ocraHzuruTe
Sircuur u ce .rpr"ta4rrrrBar KbM flreuonr' IIo crrqoro BpeMe u:6yx-
repMaHCKH Ar,pxaBr.r ce pa3BIlBa c MHoro 6rpzu reMroBe. Llugycrpn-
Eyp- ann3aulatfia Ha crpaHara e B nbJreH xo4. OcuonaBar ce HoBH rrpeAnpu-
Ba BT,cTaHr{e i s Cuuurus cpeuy Brlac'ra Ha Hea',oJlllranc*are
IIOMOIII fl'rnx B TexKara npoMrzrxneHoc! cB3AaBa ce ruupoKo pa3Bura 6anro-
6oHn, Pr,rosoArrTenr{Te Ha BT,CTaHrre'ro ce o6pt,ular c Nron6a sa
xrrr.t ,nxy:eue fapu6anara, xoiito rlo loBa BpeMe ce HaMI4pa s
llue- Ba clicTeMa, cTpo.f,T ce HoBr4 xeJIe3oIIbTHVl rLI/.HIl]1., KaHaJIH, nbTIIIqa.
or 6ruso xuns'/la4o6ponon- Ynorpe6ara Ha MrrHepzurHr.{ TopoBe H Marrrr.rHu noBurrraBa npoAyxTrrB-
lrosr. 3a KparKo BpeMe rofi Sopurzpa orpfl'4
qr-np"Arruo6lreufiyrlacrHl'{qusrafiHurepeBonrollt4oHsl'to6ule- Hocrra Ha ceJlcKocrorraHcKoro npolr3BoAcrno. lepuaHufl e Ha rrr,T Aa

crsa. B cbcraBa Ha orpflAa uwavMHoro

qyMecrpaHuu 4o6pononqu' ce rrpeBT,pHe BbB BT4COKO pA3BVTal.uIJIyCTpvAJIHa CTpar{a.
Cr,orgerHo Ha HKoHoMIrqecKr{Te yclexlr HapacrBa H BJl4flHu-
Orpx4rr Ha,,xlrflAara" orrraBa or fenya v ge6apxupa e Mapcala'
Cugutux, na 11 rraafi 1860 r. flocperquar Bb3ropxceHo or HaceireHl{e-
ero Ha 6ypxoasuxra B rroJrrlruqecKr.r.r xrzBor. Brnperu croxHara
To, orp.flAT,T Ha ,,xkrtl9.Aula" Hapacrsa 6lp:o ll cKopo ce rrpeBpt,ura
B TpucreneHHa cncrev.a, 6ypNoaszxra vMa MHo3rrHCTBo B npycKr{.fl
MHOrOXrlrUrA,frA Apwktfr. flpes ronu e ocso6oAeHailflnactnryttuxu
cte!' J1aH4rar.B 1859 r. MexAy He, r{ npaBrrreJrcrBoro 3aloqBa r.Hap.
KoHcrr{TyrluoueH xoriQlzxr. llono4 3a Hero ca :acKaH:aTe cpencrBa
rona fapu6alAr{ ce l]pexB1,prq Ha KOHTI{HeHTa. fIo-uaramIIHH.rIT flo-
na 3a yBennqaBaHero Ha peAoBHara apv,Lrs.. Eypxoa:nure npe.qcraBr4-
xoA KbM Heauor ce npeBpT,rqa B npa3HuI{HO IIeCTBI{e. B naqanoro
cenreMBpl4 fapnlatguBJlu3a B Heanon, na 1 or<rolrspu rtpu Bolryp- Tenu ce orac{Bar or HapacrBaHero Ha apMvflTa, Ko.rrro Moxe La 6tAe
u3rroJr3BaHa cpeqy on03rruHf,Ta.
no ca pa:6uru nocne.4Hure soiacrn Ha HeaIIOJIHTaHcKI{re Eyp6oHu.

108 109
 cH orHorrreHw c llpycus u rofiuara 3arroqBa. Arcrpu.a e nplrnyAeHa
tlpe: 1862 r. 3a npycxu KaHurlep e ria3Har{eH Oro $on Encrtapx ila ce 6ue ,ra ABa sponra, rr,ii xaro u r4rattus. r) o6xsflsa eofiua. llo4
MoHapxn-s
( I I I 5-l 898) - rBl,pA npuBr'pxeHuK Ha KoHcepBarrrBHara ''l p'bxoBolcrBoro ua Oenauapluan Xenrr.ryr Molrxe, crapulr rpu rpy_
3a[Ia3BaHeHaIlpuBunelul{TeHa[pyCKaTaapI{CToKpaIII,rg'P-eururerreg cKH apMrrrl HaBJrE3ar r Moparlu. Peuasarqoro cpaxeHr{e crasa ua 3
H BoJleBH[oJtlrTrlK, roil uoArorsa flpycrix 3a pon-flTa ua o6cAr'tuuren
rcnu rrpu Krounmparl (Ca4ora), Karo aBcrpufiuure ca pa3rpoMeHn.
Ha lepuaunx. Oure c I{ABaHero cI{ Ha BJracr Etlcltapx npeue6pelna Arc::pzx e nprrHyAer{a Aa MonH 3a MHp. Cnope4 AoroBopa n lIpara or
BoeHHU pe-
[poTecTuTe Ha or]o3r1rifl.r{Ta r.r H3BT,pruea Heo6xoAllMy]Te aBrycr 1866 n lepuaucxnxr cT,Io3 ce pa3nycKa, aflpycttt nonyqaBa
tffaHa IlanArara rofi uspu'ra fiporryrara
dropr*r. Ha e4uo or 3aceAaHrr npaBoro Aa opraHn3l{pa HoB cr,ro3 noA cBoe pr,KoBoACTBo B 3eMHTe Ha
Ha l{airrero BpeMe ce perraBar He c peqll I4
$pasa: ,,loreMuTe Bbrlpocl{ ceBep or p. MaiiH. V.rutus [onyqaBa BeneqnaHcr<ara o6lacr.
H KpT'r"'
rnacyBaHe Ha Mlro3rlHCTBOTO B f,iapnaMeHTa, a c xeJLtI3O Hosz.sr CenepHorepMaHcKu cr,ro3 e o6pa:yaau [pe3 aBrycr
e npeKapan AT,nru ro.4rrHrr Karo rlocJlaHnx e llapllx u
Eracnaapr
MelKAy 1866 r. B Hero Bnu3ar Bcrrq*fl repMaHCKH AbpxaBr.r, HaM,parur4 ce
Caurr flerep6ypr u ce opueHrupa orlIHtIHo B orHoIIreHVflTa Ha ceBep or p. PefiH. Cnope4 KoucruryquflTa Ha cbro3a Br,pxoBeH
B CJIeII-
Benrarure cunr,r. Herosr4Te yMeJII4 .IIHfiJIOMaTI{tiecKII MaHeBp}I I-NABA E IIPYCK}I'IT
CH il la cH KPAI. TOfr C IJIABHOKOMAHABAUI, NPIITCXABA H3-
BaIIIIITe roAI{HLl My no3BonfBar Aa I{3onI'Ipa ilpOTIIBHI{quTe
rlT'JIHIlTeJIHara BJIacr, Ha3Harra Ba cT,Io3Httt KaHunep, orroBopeH caMo
ocflrypu 6larocrnonHoTo OTHOIUeHI{e Ha Pycr-a u Anrnug sa o6eflu-
npeA Hero. Palixcrarrr, us1upan upes o6rqo DlacyBaHe, HMa rrpaBo
HeHHero Ha cTpaHaTa.
npeMl{HaBa ripe3 HsKoJrKo soiiHu'
4a ogo6pxna 6ro4xera. C xlxHolepMaHcKr{Te AbpxaBr{, Kor{.ro He
Ilpoqectr na o6e,4uneHrre BJIi{3ar B cbro3a' e cKJIIoqeH MIrrHrIqecKLI cr,}o3 }r BoeHHa cnoron6a.
Ilrpnara or rqx Tlpycux BoIII{ 3aerHo c AncrpNx cpeuy.['aHnr npe:
Ocnosuu.flr nporr.tBHuK ua
flpyczr ceta craBa @paHqur. Ha-
1864 r. flosoa :a roilnara craBa ripHCbeALlH'IBaHero rla xepqol-crBo noJreoH III e nporlrBHr{K
Ha repMaHcKoro o6e4uneuue, ruii xaro
I[IIe:sHr.lct,uf{aulrx.fipycxr,rrenoiicNllIIpeMIlHaBattaaHulJaTaId Ha H3TOqHHTe rpaH}lrlr4 na @panqux 6u ce v3ilpaBr4ta eAHa roJrrr-
6rp:o uprlHyxAaBar flauul Kr,M MHp' Cnopeg Helo rpl{re xepuorcr- Ma r{ MorrIHa AbpxaBa. I4 4aere crpa]Hu 3arroqBar Aa ce rorB.rr.r. 3a
sa - lUrciseur, Xonqafru r llayeH6ypll AorolaBa cBbp3aHI4
c ilrrqHa
ua IIpy- sofrHa. Eucuapx orHoBo ce npeAcTaB.rr Karo JroBT,K AHnJroMa! Karo
yHux c flanlrx, npeMl{HaBar rlo.4 cr'BMecrHoro ynpaBneHl{e cbyMrBa Aa ocrltypu Heyrpanr.rrera na Anrnu t u pycux. Tofi ycnx_
Koero
cnr u Anctpn-fl. flo-xr,cHo e rloAnl4caHo cnopasyMeHlIe' cropeA Ba Aa npoBorupa HauoleoH III, TaKa qe soilHara ga 6rge o6sseua
Xonrqafru ce ynparrixna or Ancrpur, a III:re:BI{r - or llpycux' 3a
Boilsara c or (Dpauql.r-a.
flpe: rcml 1870 r. Eucnapx peAaKrr{pa n oc*,p6ure_
' 2,5 wta.ranepa llpycua orKyryBa or Ascrpul IiayeH6ypr'
JreH 3a opanrlux roH TeKCTa Ha eAHa reJrerpaMa 3a pa3rcBoplrre Ha
Ha fepnaaHllr'
fiauut craBa nT,pB]Itr erafl or o6eAI'*ren]Iero npycKufl Kpan c Spencr<ux rrocJraHr{K. (Dpauqux pearapa ocrpo r.I
BeAnara cle4 flarcr<ara eoiiHa Eucrrlapx 3arloqBa '{a ce rorBl{
r BoeHeH c'Lto3 c ua 19 rona o6.flnssa sofiLta ua llpyclrr. Opanqux ,a a .ro4.oru"-
sa soiiua c Ancrpu-a. flpes anpul 1866 e cKJIroqeH
Ha 3a BoeHHu aefr,crsux, .4oKaro e llpyczx e pa:pa6oreH roqeH H
l4rlattrs.. C Hanoleou Eucuapr< 3anoqBa croxHa AurroMaruqecra
III
* uIaBeH npor}lBHrrK nogpo6eH rrnaH 3a nofiHara. Boennzre neficrsux 3anoqBar npe3
prtpa) 3aAa ocurypil Heyrpanl{lera na (DpaHquf,
ttli ocra- aBryc! Karo B Trx yqacrBar r4 loxHorepMaHCKHTe 4rpxanu. flog
Ha-o6e.4uuena leprraalrux. Cxopo craBa flcHo' ue @pauunr
Hanopa Ha tepMaHcxure soiicKu @pauqysure ca npHHyAeHn
He HeyrpanHa, aro flpycur He npeAsB'IBa rlpereHul{rr Kt,M }oxHorep- Aa or_
nporoxnpa An- crbfrBar. E4Ua rorrua apMHfl I]OA KOMaHABaHero Ha Mapuan EaseH
MaHCKT'ITe Ar,plIGBH. B naqanoro I{a JI{Toro Eucruapx
6es Hefi- e 6rornpaHa s Meq. Mapural Max Maxou e rrocraBeH Haqajro Ha
crpu.tl, Karo flpeAlara peopraHl{3allus Ha fepltaucxur cr'rog
L4l-xutxaua apv,tfl., rco.aro rp.a6r a Aa ce npurerre Ha nouorq Ha Mcu.
HO yrracTue. B orroeop Ha ToBa Ancrpux cKT'CBa AIIIIJIOMaTI'IqeCKI4Te

110
Il I
 nperbpllnBa loJlflMo rPA}ITAAHCKATA BOI,IHA B CAIII
Ha 1 cenrenBpl{ rlpx CeAan Spencrara apMl'rfl
flopaxeHl{e. Gaau KaIII{ryJrIrpa, a Hauoleon
III' rofiro nplrApyxa-
flapllx' ra'4ar
Ba ap,ialflTa. ce npeAaBa' flpes ce[reMBp]I e o6caAen
iyo', Crpac6ypr. B rpar Ha orroMBprr Maplflan EaseH Ka[IlryJII{pa B rcpar ua XVIII H Haqiliroro na XIX e. CAIId npoAbJrxaBar cBo-
s Meq. Ha28 fluyapv 1871 r' ce cKrIorIBa
rpllMlrpue sr-n Bepcafi' a ero pa3rrrvpeHue Ha 3anaA. Te ce ergnor3Bar or sofiHure a Erpona u
oKoHqareJlH[.flr MI4peH AoroBop e IloArII4caH
sa 10 rrlafr trr @paun-
npea 1803 r, KyrryBar sa i5 MnH. Aonapa or Hanoleon orponaHara o6-
18 xnyapu 1871 r' -roqHo 170 ro4nuu xacr llyuzualra. flpes 1819 r aMepr.rKaHcKrrre uHTepecu ca vr:acrtvtpt4-
Sypr. Orue rpeAlr roBa, Ha
cJreA KopoHfcBanero Ha rIapBI4''I [pycK]r
KIaJI' B Orne4anuara sana paHr4 u or cra6ocrra sa l4cnauux u CAII{ noryqaBar @lopuAa cpexly
o6cranoexa e o6'f,seHo cb3-
ua BepCaficKlr.a.trBopeu u 5 uml. Aonapa. flpes 1846 n ce perraBa.qrlroroAuruHuqr crrop c AHmrzs
'ip*""tuena
AaBaHero na fepuaucKara l{Mfleplrfl '
-.-- :a OperoH H rpaHr,rr{ara Mexgy KauaAa z CAII{ ce ycraHoB.rrsano 49-ufl,
nporarrta u honutl,r'{ecrara Kapra npes 50-re lr 60-re ro- raparen. IIpe: 1845 r. KBM AbpxaBHara repuropu-s ce rpucbeAr.rHr{Ba
cb3AaBar eAHa HOAa Erpoua' B npogul}KeHHe Ha rloBeqe oT Ter<cac, a cne.4 ycrerrrHara sofiHa c Mercmco (1846-1848) ce ycraHoBfl-
,Ar.rHr{
o6cranorra' 6es
40 ro4unu B KoHTITHeHTa xle ce ycrauoBl{ cnorofina Ba oKoHqareJrHo roxcHara rpaHr{qa goTvtxta oKeaH. Taxa s Harrarcflo Ha
6ez sofiHu' cre',4
cepr{o3Hl{ coq}lzulHl4 pI [roJII{THqecKu cbTpece:aun' 50-re ro4uulr CAI! ce flpocrupar or Auarma.recKrrrr Ao Tuxus. oreaH.
1871 r. Eepona HaBnI{3a B HoB eran or cBoero
pa3BHT}Ie'
I0pn4u.recxoro ycraHoB.rrBaHe Ha rpaHr4rlr.rre c Kana4a r.r Mer-
crrKo He o3HarlaBa, qe orpoMHHTe 3anaAHlr Tepr4TopHII ca 3aceJIeHI{.
Or asroquure xlarrz HenpeKT,cHaro rrorerJlrlT TexKHTe KoJrv Ha rruo-
HepHTe, KoI{To 6arHo, Ho ynopuTo npeMecrBar rpaHrzrrara Ha 3aceJr-
BaHero :oa3arlal\.3eNrs Ha HeorpaHllqeHlrre Bb3MoxHocrlt pI Meqra Ha
noBerrero aMeprrKaHrlr{ crasa 3anaArr.
Brupexu r{e Ao cpeAara Ha BeKa Cre4raneHure rrlaru cr{ ocra-
Bar arpapna crpaHa, TrxHara [poM]rrxireHocr ce pa3r;aBa 6r,pso. tr{H-
AycrprranHara peBoJrroqu, 6rpso cll npo6ura rrtr pr MarrlzHrrre 3a-
MecrBar cKT,[ara pa6orHa prra. Bcxrco HoBo rexHrrqecKo orKpt4Tr{e
ce [prlnafa BeAHara H [por43BoAuTeJrHocrTa Ha TpyAa He[peKbcHa-
ro pacre. Ilpes 1860 r. aMepr4KaHcrara npoMrarrrJreHocr [porrBexAa
12 tanu rroBeqe croKr{ or 1815 r.
B cencroro crorraHcrBo cu cbrrepHr.rr{ar .qBe atpapHr4 crrcre-
Mrr - [naHrarlr4oHHaTa Ha ror u $eprraepcruralHa ceBep. fllanraqzoH-
Horo crorraHcrBo ce ocHoBaBa Ha rplga ua po6nre Herpu. To e opuen-
TrlpaHo rJraBHo KbM npoH3BoAcTBoTo Ha rraMyK, 3axap, TroTroH, roJur-
MaTa rracT oT KouTo ce rr3Hac.nT r Allmr.rs. Po6cxntrr Tpy,q ne e [poH3-
BoAureJreH, rrorrBara ce u3ToruaBa Gpso z nnaHTaropzTe ce HacoqBar B
TT,pceHero Ha rloBr,r 3eMrur Ha 3anaA. Cr,nr,pueuo ApyJ Trr[ croflaHcrBo
e Seplrepcrcoro. Herosoro npor{3Bo4crBo ce ocHoBaBa Ha crrJrxre Ha

t12 113
$epuepcxclro ceueficrno tl Ha HaeMHu-fl rpy4. I4rleuuo re3u cro[aHCTBa po6creoro or r. r{ap. a6olrcquoHncrlr. Tosa ABrrxeHHe o6xsaxla mH-
CfaBaTocHoBHI{TenpoI.I3Bo,4I.ITeII4Ha3bpHeHHxpa}ruIIMeCo3aIJflJ.l.dTa poxu o6rqecrBeHrr Kpr,roBe - xypHanficrll ti ApytLt npeAcTaBrrrenrr
crpaHa. IlocrenesHo cbc sa6orarsBallero na rfep:neprlre re Sopuupar Ha HHTerHreHuHflTa, rrHAycrpl{anqure, $epnaepu, npuBr,pxeHr.rqrr Ha
urr{poK na3ap 3a [poMlrlxneHrlTe croKll Ha aMepHKaHCKaTa uHAycTpr{fl' pa3nurrHu penurr{o3Hn cexTu. Te ucrar IIT,JIHoTo [peMaxBaHe ua po6-
@eptrepcx_ure cT0[aHCTBa Ce pa3B]lBaT l(anl,rTarHcTHrtecKu I{ oTIOBa- crBoro u BoArr Bce no-urr4poKa npolaraHAa cpeA o6ulecrsoro. lon.fl-
pflT ria o6u{ara HacoKa Ha r{HAycTpururHoTo pa3riHTl{g Ha c'IpaHaTa. Mo BHrrMaHrre rpuBnur{a u3AaAeHu.rrr npe: 1852 r. poMaH ,}Iuuo-Touo-
flocrenesuo po6oBna.4e:rcxoro nJIaHTalluoHHo c'l'o.tlaHCTBo eara Koru6a" Ha rilcaremara Xapuer Euvep-Croy. flpunrpxeHr{rlu
BrH3a B rouslnxr c pastsIrrl{ero Ha KaIIIliriulI{3Ma B CAttl H)xHxrc ua a6orroquoHu3Ma cT,3AaBar u nporlyrara ,,IIoA3eMHa xere3Huqa",
ruraH'raropu Ir3Hacrr npo.nyKqlrflTa cH rnariHo p Annrnx u @pauqmr u roflTo rro raiutu nr,Tr{rua r{ KaHaJrr{ flpexBbpru po6u or Io]KHure u1arrl
KynyBaT neo6xoAlrunTe HM npoMrl[rJreHu crox]I O'ITaM. TOSa 3aeAHO ua ceBep. llpe: [N. Epayu BAr{ra BbcraHrre rporrrB po6crnoro
1859 r.
c 6eAuocrra na po6nre Herpll IIperrH Ha pa3Bl'ITrlero Ha luupoK B:brpe- er,n Bup.uxuHrlr, Ho ro e no'ryrueno, a Epayn - o6eceH.
IlreH [a3ap. llu4ycrpuanuHTe oT cenepa rrcKar BucoKIl 3aIqIITHH MKTa Iipe: 1850-1854 r. ce crura ro HoBlr cnopoBe MexAy nprrBr,p-
3a aMeprrKaHcnplTe rrpoMlllrJreHlr t.t3Ilenufl , AoKaTo roxHI{Te po6oana- )KeHHuHTe u [porrrBHu]-I]rre Ha po6crroro. Cr:AasaHero Ha HoBrr-
.4enqu ca npI{BT,pxeHHIIH Ha CsoSo.4Hara Tl,ploBHs' flporusuuqu
ua re rlaru Kann$opuufl, Kau3ac, He6pacra u IOra orHoBo nocraB.ar
rrnaHTaUHOHHr:)TO CTo[aHc'IBo Ca u $epuepure. flO-esruu6To IIpOI{3- BT,[poca 3a paBHoBecrrero r Konrpeca. Ka-nu$opunfl ce HaMrrpa rorrHo
BOACTBO ua po6nre Herpr{ B trnaHTaur{HTe crlT'Ba TrxHoTo pa:rurne.
B Ha rpaHuqHara rilrtt4.fr. Mexry po6onra4ercKnTe u cno6o4uure L{ilu,
AB}lXeHHeTocllI{a3anaATeCeCpeUIaTcIIoToKaHaIIJlaHTaTopuTeu rro B Herr po6crnoro e sa6paHeuo. Kau:ac n He6pacr<a Jrexar Ha ceBep
HenpeKt,cHaTO B],3I{rlKBaT CnOpoBe sa ceo6oAnuTe 3eM[" Taxa nr'npo- or ra3u rtllr.ux. B Konrpeca 3aroqBa 6op6a, Korro 3aBr'prrlBa B rron3a
c])T 3a po.6crsoro, KoeTo e ocHoBa Ha IJIaHTaIII{OHHOTO CTOfIaHCTBO, ua pobonla4enrrrrre. Br,rpocrr sa po6craoro e Kau:ac u He6pacra
rrocrerleHHo ce npeBpt,llla B floruruuecxu xouQlnrr' ce ocraBr Aa 6rAe peureH or r-f,xHoro HaceJleHue. B cre.qrauure ro-
Ouiels Kpa-t{ Ha XVIII ulaur po6crsoro e ga6-
B. R H.,IKoI{ ceBepHlr AHHrr B KaH:ac ce BoArl ucrlrHcKa soiiHa MexAy fiprrBl,pxeHn\hre Lt
pa$eHo. Crpauara e pa3Ae,reHa Ha ABe 3oHI{ - ua cso6oAuu lr po6on- rrpor14 BH14 uHre ua po6creoro.
,rA"ra*r,Earn. PasAereHne cr,urecrByBafir. Koutpeca - go lB20 r' s C nsocrpxHero Ha xouSlurra B Kpa.fl na 50-re roAIrHI{ ce crrr-
Heto ca [peACraBeHH 1 1 cso6oAun u{aTa }r 1 I po6ou:ra4eJICKI{. B cr,ula- ra Ao cr,3AaBaHero Ha HoBa'fiaprur na ceaepa - Peny6nuxaHcKara.
ra roAIIHa r KoHrpeca e [puer HoBr]lIr ular Mucypz, KofiTo e po6orna- Her.ru eru-flreneH BoAaq crana Eii6paxarra Iluur<rnu (1809-1865). Pe-
AencKr4. PasHoeecileTo ce HapyuaBa H TOtaBa ce cTlIra AO
LI3BeC'rHI4f uy6luxaHcrara nap'ru, 6rpso ria6upa cuitu n 6op6ara cpeqy AeMoKpa-
Mucypraiicxu KoMrIpoMHC, Karo 3aeAHo c Mucypll e nplrer H cso6oAH[q rure po6oelaAenuu or IOra. tr4 4eere naprrrlr ce rorB;lr ycllneHo 3a
irlar Meiin. 3a6panxna ce n poScreoro Ha ceBep or 36,5 ilapanen' rrpe3r{AeHrcrure us6opu s 1860 r"
Mucyplrficltu-tr KoMnpoMHc He peuaBa Bbrlpoca :a po6cmo- Ilo6eAnren naus6opure npe3 eceHraua 1860 r. crasaEfi6paxaM
TO, a caMo ro oTJrata. flporuruuqr{r'e Ha po6crnoro HapacTBaT I'I Ce Jlunr<tln. ,{euonparuuecKoro MHo3r{HCTBo e Kourpeca [ocraB, I]o.{
npernarar pa3nur{Hl'1 Harrt4lkl3a pa3pellraBaHe Ha xou$lurra' Crura cr,MHeHrle us6opa ua Iluurt,nu. Irl:lolsnaiiKu HrKoIr ropuAur{ecKu
ce AopII Ao rlpeAnoxeHzero Aa ce BbpHar o6parao BcHTIKH HerpH B rrponyKll e KoucruryrJvrflTa, B Har{iuroro sa 1861 r. 11 po6ouaAencKlr
A(:priria. Tara npee 1847 r. :na3arra1uufl, a$puraucxu 6pxr ce ocuo- nlara ce orqelBar u o6pazysar HoB cr,Io3, HapeareH Kou$e4epLrpanu
u* 4tp*urara JTwlepn i 3accrreHa c ocso6oAeul'r po6z' llpes 30-re aMepHKaHcKu u\aru. Croluqa Ha KouSe4epauuflTa crasa Puqr4rH.4.
ro.rlr{Hrr ce cb3AaBa Hafi-snu_flreJrHoTo .qBr{}r(eHHe Ha IIpOTI4BHI{UHTe Ha 3anoqsa lpaNr,aucrar a Boit*a.

tt4 115
 Hap. Mlrcucvnu. I1o rogla HaqfiH Kon$egepaql{rlra lue 6t4e o6rpa4ena,
Ipaxgaucxara sofiua Hc ce RoAI'{ caMo 3a ocuo6oxAasaHelo Ha
a no-Kr,cHo piBAeneHa Ha oT'AenHil rlacru l1 3acTaBeHa Aa KariH:rynupa"
po6u're. Kou$rnr<r'sr rpx6na Aa peruu npo6leua sa 6r,AeuIoro pa3BI{-
T]/Ie Ha cTpaHal'a - AaIu KaITTITaJIHCTI4TIeCKOTO pa3BI{THe XIe [po.qbn-
C'rparerma Ha loxffrutlre ce cT,crol{ B npeB3oMaHero Ha crorlullara
xaBa Aa.6tAe crr,saHo or aHaxpoHn3Ma ira po6orua4encKoro ceJICI(o BailuHrrou u H3on[IpaHelo Ha oTAeJIHHTe qacru Ha Cenepa. Konrfe-
c'ronaHcrBo rlnl{ u{e ce Aa.qe ceo6o4a ua $epnepcKoro 3eMeBraAe}rue, Aepar{r.{flTa pa3qLITa rI Ha HaMecara sa Anrriux r @pauqlls ua ueitua
crpaHa, Korro Aa oraxe HarI{cK na Ceeepa 3a cKil}oqBaHero ria MI4p'
.4anfl ocHoBuure 6ypxoa3lll4 npaBa Il cro6oAu xre ce pa3rlpocrpaH.flr
Bbpxy q.rlnoro o6qecrro unu eAHa ronflMa rlacr or uero u{e 6r,Ae flpe: 1861-1862 r apMr{flra na Cenepa rpoBex(na rBe iracrbn-
6e:npanua. Kon$nurrtr rpx6na Aa peIrIH u npo6neua 3a 3arla3BaHe neHun cpeqy Puutr,ltu4. trtI Aeere Hacrr,rrJleHrls ca Heyc[e[IHlI, Ho
orAenHrr no6eAn npes 1862 r Kapar AHrnLrfl n @panqux, st,lrpeKu
uelocrra Ha crpaHara. lpaxgaHcrara soi'iua Bcbu{Hocr I'Irpae poJlflTa
p.tr3KOTO HaMiUItrBaHe Ha BHOCa Ha aI\4epEKaHCKIl naMyK, Aa ce orKa-
Ha 6ypxoa:HoAeMoKparnqHa peBoJltout4fl, B xolro CerepT,T ripeAcra-
nx la6epanHure Bux.qaHLrfl 3apa3BHTHero lla CteruHegI'tre urarl4'
xar or noAKpena Ha loxHlrre uraru. Ha 3aua.(Hn.fl Sponr ceBepHs-
quTe IrMaT no-roneN{M ycnexu, Karo ycnrlBaT Aa npeB3eMaT roJreMrrTe
CrorHoutenlrero Ha cunvlTe n xou$nnxra e Ha crpaHara Ha
pa3Bltrrtfl B rlpoMrlmneHo orHolrleuue Cerep' flo-rolxnaara alacr or rpaAoBe Hro Op:iuanc u MerraQtrc. BtnpeNu rora, Ceaepbr He Moxe
uIarHTe Ir HaceJIeHHero flo.4Kpellrr HeroBara Kay3a. Ceaeprr ulraa Ia ce noxBztrlu c peuurenHl{ RoeHHI{ ycflexH.
BT,3MOXHOCT.4a OpraHH3l{pa I{ BbopbxH MHOro rIO-roJLMa apMl{fl oT
Ero satuo rpe3lrAeHrr,r Ilunxrnu a KoHrpectr ce peuaBar Ha

IOra. Toff pa3nonara H c BoeHHI{x $nor, c rofiro Mortte Aa ce 6lo- uo-panr{KanHrr MepKI{. flpe: rraafi 1862 r. ce rpl{eMa r"Hap. 3aKoH 3a
napa xpafi6pexllero v La ce npeKr,cHar BbHIIrHI4re Bpr,3KH ua K)ra. xoyMCTeIr.lTe. Tofr AaBa rlpaBoro Ha BceKIl aMepplKaHeu .4a nonyrll4
Ioxnara rcon$e4epaqu{ e c HaccJreHlre or 9 uru., or Koero 4 IvtlH. 140 axpa 3eMf, or.q'bpxaBHufl Qou4 cpeqy MuHllMiulHo 3annarllaHe.
ca Herpu.. Ioxusqzre H-xMar roJIeMIr npoMl'imneHr rrpe4npufl'tvrfl u 3axonr,r 3a xoyMcre.4llTe BJIIr3a BerHara s Aeficrsue H npeAu3BIrKBa
cnJreH rrpr{nlzB ua 4o6pononul{ B apMHxra Ha Cenepa. Togu saxon ne
H3fIuTBaT HenpeKT,CHaTI{ 3 aTpynHeH Vfl B'bB RbOpbxeHI{erO u cna6A-a-
BaHero. TsxHara IIKoHoMHKa e cI{iIHo 3aBI{cuMa or H3Hoca I{ Hapyllre- caMo orKpLIBa Bb3MOXHOCT MHOrO X(enaeilIH 4a ce cua64xT c eBTIr-
Hlrre Bpr,3KIt c Aumnx or 6noxa4ara ua Cenepa [peKbcBar rpaArrIII{- Ha 3eMfl, HO .4aBa IuI cl{reH TJIac:bK na $epuepcKoTo 3eMeBJIA,elHI,/e.
oHnr{Te rtproBcKlz orHorrreHlrr. IOxnsIlure o6ave pasnoJlarar c ro-
flpes ceureMBplr npe3lrAeHrb'r Jluuxrnn la3p.aBa.4eKllapaqllfl 3a oc-
opraH[3r{paHa apvtufr. n c no-4o6pe noArorBeHu odlurlepu. Texnuqr so6oxAaeaue na po6ure. Br,npexu qe re He noJlyr{aBar BeAHara nT,n-
rraBHoKoMaHABauI reHepar IIu e e1uu or uafr-4o6pure aMepI{KaHcKrI HI{ IIOILITI{qeCKH npaBa, To3I{ aKT IrMa C}TJIHO BT,3AefiCTBHe B6pXy
o$uqepn. Ioxusqure 3a[a3Bar I{ cr{JrHo BJIrrf,HHe B npaBllTencrBeHll- o6uecrseuoro MHeHue. Msoro or us6sratture or IOra po6u crlop-
re c-uyx6u. 3arosa npe3 nr,pBHTe roAllHH aa soiiHara npeAllMc-rBoro Mupar Hem,pcKlr fIoJrKoBe, KoI4To ce BKJIIoqBaT B apuuflTa ua Cenepa'
O Sraqua:ruo rpI{HaAe c erara rlonp aBKa x;u Koucrl'ITyr\r4fl'r a ua CA[l{,
e Ha rfxHa crpaHa.
Boeuuure 2Leitcrsus. ca 3aroqHaru or apMH.rITa ua Kou$egepa- sa6pauxaaula po6craoro ) Bltrl3a B cuJra cne.q rnacyBauero ir r Kourpe-
Llrlrrra, Ko-rro rpe3 aIIpHn 1861 r.6ou6ap4llpa e4uu $e4epalen rlopr ca npe3.rHyapn 1865 r.

r IOxHa Kapolnua. flrpnoro roJI-tMo cpaxeHl{e lpu Eyl PrH upes flpe: 1863-1864 r. apMukrre ua Cesepa 3anoqBar.4a BseMar HaA-
ronr{ 3aBbpurBa c nopaxe:a:aelrra Se4epa-ilulrre soiicxu. IloA sanraxa e Morqr.re. leuepamrre lpaur u flleprlau rleqersr H{KoiIKo pemlrren-

rocraBeHa croJlrlqara Baurunrron. uu no6eAu. Kou$eaepaqvflTa e o6rpa4eHa h HeiTHara IlKoHoMuKa He

OcHosI-Iala crparerllrl na Cesepa et,s sofiHana ce cbcro}I B I'13- MOXe Aa u3Ar,pxa rexecTlrre Ha rIpoAT,nxr{TeJIHaTa SOfiHa. crolu-
rpaxAauero Ha MopcKa 6loraAa r{ oBrla.u,.tBaHero Ha.4onHoro reqeHlre rrara Ha lollcHf,uuTe Puuutug e o6ca.4ena or soficrure Ha reHepan

111
il6
I-pau'r. flpes nporer"ra Ha 1865 r KT,M r.ax ce nplICbeAHHr{Ba I4 apMrl- Haii-saxtHaTa xapaKTepr4cTrlKa B Ur(oHOMr4KaTa e HapacTBau{aTa
rra Ha reHepan lllepnrau. Ha 9 anpun 1865 r. traBHoKoMaHABau-luflr MoHorroJru3aqnx. Ift,pnu're i\{ol{orlollHtl o6eAiaHeHgrl -'1t'pT,croBere, c0
roxHr{re roiicxu rcHcpan IIu xanurynupa npeA reHepafl lpaul Iler r{orrgr{BaT orrle B HaqaIOTO ua 80-re I6AI'1HI{ r.r 6r,pSo Clt npO6unar nl,r'

AHH rro-Kl,cHo, ua l4 arrpr.ilr, npe3uAeHT:br lluuffinu e paHeH cMt'prHo Br)B BCI4rrKu K:TOHOBe Ha ilpOMuIIUIeIIOCTTa. MOrcu{Ure l'pynUpOBKI'I Ha
B eAr{H Tearr,p srs BamilurroH or aKTbopa [Non Eyrc, npuarpxeHuK Moplau, Poxdtelep, Baugepdnnr, flogx tl ,&p. KoHTponupar rpolr3BoA-
Apyrn, IIeH noqnBa.
Ha Kay3aTa Ha roxH.rrrlHTe, H Ha eTBOTo n npogax6uTe B peA Ha aMepI{KaHCKaTa HKoHolrat'rxa. B
o6lacrlr
flo6e4ara ua Ceeepa e lpaxAaucxara noiiua [peMaxBa onac- HaBertepneTo Ha fk pnara CBeTOBHa eOi.iHa NIOHOIOJII{Te, III;IITO Ca 29'A

HOCTTa OT pa3Ue[neHr{e r4 3arra3Ba cblo3a Ha ceBepHoaMcpuKaHcKl'{Tc or o6udlrs 6pofi Ha npenilplulrllflra, npou3BexAar 83% o'r npoAyKI{u'I-
ularu. OrcrpaHeHa e r.r rlocnelHara [peqKa npe4 cno6o4Horo piuBu- Ta, .qoKaro .,cso6oAuure npol43Bo/rureru" .4aBar canao 8o% or Heq'
THe Ha Kanl{Ta[fl3Ma B CTpaHara r{ Illl{poKara AeMOKparu3aII}L[ Ha aMe- Passuruero Ha TpbcroBeTe IrocTaB-[ B TeX(KO lIorrorlteHi{e He
pI{KaHCKoro o 6qe crro. Artepnxaucrara rp a)KAaHcKa BoiiH a w3utp aBa caMo cpellHlrr n 71pe6uux 6usHec B IlpoMl{IlIJIeHocma, uo r'r Qepne-
poJU{ Ha 6ypxoa:Ho4eMoKpar[rrHa peBonrcUufl u e qacr or o6uloro pI{Te,nopaAHKoeToKbMKpaflHaBeKanocTeneHHoCe3aCI{JIBa}Ie.qo-
pa3BurHe ua 6ypxoa:u{Ta rlo rbr.s KT,M rul6cpalu:alll{fl Ha rrKoHoMH- BoncrBoro cpeqy 'rxx. flpe4npl{eMaHr{Te cpeuy rpt'croBere MepKI{,
qecKr4Te, coullanHr{Te r{ froJrllTllqecKHTe crpyl(Typl{ Ha HOBOTO rrHAyC- HanpnMep rlracyBaHllr{r npes 1890 r. aHrprrpr,cToB 3aKO}1 ua lllepnaari,
rpzanHo o6rqecrno or Kpafl ua XIX e. He MOraT Ia cnpaT ilpoqecl'ITe Ha MoHorloJlh3a\14fl,.
Passuruero ua CreAnueHlrre aMeprrxaHcKrr Iuarl{ Ao roArrHIITe !o rpax ua XIX r. Peny6luraHcxara naprufl HMa rtoqru Irt'JIeH

na llrprara cBeroBHa soiiua Mo)Kc Aa ce pa3Aenrr Ha ABa rleplroAa - Ao MOHOIOJr HaA BnacTfa. Tosn riepuoA ua 6e:npeuaTcTBeHo ylrpaBneHHe
y6nfrcreoro Ha npe3r.{AeHra Maxrcuulrl rrpe3 1901 r. H nepnorbr Ao BoAI'r ro cr{rHa r-opylruus B i/npaBneHnero Ha crpaHarzt' }Lsxonxo 6e:-
l9l7 r., Koraro aMepr{KaHur.lre BJIrr3ar sbs sofiuara. rurrHu npe3u.4eHTrr ce.cMeH.flT e Serzs 4oru, 6e: .4a ocTaB.tIT sa6ele-
Cne4 ipax ua lpax4ancr<ara eofiHa aMepuKaHcKara HKoHoMLIKa ce )KuMr.I CJreArr B cBOeTg yilpaBlreHlle. KOpynUnrra lI HSKSMTISTSHTHOTO

pa3BHBa c vsi<rlrcrlureruo 6rpen reMnoBe" B uu4ycrpuxra ce BHeApflBar yrlpaBneHl{e yBenl4rlaBar oule rtoBer{e He.4oBoircrBoro n crpanara' 3a-
BCHqKH HOBI4 TeXHOJIOfrlrl, C:b3AaBar Ce HOBII KnoHoBe Karo eneKTpo- cIliIIBaHeTo Ha HMIIepHaJIUCTHT{ecKuTe TeHAeHUIIn BbB BT'HIIEIaTa no-
rexHia.{ecxara u xr.rM[rrecKara npoMullrneHoc! aBToMo6ulocrpoe- JTHTHKa BOATTT nO n:6lzaaucro Ha [rcnaHo-aMepr.rKaHcKaTa SOilHa Or
sero. B ua.ialoro ua XX B. aMepIIKaHcKara IlpoMrrluJleHocr 173J7113a i898 r. Mnpnlrxr AoroBop c lt4cta:nus HocH Ha Cre4nneuure ulafil
Ha I1T,pBO M.ICTO B CBeTa I]O BCUTTKH OCHOBHII [OKa3aTenH - rlpoH3- I{oHTpona uaA Ky6a, llyepro Puxo u @ununnuurc. On[flHeHrrero or
BoAcrBo Ha BT,rnr{rua, qyryH, croMaHa u gp. AnaeprrraHcKoro cencro uo6egara oTHoBo ocTaBtr Ha 3a.ueH nnaH BbTperxnrlre upo6leMr{ u IIpe-
cronaHcTBo cJIeA nuKBrrAupaHero ua po6onraAencrBoro H3urlro ce 3I4AeHfi,r Maxxxunu ycilelxuo rteqeru rus6opure s 1900 r.
ocHoBaBa ua QepuepcrBoro. C 6lpsll reMloBe HapacrBa npoH3BoA- Y6trficrnoro Ha MaxrusJII{ or eArIH aHapxucr npe3 eceHTa Ha
crBoro Ha 3T,pHeHr.r xpaHr{, Meco, ruro.4oBe 11 sereHqYUu. or Kpafl Ha 190i r. oTBap[ BpaTr{Te na Eenu_s AoM Ha HeroBr1fl BrrrIe[pes[IAeHT
seKa CbeAuHeHrrre Irlarr{ craBar eArrH or naii-ronerraurc r{3HocHTeJIu Teogop Py:nenr (1358-1919). Tofi o1nsssa au6urluosua nporpa-
Ha 3bpHeHH xpaHu B cBera. 3a ycnexure Ha aMeprIKaHCKara HKoHoMu- Ma3ar.{3KOpeH.rIBaHeHaKopynqrlflTa,aJIKOXOJIII3Ma,[pecT:bnHocTTa,
Ka Ao[pr{Hac, roJreMHf,T rrpHToI( Ha rrMrrrpaHru or Enpona. Axo npes 6op6a cpeuy MoI-brIIIrre rpr,croBe, cr,3AaBaHe na no-4o6pu ycnoBuq
1 870 r. CAII{ na6po xsar 40 MnH. ryuu, s I 890 r. - 62,9, ro a 19 i 0 r. sa 4pe6uua 6ll:uec. folxua qacr or o6eruauu-ara ua Py:relr ca la3-
HaceJreHrrero Beqe e 92 rraru. Aylxu. rI:bJrHeHH, Ho npu HetoBlltr Hacne.4HHK Ta$r Herqara rpb[.Bar orHoBo
nocrapoMy. Fia us6opure rpe3 l9l2 r. Py:aelr cb3raBa co6crseHa

118 119
llporpecvnHailaprprfl.il ce sBflBa Karo caMocrorreneH KauAu.4ar. Pas- BB P OIEI4CKATA I,IKOHOMI,IKA
rlerrJreHlrero B peAoBere ua peny6luKaHIIHTe nocn no6eAa ua Y4poy
Vulcrtt, KaHAI4Aar na fleruoxparuqecKara naprrlfl.
B KPA.fl HA XIX I{ HAqAJIOTO HA XX B.
CneA srusaHero crr s Eerus ,4oM B HaqaJloro ua 1913 r. rrpe-
3H.qeHT6T Yttncrn 3arloqBa nope.4llqa or pe$opun, KoI{To HaMtuI{Bar
OorosHara HroHoMrrqecxa xaparTepr4cruKa Ha nepuoAa l gTl*
curaraHa rpbcroBere vI AaBar Bb3MoxHocr sa no4o6pxnaHe Ha noJlo-
xeulrero ua pa6oruuqure, Sepuepl{re, cpeAH ara u gp e6aara 6ypNo-
-
I9l4 r. e oKoHqarenHoro npeMrrHaBaHe Kr,M HHAycrpHaJrHOro rrpo-
asux. flporpecktBlauta epa Ha Yuncrs rylllupa couflaJlHllre rlporllBo- rr3BoACTBO. HOSU-flr rHn uH.4ycrpuatt:Fra HKoHoMr{Ka O3HaliaBa [po-
II3BOACTBO HA CYPOBI{HH H CTOKI{ C MACOBO I{3fIOII3BAIIC HA MAI]]IIHII,
OerII{fl II fIO3BOJI.f,Ba na Ct,eAAneHI{Te IIIaTil Ia Ce BKIIOqaT yCIeIIIHO
MoAepr'rr TexHoJIorHA, rr!,r4JrafaHe Ha [ocTrrxeH4flTa rra HayKara vt
B MexAyHapoAHara rIoJlpITIrKa flpes 1917 r. cne.4 Abnru roAHHu Ha
TexHI4Kara B npoHsBoAcrBoro, pa3BVTHe Ha BCHqKI'I BI{AoBe rpaHa-
r{3onarlrroHt4sru CAI! BJIu3ar r Iltpeara cBeroBHa sofiHa Ha orpaHa-
rropr r'r cro6ulennx, cb3.4aBaHe Ha ruIrpoKo pa3Bilra HarllroHarrHa H
ra na Anranrara c atnr6utfusra Aa ycraHoB-rlT HoBa clrcreMa Ha Mexc-
MexAyHapoAna 6anr<osa cacreMa 3a KpeAHTHpaHe Ha IrHBeCTr.rU[114-
.{yHapoAHI{ orHoIleHI4, rIO.4 CI{nHO aMepIlKaHcKo BlrvlflH-ile.
Te r{ TSproBytflTa, pa3Br4THe Ha BETperrrHaTa rl BT,HtrIHaTa TtptoBHfl,
aKTHBHara HaMeca Ha AT,pxaBara B H.f,Kou ceKTopr{ Ha HKoHoMr{Kara,
oKoHqareJrHo oSopnaaue Ha eAuHeH cBeroBeH na3ap.
flpoqecr,r Ha HHnycrpvannsar\vr* ce pirBrrBa no pa3rr{qHkr Ha-
qvu-u u c pa3nr.rrrHa cKopocr B orAenHr{Tte qacrr4 Ha Enpona. Bo4eulu
crpaHr4 ca Auurux, Eelna_{, (Dpanqr.tx *t leptruuux, r.e. 3atagua u
IfeHrpalHa Erpona. B Arcrpo-YHtapaa ce sa6emesa pfl3ta rpaHr4-
rIa Mexly orleJrHlrre pafiouu. loxaro n Eoxeuus u Arcrpux t4H yc_
rpnanu3a\t4flTa ce p.Bu)Kkt c 6rpsn reMloBe, ro a ynrapzr upeo6la-
AaBaHero Ha arpapnkrre crpyxrypu za1asfl ro3r.r npoqec. flogo6no e
rI noJloxeHrrero c MaJTKHTe CTpaHr{ Or lOxna u lorozsro.{na Espo-
ta - I4ruwrs, tr4eilaHlra, flopryranxx, 6alxaucxr.rre crpaHlr Crp6ux,
-
P'5mrnmx, Eurapur z lrpuux. Io-oco6eso e rroJroxeHr4ero n pycxx.
Tau nopa4z KbcHoro JtkrKBuE rpaHe ua $eo4anHara
.cucreM a, AoMr4-
HllpaHero Ha arpapHHTe crpyKTypu, jtrvtrlcaffa Ha Aocrar:bqHo KarII{Ta-
IILT L\ B rOrSMa crefreH 3apa!.I{ apxar4qHoro rlonurHqecKo ycrpoficrro

npouecr4re Ha zH.qycrpvrann3a\vfl-ta ce 4Br,{xar MHoro 6anno. E4n4 r

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ce piBBHBar c no-6rpsu reM[oBe.
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Br{Te ycnoBrl.fl, Ho Ce npeoAonflBaT cpaBH}rTenHO JTOCHO C nO-roJUrMa

t20 121
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C XIX e. orHorrreHrrero KbM KoJroHHLrre ce rpoMeHfl. IIpn zsAaraua\a
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HaqaIHaTa eloxa Ha KanuTail[3Ma U3rre3BA,3A LA Aa'4e Mfcro currkr ilp e ,'r4 llrpnara cBeroBHa eofi Ha. crpenaexr,r KT,M 3aBnaA_rrtsaH
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xeIe3oIIl,THll IlLTHrlr\ :KaiP'aIlLl, [bTHIrIa r{ Ap', [peArloJlaraT noMoulTa npoqec Ha yeAprBaHe u o6e4nuxBaHe Ha u 6auutt, [pepacTBa.
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, arpoaorr, Kolrro 6e3 roJIeMHTe AT,pxaBHI4 Cy6CiI4,.11]rl eABa JII{ Ca no pa3npeAeJHHe Ha na3apr{, onpeAeJurHe Ha ueHH. flOnsxora ce
crrfa Aq
cHJrr{Te Ha rlacTHr{fl Karr.rTar. E.quo or Hafi-pa3[pocTpaHeH[Te
CpeA- IOJICMI,I MOHONOJIHI,I O6C4HUCHUI KATO TPT,CTOBCTC B CTCAAUEHUTC
AUE.
cTBa 3a .4bpxaBHa HaMeca ca MIITHI{qecKIrre Tapl4otl' B cpe4ara na PHKAHCKII qATH I,{ OTI{ACTII E AHrrrUI, KOI4TO 3ABJIAI-SBAI NPOI]3BOACTBOTQ
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U TIA3APIITE HA AATEH BI4A IIPOAYKIII4,I H MOIAT AA AIII(TYBAT NPOI{3BOJIHQ
cBo-
cBo6oAHaTa r."bptoBr.lq, Ho fro-rr3o cTaHiutl{Te CTpaHI{ 3 aUIIITaBaT ueHHre, Karo 3arpynruBar bJru AopH 3aA),uaBar cpeAHrrrr ra 4pe6nzx 6u:.
eToIaHAyCTpIIaIHopa3F.liIITIr1f-IIJIIIceJIcKocToIIaHCKoToCH[poI{3BoA- uec. B lepuaurn ce pa3BVBa Apyra @opMa Ha yeAprBaHe Ha rrporr3BoA\
CI{CTeMa oT [poTeKur{oHHCTI{tIHH MepKH' B xpax ua XIX
e' crBoro - KaprenHTe. Te ca o6e4uuenrax Ha caMocro_f,TenHH npor.I3BOAr4.
CTBO CT,C
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caMo H,fiKOnKO AT,pXaBIr - AHmu.a, Eenrzx H HU.4epnaHAHfl, OCTaBaT B OTTCJIHH KJIOHOBC HA NPOM].IUUTCHOCTTA 3A
PCIYNHPAHC HA O6CMA
u ,or-u Ha cBo6oAHara rr,ploBlr-f,. HaMecara Ha.4bpxaBara B IIKO- na nporr3BoAcTBoro' pa3npelentHe Ha IIa3apHTe, MexaHI43Ma Ha npoAiD(,

HOMuKara, oco6eHo B perynlrpaHero Ha MexAyHapoAHara

rr'proBrlfl 6ure u olpereJ,rHe Ha rleHrrre. B Hare.repuero ua crsroun *u ,oiiru
3aIIoIIBaAaceI{3[on3Ba.qocTaqecToKaTocpeAcTBo3aHaTHcKBMex- froflB-sBar r{ nT,pBHTe MeXryHapoAHH KopnopaquuB Htl]riout O6riacnr "u
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na XX e' cneK{poTexHuqecKaTa rr MeTirrrypnrrrHaTa [poMurlrreHocT.
AyHapo.4IIIlre orHoureHl{fl, oco6eHo or Haqanoro
tr{n4ycrpllan v3at\laflTa rr [peMHHaBaHero Kt,M cl{creMara Ha 3a- flo4o6no e u rono)r(eHuero B csepara aa suuaucure. c reqeuue
uIr4THr4 MrrTa IIpoMeH.s 3HaqeHueTo Ha KOJIOHI{piTe. flpu cro6ognara HA BPCMCTO NO-CAPI4TC 6ArrXU NOTNbUIAT I{II4 NOCTABf,T IIOA KOHTPOII

T.bproBHfl KOiIOHIIUTe H_f,MaT HflKaKBO OCO6eno HKOHOMI{qecKo

3Haqe- no-4pe6uure u ce paxlar 6asxorn KoHCopuHyMrz c roJlrrMa
QuHarr_
'Hue, T:bfi Kirro cypoBHHHTe I{ roroBlrre croKr.r Morar Aa ce npo'traBar coBa MoxI. B Aurnux or 600 6annlr npe: 1824 r. B HaBerrepr{ero Ha
Ha rIo-6nn3KL1 ila3apv. Ocseu roBa re H3IrcKBar roreMu AT'pxaBHlr ll:upaara cBeroBHa roiina ocraBar canro 5 roneM,u 6attxu.B feprraauur
l

pa3xo.All tlo IIOA.{l,pxaHeTo Ha IIIlBI{nHa aAMuHIlCTpaIIuII V BOeHHa craBar r{3Be crHH T. Hap.,,rI erz pu !" 6 auxu _,,!ucxouro_le: emua$r.., l

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HaTaTT,proB}I'HeI{cKaTIrr|p}KaBanaucboTBeTHoAaHT,K0IIIaTIIHTeAa 3anoqsa rrrcHo npenrr{TaHe Ha r.rHTepec,Te Ha [poM]rrrrJreHocrra,
14 6anxosara crICTeMa, Karo qecro :AH:| U CT,IUU jII{TIHOCT}I
ce ToBaprIT C H3.4pT,XKaTa Ha KoJIOHHHTe. [pe3 BTOpaTa fIoJIOBUHa
Ha TlbproBIlflTa

122 123

i
3aeMar Mecra B ynpaBHTeJrHI4Te cT,Beru Ha Sl{pMH u 6agxu. O6eln- xuMrrflTa, $usuolorlura cr,c cyMH, ocutypeHu or uso6perarenx ua
HeHHe-ro MexAy npoMuuneHus u 6auxoBllrl Ka[Iiran cb3AaBa Bb3- An$pea I{o 6el.
ilu:oaM:ar a
MOXHOCTTZI :a (luHaUCnpaHeTo I{ I{3IIbJIHeHHeTO Ha roJIeMH MeX'4y- Egua or o6;racrure, B Ko.aro HoBI{Te orKpHTI{.fl Ir3BT,puBar HC-
HaponHu npoeKTI{ n lareunux H3ToK, Ilalrlucra Auepnra, I4:roqua Tr.rHcKa peBorroqrls, e $u:urara. flo uaualoro ua 90-re toAr{HH r.13-

Enpoua, Enn:xr.rs I43ToK. flIexraJlo, rre BT,B rlusurara BerIe BcIrqKo e I{3BecrHo H ocraBa caMo
Mouononu:a\vflTa HMa cBoure noJloxureJlHu crpaHn, rlii xaro 4a ce Qopnaynupar no-npeqr{3Ho HflKorr or rro3Harr{re :axouu. Ha
rrporl3Bo.qcrBeHHTe pa3xoALI HaMaJITBaT H I-(eH}{Te Ha croKi{Te rroeBTI'I- Bbnpoca Ha cryAeHra Maxc fllanr Kr,M HetoBr.rx upo$e cop gLarrr nwa
H.rrBar. Ho re ca noreHurraJlHa onacHocr:la cso6orilT'a Ha KoHKypeH- cMr{cbn cAHH MnaA r{oBex Aa ce orAaAe ua @usnrara, npoSecoprr
\hflTa r{ qecro cperlar cr,nporl{Bara Ha cpe.4H}Ix u gpe6uux 6uzsec. My orroBopuJr, qe roBa e no cr,ulecrBo Beqe o$opueHa HayKa :r-He ch
O6uecrseHzTe HacrpoeHrIfl cpeuy MoHonoJII{3aIIu.flTa ce 3ac}IJIBar H crpyBa aa cu ry6u BpeMero c He-[.
B HaKorr crpaHl{ oule or Kpafl Ha XIX s. 3afloqBar Ia ce BbBexAar loleuure orKpuTr.rs rr,n Qnsurara ce r43BT,puBar 3a cpaBHlrreJr-
AHTITMOHONOJIHII 3AKOHH. Ho Kparr,K nepuoA - or 1895 Ao 1905 r. Easa 3a-re3r orKpurafl ca
Oco6euo BaxeH MoMeHT B pa3BHTuero Ha eBpolefrcrara trKoHo- pe3yJrTaTllTe oT rlrlKor.l OII{TI1, rI3BT,prlIBaHIl C HOBa, TeXHr4qeCKA nO-
Mr{Ka B nepuoAa IBTL*I914 r. e r.Hap. Bropa ulr.ryycrpuartHa peBonlo- ycbBbprxeHcrBaHa afiaparypa. Tesu pe3ynrarrz He cr,BnaAar c [o3Ha-
qux. IIpe: To3H neplroA HayKara I'r rexHlrKara ce pa3BlrBar c rnlrioro 6lp- THTe AOTOIaBa 3aKOHr{ Ha KJIaCflqecKaTa MexaHuKa.
3Ir reMrloBe. Ilpoueux ce KopeHHo M.rlcroro Ha HayKara e o6illecrsoro. Ilrpnoro rorurMo orxplrrr{e :aABa c'bc cro6uleunero Ha Bl.rnxenu
Passrlsar ce HoB]r HayarHu IIeHTpoBe B yHl4Bepcllrer[ITe, B cIIeIrI{aJIHo ProHrreu 3a r.Hap. X-lruu, Korrro npoHrzKBar [pe3 TBr,pAr{ TeJla H Mo-
cT,3AaBaHLI AT,p)r(aBHIr HayqHI{ rl]c1cTvtTyrrl.. loleuure drupnan 3arloqBar tar la 3arreqarar o6pas nr,pxy $ororpa$cra ruraxa. Oco6euo BaxHlr
Aa opmHlr34par HayrrHo-TexHHr{ecKH la60paropuH, KoI{To ce 3aHuMa- ca rrocruxeHlz,riraHa Anplr EelcepeJr, cbnpy3rrre flnep uMaput Cxno-
Bar c rrperu IIpoIr3BoAcrBeHpI 3aAaql'{. Hayxara 14 TexHHKara Br,pB.sr AoBCKa * Kropn, Kor{To orKpr{Bar paAhoaKTHBHoro HsJrr,qBaHe Ha ypala'
pr,ra:a pr,rcir. Or 6r,psuuara Ha BHeApeHoro Ha) {Ho IIocrl{)I(eHI{e 3aBH- H paqut. Pa4uoarrunHocrra fIoKzBBa, qe aroMT,T He e nocneAHara He-
cxr neqan6ure Ha re3lt $upuu. Or cso.fl crpaHa cr,3.4a.4eHure npeuH3HH Aenr{Ma rracrurla Ha Marepr.rrrra. OrpouHo 3HaqeHHe 3a pa3Br{Tr{ero Ha
ype/.'Ij IoBex.qar Ao HOBH rr HoBpI HayqHu orKpllTllfl. HayKara rrMar rocruxceHu.xra Ha EpHcr Prarp$opa n @pe4eplrx Co4u,
flpo4t,lxana e[oxara Ha reHI{aJIHIlre nso6perareJll{1 Ho Bce flo- Kouro cb3AaBar e 1903 r cBo.fl reopu.s 3a paAuoaKTr{BHocr-ra. Ilo-rsc-
.qecro B ocHoBara Ha orKpurusra pa6orxr HayqHu KoJIeKTHBrl, KoI{To Ho Pr4r,p$opA npeAnara v fibpBvrfl MoAen Ha aroMa. Hor npuuoc nr,r
pa:fa6orsar roJreMrr npo6lei,au Ha Hayxara Ir rexHuKara. 3auo'Isar Su:uxara npaBa Mar<c lhaur c reopu-rrra 3a KBaHTrrre, Karo AoKa3Ba,
qe TonJIUHH0TO U3I:brrBaHe Ce CbcToH oT oTAeJrHtI qacTrruu. KeaHroeaTa
Aa }r3nr{3aT cII eqHanl{3rrp aHH HayqHvI v3 AaHIj[., 3ar{e cT{BaT cpeullrre
Ha yqeHu or pa3n[qHu crpaHrr. Crs4anar ce [T,pBr{Te eeponeficxu ll reopur e Aopa3Bura rro-KbcHo or Hr.rnc Eop u gpyru yqeHu.
cBeroBHI{ HayrrHu opraHlr3alrulr, Kor{To o6eAunxsar yrleHu c pa3JrxqHa Hafi-serr.rKoro HayrrHo rrocruxeHue [pe3 To3rl nepr4oA e cr,3Aa-
coqr{iurHa H HaulroHzrnHa npuHaAnexHocr. AeHara or An6epr Affuruaiiu reopu_f, 3a orHocurerHocrra. Herosure
flosumasauero Ha o6pasorarelHoro paBHI{rIe, yBenuqaBaHero cxBarqaHlrr sa croficreara Ha flpocrpaHcrBoro, BpeMero r4 ABr4xeHzero
ua 6por Ha cryAeHTIlTe rIpaB.rIT HayqHara o6nacr AocrbnHa 3a rlo-ruu- Ha Mareptramrure o6ercz ca o6o6u1eur{ B 3HaMeHurara My Sopuyaa,
poKrr couuanHu KpbroBe. 3acHrsa ce lzHTepecr,r ua o6ulecrBoro K'bM qe eHepru_flTa e paBHa }]aMaCUTA nO KBaApaTa oT cKopocTTa Ha cBeTJrH_
nocrnxeHr,rflTa Ha HayKara. Or 1901 r: 3aroqBar .{a ce npucl,x'[,ar uara. Teopuxra Ha Afiuulaiiu orrpnra npeA qoBerrecrBoro rvraHTcKrr
eNceroAHu HarpaAu 3a HayrlHrr rlocrl'IxeHufl s o6racrra ua (pusurara, BT,3MOXHOCTT{ 3a OBnaArBaHe Ha eHeprH-trTa r{ npocTpaHCTBOTO.

124 r25
 Xuvtus'ra c,rea 1870 r. ce o6nrpssa oco6eHo r-trcHo c nparruKa- S 6IUSOCT
'4O KAMCHOBT,',ICHI,ITE MNHH, CTAEAT H3JII{IIIHI4 TPAHCMH.
ra. tr{:rrputsaT ce otpoMHH npoMeHr{ B TTpOH3BOACTBOTO Ha MeTaJIH, cHMTe U Sr,6nure KoJreJra, KOHTO npenaBar eHepr,-rrra
or rrapHara Ma-
6ou, r-opunnl4 Marepl{anl{, KepaM}IKa, crpol{TeJlHrl Mareprranl{, TeK- rrrHHa. Beqe e Bb3lvroxHo u naii-rraanr<HTe rpeAnp
uflTHfl U ZauanTtuil-
crun, o6leriro, xpaHa. orrpuru ca [bpB]ITe Cr{HTeTHTIHI{ neKapcTBa: cxlr pa60urnH,r{U 4a ce cHa64rr c MarurrHu. rlo.qs.sear ce
eneKTIlH-
qecKrr rpaMBalr rr JroKoMoruau.
npe: 1898 r. -'acilI{pHH1,r, no-K1,cHo - ilHpaMllAoHrr. Pa:surnero Ha B lg70 r, EAucoH KoHcrpyupa nbp_
xllMII-n'Ta,{aBaBT,3MOXHOCTAaCeCT'3AaIaTHOBII,HefIO3HaTHBUpl{po- Bara eneKTp,qecKa raMIIa. 3achgsa HeBr{x(AaHa
nororaBa cBerJrrrHa.
Aax.a Marepllasm. c frofBaTa Ha rleflynor{Aau 6axetula
3anorlBa epara Korro HaBJII{sa s 6ura.
Ha nIaCTMaCnre. CXOpO C"raBa Bb3M0)KHO Aa Ce Cb3AaBaT MaTepIIaJII{ C Broporo roJr.rrMo sa6enexurenHo orKprrrr.re B eHepreruKara
e
flpcnBapHTenllo tlporpaMApaH}j KaqccrBa. no.rrBara Ha ABfirarerr.fl c Br,rperxHo ropeHe. MeNly
lg67 m lgg8 r.
Pa6orure ria r{apns /laprnH u lperop Meu.qel s 6uororl4'f,ra sa- repMaHcKr{'re u:o6perarenu Oro, lainanep, Mafi6ax n fi.r:el roH-
MeH.rrT c:bulecTByBauliLra AororaBa IIpeACTaBa 3a eAuH cTaTI'IqeH cB-flT CTPYHPAT H YCI,B'PUIEHCTBAT NT,PBIITC MOTOPHI{
ABI]IATEJIIUI. Afi
fl NATTCP
c npeACTaBaTa 3a cBflT, rofiro ce puBBr{Ba rr [poMeHf,. feneuffiara na- n Eenq MoHTHpar ro3, ABrlraren Br,pxy utacvr u cb3raBar
a*ouo6lr-
COqEA 6HOIOIHf,TA KT,M TOIIHH EKCIICPUMEHTAJI]HLI HAYqHI1 MCTOTII H rra, a B 1903 r 6parxPafrr (CAiIi) nocrporBar nbpBr.rrr
cauoner. Tegu
pe3ynTaTr{, c],3.qaBa Bb3MOXHOCTU Aa Ce pa3raAafT railsnre Ha IIpo- u:o6pereHu_fl rroJrarar HaqaJroro Ha peBonroq yffiTa B
TpaHcnopra.
M3xO.4a U pa3BlrrlreTo Ha XITBOTIIHCKT{.I H pacrHTeJIHLlfl CB.flT' Kopeuuo ce npeo6pa:rBa
qyBcrBr.{rerHo Hapacrra. Orqe
r.r Merulrryprkrra. Ttpceuero uru r"r_,
|oneuu ca rocrlrxelavfiTa B To3I4 rIepYoA I{ Ha MeAuuvrlara' npes 1956 r
Xeupz Eeceuep reoperrzq-
JIyu flacrsop e poAoHaqaJrHr{K Ha HoBa HayKa - uzxpo6lloJlorH.fira. no o60c,osaBa rro-cl,BbprxeH'To npoH3BOrCTBO Ha croMaHa.
Ho e4aa
Ilpes 1885 r. roil cl,3.i1aBa BaKCHHa cpeqy e.4Ha or nafi-onacsure B Kpa.,r ua70-re foAHHr, CugnnTouac cr*naBaeouracua
npoMrrurneHa
6onecru - 6ecrr. Po6epr Kox orrpuea 6a\utnue ua ry6epryro:a- TCXHOJIOTI{.9. HOEI,ITC NCUIV HA 6PArr MAPTCH II HA CTZTTAEHC IIO3BOJUI-
Ta rl xonepaJa. Cropo craBar u3BecrHH npHr{HHr{TenYTe Ha ru$a, BAT NPOI{3BOACTBOTO HA CTOMAHA
AA CC TT3BT,PIIIBA B OIPOMHI{ ,AT4A6,.
4usrepnra, 6y6onnara qyMa, Malapv'flTa, xtl,JlTara rpecxa' Cpeury Axo Ao 70-re roAzulr sa XrX B. CaMo 60/o orxeJUr3'To
ce npepa60rra n
H.rrKol{ oT Te3}1 6Onecru ce cb3AaBar BaKCHHrr. Ilayn Epnux lloJlar.a croMaHa, ro KT,M 1910 n ro3n npoqeHr HapacrBa
ua 90. Crolaur*u.rua_
Haqanoro Ha cbBpeMeHHara xHMr{orepann"s. Krrr't Kpa''I Ha BeKa Me- NOMAIA PEBONIOqU"'ITA B XEJIE3OTbTHI,I,fl TPAHCIIOPT
H MAIIIZHOCTPOEHETO.
AultvljaTaoTKpllBaporlrraHaxopMoHllTeuFIffa]|{IdHI{Te3aHopMan- MeN.ry 1870 u 1910 r ca ilocrpoeHu 5 nr,ru noBeqe xeJre3ofrr,rrrrr
rrrr_
.HOTO pa3Blrrrre Ha qoBeKa. r{r'rH, 0TKOJTKOTO B npeluzrrrHHre 4
4ecerzlerz.s. cuuron Ha rrocrrrxeHr4_
Hoeil saxHu HayqHu rIpI{HocIl ca HanpaBenlr s odracrra Ha t{Ta Ha MeTarrypfrxrTa, MaIlr.rHocTpoeHeTO H
apx}lTercrypaTa e nocTpo_
eHeprerlrKara. llpes 1867 r. CuueHc KoHcrpyl{pa rlbpBara AHHaMoMa- eHara [pe3 1889 n or rrHxeHep AfrQel xeJUr3Ha hyna
B flapux.
ruuHa:,1 ilonalaocHoBuTeHaHoBaIaeneKTpuqecKaIIpoMIIIIJIeH0CT. Honn u:o6pereHlrfl c roJr.rrMo [p]rnoxeHr,e ce paxAar B r",Hor.o
Cropo ce no.flB-rlBar rpanc$oprr'laropbr H eneKTpoABurarelxr' flpes Apyru o6tacru. B 1876 r Een cr,3AaBa rene$ona.
lne ro4uuu no_
1883 r. Touac EAncon cb3AaBa rcHeparopa. Crpoxr ce rbpBr{re nap- r(T'cHo ce no.rrB-rrBa rpanao@ourr,
reno ua EAUCOH. ucrnaan ycbB.bp-
Hr{ cneKTpoueHTpan}I, a s 1893 r. ua HnarapcKl'Ifl BoAorlaA e orKpilra rueHcrBa @ororpa$uxra. flpes lg95 r. 6parx lhouu.p
a"ror".prpu,
nbpBaTa BoAHa eneKTpoIIeHTpirJIa. n llapux KuHervrarolpa$a. B ner{arapcKar a ltl1ycrpa,a
peBonroqu.rrra
Bue4pxnau ero Ha erreKTpuqe crBoro B [poMI4IIrneHo crra, Tp aHC- ce LI3BT,purBa c rroflBara Ha nr{Illexlara MaIrIuHa il Hafi_se.Ie
Ha Jil4_
flopra u 6ura HaAxBT,pnf, pe3yrlTarl{Te or npl{naraHero Ha napHara I{OTHIIHATA MAIIIHHA. B I897 I. ,TAIIHAHCqTT
MAPTOHU OCT,UICCTB.'IBA
MarrrtrHa. Beqe orna.qa neo6xognMocTTa npe.qnpvfT[flTA Ia Ce CTpo.flT paAHoBpT,3Ka MexAy AHmu.s u @paru1ux.
Karo ycr,BbprxeHcrBa oT_

126 127
 r{erI'IpH ro.uzHl{ no-KI,cHO paAI'IOTO CBbp3Ba c ouIIAntr3MbT I4 PAEO THI,ITIECKO TO
Kpr{Tr{ero Ha A. flonoB.
Erpona u AnaePura' ABI,IIItEHI4E
Bltllrulle v
Hayuuo-rexHur{ecrara peBoJrloullf, oKa3Ba roJI-aMo
I'bo6pereul{flT or Ho6en
Bbpxy pa3Buruero t u opt**fi'ara rexHllKa'
TyHerIu
arr*r, npes 1869 r. [o3BoJUIBa npoKo[aBaHeTo Ha Abnrz Ilonnruqecxara crrcreMa na Enpona B erroxara Ha :aH1yarpuanv-
flparxr ce rro-
npes Alnxre, Ho BrII'I3a I{ BT'B BoerrHoro rrpol{3BoAcrno' 3a\uflTa nperbprr.flBa 3HaqHTeJrHtl npoMeH]r. B uoqrtt Bcrzlrxpr crpaHn
1883 r Maxcrlu KoHcrp)'I4pa
ao6p"rm B crpeJlKoBoro opbxl'Ie' Ilpes ce Br,BexIa KoHcruryrluoHHo lr [pe.4craBrrrenHo ynpaBnenze. flopu
;;;" oupt"urirlu. loneuute Merarrypr,qHr'I 3aBo'*I{ na Kpyn' lllrola'
ol:{*
e Hafi-ugocraHuurara crpaHa - Pycux, B Harraroro Ha BeKa ce cb3AaBar
Blrxepc N [IHafigep upol'{3BexAar BCe ro-ycbBbprlreHcrBaurr eJrer{er{Tr- rI? [apnaMeHTapHo ycrpclicrno. Baxeu KoMrroHeHT or Ho-
BoAerqu crpaHrr B Haf{Ho-TexHl4ilecxara
o6lacr B Kpas na XIX Bara rroJrr{Tl{{e cxa cncreMa craBa pairrrup"f, BaH ero Ha rroJrr4Trrqe cKr{Te
ce orpasf,Ba H Bt'pxy
n Haqzuloro sa XX r. ca lepnaauNr u CAI{' Tosa npaBa pr BbBexAaHero Ha nceo6rqo n:6nparerHo npaBo B rroBelrero
TflxHaIaI{KoHoMIIlIecKaMoul.HapeacBI{CoKopa3BI,ITI{TeIIpoMHIIIJIeHI{ enpoueficrn crpaHr.r. Erpso ce pa3Br{Ba cr4creMara r{a ronuTurrecKure
Pycrl-a' Eerrux' flionusuldrastus" laprr{u. Brpxy [orr{Tr{rrecKrr.rr xHBor oKa3Bar BJrr{.rrHue u pa3nvrtn:a
AbpxaBlr ce Ir3,{Hlar crpaHI'I xaro
pa3[pocrpaH'fiBar H B MzulKlrre
Hayuuo-rexulrqecKplTe locrlrxeHl4;l ce o6ulecrseHu opraHu3arlrru. Hafi-sHa.rurennara npoMrHa npe3 To3rr
Azus'*t A$pura' lepr{oA e yqacruero na pa6orrruqecxara Knaca Karo qacr or rroJur-
erponefrcr<u Ar,p)KaBI{, s IIarI'{HcKa Arr'repuxa'
nocneAcrBl4'
Hayuuo-rexufiqecrara peBonroul{r uMa orpoMHI{ TlrqecKnf, cneKT:bp" Toea crasa nocpeAcrBoM BJrrlrHuero na upo$cr-
3a xr.IBOTa Ha rloBeqecrsoto' Bce uoseqe
xopa HalycKar ceJlcKoro ro3IITe U BJrrr3aHeTO Ha COqUannCTHqeCKVTe nApTrlr4 B napnaMeHTrrTe
KT'M npoMl',rilreHl'ITe qeHTpoBe' oule
pI
npee Ha floqrl4 Bc]rrrKr{ erponeficru crpaHu.
crofraHcrBo Ce Hacor{Bar
72o/o
1890 r. rpa1cKoro HaceneH'Ie rla Belrano6puranus' 7,ocrvrca lnasHa norarnqecKa AoxTpuua ua pa6orHuqecxara KJraca B To3I{
o, o6rrr" 6pofi na HacerleHlrero' Or 1881 ao 1906 r' JIonAou
ua- flepuo.q e reopr{rra Ha r.Hap. HayrreH corIHaJrH3bM, cr,3AaAeHa or Kapn
pacrBa or 3,3 MnH. AyI[u ua 4,5 unu', Hro fropr -
or l'2 ua 4 ulu'' Maprcc (1818-1883) z neronux cr,parHraK rz npurrreJr (Dpugpux EH-
0'9 go 1'9 unu' flponen'r ce relc (1820-1895). OclroeHr.rre ir nonoxenrzfl ca r{3JroxeHz B H.flKoJr-
;;;, - ot i,i ua} vtttu', Toxuo - o'r
crpaAuTe'
o6rrln trna roneuure rpaAoBe - B rflx ce 6laroycrpoflBar Ko rJraB Hr{ cbquHenkrfl *,,Manu S e cr u a Konaynucrr{q e cKar a rtaprvfl"
rpaHcrlopr ce
lporapBa ce MoAepHa KaHaru3allux, n o6urecrBeul{q (1848), ,,HaeMeH rpyA H Karrzrar" (1849), ,,Kru rpurr.rKara Ha rronv-
'r{3rroJr3Bar rpaMBaI'{ vt avrofycw' r flapuN u JIonAon e rocrpoeuo rur{ecKara uKoHoMH.f," ( 1 859),,,Kafluralbr" ( 1 867-1 894). Teopuxra
Merpo. Ycnexflre B MeAI{IIIlHara, no4o6p'araHero Ha caHHrapHHTe Ha Maprccr.r3Ma ce c:bcrorr or rprr uraBHlr qacru ucropur<o-$unocoQ-
-
ycnoBl{f, B roJreMmTe rpaAoBe, KaKTO H Ha JII{qHaTa xl4rlreHa BOA'flT cKa, aHaJrH3 Ha cbBpeMeHHoro o6ulecrno H rroJrrrrr{qecKa reopr{Jr Ha
Ha qoBerrKu's xplsor' Aro pa6oruuuecKara Kraca.
Ao yBeillrqaBaHe Ha [poA:bnxr{TeJlHocrra
1914 r' rex'-
.rO* 1850 r. n Enpora xl{Be'rr 265 mlrrt' AyIIrI4' ro rlpe3 B csosra Snnoco$ru Ha rrcroprrflra Mapxc u Enrenc ce orurpar
nuxr 6pofi HapacrBa sa 452 MI4JII{oHa' Ha ArzaJrerflIrqecKr4-rr McroA Ha tepMaHcKr.u $moco$ leopr @puapux
Xerer (1770-1831). Cuope4 Xerel prcroprzf,ra e rrorvqecKr{ ilpollec,
ABr4xeil{ ce naupeg nocpeAcrBorr.r 6op6ara Ha rrporr{BoloJroxHo crr{Te,
Kor{To cb3AaBar HoBu Sopulr H HoBrr 6op6u. OcrosHa ABuxerqa curaB
To3z npoqec ca:a4evre.3a pa:lura or Xelel, MaprggroclaBfl Karo oc-
HOBHa ABH)KetIIa CkrrAlg,A rrcT0pr4rrTa He HAeHTe, a MaTepH€UrHU[ )KnBO.t.

t29
t28
i
tr4xoHonauqecKuTe crpyKrypl{, HapHrIaHu or Mapxc npol{3BoA}rrenHl'r 3aIOBOneHr{ B IrT,JrHa CTeIleH MaTepL{ZUrHilTe II AyXOBHUTe HHTepeCtl
cutru (6asa Ha oSulecrsoro), onpeqen.sr npou3BoAcrBeril{re orHoilre- ua BcurrKu HeroBH qJleHoBe. 3a rasn qel pa6oruuqecKara xlaca rpx6-
nux (ua4crpoiixara Ha o6rqe crsoro), xotrro BKJiIoqBar norl'ITurlccKara Ba Ia cT,3IaAe CBOU [Onr.rTUqeCKr{ opraHH3arlur{, KorlTo Aa pbKoBolt_f,r
u AT,pxaBnara opmHu3alrna, Quloco$LtflTa, H3KycrBoro H pennluflTa. uefruara 6op6a 4o no6e4ara Ha nponerapcKara peBonlouu.rr. Trfi rcaro
llo rasu cxeMa HarruHE'T Ha rIpoH3BoAcrBo onpr:Aen-fl xapaKrepa Ha co- 6op6ara ua pa6oruuuecKara Knaca cpeqy 6ypxoa:utrra ce BoAu He B
qlr.afi:rrztn, rorurnrtgcKl{fl r{ AyxoBHilfl xt{Bor ua o6u{ecrnoro. Kolaro orAeJrHa crpaHa, a B rlenrr_fl cnxl Mapxc u EHrenc la31rttrr no3yHra:
ce npoMeHr{ HaquHT,T Ha MaTepI{iuHoT'o [poI'l3BoACTBO, HaCTT,TIBAT rIpO- ,,I1polerapr.ru or BclrqKI{ crpaHu, ct eguuxsailre ce!".
MeHrl u B Apyrr.ITe c$epu. llpolteture r uagcrpofirara Ha o6ri{ecrsoro B couualucrrrqecxara reopr4-s Ha MapKcri3Ma uMa Aocra BepHrI
r{ABar ts pe3ynrar or 6op6ara Ha KJlacara, cBT,p3aHa c HoBrul HaqHH Ha al{arr.r3r4 r{ npeueHK}I. Marcpualllcrr.rqe cKu_f, T nolxoA KT,M Llcrop}I[Ta
nporr3BoAcTno. I]xlara l{cropufl Ha qoBeutrcoro o6uccrBo Bcbu{Hocr e gana o6xcucHrre Ha MHoro ucropuqecKr.{ npoqecu, xot{ro 6cs aHarLt-
rrcropr{rr na 6op6ara Me}IqIy pa3nurtHuTe Kracu. 3a Ha HKoHoMuKara Ir collriurHara crpyKrypa ce o6scuxear rpyAHo.
B ,,Kanzrantt" Mapxc [paBI{ aHarv3 Ha KaIir{TaJIHCTHT{ecKo- [-{eucu e u auaJilt3:lT Ha r{KoHoMurrccKara crrcreMa Ha KarruTaJrrr3Ma,
TO nporr3BoAcrBo. To ce ocuoeaBa Ha eKcrIJIoaraIIHflTa Ha rpyAa Ha HanpaBeH or Mapxc r ,,Kannra;rr,r". II]o ce orHacfl Ao noruTuqecKa-
HaeMHHls pa6oruuqu. B nporleca lla rpyAa pa6orultqure cb3AaBar Ta reopur,Ko.rrro aBToMarHrIHo npencraB, pa6orHu.lecr(ara Knaca Karo
Marepr{,urH}r 6rara c onpe.{eneHrr croiinocrn. Texuure pa6oro4are.nu uafi-uporpecuBHara Ii eArrHCTBeHo cloco6sa Ia crBAaIe o6rqecrso 6es
o6aqe gaurarl{ar Ha pa6orHnqnre caMo rlacr or u:pa6oreuara crofi- nporuBopeqllfl U C IIT,JIHO 3aAOBOrUrBaHe Ha HHTepecHTe, MapKCH3MbT
Hocr, Ko-rrro e neo6xoAllua 3a Bb3craHoBrBaHero Ha rflxlJara pa6orHa roilycrda cr,uIecrBeHa tperxKa. Teopnxra ua Mapxc e cr,3AaleHa B
cul a. Ocran arar a qac'f, T. Hap. rIpHHa.4eHa crofi uo cr, KaIII{TanucrHTe cpaBHr{renHo paHeH crar Ha rrHlycrpuanuoro o6u_(ecrBo rr He Moxe Aa
npmlnpar .a ce6e cn. T.s ce aKyMyJtupa I{ rpeBpT,ttla B KaIIHraJr, itoiiro oTqeTe HeroBoTo r.rKoHoMuqecKo, couHarlHo u noJlliTuqecKo pa3BIITr4e B
cnyxu 3a fro-HaraTbluHoTo pa3BllTrre Ha npoH3BoAcTBOTO I'{ BI{eApfl- 6r4eu1ero. Toit ne B3eMa rroA BHrrMaHue cnoco6uocr-ra Ha 6ypxoa:uo-
BaHeTO Ha ilO-Mo.4epHu TexHoJIOrIlH U MaIUVHII B HerO. MO4epHusa- ro o6qecrao ga ce pe$opMrrpa v rrpoMeHrr, Kocro BoAx Io npoMeHr{ B
unrl? Ha rrpon3BoICrBoro BoAri Jto oceo6oxnaBaHe Ha qacr or pa- noJloxeHr{ero ua pa6orHuqecKara Knaca 14 Ao HaMzuurBaHero Ha couu-
6orullqure,.,cr,3AaBaHe Ha ,,pe3epBHa apMnfl" Ha rpyAa, HaMUL[;tBaHe iurHr{Te rrporrrBopequl. Mapxc He e Mor.bn p.arrpe1Bu1r4 H 3acrrreHoro
ua pa6orHar a gar,rar a' b o6eAH.seaHe Ha nponerapuara. TeuAeHIIutrTa BJrlrfl Hlr e H a couuiurucruqe cKHTe rtaprrlrt n 6ypxoasuure tlapnaMeH.r.]1,

. KbM HarpynBaHe Ha KafluTana 14 cT,3.qaBaHero Ha BCe I1o-loneMl{

rlpeA- KOeTO BOAr{ AO CT,3AaBaHe Ha COqUZIJTHO 3aI(OHOAaT0JICTBO B [On3a Ha
npfixrr.ifl nprrql{H;lBa [o-Hararbuluoro o6eAn,BaHe Ha pa6orHuqure. pa6oruuqnre. Mapxcu:ulr [pr.rnaBa r{3KJrroqrrreJrHo sHarreHr.re Ha peBo-
Bce no-clrnHo ce flpoflBrBa flporl4Bopeqllero Mex.4y o6rqecrseux.f, Jrrouurrra r{ Ar.iKrarypara Ha nponeraprlara Karo MeroA sa npeycrpoficrro
xapaKTep Ha rlporl3BoncTBoro H KarrljTanucrurrecKll, HaqHH Ha npHC- Ha o6rqecrnoro, MaKap B nocJreAHr{Te roAuHH Ha xr{Bora cu Maprc 4a
Bo-rrBaHe lra neqan6nre. To BoAII Ao HapacrBaHe Ha KJIacoBara 6op6a AonycKa r{ABaHero Ha Bracr H no napnaMeHTapeH nr,r. Tesu flponyc-
MexAy pa6oruuqzre u 6ypNoa:uxra. Ku B Mapr(cu3Ma r{ HeAooueHKara Ha pa3BnTr{ero ua 6ypxoa3Hara Ae-
Cnope.q floJrrrrrrrlecKara Ha MapKcI{3Ma pa6ornnvecxara
reop]t, Mor(parlu-s BoAflT orue B Kpafl ua XIX B. Ao 3alolrBaHero Ha peBu3u, Ha
KJIaCa e eAI{HCTBeHaTa CkIJJa, KOITO MO){(O .4a I43B1,pmU peBOn}OUH{ H luIKoH or ocHoBHrrre nocraHoBKu ua Maprc n Enrenc.
Ia 3aB3eMe rroJrnrrlqecKara Bracr. Torasa u{e ce ycraHoBl4 LHKTarypa Mapxcusu:ur uMa r{3KnroquTenHo crrJrHo Brrufl:ane cpe4 pa6or-
Ha rrponerapuara, Korro ure pa3pylxu cracrelrara ua 6ypxoa:uoro o6- HuqecKara KJraea, na rofi He ycraHoBflBa rT,JIeH MoHofIoJr. Or cpega-
ulecrBo Lr il{e cb3AaAe HoBo 6e:rnacoso o6rqecrso, B Koero rqe 6tAar Ta Ha BeKa cnnHo BJrHflHlre npu4o6una aHapxr43MT,! quuro BoAarru

130 131
 Brn QpeHcxoro pa6orulrqecKo ABHxeHHe ce 6opxr ABere rerre*
ca pycHalrt{re Muxafir Baxynuu (18i4-1876) u AnercaHar'p Kpo-
Hufi Ha couuanu3Ma -- MapKcrr3Mbr rr aHapxr4:1.rcr. Oco6eHo cr{JrHo
rrolKrrlr {1842-lg}l), $panrlysure Xo:eS llpyaou u XopN Copen
e Brrl.f,Hr.rero Ha aHapxflclrire B npoQcrrc:Horo JlBr]xeHue. Cnope4
(.i847 -1922), repuaueqr,r Maxc lJ_[upnep ( I 806-i 856). AHapxrasMr,r
eAuH or xr{Aepr{re ua $peucxlrre upo$ctro:u Xopx Coper (1847-
eIIpOTI4BI{I4KHaBC-SKaKBOOIpaHXqeH}IeOTCTpaHaHaI'T'p)KaBaTaU
1922) cvuauKarure (npo$cr,rcsnre) ue rpx6sa.qa ce orpaHlrr{aBar c
neiinnre 3aKoHIl H cM.[Ta' 'Ie 6lAeuroro o6rlecreo ure ce cbcrol{ or
6op6ara:a no4o6pxBaHe Ha nonoxeHrrero na pa6orHuuure, a rrpc3
AeueHTparl4:ll'IpaHrr o6uuocru. 3a paslnra or MapKoi{crHTe,
aHap-
xHCTlrTe cMrTaT Aa ocnodoA_sr o6rqecrsoTo He rro nbTr }la opfaHu3r{- AIipeKTHU aKUUI{ - AeMOHCTpaqHU, TIOJTHTT{IreCKU CTaqKr.r, Aa Ce
crpeMflT Aa rrpoMeH.rrr cr,ilIecrBy BarJJ:as. crpoil. T.uap. aHailxocrrH-
paHaTa peBonlourl'{, a qpe3 MeroAHTe Ha nornluqecKll"fl Tepop'
ArrKanH3bM npugo6lma cnJrHo BJrr{,flHue He oaMo rr,n (DpaHqut{, Ho }i
CtsAaAeHllflr npe: 1864 r s ,loHroH l4nrepHaquoHar e nbpBara
sl4raJtuxv.I4cr..auvs,. IIpe: B0-re n 90-re ro.[rlHx cpe4 (rpeucxnre
Ntox,{yHapoAr{a couHiu[lcTHrrecKa opraH]I3arlHrr. Hcrorara IIaBHa sa-
CpeA pa6oT}rn- COIIH anuCTI{ hMA Tpu TerIeHH-f, - IIpIIBT,pXe H}1ULITe Ha aHapXO CIIHAII -
Aarra e pa3npocTpaHxsaHero Ha r4AerrTo Ha coulliurr{3Ma
KaJru3Ma, @pencrara pa6orHlrvecKa rraprrr.s, HaMr.{paula ce noA BnH-
qecKara KJraca. flpe: 60-re roArrHI{ }lurepuaqnoHaJrbr c(topuupa cron
,HHero Ha MapKCH3Ma, u r.Hap. rrocu6urucrl4, KoI{To cne.qBar aH-
ceKrII{u B }rrlKo}r crpaHl{ or 3alaAua Erpona. Crpeuexclr Ha Maprc e 4a
rnuiicru-s MoIen Ha couuaJrr{:ua. flporuBopequ-sra MexAy pa3nuq-
Hzuro;16r{ [pl{Hqnna Ha UeHTpaJII{3aIIIIs B tr{urepHaqnol{aJla. 3arioqHanll-
Hule rpyflupoBKr{ ce yBefiur{aBar cneA 1899 r., Koraro coqua.[]IcTbr
re 6op6u c aHapxflcrurc BoA-rIr ro HeroBolo pa3rlycralle npes 1876 r
Alexcau4r,p Mulepau rprreMa MrrHrrcrepcKrl rrocr B npaBrrrencrBo-
FIos eran B pirjBrrTrrel.o ua pa6ornuuecK0To U CoqlIiinllcT[qecKoTo
roIrlHn. B 3ana4ua Eapoua ro. Eraa npe: 1905 r. ilporrrBopequflTa MexAy r.f,x ce fl3rJraxlar r{
ABH)l{eHrle 3arrorrBa oT cpenaTa sa 70-re
ce o6pa:yna o6erusesa corluanucruqecKa rraprutr, pr'r(oBoAeHa or
ce pa3BIIBa 6t,p:o npo$ct,rosuoro ABHnteHile u ce cb3AaBar caMoc-
BJrr{{reJrHr{-tr courrarrucr Xan Xopec ( 1 85 9- I 9 1 4).
TOf TenHIl COUUiy1rlOTr4qecKu IIapTr{L{. Pa:"nuqurare uKoHoMr{qecKII 14
Flafi-cu.ruo pa3Br.{To e pa6orHnuecKoro rl couHzllucrllqecKoro rBH-
rronrrTr{qec(u ycnoBr{f, BoA.flT r4 LO pa3nr4r{r4, a pa6oruuuecKoTo H
)KeHrre n leprraanux. Orqe npe: 1863 r rrog pr]KoBogcrBoro ua @ep4n-
cOr,IH zl.;rlrg:f Hq e cKOTo ABIIxeHI{e B oTIeJIHHTe erponeiict<ll
CTp aHI{.
MHoro 6rp:o uann llacaa (1825-1864) ce o6pa:yra O6rq reprraaucxu pa6oruuqecKu
..B Anrnn.s uporlct,rosuol'o ABH)KeHlIe ce pa3BHBa
crro:. flpe: 1869 r Bunxenn Ilu6rsexr (1826-1900) ra Anrycr Ee6en
H O6Xeaua,ro-rolflMaTa qacT or pa6orrillqure. floluTuqecKllTe l{
or ( I 840-1 9 I 3) Sopuupar Cor{narAeuoKpafllqecKa pa6oruuuecKa nap-
coqsanHHTe pe$oprral'r, npoBexAaHl{ OT ynpaBJlf BaIqHTe "Ilaprl{l{
rr{.rr, HaMrrparqa ce rlo.q Bnuf,Huero Ha MapKcrBMa. flpe: 1875 n r[Be-
. cpeAaTa Ha BeKa, HaManrBaT couHarrHr{Te rous;rurru u anrruriicxo-
Te opraHr.r3arlun ce o6e4nH[Bar B CoullauAeuorparurrecKa naprr.rl Ha
ro pa6orunLrecKo ,i cour{aJlucTur{ecKo ABTIXeHIIe nplleMa fIT,Tfi Ha
lep*raHux (Cn[D B cruara ronr{Ha ce o6pa:yna rr MorqeH npoScr-
perfoprrulstu a, a rte Ha peBonroqnsra. Curttto BrusHHe cpe4 aurnuit-
ro3, HaMr4parq ce no.4 uefiuo B:l-uflHr4e. fiefiuocrra Ha coi]nruricrule e
croro pa6orHr{qecKo ABLIXeHHe vMa c'I.3,.aI|eHoro or JIeBIut I{HTeneK-
3acerHara or Br,BexraHero s 1878 r. Ha pr3K;rroqrrreJrHrr.s saKoH nporrrB
ryanrru npe: 1884 r. @a6nascxo o6rqecrso. To crulo ce rpllAr'pxa
rxx. CleA HeroBoro ornaraHe npes 1890 x, BJrH{Huero ua CouuanAe-
KTrl\{ [on]rTuKaTa Ha nogo6prnaue Ha noJroxeHl{eTo Ha pa6oruu-
MoKparr{qecKara naprrrfl pacre MHoro 6rp:o u or Haqzuloro Ha XX s.
r{ecKaTa KJraca nocpeAcTBorra pesopull. Kr,u xpax Ha BeKa aufiuit-
T, e cM;rraHa za leait-cuJlHara B u.qefiuo I{ opraHr.r3ar1lroHHo orHo[Ie-
cKHTe upoQcrrosu cTaBaT MOtrIHr{ opraH}r3auufi u ca B OCHOBaTa Ha
HHe couuiurrcrr4qecKa nap'rrls. n Erpona. B uanevepuero Ha lh,peara
cb3.4aBaHero sa llefi1'spHcrKara uapr.Hfr, Ko.[To Ha r'r:6opure lpe:
cBeroBHa sofiHa ra Hvia uafi-moro6pofiuara napnaMeHrapHa rpyra B
1906 r. BJrrr3a B [aplaMeHra. B Aurnu.s MapKC]I3M'br He ycnflBa Aa
Pafixcrara. flpes crup-a neprloA B naprlmra ce o(lopnrxr rpu reqeHus.
3aBOrcBa Ceprlo3Hl4 nO3HIII'IU.

133
132
Ilu4epure Ha peBlr3rroHu:rraa E4yap.{ Eepurqailu ( i 850-1932),E4yapt ItoH r{ llapux. Ha rsx ce BoAH ocrpa 6op6a c aHapxr{cr1{re. TexHH-
flarvg u Kapn Jleruu peBr{3rrpar rurKor{ BaxrHr4 rrocraHoBrrr Ha MapK- Te Bb3tJIeAr4 ca oTper{eHu or N{I{O3ITHCTBOTO Ha COUUanr{cTHTe I{ Ha
crr3Ma, BKn. Br,npoca 3a KJracoBurra 6op6a u AuKTarypara Ha ilponera- ,tlonroscxur KoHrpec (iS95) aHapxficrl'Ire ca ll3rrloqeHu or I'lurep-
pilara. Pesuguouucrure rrMar cr{JrHa [oAKpena cpeA pbKoBoAcrBoro HauuouaJra. Or saqaloro ua XX r. a tr4urepHalruoHana ce roJ{BflBar
Ha npoQcr,ro:rlre. I-{eurpr{crKoro Kpuno ce pr,KoBo.4rr or Kapn Kayunu TpII',re ocHoBHu TetleHufl, xapaKTepHl{ 3a lepMaHcKara couHan.qe-
(1854-1938) u Arrycr Ee6el, cM-rrraHrr 3a rrpe.qcraBrTerru Ha oproAoK- MoKpaqur. PenuguoHncrl{Te 3acI'IJIBar IIo3HIIITI{Te cII, Karo rBT,pArr, rie
ocrxgar pcBlr3rroHn3Ma, Ho B ror-sMa creleH ca
caJtHrrflMapKCH3T,M. Te nporuBopeqrLr{Ta MexAy TpyAa u r(allHTana 3a1'flXBar u Ha M-tlcroTo Ha
noA HeroBo BJrHrHHe. Ma,ro6pofrHara neBHrIa Har{eno c Kap;r Ilu6ruexr KJracoBara 5op6a'rp x6oa Aa c e ycraHoBl I KnacoBoro cr,TpyllHHtre crtso.
(1871-1919) u Po:a ILor<ceu6ypr (1871-1919) e rnr,pa npuBr,pxeHr4K Cuopeg r;ix rronoxeHnero Ira pa6oruulll{Te Moxeno Aa ce no4o6pn
Ha HAeflTa 3a peBonrou[s'ra u Ar{rfl'aTypara Ha nponerapuara. B uase- rlpe3 [apnaMeHTapHI{ pe$oprralr utte 6una HyxHa peBon}oqfifl rr AHK-
qepuero ua lk paara cBeroBHa sofrHa BJrHrHlIero Ha pcBr{3}roHrrcruTe B rarypa Ha rrponerapuara. Haii-cuirHara rpyna e tr4urepuaqlroHzula ca
ilapTHflTA Ce yBenflqaBa. or Kapl Kayuxll. lIoA uarzcxa Ha I-leHTp}lcrHTe
rIeHTpHCTrurre, Bo.qeHr{
Pa6orulr.recKoro r4 corruanucrr{qecKoro ABHxeHr{e r Pycru ce ua AucrepAaMcKr{.tr KoHrpec npe: 1904 r. ce ts3eMa perxeHlre Aa ce
pa3BHBa 6asuo u npH rBr,pAe crro)KHrr ycnoBlr.tr. [o xpax na XIX s. cb3AaAar o6eAunenu couuzurrlcrllrlecKll taprru4 B cl paHr{Te, K:bAero
TaM Bce oule Kanrrrarrr{3Mr,T He e crrJrHo pa3Brrr H HxMa o$opnreua Te ca pa3eAuHeHI{. Tora peurenfie 3acunBa [o3r{qHHTe Ha peBl{3ao-
pa6ornuuecKa Knaca. Ero saqo cpeA pycKr{Te couuiurucru rtMa clat- Hrrcrr{Te. B Hareuepuero Ha llrpnara cBeroBHa roiiua nocreleHHo ce
Hrr cnopoBe. leoprn llrexanos (1856-1918) crulra. uc rpl6ea 4a ce aKruB:lt:npa rpaiiuara JIeBI'Iua Haqeno c Kapn Jlu6rnexr u Posa IIroK-
H3qaKa nbpBo pa3BHTHero Ha Kanr4TaJrlrsua n Pycua u roraBa Aa ce ceu6ypr 3ae4uo c Xau Xopec re BoArr cnn*a llporalallAa cpeqy
npucrlrru xt,u 6op6a sa oBJraArBaHe Ha rroJrrrrur{ecKara Bnacr. IOnuil orracnocrra or npa6luxaBaillara ce cBeroBHa soiiHa.
Mapron (1813-1923) HacorrBa cBorzre yatnun Kr,M yKpenBaHero Ha Bropnxr I{HTepI{auI{oHan u3rparv Karo 3rpaBa
He ycilflBa Aa ce
npo$crrosnoio ABr{xeHrle sa no4o6pxnaHe rroJroxeHrrero Ha pa6orHu- opr-aHr{3aul{, Ha counanrrcrrrqecKoro ABuxeHrre n Enpona. B Hero
qnre..Texeu nporuBHlrK e Bra4uuup tr{nu.r Ileuuu (1810-1924), roii- ce 3ala3BaT ocHoBHHTe npoTHBopeqH,I Me)KAy pzl3nHrlHuTe TeqeHI{.[.
ro cMflra, qe.nponerapcKara peBonrouur Mox(e ra no6eAu rro-JrecHo B E4ua or rJIaBHIrre uy cla6ocru, KoflTo e cla6ocr Ha MapKCI{3Ma v3-
eAHa lr3ocraHzua crpaHa raro Pycru a qe Ha rrpe.qeH nlau rpx6na 4a o6qo, e flonqeHflBaHero Ha HaL{MoHanHsMa Ir HaqI4oHaJIHure ABuxe-
IIpe: 1903 r.
rr3ne3e rroJrr{rrrqecKara 6op6a 3a oBnaA-rrBaHe Ha Bnacrra. Hrrl. Tosa nponuqaBa flcHo npn lr:6yxnauero ua fllprara cBeroBHa
ua xoHrpec s JIoHAou cpeA pycKrrre courraJrr{crrr HacrbrrBa pa3rrenfie- noilua, Koraro c MaJIKrr Il3KrIIorIeHHq BCI4qKI'I cor\uailvcrrr flolKperrflT
uue. MnosuHcrBoro (6onuuncrnoro) ce rrpucr,eAuH.trBa KT,M Te3IITe cBouTe ripaBr{TencTBa.
na JIeHuu, roKaro MaJrurrHcrBoro (uenureucrnoro) ocraBa noA Bnrrr- CorrualucrnqecKoro ABrrx€HHe B Kpa.fl na XIX LI Harliuroro Ha
Huero Ha Mapron. Tara ce paxnar HoBHTe rroHrru, - 6onuresuxu u XX e. ce pa3BnBa 6:opso, Ho lieroBoro Blttrfl:uue ocraBa Bce rIaK orpa-
MeHrrreBHKr{, KorrTo xle r4lpa-f,T BaxHa pon.rr B rloxrlTrlqecKH, J]eKcI{- HHqeHo. E4na creg Kpalt Ha sofinara B MHoro crpaHlr coIlI4uuIHcrI'{Te
KoH Ha Erpona npe3 cneABaulrrle Aecerurerufl.. HABAT HA BJIACT.
Ha 6asara Ha pa3Buruero Ha HarluoHzlllHr4Te rraprulr npes 1889 r n
IIapuN ce yqpeLsBa Bropum HHrepHarlrronan. Toii ue cr,s4ara crofi
nocro_rrHeH pbKoBoAeH opraH, a perraBa'c[opHHTe BT,[poclr Ha KoH-
rpecu. flo 1900 r. ce cBlrKBar KoHrpecu e Bpror<cen, I-{rcpux, ,rlou-

134 135
 MOIT,UIECTBOTO HA BEJII{KOEPI4TAI{II-fl Hara naprl{fl Hacor{Ba cBoero BHtrMaHIre IroBer{e rr,u npo6leMnTe Ha
BT,HrrIHaTa ITOJIHTIIr€ H BT,npOCrITe Ha COTIHaJTHOTO 3aKOHOIaTeICTBO
ocraBar Ha 3aAeH nlau. B Jlu6epanuarailaprrtfl cT,rrlo IrMa rpyla npli-
llpe: 70-re rolr{Hr{ n Anrnu-q [poAT,nxaBa us6uparemara pe- BT,pxeHrrur{ Ha couuzlrrHure peQopuu - HeilHlr.trT no4av Yulxrr.r lrra4-

Qopua. Cle4 xaro npe: 1867 r. ce AaBar us6uparennu npaBaHarloqrlr cron, lxoseS r{elr6rpneiln. Ho rr ryK MHo3HHCTBoro B [apru.rrra ce
Ilrnoro rpaACKo HaceneHue, npe3 1 884 r. npaBr,rrencrBoro ua lla4clon o6xsxsa nporr{B rrpeKarreHo cMerrr coquiurHr4 pe$opun.
H3Br,prrrBa uona pe(ropMa, Ko{To pa3rxrrp.flBa Kpbra Ha r.r:6uparelure Bce nar ao 1900 t B napnaMeHTa ca rnacyBaHr{ H-rrKoJrKo 3aKoHa
B ceJlcKrrre paiiouu. llpe: 1885 r. e yBernqeu 6poxr Ha rrreHoBere Ha c no4o6en xapaKTep - BbBexAa ce npaBoro Ha nonyqaBaHe Ha o6e3-
Kauapara ua o6rquuure u re ce u:6upar r npn6lusurerrHo paBHr4 rr3- tuerer{ue npr.r HeqacrHu cryqar.r, ocHoBHoro o6pa:onaHue craBa 3a-
6lrparelHu paiiouu. Ha rparrlrxa [orrru u.flnoTo Mr,xKo HaceJ]eHr{e Ha AT,IIXITTeJIHO, HaTOBapBaT Ce MeCTrrr{Te cT,BeTu c KoHTpona HaA y.ru_
Aurlru.fl HMa rrpaBo Ha.yqacrue B rorr{Tr.rqec(u.s xuBor Ha cTpaHara, illzu\ata, AaBar ce cy6cuanu sa rracrHuTe H AbpxaBHrlTe yqvnuu\q
uacynafinu 3a eAHa urw ilpyruriaprrfl r{ rporpaMa. AHruu.s nbpBa or cr,3laBar ce o6rqecrnesu 6lr6lnoreru. Ho Karo rlrno ro Haquuroro Ha
erponeficxure crpanu e Ha rbr Aa BbBeIe crrcreMara Ha rrbJlna no- BeKa H ABere naprr.ru ce 6osr Aa ce HaMec_flT no-aKTHBHo B corlrraJrHa-
rr{Tur{e cKa .{eMoKpaur.rf, . flo cne4H ara KpaqKa - AaBaHe u:6upare:ruu lA He 3aCerHaT rlHTepecrrTe Ha IIHAyCTpI4IIT'IUVTe.
Ta noJII{TI{Ka , 3A
rrpaBa Ha xeHHTe, ce [paBr.r cle4 flrpnara cBeroBHa soiiua. Orr<asrr ua 6ypxoa:HuTe naprrrrl or coquanHa rroJrrrrrzKa BoAr{
flpe: 70-re u B0-re roArrHr{ aur:rufrcrara r4KoHoMr{Ka e pa3r:bp- .qo I4HllrIr4aTUBaTA 3A CT,3IaBaHeTO HA r7apTltfl.) KO-f,TO Aa npe.4cTaB.s r{H_
cBaHa or nepzoAr4rrHu Kpu3r{. Te ce guNar Ha pa3nuqHr,r rpr4!rr4Hr.r, TepecuTe ua pa6orHllqure. Egun or rJraBHHTe rrHr{uuaropu 3a roBa e
Ho Karo r1f,no He Bo4xT Ao o6ulo cna.qaHe Ha rrpor{3BolcTBoro r{ TT,p- ocHoBaHoro npe: lB84 r. (Da6uaucxo o6rqecrno. To srsuuKeanr,pBo-
roBlr;rra. Hauporun, npe3 To3r{ [eptloA 6orarcrroro Ha crpaHara ce HaqzurHo Karo ArlcKycHoHeH xny6 Ha couuilrrHo aHtaxllpaHr4 r{HTeJleK-
yBenr4rraBa. Brnpexlr .re aumHficKoro rrpoMrrrxneHo nporr3Bo.(cTBo Tyanqu, cpel Konro ca cr,npyslrre CuAlru u Enarpuc Ye6, 4parraaryp-
3aIIoqBa Aa lrsbcrasa or roBa na CAIIJ u lepnauux, rrxoHoMr{qecKara rrr ErpnapA llioy, nHCareJU{r Xrp6r,pr Yelc, 6r,4erq[rr rrpeMr{ep-
MorII Ha Anrnns ce 3arra3Ba. IIouIos e cBeroBeH $r.ruaucon UeHTbp, MraHHCrbp Peusu Mar4oHal4 n 4p. Caor.rre BT,3rneArr :a pe$opun u
aHrnuficlcure 6aHxn rrMar KJtoHoBeHaBcflKT,A0 rlo cBera, Tbpr0BcKH.rIT upeycrpoilcrBo Ha o6rqecrroro re npelcraB-trr rpe3 1 889 r. B KHtlrara
t $nor cBeroBHara
AoMr{Hr.{pa B rbproB}rf. Anr:[r4.q npes Buxropuau- ,,@a6uatrcxu ecera", or Ko-f,To tlp;Ba:a r{Mero una. hasnzre r4cKaHr4fl
cKara efloxa npoAr,nxaBa ga 6rge ribpBara [(0HoMuqecKa, $uHauco- ua Sa6uauqure ca HeorpaHuareHa noJrrrrlrqecr<a cso6o4a r{ courranHo
Ba II TT,pIOBCKa CUna B CBeTa. HacoqeHa r4KoHoMuKa. Te cuxrar, ue rpr6ra Aa 6t Aar HaurroHzurr.r3u-
Ilpes eropara noJroBr{Ha ua 70-re roArr{u [paBurencrBoTo Ha paHH SeMrITa, OCHOBHIITe KnOlrOBe Ha npoMrrulneHocTTa, TpaHcnopTa,
[uspaetu npoKapBa cepr4rr or corluirrrHr{ peQopull, Kor.rro o6neKrraBar 3rpaBeona3BaHero, 6anxure h Aa ce AaAe BT,3MoxHocr sa no-BrrcoKo
noroxeHuero Ha 6e4unre. Pa:ulrpxrar ce r{ [paBara ua upoSmxr:ure, o6pa:osanue Ha rrurpoKr.rre Macr{. Buper<u re3rr palr{KanHr MctaHufl,
Kouro rlrotar 4a 4eiicraar cno6o4uo 3a 3arrlr{Ta r{HTepecr.rre Ha cBor4Te $a6nauqure He ca peBonrorllroHepr{, a pe$opuaropri, Korrro pa3quTar
qneHoBe. Cne4 crrarprra rta
fiuzpae.nrl r iBBl n npoAr,nxr4reJr r{a pe' Ha npoBexAaHero Ha pe$opuu or napnaMeHra. Te ca npr.rBr,pxeHrlrlu
rronr{TuKa Ha ropr{re craBa nopA Paugon@ 9rpvn4 6arqara Ha MeroAa ua y6exgenLtero j a He Ha HacuJruero.
$opueuara
Ha 6t4erqzx roJr-rrM auuuiicr<rz rroJrurr{K VnucmH t{tpuru. Ho uaue- Ycunuqta ua $a6NauqllTe ce cr,r{eraBar c re3rl Ha BJrr{rrreJlHr4fl
peHlI.rITa ua rlrp.rnl
ce HaTT,KBaT Ha cbnpoTr{BaTa Ha qacT oT HefoBaTa npo$cr,ro:eH 4eeq Kefip Xapau (1856-1915), xoiiro opraHr.r3r{pa rpe3
fraprlrfl H Toii ocTaBa r43onr.rpaH. B c,qe,qeaulr4le fonflHH r{oHCCpBaTHB- 1893 r He:asucur4a leii6rpucrxa (pa6orunuecxa) uaprur, Ko-sro cH

r36 131
rrocraB.rr 3a uen Aa BKapa B napnaMeHTa npeAcTaBIlTenI{ Ha Irpoocbro3H- npl{TexaBaT orpoMHa orHeBa rraoq. Hosara MopcKa nporpaMa ro.rryt111-
re. Ilpe3 1900 r (Da6uaHcxoro o6urecrno, rlaprllsra ua Keiip Xapr.:u Ba noAKperrara ua aur:ruficxoro o6ulecTBeHo Mr{eHrre? pa3TpcBo)r(cuo
H Apyrrr collnitrlucrrlqecKrr opraH:a3ar\hu cr'3AaBar Kouurer Ha npeA- or HapacrBaHero Ha BoeHHoMopcKara rrpotpaua Ha leprulauux.
craBrrrenure Ha pa6orHuqure, xoiito cKopo ce rpellMeHyBa s Jlei46'b- Ycnope4uo c re3H pe$opuu ruz6epalHoro npaBHrencrBo |lo/l
pr{crxa flaprvfl,. Haqelo Ha napruflra 3acraBar Kefrp Xapali n Peu:u BJIH.rrHHero ua $uuaucoBrrfl lr,uHucr:bp JIofra lNopax 3arorrBa ccpr4,
MaxAosa:rl. B creAsarquTe ro.quHr{ HoBara fiaprilfl.6r,pso ytenuuana or corJuzurHu peSoplru 3aKoH 3a rpyAoBr{re xouslllrru, piBrrupr-
-
Bnr4rHrrero cu cpeA pa6orunqure r{ Ha u:6opure npe: 1906 r treqeru BaHe Ha 3aKoHa :a o6e:rqereHtfl ttpv HeulacrHr{ cilyltav, neHcrlrl 3ir
29 r{aHplatalr_ napnaMeHTa. C roea e HapylxeHa cr,IllecrByBaulara A'I}nrIz pa6oruuuure uag 70 ronr{Hr{, 8-.{acos pa6oreu .qeH B Mr4Hrire, op-
ro.qr{Hrl 4nynaprnfina cHcreMa u lleir6t pucrKara naprlul-a craBa eAHa or raHll3upar ce 6opcu Ha rpyAa. IIpe: 1911 r. ce BbBelrqar coquaJlurr
ocHoBHrrre cvrrlB aurnniicrcns ronrrrrlqecKu xllBor npes XX a. 3acrpaxoBKu uo 6olecr, r{HBaruAHocr r{ rrpu 6e:pa6ornqa.
flpes nocregHlrre ABe Aecerl{nerl{, sa XIX 8., c MaJIKII I43KJIto- 3acn.neuara coquiurHa geiiHocr Ha nu6epalHoro [paB]lTeJrc'r'Bo
qeHktfl) Haqeno Ha BJracrra e Auuu, e KoucepnaruaHtrta taprv.x. Tt. ce HarbKBa Ha cbnpoTrrButaHa Kauapara Ha nopAoBeTe, B KorTo rrpc-
opraHrl3r{pa npa3HeHcrBata uo clyvafi AuaMaHTeHHs,rc6utefi. Ha Kpa- o6na4ararKoHcepBaropure. flpes I909 r, ce crr{r.aIo flapnaMeHrapcrr
nuua Bnrropufl npe3 1897 r, noAtorBf, KopoHau]lrra ua ueimnts. cuu rcouS:ruxr. Hosfl-flr 6rcAxrer ua llofi4 [xopax npeABr{x,4a IIoB].ruJC-
Eayapa VII (1901-1910), rosu nofiuara c 6ypure npe: 1899-1902r-l) Hrr pa3xoAri 3a BoeHHrr uenrr u cour{aJrHtr pe$opnu. Calarlsr lloiijl
Harraloro Ha BeKa o6a.{e srutxHlrero Ha KoHcepBaroplrre HaMiuuIBalz.Il.a .[,xop4N o6ssssa 6to4xera raro eoiiua cpeuy 6eAuocrra r.r Hrrluc-
us6opure npes 1 906 r. MHo3uHCTBo non) IaBa Ilu6epannara rtaprua. rara. Cpe4crBara 3a 6ro4xera rpx6na tra 6rp,ar ua6paun or Herrper(ll
Hosoro nu6eparuo flpaBlrrencrBo e cr,craBeHo or BJIITflTenHII no- AaHT,uu (rrpxy rrorroHa, airKoxona H Ap.), Ho rr or BtBex,qaHero Hir
lrztT:ltTJrr^ - npeMuep-MllHt{crpl{re Xeupu Kaun6el-EaHepMaH n Xeupu AaHT,IIU BT,pxy 3eM.rrra.,[opAorere 3eM eBJraAenuu o 6.f, ssaar 6roANela
Acxyur, srHruHrlsr N{HH}rcr}p Egyapa lpefi, noeuuuqr MuHucrl,p 3a,,peBoJIroqHoHeH" r{ ro orxBT,pJlnr.
PuuapA XanAafrs, MnaAure H all6uquosuu lefinug Iloit4 flxopgx B z:6opure npes 1910 r. Jllr6epanuuraflaprnfl orHoBo rrei{c-
u Yuscmn r{rpvun. Ilpanzrencrnoro pa6oru c ron.aMa eHeplu.f, 11 nr{ MHO3TTHCTBO }1 [peAnara cbulrr.r{ 6ro4Ner. Ho npaurreJrcTBoTo
crasa uHrluuarop 3a pelxaBaHero Ha MHoto npo6lenau - o$oprraxnero [ocTaB.rI BbnpOCa :a pe@opua Ha [apnaMeHTa, KaTO ce ofpaHr.tqa'r
ua loxlrob@puKaHcrlrfl cblo3 npe3 1909 r., Ha pe.q 3aKoHI4, perynu- npaBara Ha Kauapara Ha noploBere. llpoexrr,r rrpeIBHxAa nopAo-
parqn npo6neMrTe Ha MopcKI/u Qlor, nareHTHoro IIpaBo, apulr.flTa- Bere Aa H-flMar npaBo Ha HaMeca nte $uuaucoBure Bbrrpoctr, a Bcrrq-
Oco6eno BaxHI4 ca apueficrlrre pe$opr*u, rrfi xaro Bypcxara sofiua KH ocTaHaJIIr 3aKoHr{ Morar ga 6t nar orxBT,pnflHr.I caMo ABa Ir'tTH.
rr ocraHaJllrre sofiHu u t<ou$mlxrlr or HaalaJloro na XX B. [oKa3Bar Aro e4un 3aKoH ce flpueMe 3a rperrr nrr r Kauapara Ha o6ullrHzrc,
cunHoro H3ocraBaHe ua anmzficKara apMt4fl. Bt,B Bbopt,xeHuero H Kalraapara Ha nopAoBeTe H.rrMa npaBo Aa:Hanata cBoeTo nero. Kopo-
opraHu3ar1llsra. IloA pl,KoBoAcrBoro Ha XalAafiu 3arloqBa KopeHHa Haulaflra Ha HoBrrfl r<pan ,{xopAx V ( I 9 1 0- 1 93 6) ornara rou$luxra .
peopraHu3at\Hfl. Ha apvrvtflTa, Ko{To Aonpu:nacfl Anrrtul Aa 3aroqHe Ho npe: 191i r. [peMHepT,r Acryur [onyqaBa noAKponara Ha HoBHrl
yqacruero cu e flrpnara cBeroBHa soilHa Ha paBHflrqe, pannocroiino Kpan u 3alrarrrBa Aa Ha3Haqu HoBrr qneHone ua KauapaTa Ha nopAo-
c roBa Ha KoHTr4HeHTiurHrlTe apMntt. BeTe, AocTaTbqHr{, 3a Aa flporapaT pe$opuara. flpeg rlazu 3afrJlaxit
lonenau peQopuu ca r{3BT,pIxeHuvIB:,,B Snora noA pbKoBoACTBoro Kauapara Ha nopAoBere e [pr{HyAeHa Aa orcfi,nu. flaplarueurap-
Ha HerpaAuurloHHo Ml{cJlerqufl nopA AxoH @uruep. 3anoqsa cl.3p:aBa- Hara pe$opMa or 1911 r. AeMoKparr{3upa B orrle no-rorrMa crerrcn
Hero Ha HoBr{ TrrrloBe BoeHHrr xopa6u Karo r.Hap. ApeAHayr}l, Kouro auuuiicrcara rroiruruqe cKa crrcreMa.

138 l.l9
 I rTlr.rnclrcunfiT ceprro3eH BT,TpelIHorroJrrlTHqecKH rpo6:reu ua ua IIon4oH. I4:6yxnaHero Ha ceeronHaTa sofiHa
rrT,JrHrrBar 3anoBeArlTe
A r r ulra e HpnaHACKHlrr
BT,npoc. HxoHomu.{ecKr{Te I{ perrr{rr{o3HuTe orJrata pe[raBarrero Ha HprraHAcKrm B'bnpoc H eIBa cle4 ueiiHllx xpafi
npoTnBopequq. tl3ocrpflT cr{JrHo oTHorreHrlsra Mexly LlpnaH4t\fi v aH- IrpnaHAuHTe [oflyrraBar HCKaHara or r.flx 6erouol4fir. I,I 4ocera o6a.le
DruqaHu. Ilpeo6nagaeau1ara qacr or 3eM.sra ce HaM?rpa B pr,uere Ha r{pnaMCKHflT BT,rrpoc ocraBa orBopeHa paHa B aHtnl{iicKoro o6rqecreo.
auuuircxlr 3eMeBnaAeJrgu. Wptamaqure rpa6na Aa ce 3aAoBoJr-flBar c 'lbna, rcoero npaBa AHrnH-fl uaii-rraorcu1artactla, ca Hefisnre ro-
uaii-6eguure 3eMr{ ua Ocrpora, KT,Iero xuBe;rr B HHrUera lavrvaep:zr,. noHHH. Or uaqa.noro ua 70-re ToAHHH 3aroqBa HoBa npeoueHKa Ha
flepnognuurrre ceJrcKocrorraHcKu Kpu3rr Bo.4rrr Ao rnagHa cMbpr Ha 3HaLreHHeTO IlM KaTO U3TOr{HUK Ha CypOBr.IHVr. ldITA3Aq Ha rrpOMrrruJIeHH
MHoro r.rpJraHAua. Or Ha.raroro Ha BeKa xvr:lg.LLr or r-rrx eMurplrpar B croKr{. lolxua qacr or anrnuiicroro o6rlecrseno MHeHHe e y6egeuo,
CAIIJ u Ancrpa:rux. qe KoJroHtr3a\uxra e npr.rHocr{Ten.rrr Ha enponeiicxara Kynrypara B oc-
Or 70-re rorrrHrr HapacrBa ABr{xeHr{ero Ha r4pnaHArlure 3a TaHanr{Te ,;acru Ha cBera. Ilonyn.apulrflT rrzcaret PuauapA Kunnunr
T.Hap. xoyMpyn (saxon.:a aBToHoMrrx). Eop6ara ce BoArr c pa3nuqHu cb34aBa repMHHa 3a ,,Mt4cr4NTa ua 6erun.roBex", r<ofiro rpx6ea 4a
cpeACTBa. EAuo or rrx e rrbrrHu.rrr orKa3 or KoHTaKTH c aurnuficrure npno 6u1u Hep a3BrrrrzTe HapoArr KT,M rluBrrJrr{saurrfl ra.
seMeBnaleJrrllr - He ce KynyBaT TexHr{Te cToKrr, r4pnaHArlr{ He ce Hae- Cne4 Kpulrcxara sofiHa AHrnus BoArr rronrrrr{xa ua r.nap. 6lec-
Mar Karo cnyrr4 B aurnulicrnrc HMeHufl, Iopu He ce roBopr{ c aHrn}r- Trilla n3onaqux n Enpona r{ ce Hacor{Ba u3urJlo KT,M 3aBJIa.{.aBaHero Ha
rraHZTe. Ta:n rarcrzxa e nprrnoxeHa ycrrerxHo KT,M KalrrraH Eoiir<o1 HoBH KoJroHIrH H 3arBbpxAaBaHero Ha aurnuficroro MopcKo rocloA-
ynpaBuTen Ha eAHo HMeHrre, H orroraBa repMlrH:br,,6ofiKor" rrpugo1u- creo. flpe: lB75 r. flu:paelu
ycnflBa Aa 3aKynr.{ roJr.rrMa qacr or aK-
Ba MexAyHapoAHo 3HaqeHue. Ha Ocrpora 3aqecrf,Bar r{ rroJrrrrvqecKuTe urrr{Te ua Cyeqxux KaHaJr n Anmu-s rrocraB-f, noA csoii KoHTpon nbrtr
y6uircrna, BoAeHrr or rafiHr4 TepoplrcruqHr{ optaHrr3aur{rur, no.qrroMa- xtl.al4ugux. CaruaraLIluAux npes 1877 r e o6sneua 3a Br{rreKpancrBo
raHn SuuancoBo or xHBeeuIH n CAIII u Ancrpalu.a lrplan4un. B H KpaJrr.{ua Bur<ropnx craBa HeroBa HMneparpnqa. I4:ror:safixu
Anmufi crz.s uaplarr,reur upnaHACKrrTe AerryTaTr{ BoA.rrT ronuT}rKa Ha pycKure 3arpyAHeHu.rr cneA pycKo-rypcxara soilHa or 1877-1878 r.,
o6crpyrqlru;,Haii-sru-f,rerHu-flr or rrx - 6lecrsruurr oparop r{apns Anrnns 3aBna4flr,a rr ocrpoB Kunrp, a n la-neuHu.rr H3ToK ycnrBa Ia
flapuer, iloHlrKora cnbBa pa6orara Ha rlenu-fl napnaMeHT c npoAr,Jr- pasilupt4. cBoHTe Bnap::arrfl, r Bupua, Manaficrm nonyocrpoB H H.rr-
xanarqnre qacoBe peuu. Be4ur,x 3ace.4aHnero Ha [apnaMeHTa npo- Kou ocrpoBrr or Tlrxns oKeaH.
AbnxaBa 4l qaca. OcHosHara rlen Ha aHrnufrcr<ara KoJroHr{zrrrHa [onr4Tura e aSpu-
OrnonreHuero Ha aHrJrrrfr cxnre flpaBurencrBa KT,M up na:aacKrs. KaHcxrurr KoHTuHeHr.flpe: 1882 n u ycraHoB.rrBa KoHrpo:r u ua4 Err.r-
rlnpoc e nporuBopeqrrBo. llpes 80-re u 90-re ro.4r{Hrl npaBrrren- rrer, a KbM Kparr Ha BeKa H Ha nexarqr4l Ha rot or Hero Cyaan. B roxnns
crBara Ha nu6eparuTe u KoHcepBaroprlTe npoKapBar 3aKoHn, KoHTo xpari ua KoHrrrHeHra noA pT,KoBoACrBoro Ha Cecul Poyac (1853-1902)
ypexlar H-rIKorr [paBa Ha rrpnaHAcKrzre apeHAaropn. Ha .4Ba [T,Trr rro aHrJrurraHr{Te pa3rrrup.,rBar cBoero BJrrr_rrHlre. Ilpes 1885 r ce ocHoBa-
npeAnoxeHue na ru6epanure s AHmuircrcys, napnaMeHT ce o6crxra Ba KonoHlrrra, KoflTo rro-KT,cHo nonyalaBa uMero Po4e:rza. 3anouna 4a
B:bnpocr,T 3a ,,xoyMpyna", Ho Kanapara Ha noploBere ro orxBT,pn . ce o$opna-a rpaHAHo3HH-f,T rrnaH 3a cb3AaBaHero Ha HenpeK:bcHara re-
B crrqoro BpeMe ce 3acunBar uonr.rueficxure MepKH cpeuy repoplrc- prrroplr-f, no4 anmufrcxu $nar rpe3 rlenrrlt KoHrnHeHr - or Kafipo 4o
THTIHZTe OpraHH3aUUU. Kefiurayu. B IOxna A(:plrxa o6a.re aumuqaHr.rre ce HarbKBar Ha Aoc-
flpes 1914 x, 3aKoHr,T 3a ,,xoyMpyna" nafi-cerne e npr4er or nap- ra rpyAHocru. Tyx re cperlar cbnporr.rBara ua 6yprlre, HacneAHr{rlnre
JIaMeHTa, HO Ce HaTT,KBa Ha Cr4rIHaTa CbrrpOTHBa Ha npOTeCTaHTHTe OT Ha crapr.rre Hr.rAepnaHACKr4 3aceJrHur1rr, Kor{To ca cr''s4anu e IOxHa
Cenepna LIpnawgus,. lopu usnpareHrrre raM noficryr orKa3Bar La !B- A@puxa 4ne peny6nnru * Opauxera n TpaHcraal. Kon$nuKr:L,r BoAH

140 141
Ao aHrno-6ypcl(ara BofiHa or 1899-1902 r Cunuara cbrlporuBa Ha O PE H C KATA P EfIYEJTI4KA
6ypu're fipl{HyxraBa AHrnux Aa HanperHe BcuqKure cv cvru, sa la
creqenr4 soiiuara.
B naneuepuelo Ha CeeroeHara eoilHa aHrnuficKara KorloHHaJIHa flopaxeuuero ua (Dpauqnfl Br,B nofinara cperuy flpyuu Bo.4rr Ao
HMnepn.fl e oI-poMHa. B He-f, xuse.f,r naA 400 MnH. Aylxu. C ocnosauue rra.4aHero ua Bropara HMrreplr{. Cleg aecrra 3a r(anurynar\yflTa Ha
rop,uoro HMe BenuKo6purauut 3aMeHfl craporo AHmfl.fl. \4rtrnepuxta Ce4au, B HaqaJroro Ha cenreMBpu 1870 r. e o6sseHa peny6llrra uaue-
ce cr,crolr or pa3nl{yHlr qacr}I. B uex oceen B}rueKpancrsorol4uaut u ro c peny6nr{KaHeqa lleou fau6era (1838-1882). B Kpa-f, Ha fl:ayapu
a$puraucxnre repuropllu, HaceJleHrr c a3var\Lr u qepHu a$puxauqu, ce ilporr3Bexgar vs6opu sa HaquoHalHo cr,6paufle, Koero rpxlza ga
cr,urecrByBar rr roreMi{ KoiIoHI{u sa 6enu 3aceJll{uurr - Aacrpanvx, ogo6pu Mnpa c lepuauua h ila ce nporr3Hece Bbpxy no-Harar6[rHrr-rr
Hosa 3eraH.qvr, IoxHara qacr Ha ASprma. B Ha'ranoro Ha BeKa reslr /lr,pxaBeH crpofi. B HaquouaJrHoro cr6paune MHo3uHcrBoro or re-
I(OJIOHIII{ Ca [peBT,pHaTI'I B AOMHHI'IOHII CT'C 3HaqUTeflHO BbTpeIXHO Ca- nyrarure ca npr.{BT,pxeHHqH Ha MoHapxprsra. B ycnoBu.sra Ha He3a-
MoylpaBneHLIe. BbprxeHara n ofr Ha, repMaHcKar a oKyilaurfl w p a6 or ar a n o Mlrpur{f, Ao-
Or uaqaroro na XX s. o6a'Ie Anruus 3artoqBa 4a o6prrqa ece roBop BT,3craHoBrBaHero Ha MoHapxrflTa e HeBb3MoxHo. Ha Nr.f,croro
noBeqe BHITMaHHe Ha non]rrllKata cu r Erpona' tr4:.4nranero ua fep- o6aqe na rBT,p.4rrf, peny6luraueq fau6era 3a rJraBa Ha rrpaBrrrencrBo-
MArJMfl. Karo eBponeilcxa u cBeroBHa crlJla 3annalIBa Aa Hapyukr paB- ro e u:6pan no-yMepeHlrar A4or$ Tuep (1797*1877).llperosopu-
HoB e cuero sa Cutur e na Ct apux KoHTuHeHT. AHruus e npHHyAeHa Aa re 3a MrrpHrrr AoroBop ce BoA.rrr nrr Bepcafi u <DpaurSypr HflKonKo
HanycHe rroJrHTI{Kara ua ,,6necrxu1au3oragufl" n 4a nompcu orHoBo Meceqa r{ 3aBT,prxBar npes nafi 1871 r. CruacHo @panx$lprcrur
cbro3Hrrrru Eepona. !,r,nroro4uurHoro cr,nepl{uqecrno c @pauqux r
r MHp K:bM fepuauux [peMr{HaBar o6nacurre El:ac n JlorapuHrur.a.
KoJroHHr4Te ocraBa Ha 3aAeH [naH [peA repMaHcKara onaorocr. llpe: Opanqnx ce 3aAr,nxaBa Aau3ilnars 5 rranpg. @paHNa rourpu6yqru sa
1904 r. ABere.crpaHl{ cKJr}oqBar r.xap. AuraHTa r1 cu pas4erur c$e- rreprzoI or 3 roluuz. !o u:unarqaHero Ha cyMara repMaHcKrr soficxr.r
prrre Ha sriL:n;z'e s Eruuer r.r Mapoxo. Tosu crrc: e AorIT,nHeH rrpe3 ocTaBaT B H,rKou ceBepHH AenapTaMeHTrl.
1907 1.c uo.{o6no cropa3}MeHue u c Pycnx. loraro rpa-flT MlrpHr{Te rrperoBoprl, Br,TpetuHoro HanpexeHue
B Haneu"eplrero Ha flrpnara cBeroBHa soiiHa Beluro6puraunx B crpaHara e roJlsMo. B o6ca4euufl or Mecequ llapux HaceneHr{ero
Ir3rnexla HefioKraTlrMa'B cBoeTo MortrlecrBo Ir roroBa Aa nplleMe rnaA)tsa, HeAoBoJrcrBoro HapacrBa. 3acunsa ce r.r nponataHAara Ha
qpe"4rl3BuKarercrBoro Ha rIporlrBHrIIIHTe CH. pa3nurrHu cowlailucrrtr{ecKu KpbroBe. Crpaxyeafixu ce or 6e:pe4ll-
rIH, [pe3 Senpyaprz ce.q.urrruero Ha npaBurencrBoro e npeMecreHo
ntn Bepcail. Ha 1B Mapr ce rrpaBu ofrur Aa ce orHeMar opr,Au.flra Ha
HauuoualsaratBapilLtfl. Ouurrr ce [poBiurs, cnel Koero rfl rrocraB-rr
rparxa rroA crofi r<ourpol. Ha 28 wapt cle4 u:6opn r:bpxecrBeHo e
o6xneuo, rre BJracr:ra e flapnx ce [oeMa or Konayna. B cbcrasa Ha Ko-
MlTIaTa BJIH3aT npHBT,pn(eHHI\U HA pa3IillrlHu COt]xAnI{CTt4rIeCKU fpy-
IIr{poBKH,Mexly KoHTo r{ qneHoBe Ha llrpnux HHTepHaunoual. llpes
AByr\{eceqHoro ynpaBneHue ua KolryHara ce npeMaxBa peAoBHara ap-
MHr, KO;ITO Ce'3aMeHfl C HapOAHO OrIbJIqeHtre, B3eMaT Ce MepKr.r :a o6-
JreKqaBaHe noJroxeHr{ero ua 6e4urare, ofpaHr{qara ce pa6ornuAT 4e*,

t42 143
tst,Bcxra ce o6uo 6esnraruo cBercKo o6pa:onauue, rocraB.f,T ce noA 90-re ro4r.run noA $peucr<ll KoHrpon ca frocraBeHr{ peluua o6lacru
KoHTpon Hrrror{ ilpeArrpuflTr{.4. Ilapuxxara KoMyHa e [bpBrrrlT onHT 3a e 3anagHa u I{eurpalna A$pura. Omarr,r @panqysrare ce orrlrBar Aa
couuiurucrr.rqecKo y[paBJIeHI{e u AI{KTarypa Ha nponerapwara. tr4zo- u3rrtaar Ha u3rorrHoro a$puraucro xpaii6pexue .
nupar{a or ocraHanara r{acr Ha crpaHara, Kouynara e o6peueua na Ko:ronuanHr{Te 3aBoeBaHilr. Ha @pauqux cpeular cunFroro rrpo-
Heycncx. Or uaqaloro Ha arrpun eoiicxure Ha rlpaBl{TencrBoro noA ruao4eficraue ua uefiuara traBHa cr,rrepHuqKa Auuux. AHmnircxu-
KoMaHABaHero Ha reHepan Marc Maxou 3aroqBar HacrbfIJIeHI{e cpe- Te [naHoBe 3a ycTaHoBflBaHeTO Ha He[peKbcHaTa 3oHa Ha KoHTpOn
n1y llapnx. B r<pax na uaii cneA ceAMrrIIa Ha olxecrorleHu H KtpBaBII or Kaiipo go KefrnrayH ca 3annarxeHu or Qpeucxara excnaustl-s. B
6oene apuuara npeB3eMa rpaAa. Msoro KoMyHapu ca pa3crpenflHlt, a 1898 r. Mexry ABele crpaHz u:6yxra ocrr,p xou$rurr - r.uap. @a-
uaa l0 xuJr. ca ocbAel{n u r{3npareHlr Ha 3aroqeHrre. rrroAcKrr uHuuAeHT. E4un $peHCKrr orp-trA ce HacolrBa or (DpeHcra
flopaNeHaero Ha Korrayuara 3acI{JIBa oule loBeqe MoHapxu- I-{eHrpanua A$puxa KbM ropHoro rerreHrre Ha Hul. I-{e;rra e Aa ce
rrecKr.rre HacrpoeHrr.fl s Harluoualnoro cr,6paure. IIpe: 1873 r. 3a npe- 3aBnaAee ro3lr crpareruqecKr.i 3a rocro.4crBoro Har CyaaH u Erv,-
3rrAeHT e us6paH KoHCepBarHBHu.rIT reHepan Mait Maxos. Cnoposere ner pailou. IIpn Oaruo.qa Qpauqy:r.rre ce cpeular c eAr{H anrnuiicru
oKono A:bpx(aBHoro ycrpoilcrao npo.qT,nxaBar rI eArrHcrBeHo Hecr,r- o'rp.sA. 3a ngxo-irxo ceAMur{rr Hanpe)KeHuero B orHorrreHlaflTa Menq4y
Mex.qy piBnUr{HUTe TeqeHI{[ Ha MOHapxHcTHTe ro3BorsBaT
J].ACI{flTA AHmuq u (Dpauqux ce 3acurBa, 3aroBopBa ce Aopu sa sofrua. @paH-
cb3AaBaHero Ha peny6nuxa. llpes 1875 r. caMo c eArrH rnac MHo3HH- ur{fl e npuHyAeHa Aa orcrr,rru. Brnperu roBa, B HaBeqepuero Ha
crso HarluoHaJrHoro cr6paurae o6"f,BrBa @panrllrx sa peny6luxa. flo Cserosuara sofiHa Speucnzrra KonoHr{aJrHa nMnepufl. c HaceneHr{e
HoBara Koncruryuu-rr crpaHara ce ynpaBnflBa or AByKaMapeH napna- oKoJro 55 na:ru. ,(yrur.r e Bropa cneA Ta3lr, Ha Auruus.
MeHT - Kauapa Ha rerryrarl4re n Ceuar. Ha.rero Ha II3IIT,JIHHTeJIHaTa Br,rperulrara rroJrrlTuKa Ha crpaHara npe: 80-re ro4uuz 6ene-
BJracr e npe3uAeHr c MaHAar or 7 ro4nuu. B creAsalqnTe roAI{Hrr, xII 3acr4nBaHero r{a rosr{ur{rlre Ha peny6luKaHrlrrre. llpe: 1880 r.
Br,npeK[ onurure Ha MoHapxHcTrrre, peny6llmaulluTe [eqer-tlT BCe ceAanr{[Iero Ha npaBrlrencrBoro e Bbpuaro orHoBo e Ilapux, AeHflT
rro-roJrrMo gaArroruue B napnaMeHTa u BbB (Dpanqur oKoHqareJIHo ce Ha [peB3eMaHero Ha Eacrullusra, 14 rorrr, e o6.sseH 3a HaurroHa-
o$opux cucreMara Ha napnaMeHrapHara AeMol(paqu.s. neH npa3Hrrx, a ,,Mapclute3ura" - 3a xr{MH ua peuy6lllxara. B Asere
B rogulure cre4 @peucKo-npycKara sofiua (Dpauqua ce oKa3Ba cneABauIH .4ecerunerrrx peny6nur<aHcKr{Te npaBurencrBa npoBexAar
llr3onllpaHa or Enpoua.,Heiinara Merlra 3a peBaHIIr cpeqy lepuauux cepufl oT MepK[ cpeury crlnHoTo Bnr{rHr{e Ha KaToJlrlrlr43Ma H ruepH-
HflMa pearlHlr ruaHcotse 3a ycnex. 3aroBa rfl ce HacoqBa KbM 3aclane- I(uulHure l(pbroBe. Haii-cepuo:Hu npoMeHrr HacrbrrBar e o6nacrra Ha
Ha KoJIoHHiurHa eKCIIaH3H.t c ABe TJIaBHLT HanpaBneHux - [aleuuurr o6pasonauuero. Cr,sAana ce ruupoKa cucreMa or AT,pxaBHr{ cBercxrl
rr3ToK r{ a$puraucxNflT KoHTrrHeur. cle4 yrlacruero cI{ BT,B BTopa- ytIHJII{uIa, HaMaJr-sBar ce npaBara Ha penur}iosurzre o6pa:oBareJlH}r
ra ,,oruyMHa BofiHa" or 1856-1860 r npe: B0-re ro4rzuu @panqr.u r.rHCTHTyrIrlu. Onon.rarerHo aHTr{KJreprrKanHara 6op6a 3aB:bprrrBa B
o@opmx cBoHTe KonoHIIiuIHII BTIaAeHH-s Ha repl4Topullre Ha AHeIxeH 1905 r:, Koraro IJr,pxnara e orAeneHa or AT,pxaRara.
Bueruau n Kau6oAxa. Baxuusr crparetuuecKu IyHKT - ocrpoe Ma- Br,rpeuruouorurur{ecKu.rrr xuBor npes 80-re rz 90-re roArrHri
AaracKap, cr,rqo nolaAa no4 SpericKn KoHrpon. ce pa3TT,pcBa or rpr{ roneMrr Kpu3H. Ik prara or r.qx e cBbp3aHa c
Ha a$plrxaricKr.r, KoHTr{Heur @panqltfl clr [ocraBx ana6uqno:ua- I{Mero Ha reHepan n{opx Eyranxe. Tofr e eAun or ManKoro Brrcrur{
Ta 3antaqa Aa cr,3AaAe roJrrMa KoJroHr{anHa o6.nacr noA cBo-g oreKa B o(;nqepu peny6luxaHrln B apMrlfra H rrpe3 1886 r. e Ha3HaqeH 3a Boe-
I{eurpalua, 3anaAna u Ceaepua A$puxa. CleA Arxup npc3 lSBl r. HeH MriHrrcrr,p, Ha rosu nocr Eylanxe pa3BuBa 6ypua nponaraHAa 3a
e 3aBnaA.rrH TyHnc. 3acuJrsa ce u @peucnoro BrusHL{e n Mapoxo. [Ipe: peBaHrrl cpeuy lepuanu.a, Ko.rrro HaMHpa cuneH o6ulecrneu or3Byr.

144 145
l i' Pri,r I.r3toJr3Bar cryrra.f, , 3a .4a 3acllJl-tlr noAlloroBKara 3a HoBa
lrr u lrllc Ceuciicrnoro ua fipaii$yc - 6oraru 6auxepu eBper{, H HeroBr.rre
toiiua c @pauqra.x. Ct,sHaeafixu, ue @pauqufi He c roroBa 3a rofrua, npuflTenu ca y6e4euu, ue tofi e HeBrrHcH H 3anor{Bar KaMrraHltfl 3a
npe3uAeHTr,r KapHo yBoJIHflBa EynaHxe or rtocra My, a nocne u or lpcpa3rne)(raHc Ha Aenoro. B 1896 r. 3a Har{aJrHrrx Ha BoeHHoro KoH-
apvi:/'flTl. I'eHeparitr B ocTaBKa o6aue npo4r,JlxaBa KaMnaHuflTa cu Ir rpapa3ysHaBaHe e Ha3HaqeH rroJrKoBHxx Xopx llur<ap. Tofi orrpnna r
HaMHpa EoAKpela cpe4 uail-pasrutlHu KptroBe - or MoIiapxrICTI{ Ao AOKyMenTaU]jflTaI]a AenOTO AOKa3aTenCTBa, qe CBeAe}]I,.flTA Ca npeAa-
paAur{arru I{ AopH cpe4 pa6orru{Llure. B 1889 r. roii e nz1pau 3a.qery- BaHrr He or flpaii$yc, a or uaiiop Ecrepxasu, Karorilr4K u aprcroxpar
lar. llplratpxeHuquTe ua Ey:lauxe ce HaA{Bilt '{e rofi ule }l3Btpturl or yHrapcKu npou3xoA. Ho silcmero BoeHrro KoManABaHe ce crpeMu
AbpxaBerr flpeBpar, Ho reHepzulbr rIoKa3Ba JtrIrICa Ha cMenocr. Hayua- Aa npr.rKpHe cnyqafl.. llorr<osuuK llurap e rr3rpareH r Alxup, a uo-
ealir<u, qe rpaBurencrBoro ce forBl{ Aa rc apecryBa, B Haqaroro Ha KT,CHO - apeCTyBaH 3a pa3tJrac.rlBaHe Ha ceKpeTHr{ CBeAeFI}I_tr.
a[pril rofi ns6flrna e Eemurl no-KbcHo cc carraoy6una. Pa:rpurt'rxla
H Cre4enua 3a HoBr.rre pa3KpuTru ce npoMr,KBar u B fleqara H B Ha-
oKono BpT,3Krlre My c. MoHapxllcTnre BoAflT Ao 6r,psoro crlaAaHe Ha qanoro ua 1898 r. uaiiop Ecrepxasu e npeAaleH Ha BoeHeH crA. Cr,Arr
HeroBara rrorryn.spHocr. Onurcr Ha MoHapxrrcrure Aa noApoHs'r pe- onpaBAaBa Ecrepxasn. Cr<opo cneA roBa rofi us6qrna or @pauqux.
ny6luraHcnrul pexlrM upes Eynauxe nporlaAa. 3a ecu.rrflr uenpe4y6e4eHr{ craBa r{cHo, rle Br.rcur{Te BoeHHr{ ce
1892 l crpaHara e pa3fi,pceHa or rpaHAIIo3HIu cKaHAaJI,
IIpe: crpeMrr r,a norynrr vcrulaara. Ha 13 xuyapu, cJreA c:s4.e6Hufl. npoqec
c ApylKecrBoro 3a npoKonaBar{e Ha llaHaMcr<Iu xanan. To
cB'r,p3aH cpcuy Ecrepxasu, r{3BecrHrirr Spencxu ilucareJt Enaul 3ona uy6nu-
e cb3AaAeHo or (DepAuuau.a ilecenc (1805-1894), xofiro pL'KoBoAH KyBa orBopeHo nrrcMo BT,B BecrHrrK ,,Opop" c:bc 3arnaBue ,,A3 o6ru-
ycnerxHo [poKonaBaHero Ha cyeurtlx KaHaJI npe: 60-re roAuHl{. HflBaMl". Euul 3ola e npelaAeH Ha cr,I, ocT,AeH r.r [prrHyAeH la 6qra
flauaucxara KoMnaHl{fl npuBnuqa xnJtfll\u Apeduu aKl1uoHeprr c o6e- e Aurru.s. Ho cxau4anbr Berre He Moxe Ia ce orpaHr.ruu. Cxopo crana
u{aHfl-s sa Bprcor}I ueqar6lr. Ho cropo ce pasKpuBar roJIeMH pa3xulqe- -acHo, qe peAuua AoKyMeHrIr or Aenoro ca (lanrun$uqrapanu. I_pna
uux, uo4rynl,t H Kopynllu.s cpeA p'bKoBo.4crBoro. flpegu Aa e npoKo- @pauqux ce pa3lenr Ha ABe - apaii$ycapu h aHruqpafiSycapu. [e-
naHa rloJroBllirara or KaHaJra, ApyxesrBoro o6.ss-f,na Qa,rul. Xwnx4u loro ,,[paiiSyc" crararroBoA 3a ocrpa ronrrrr.rqecxa 6op6a MexAy
,4pe6nr.r cflecrr{TenH ce pa3opflBar. Or<asna ce,
qe B He3aKoHHr{Te Ma- nprrBT,pxeHuuuTe Ha MoHapxHCTr.rTe I1 Knepr.rKaJIHTe U 3aXIIITHnUIITC
rulruailnn ca.,BbBreqeHl4 Aenyrarl{, IIOJITITHUH, I\{HHI4C-fpIl, pOAHHHI{ Ha peny6:rnrara H IeMoKpa\uflra.
Ha npe3llAesra. Cxan.qaJIT,T nocreneHHo 3arl{xBa, Ho pe[)'TauuflTa flpe: naroro ua I 899 r npaBrrrencrBoro pa3nopexAa HoB npoqec.
na 6ypxoasHure naprrtt e cIiJIHo noApoHeHa. 3arosa Ha cneABaLIIHTe Ha Hero, BbrpeKrr flBHrrre AoKa3arencrna, lpafiQyc He e onpaBAaH, a
ir:6opn couuarucrl4Te yBenurlaBar rnacoBere clr Ii ABaNIa or uaiii-snu- npucr,Airla My e HaMzureHa Ha 10 ro4uuu. Muuucrcp-upeAce.qareJurr
-flTerHure or r"xx - Xas Xopec u Anexcaurr,p MltlepaH, BJIil3ar B BeAHara ro [oMr4nBa n lpaQyc u3ru3aua cro6oga. Or<ouqarenuara pe-
IIapnaNleHTa. a6urrura:1lasr craBa B 1906 r, Koraro lpafiQyc e BT,pHar Ha clyx6a n
Tperuxr cKaHAiIJI 3ailoqBa He:a6en-gsaHo npe3 1894 r. c ocl,x- apMrrrra u [oJryrraBa opAeHa ua flo.{erur4fl Jrerr{oH. lenoro ,,!paii$yc"
Aariero Ha KaIlHraHa or leHepaluus. u\a6 AnSpe/i lpafiSyc sa lxrllrt- craBa Ba)KcH erafr or pa3BuTlrero Ha AeMoKpaqr{.sra Br,B @pauqlrr.
oHax B rioJr3a Ha lepuauur. flpaii$yc e pa3xanBaH u H3npareH Ha B npax ua B0-re u HaqaJroro sa 90-re roArrHr{ 3afroqBa HoB
Aoxr{BorHa Karopra ua /{arolcttu.rl ocrpoB rte @peucra fruaHa. Oc- erarr Br,B Speucxara BbHrrrHa rroJrr.irr.{Ka. Oruorueur.rxra uex4y fep-
HOBaHII€TO 3a HefOBaTa npIICT,.{a e CA}IH C[IHCE,K, OTKpaAHaT OT fep- MaHrr.rr uPycux ce BnorrraBar cne4 EepnnHcKr{-f, KoHrpec or 1878 r.
MaHcKoro IIocoJIcrBo, n roiiro ce u:6poxnar npeAa.4eHrire Ha repMaH- CKruoqsauero pa TpoiiHr.r, c:blo3 MexAy lepuauux, Ancrpo-YHra-
cKoro BoeHHo ararlle cerpernu AoKyMeHTH or leuepalHus,u\a6. pufl. u tr4t'attux cr,3AaBa npeAnocraBxu sa c6nuxaBaHe Ha Pycux u

146 141
 I
,l

@paHqna. Iipe: 1BB7 r. repMaHcKl4-rr KaHIIJIep Encuaprc orKa3Ra Aa rro.4Kpenr.r (Dpauqux B eBeHTyaneu xou$luxr c lepnaaHNx. E4ra
eAHH ronflM 3aeM Ha Pycwx, cneA Koero r.a ce o6ptrqa rr'na $pencxu
upes 1906 m l9l2 r. ce crJlloqBar BoeHrIo I{ BoeHHoMopcKo cnopa-
3yMeHrre, KoI{To noArorBtr cr,}o3a MexAy ABere Abpxasu s Cseros-
6agxn. 3aenr,r e oTIIycHaT Be"4Hata u c Hero ce l]ocTaBfl HaqaloTo
HATA BOfiHA.
Ha nopeAuua or 3aeMlr, KoHTo @panqrax npeAocraB'f, Ha cBo;t ct'K)3-
,r*. 4o 6onruesuuKara peBonloql.{f I1pe3 l9l7 r' (;peucxnre 6asxll Hosure orHolrleHlr.tr MexAy @pauqux u Anrnn.s ce [porB-sBar B
rocneABanara rrpe3 1905-1906 r. Ilrpna MapoKaHcKa KpI{3a, B Korro
orrrycKar waPycux 19 unpa. $paura.
fepnrauux 3arrJIaIIrBa c sofiHa @pauqux. Ha uocreAsarlara MexAy-
B naqa;roto sa 90-re toAHHr{ 3anoLrHaJrOTO C6nXXaSaHe Mexqy
HapoAHa rouQepeHqua sa Mapoxo r Alxecupac Asmu.s roAKpelrfl
ABere crpaHr [aBa rbpBure cI'I pe3ynrarn. Ilpes 1892 r' ce cKrlor{Ba
(Dpauqnx, crersafixu AoroBopeHocrl{re or 1904 r.
BoeHHo cnopa3yMeHr{e MexAy ux' To e HacoaleHo cpeuy TpoiiHul
c'rros. CnopeA cflopiulMeHllero, aKo e.{Ha or ABere crpaHu 6t'Ae ua-
Cleg lh,peara MaporaHcKa KpH3a HaflpexeHl{ero B Mex.(yna-
poAHure orHolleHlt, pacre. llpes 1912 x MxHlrcrbp-[peAceAaren e
naAHaTa or n.slcoil.{reH Ha Tpoi,mut cb}o3 r{ feprraanu.a ce I]p]lc:beAl{-
Pafi nron lloaurape ( I 8 60- 1 9 3 4), upunrpxe HlaK Ha h Aeflra 3a p eBaHrI,
HH K6M HerO, TO ,4pylilTa ce 3aAT,nXaBa Aa ce flpl{Teqe Ha rIoMouI Ha
3a Koero nonyalaBa npo3Brirqero ,,floaurape eofiHara". flpes 19 i 3 r:' c
c:blo3Hr.rqKaTa cn. @peucKo-pycKoTo BoeHHo cnopa3yMeHl{e flocTaBfi
rJracoBere Ha AecHlrre rraprrrrr rofi crasa npe3rrAeHT. B ct,qara roAu-
ocHoBara Ha BTOpII,,I BOeHHOTIOJIIIITI{qeCKII 6rOX S Enpona'
Ha, BbIIpeKIl CHJIHHTe IIpOTeCTII Ha COIlpIanHCTIuITe, Ce npOBeXAa ap-
3ano.reaT Aa ce [peocMrrcJr.rrT r{ trpoMeHrT }I OTHOIIIeHUqTa c An-
attux. BnOUenure oTIIOilIeHI{rI C tr4ra11ux Ce .4bn71aT IJIaBHS
ueficxa pe$opua u ctyx6ara ce yBenuqaBa sa 3 roAunu. C'sc cBoLIre
tlrv1fl. H Vfu
IIa obnepHuqecrBoro MexAy ABere crpaHu a Cenepna A$pura - sa Morr,Irlfilr cr'Io3Hrtllu Pycua u Awrttux, @panqna e roroBa :a npu6llt-
xaBarrlara CseronHa sofiHa"
Tynuc, Mapolto n Tpunonu. Cle4 npo4ul;xureilHu fiperoBopr'I Mex-
Ay ,[Bere A]pxaBIl npes 1900-1902 r. cnopbr ce ypexAa' Tyulrc n
Maporo ocraBar B 3oHara ua Spencrcoro BJIu-,IHI4e, a Tpunonu - nog
r{TiUrHaHCKO. @peUcxO-uTiUII4aHcKoTO clopa3}MeHl{e rrocTar.fl' rlarra-
JroTo..Ha frocTe[eHHoTo oTTeilr_fiHe :Hal4rmux or Tpofinux crros.
br.a Qaluorcrlr.s HHIII{AeHr [pornBopeql{'f,Ta Mex.uy Anmux
N (Dpauqux HaMaJr-rIBar. klzlyxnatara Pycro-xnoHcl(a noilna npe:
.1904 r. JrHtrraBa BpeMeHHo @panqua or ocHOBHII-s iI cr,IosHuK cpeuy
feprrauux kt rs. ce opz eHTr{pa KbM rIpeo.4oJI-rIBaHe Ha nporuBopeql{'I-
Ta cH c Anrnu.s. or crog cTpa]f,a Aurnur Berre BI.{X.4a oIIacHocTTa oT
3acHnBaHeTo Ha fepntaHlut, Ha KOHTIIHeHTa 14 e cKJloHHa Aa ce c6llt-
rnu c (Dpanqus. Taxa [pe3 anpufl 1904 r. ce c'rnra Ao [oAllrcBaHero
Ha r.Hap. CrpAeuuo cbulalrleHlre (AHraura) MexAy 4nere crpanu' C
Hero ce ypexAar peAlIIIa cl1opHlr Bbllpocu, maBHIr'ttT oT KOIITO.e 3a
KoHrpona Bbpxy Eruner u Maporo. Anrnu.g [pH3HaBa crrelluanHure
lpaBa ua @pauqux n Mapoxo, a @paHqu;l or cBo-fi crpaHa - cre-
IrlranHlrre [paBa Ha AHmfif, s Eruuer. Brnper<u qe MexAy ABere
cTpaHIl He Ce cTrlfa AO C5IO3, CTaBa {CHO, .{e AHmn.g e 0KIIOHHa

t49
148
 TEPMAHCKITTT patZx fleprzogrr Ha yflpaBneHuero Ha Eucrraapr e fi3rll,.llllcll c Mll(]l1)
pe$oprr,rrE, KoHTo ocflryprBar eAr{HHo 3aKoHoAarencrro, o6u1a u l(ol l()-
MrrqecKa, TbproBCKa, $airaricona lr NII4THrIqecKa noJlurlrra, e.q]I]tHa
MepHa cHCTeMa, o6qa sanyra * MapKara. Tesn peQopua, H3Bl,piueHI{
CtgAaAeHuqr rpe3 1871 r. lepuaHcru pafix uua cnoxHa Abp-
a ln6epareu Ayx, ocur)apxaar 6tp:oro 3aBbptrrBaHe ua tr4u.4yc:l-puan-
xaBHa crpyKrypa. Tofi o6e4r.ruxna 4 rpalcrna, 6 nenxrr{ xepqorcrBa,
HaTa peBonro\kLfl. H cb3naBaT ycnoBIIrI 3a ycKopeHo IIKOHOMI{qeCKO pa3-
5 xepuorcrna, 7 ruxxecrBa, 3 cro6o4uu rpara A o6nacrnre crc
Brrrr{e. Krrra rpax Ha XIX B. fio ocHoBHIITe r{KoHoMlrqecxH noKa3are-
crrerluirJ'reH craryT Ersac u Ilorapuurlrs. 3arcouoAareJrHure opraHu
rut - IpOI{3BOACTBO Ha KaM9HHH Bl,lJlHUIa, 'I}T'yH II CTOMaHa, XeJIe3O-
ca ABa - Paiixcrartr, n:6npau upe: rceo6rqo u rafiHo rnacyBaHe or
rrr,THo crpouTencrBo u AP. lepmauua 3aAMr{HaBa @pauqul r Auurns r.r
BcuqKH MT,)r(e, HaBT,prrrr4nrr 25 roguuu, u Eyu4ecparur, e rofiro Bnu3ar
rr3Jrr{3a Ha n:bpBo M-f,cro r Enpoua. 3ae4Ho crc CAII{ n rare'IHa rluo-
5B upe4cranrrreJrrr Ha npaBnTencrBara Ha orAeJrHr{Te AbpxaBrr. Haqe-
ylrlfl, -tf, ut ru uait -svcoKl{Te TeMIroBe Ha HKoHoMHT{ecKo piBBrlTI4e.
JIo Ha u3[bJIHHTenHaTa Blacr 14 BbpxoBeH rnaBHoxoMalBarq e r<aiige-
Brrpeurnara rIoJIIrrHKa Ha Bucuapr upeAcraBnflBa croxHa rlorll-
pr,r. IlpanureJrcrBoro ce pr,KoBo.qu or KaHurep, Ha3I{arIaBaH or HMre-
TUIICCKA I{IPA C PA3NHIIHUTC CHJI[{, KOI4TO, CNOPCA ,,XCIE3HNfl" KAHII-
paropa H orroBopeH rrpe.q Hero, a He [peA Pairxciara.
nep, 3acTpauaBar coIIHzuIHug. rl ilonuTuqecKu-t{ M,jp u loc[oACTBOTO
KoucruryulrflTa Ha Pafixa ocuryp.flBa xereMoHurrra ua flpycux.
Ha Ilpyczx s Paiixa. Cnea 187i r. 6ypxoasuure IIaprHIr ,,rpoil1aBa'r"
Kaiisep e rpycKrr-rrr Kpuur, a B Eyu4ecpara llpycux uv,a 17 npeAcraBrrre-
lnu. Tr,it Karo Bc.flKo peilreHlre Ha Eyu4ecpara Moxe Aa 6rAc orKJroHcHo
ua Euctr.tapx MeroALITe, c KoHTo e oc:bulecrBeno o6eAlrueHllero Ha
crpallara. EAuu or ManKo'ro npoOleuu, HapylxaBalqu xapMoHI{.rITa B
c Beroro na 14 npe4c'raBrTerl\ Iipycux BrrHaru MolKe Aa 6lorupa ue-
orHolrleHl4gra, e BbIIpocr,T 3a apMuxra r.r nefinoro Bt,opbxeHue, Ho
6:raronpuxrHo 3a He.s perxeHrre. KaHqneprr ua Pafixa e noqru Br{r{aru rr
flocreneHuo z ryr< 6ypxoa3H]ITe fiaprrtrl orcrtrlBar.
npe3r.rAeHr Ha npycKuq JlaHnrar H B roBa cH KaqecrBo e oroBopeH npeA
sero. T:nii Karo cJrolxHara rprrcreneHHa cHCTeMa uavs6opu B npycKr4.s
lhpnuxr cepr{o3eH lcou$lnrr cnea 1871 r. e c loxHorepMaHcKl'r-
Te AbpxaBI{ c lpeo6raganalqo KaronllqecKo HaceneHne. Ilpes 1871 r.
IlasArar oiurypara MHo3rrHcrBoro Ha KoHcepBarrrBHrrre rrpeAcraBr{Te-
Bucuapx 3arloqBa r.Hap. KyrlTypxarln$ (rylrypHa 6op6a) cperqy Ka-
JlI{, Te r4MaT BT,3MOXHOCT la BIrVttrflT Bbpxy TUJIOCTHaTa rrolrrTrlKa Ha
TOJIULICCKATA IIbPKBA U HCi1HOTO IIONUTHIIECKO BJIHflHIIC, NPOKAPBAHO
Paitxa. C nceo6rqoro u:6uparelHo npaBo Pafixcrarcr Har{crr4Ha craBa
or naprr{rra Ha KaroJll{alecrcux I{eump. Tasu ilaprvtt, cr,c cI{JIHo BJIH-
lpeACTaBr{TeneH oprarl Ha crpaHara. Heroelrre nr,nHoMoqr{, ca orpa-
-slrue B lorl<Hure pai.touu rr B rroJrcKl{Te 3eMI1, ce o6.sBrBa cpelqy 3acun-
Hr{r{eHri. hacyeauure raM 3aKoHH ce HyxAa.sr or o.4o6penuero ua xarl-
Barlero Ha rlpycKoro Bnrr-sHue. llpe: 1871-1875 r. rocJle.4oBareJlHo
3epa H KaHunepa. EAuncrsenoro My pearrHo [paBo e o4o6penuero ua
ce r{3AaBar 3aKoHH, c Koltro ce :a6pauana IIoJI}lTHqecKara AefiHocr
AT,pxaBHrrs 6lolxer. flo ro:u Har{rrH, BT,rrpeKrr npuBrrAHara npeACTaBH-
Ha AyxoBeHCTBoro, ua tr4ezyu,rcnrfl. kl 4pyruTe KarorlrqecKll ople-
TeJrHo cr sa Paiixcrara, KoHcrr4TyrlrroHHara y peg6a 6rornpa peilnHara
HH, npeMaxBa Ce penHlll03]J,llflf KOHTpOI B ytIUnuIIaTa, BT'BO)KAa ce
"qeMoxpaurr.fl
crrcreMara ua Paiixa.
B
rpaxAaHcKrrxr 6par u 4p. loueuu.flra cpeuy Karonuqecrara LIr,pKBa
B r{cropHrra lr'aPafixa or 1871 r. Io Kpafl Ha flrpnara cBeroB-
He rrocrrrrar Irenra cu. flaprlaxra ua IdeHrtpa pa3llrllp.flBa BnlrflHuero
ua sofiHa IoMr.{HHpar ABe roneMu rruqHocrr{ -,,XeJresHuxr" ranilnep
ch u craBa eAHa or nafi-culurlre s Paiixcrara. Eucltapx e ilpI{HyAeH
Oro Sou Eucnaapn (1815-1898) u crcnnru{r Ha npecrona s lBBB r.
.qa ce orKaxe or,,KyrlTyprar,tnSa". flocrenenso ca orMeHeH[ noqru
xafi:ep Bulxenu II (l859-1941). 3arora u B ucropr4rrecKara nrrrepa-
BCUqKU aHTrrxaroJll.larecKu 3aKoHIr. Br,nperlr rora, I{enrrpr,T ce 3a-
rypa cbulecrByBar rroHrrrlflra Eucuaproaa fepuauua (1871-1890) u
rra3Ba Karo e"4Ha or Haii-cunnure ono3IIuIloHHV rraprkru n Pafixcrara.
Bunxe.rMosa lepnaanux ( 1 890-1 9 1 B).

150
l5l
 E4ua or npuquHure sa npeKpar.sBaHero Ha,,KynrypxaunSa" ca Ynrapur u. I4ratun. llpes lB73 r, ce cxrror{sa Crrcs Ha rpr.{Mara r.rM-
orlaceHr.r.sTa ua Eucuapx r4 KoHCepBaTr{BHr{Te Kpbr-oBe oT HapacTBaHe- neparopu - ua leptrariua,Pyctrx n Arcrpo-Vutaput,3a 3arra3BaHe Ha
To Ha curlara ua pa6oruurrecroro r{ coq}IanucruLrecxoro ABl4}KeHrre, erponeficxus, Mt4p. Ha 6ep:ruHcKr.1.f, KoHrpec or 1B7B r. Eucuapr ce
oco6euo caeA o6eAuueHr{ero npes 1875 n Ha pa3nurrHure reqeHx-f, onHTBa Aav3fila4Lr [porr.rBopequrrra Mexry Pyu,tx u Ancrpo-ynrapnx
B eAHa Coqlrau4enoKparurrecKa rrapryrfl* Ha u:6opure sa Pafixcrar ua Ealr<aunre, Ho roBa He My ce orAaBa HarrbnHo. llpe: 1879 r, roil yc-
npes lB77 r. couuaJrucrure roryqaBar 72 tv,aw.gara. Kauqleptr cMfl- rrflBa la cr;lrosH orSpaHureleH cr,ro3 c Arcrpo-Yurap,lrfl, HacoqeH rro
Ta, qe roBa B.rII{flHr{e Moxe .qa cnpe, axo ce geiicrea c rer,pAa pr,r<a. tr4s- cT,ulecrBo cpeu{y Pycua. llpe: I882 x, Kr,M To3ri cr,}o3 ce nptlcr,eAur{rr-
norssailKu o6cranosrcara cneA cArrr{ Heycne[reH areHTar cpeuly HM- nautr4rwutst Ko.rrro e B Jro[rfi orHorrreH]ur c @pauqux. Tara ce cr,3AaBa
Ireparop Bnnxelu I, Pafixcrartr rnacyBa r.Hap. tr{:xlroqurereH 3aKoH Tpoiiurlxr cb[o3 - nr,pBr{rr tonrM erponeiicnu BoeHHo[onHTuqecKH
cpcttly coqrraJrucTr{re. C uero ce:a6paHxra 4efiuocrra na Couua,ruc- 6nox. Pzrs6upafixn orracHocrra or BJrouraBarquTe ce oruorueuus, Euc-
TuqecKara ilap'rufl r{ KoHTponHpaHr4Te or Hefl npo$crro:n, ct,6panu- MapK cKrroqea c Pycux lpes 1887 x r.Hap. AoroBop 3a npe3acrpaxoB-
flTA, Il3laBaHeTO Ha BeCTHHIITT, CITIdCAHI.].fl rr Apyta coqualucTr{Lre cKa ra, rofrro ocr,tpflBa Heyrparrrrrera Ha ABere crpaHrr npr.{ HanaAeHHe
nrrreparypa. fleiicrruero Ha 3aKoHa ce npoAr,rxaBa HeKonKoKpar- Ha (Dpauqnx cpeqy lepuanzx u Ha Aecrpo-Yurapux cpeuy pycux.
Ho - B I B8 1, 1 BB4, 1 886, I 888 r. flrpnouauarHo 3aKoHT,r pa:crpofira E4uncrnenara crpaHa, c Ko.rrro Bncuapx HC ycnrrBa Aa rr3rpa4r AoroBo-
4efruocrra Ha rrapru-f,Ta u ueiiur.rre opraHr{3arlurr, Ho rrocrerreHHo r_fl peH c:bro3, e Aururlx, Ho tr r>r KocBeHo yqacrBa B crrcreMara na Eucuapr
He caMo Bb3cTaHoBtBa BiUlflHl{eTO C[1, HO r1 fIeqeJIII HOBr.l nprlBT,pxe- upe: Cpe4raseMHoMopcKoro cbmarrreHue or 1BB7 r,, Koero uenu 3ana3-
unqu. Ha us6opure :a Pafixcrar npe: 1890 r corlnanrrcrr.rre yBenr{- BaHero Ha crarJKBoro e tr4sroqHr4, Bbnpoc. cloxruara BbHrrrHorroJrr{Tr{-
qaBar MaHAa'rHTe cM sa 35. B rpax na B0-re r-oAr{Hr{ craBa[cHo, qe qecKa clrcrenaa ua Fucuapx ce 3afra3Ba
Io Kpafl sa 80-re roArrHlr.
pa6orHuuecKoro rr corlHrrnucrr{rrecKoro ABHxeHue Hc Moxe 4a 6t4e Ilpolreueuara BbrperflHo- 14 BbHrrrHonoJruTusecr<a o6crauos-
cnp.sHo c rtoAb6Hu MepKH, rropa.{H Koero npe3 1890 r. Paiixcrarur He Ka cneA rrABaHero Ha HoBIr,x xafi:ep Bnnxel*r II ua npecroJra cJrarar
rrponbnxaBa.geiicrnrzero Ha sar(oHa. xpafi ua Kapuepara Ha ,,Xere3Har" KaHqrep. B 1890 r. Elrcuapr e
Eucuapr e .qocrar:br{Ho yMeH rroJIrITHK, 3a na BqpBa, rre Moxe npI4HyAeH Aa noAaAe ocraBKa. 3ano.ma epara Ha r.uap. BlrlxeJrMoBa
4a ce cnpanu ct c coquzlfit{crrare caMo c rBT,pAa ptxa. Ero 3au1o [pe3 lepuanux.
B0-re ro4lrHu Ce rtnexg4 trrupoKo corlr4anHo 3aKoHoAarencrBo * ocr{- EAua or npnqr{Hrrre, AoRenH Ao ocraBKara ua EncuapK, e He-
rypoBKri cpeury 6one cr, Herlacrrrr{ c ny*av, I{HBuurrlnHo cr, l eH c Hr4 no roBara coquanHa froJrrrrrrxa. Mla4uxr Brznxenu II, Hanporzr, ce Ha-
cTapocr n 4p. Crc cBoero cour{anHo 3axoHoAarencrso fepuanr4flu3- .q-f,Ba r{pe3 rx}rpoKrr corlr4anHu pe(roprrau Aa [puBnerre pa6oruuqure u
rrpeBapBa BCHqKrr pa3BVTr4 crparL1 AopH r.r AHmH.fl. couuiurrrcruTe Ha crpaHuta Ha AT,pxaBara Ir KopoHara. Ha4exgare
Brnrunara ronr{Tr4Ka ua Bucuapx npecneABa H"rrKonKo ocHoBHH o6aue, .re BurxerN4 ule 6t,Ae xafisep ua pe$opulrre, 6rpso ce il3llapfl-
qenu. Ilrprara or rsx e Aa ce y6e4xr eepoueiicrlrre Belnxlr cu.lrr, qe sar. CreA Kpafi,K rrepuoA Ha r.Hap. HoB Kypc B HarraJroro ua 90-re ro-
lepuauux e ,,3aAoBoJIeHa" crpaHa, Kosro H-f,Ma repl4TopuarrHr{ [pereH- AIrHn, KoHcepBaru3Mbr orHoBo HaAAen_rrBa. Bnnuanvero Ha MoHapxa
IIr4r{ KT,M cBotrre cbceAu H eArrHcrBeHara il qen e Aa ce oct,rryprr eBpo- BCe [OBer{e Ce HaCOqBa KT,M BbnpOCIITe Ha BT,HTIIHaTa nOJILtTr,rKa.
reficKr.rrr rrlnp. Bropara qen Ha Eucuapr< e rr3onupaHero ua @pauqux flperareuara npenna3nrrBocr BbB Bl,HrrrHara noJrrITLIKa e BTo-
or eBcHTy:rneH cbro3 c H-flKor erpoueficra Cur,a.3a ra3r4 rICn Eucrrapr para ilpu\tuHa 3a ocraBKara Ha Bucuapn. Oco6euo Kprrrr{KyBaH e
ycrIflBa na usrpaAr.r cHCTeMa oT npeBaHTuBHH Cb[Os]r Unr{ AOtOBOpr.{ C HeroBurr orKa3 or rrrupoKa KoJIoHrIaJlHa eKc[aH3r{.tr. Brnpexu .re
roqlu BcHqKrr Bb3MoxHrl cr,ro3Hrzru ua @panqna - Pycux, Arcrpo- upe: B0-re rolr{Hrr leprraaun"a 3aBnaA-rrBa H"sr<olRo KoJroHl{r{ u AS-

152
153
pr{Ka (Toro, Kauepyn, o6racru e }Oro:anaAHa Ia I4groqua AQpura), eHe Ha apxrrnenara Cauoa s Tuxus oKeaH, npo-rrB.rrBa rrHTepec K.r,M
re: re np n4o 6I{BKH c a :a:,j.Lr\LtrrvBa Ha r{ acrHl{ KonoHHaJIHI{ o6ure cre a - Kouro, CyAau, nopryrancKr4re BraAeHux n A$puxa. B r<pax sa 1897 r.
3a Eucuapx yrBbpx.qaBaHero Ha lepuanux n Enpona e no-BaxHo or repMaHCKa ecKa;1pa 3aB3eMa ruraiicroro nprrcraHurue Knayuoy r.r o6-
KOJIOHHAJIH}ITC 3ABO EBAH?L'1. nacrra oKoJro uero. tr4:pa: Ha HapacHanure au6uquu 3a KoJroHHaJrHrr
He raxa cM-flTar o6aue ruupoKrl KpbroBe or repMaHCKHTe HH- 3aBOeBaHU.fl e yr{acTr4eTo Ha repMaHcKM o'tpfl,A B MexAyHapoAHu.s Kop-
Aycrprranlru. I4r<oHoulrqecxoro MorbulecrBo ua lepuauul n Espona, nyc 3a noryrrraBaHero Ha r.Hap. Eorcepcro BT,craHHe r Klrrafi npe:
cnopeA Tflx, ce Hyxlae oT HoBH Ir3ToqHI{urI Ha CypoBIIHII H rlasapH 3a JUIroro ua 1900 r flpu
r.r3npau{aHero Ha r(oplyca Bulxenu II npons-
npoMuruneHara lr upogyrcqus. Ha6rIoA asakxu orpoMHure KorIoHHaJl- Hac.fl[poqyrara cI{ ,,xyHCKa" peq, B l(onro nplr3oBaBa repMaHcKIITe
Hu rrMleplrlr na Aurnus u @paHqux, repMaHqlrre ucKar Aa KoMreH- roiiHnqu Aa He npo.sB.f,Bar Mrlrocr Kr,M BparoBere.
cr.rpar H3ocraBaHero cu. B Ha.riuroro Ha 90-re ro4lrull s lepuanzx Kypcrr Ha,,cBeroBHa rolurlma" TracKa yilpaBn BaurI{Te cpeAu
ce cr,3AaBar pe.qrlqa HalluoHiulrrcruqecKu o6rqecrna xaro flaHrep- KbM pHCKOBaHT{ B}HrrlHorroJlllTrrqe cK m u]dvrr\uTtuBv. Ko}rTo pa3pyllta-
MaHcKHfl cr,to3, BoeuHl4fl ct,Io3, @norcxu.g cr,ro3, tr{MilepcKl{fl c1,Io3, Bar lr3rpaAeHara or Encuapx crlcreMa or cT,Io3H rr BJIorIIaBar orHo-
Kononnannoro o6ruecrso. Te:u opI-aHH3auIIIr BoA.lr urhpoKa flpona- rueHu.rrra iE c Pycua u Anmux. Pycut e HeIoBonHa or repMaHcKara
raH.{a, HaCOqeHa KT,M yCTaHOBtBaHeTO Ha IepMaHCKO |OCIOACTBO B noArpena Ha Ancrpo-Vurapr{, Ha Eanxaunre. Aurnu.q or cBo.fl crpaHa
Enpona rr B cBera. tr4saanar ce 6pourypu rl JII4cToBKI{, npoBexqqar ce ce TpeBoxu or HapacrBarIu-rr repMaHcr<lr Snor. Culuo 3acerHaru ca
MHoro cr6p aumx, Mr{TuIttI4, neKllrru. Haquoualucrur{ e cKara flpona- r{ ABere crpanu or ana6lrquo3Huq npoero:a EarAaAcrara xeJre3Huua,
rauAa o6xsarqa rxHpoKH croeBe or HacereHuero. rofrro lepnaauux 3aroqBa Aa ocT,rqecrBflBa or 1903 r 3a sromeHure
Kaii:eptr I{ [paB[TencrBoro ca o6la4aulr or cl,uIHTe I{.4eH. orHolrreHr{fl ua fepuauu.rl c ocraHzurule Culn AolpuHac.f, r.r Jr}rqHocr-
Ilpe: 1896 r. ro roBoA 25-roAnruHuHala or ocHoBaBaHero Ha IMIIe- ra na rafigepa. Cr,c cBoure HeBT,3.u,pxaHr{ r{ HeyMecrHH }i3xa3BaHu.rr
phflra xail:ep Burxeru II saxsssa ,,Iepnaucru xr paix ce npeBbpHa Bunxenu II upegz:ruxBa HeBeAHT,x .4r{frJroMaruqecK[ rar]ore. Or
B cBeroBeH pairx". flpe: crrqara roAtrHa AbpxaBHlrflr ceKperap Ha Haqaroro Ha HoBIr.fl BeK IlocrelreHuo lepuaHufl Lrgrra4a B pt3onalllrfl.
Br,HruHure pa6oru n 6r,Aerq KaHunep EepuxapA Sou Ero:roy (i849- Tosa ce BIr)KIa.scHo npu flrprara MapoKaHCKa Kpr.r3a, Koraro Ha KoH-
1929) zaxsna E per{ s Pafixcrara - ,,[...] HI{e He HcKaMe Aa [per{HM Ha (tepeuquxra a Alxecupac r.rr e nonKpeneHa caMo or Aecrpo-Yura-
Hr{KOrO, HO UCKaMe CBOeTO M"TICTO IIOA CnbHIIerO!". prfl., a cpeqy r'efl ca BCHqKrr enponeiicxu Benuxlr culu.HapacrBaxla-
Or rpax na 90-re roAlrHH fepuaulrx saIrollBa Aa BoAII r.Hap. Ta repMaHcr(ara arpecr{BHocr ce flpo_rrBf,Ba u npn EocHeHCKara Kp]r3a
cBeroBHa rroJrprruKa. 3acunra ce BoeHHara Moru Ha uuuepuara. llpes or I 908- 1 909 r. r.r Bropara MapoKaHCKa Kprr3a or 1 9 1 1 r
nepuoAa 1890-1914 r. ce npeAnpueMar 6 yremlueuus. Ha apuuflTa, Bofi ncrnerrrlre crpeMexr.r Ha ynpaBJu{Barrlrlre HaMHpar urupoKa
xaro neiinara qucneHocr s 1913 r. errlta 6nuso 800 xun.4yurn. Bo- noAIpT,xKa cpe4 o6rqecrBeHocrra. flpoumopeur{rrra Mexgy eApara
eHHoMopcKara rrporpaMa ce BoAI4 or a.qMI{paJI Al(lpea Qon Tnpnuq 6ypxoasua H apr4croKpa\Hura ca npeoAonenu:ua6azara Ha Har{HoHa-
(1849-1930). HefiHoro Hariiuro e IlorloxeHo npes 1B9B r Hoeu nporpa- rli3Ma rr crpeMexa xrn erponeficKo t4 cBeroBHo rocnoAcTno. Brnperlr
Mu cJreABar s 1900, 1906, 1908 u l9l2 n B uareuepl{ero Ha sofiua:ra urllpoKaTa aHTUMI4nUTapI{CTrIrlHa I{ aHTHBOeHHa rrponafaHAa, IepMaH-
repMaHcxrrrr Qnor Aocrr{ra cborHorlreHrre 10:I6 cnprMo anrruficruq cKI{Te COqUiilAeMoKpaTLI CbUIO Ce noIIaBaT Ha HarIrrOHaJrUCTUqeCKUTe
u craBa cepuo3Ha MopcKa cr{na. HacrpoeHrrr. Or l9l2 r lepuauux ycrlneHo ce torBrr ga soiiHa.
H-flrorxo u,6urus, rloKa3Bar 3aBoq KbM ,,cBeroBHara rorurlIKa".
IIpe: 1894 n feplraaulrx 3a.sB-sBa acr,vpa\tir 3a eAHocrpaHHo BnaAe-

154 155
 AB C TP O-YHTAPI4fi VT VIT AJItr4fl o6lacr Ha krunepntrra, a qexrrrc ca 23t% or HaceJreHr.rero rra I{u'r.rruii-

B KPA-f, HA XIX I{ HAIIAJIOTO HA XX B. Taluilg,. Cpe4 uemure fIoJIIrrHrIecKIr r(pr,roBe ce pa3BhBar r{Acr.r'r'o ua
aBcTpo-cnaBr{3Ma, cropeA Korrro flnye4unnara MoHapxu-tr rpr6ua 71a
ce peopraHn3upa B TpfleAr{HHa, TaKa qe cJlaB.sHcKoTo HaceJreHrre B Hcrr
Aa flonyqn ctrurrre rpaBa, r(aKTo yHrapqure. OrxnrpnrHero Ha i'c:Jr.r
1. ABCTPO-YHIAPruI
HCKaHH;I or ynpaBnflBaullrre KpbroBe n Ancrpux n oco6euo s Vura-
pt4s,, BoAflT 4o o6crpyrc\fiu Ha qeilrKnre rrpeAcTaBrirenu B Mecr].rn'[e
Cne4 pa:rpoMa Ha Ancrpux nts sofiuara c Ilpyclrx u l4ralt^vx
naHAriBH u Pafixcrara Ha Aecrpu.a.
npes 1866 r. craBa .acHo, qe HMnepllfira ce Hyxnae or pe$opruu. Hafi-
Ou{e Aea HarIuoHzurHH npo6ler.aa ycnoxH.rrtsar B'r,TperuHonoJrr{-
BaxHara or rrlx e cB:bp3al{a c HauI{oHanH}IrI BT'npOc. cneA Kpatr Ha
Turrecrrifl xr{Bol'. B IONeu Tupon ul4crpun xr{BeflT MHoro fiTalnau-
eoiiHara 3aroqBar rpercBopu c yHrapqure u s 1867 r. ce r.r3Br,plxBa
rI[1, Korrro ce rryBcrBar cBT,p3aH]r c o6e4uueua tr4ratwx.Ilo cr.rlara na
T.Hap. aycrnafix - usparH-lBaHe Ha Ancrpnx lt YHrapux B cucreMara
Eepluucru.r.qoroBop or 1878 r Ancrpo-Yurapu{ ronf{aBa rrol cBoe
rravMnepuflra. @pauq frose$ nplreMa yHrapcKara KopoHa H HeroBara
y[paBneH]re 3a [epuo.{ or 30 roAnHn gne o6lacur or OcuaHcrara
rurJra craBa xafrsep u Kpan,ua Aecrpo-Yurapux' Honara AByerIrHHa
vMrrepu.x.- Eocsa u Xepueronnua. -flpanocJraBHoro HaceneHrze B Te3rr
MoHapxri{ ce pa3Aens Ha ABe qacru - I{usnaiirauux uTpauctairca-
o6lacrn ce FraMr.rpa noA cunHoro BJrv.rrHHe Ha rorocJraBfl:actara yaefl,
sux. B TpaucnaiiraHu.fl Bnl4sar Ynrapr'rx, Tpaucltlrauux, Xlprarcxo
[po[araHAr{parra or Crp6ux.
u cnoreHus. I]usnafirauu_s o6xeaula ocTaHaJrr{Te Tepr4Topzr{ Ha Llla-
Te:u uporuBopequ, oKa3Bar Brl.uflHrte r{ BT,pxy pirBuruero Ha
rrepuflTa. tr4 Asere qacrrr lrMar cBolr [apnaMeHTH, Kolrro u3npaluar
pa6orulluecKoro H couuanucrrrqecKoro ABr.rxeHHe. O6pasyeanara
.4enyrarr{ r o6u1ux napnaMeHT nrs BHeHa - r.Hap' AenerauHu. Bcgxa npe: lBB9 r. CouualucrurrecKa rraprlu cKopo ce [peBpr,xla ern $e-
o6lacr HMa aBToHo]vlufl. B pelrraBaHero Ha BT,TpelrrHr'rre pa6oru, raro
ilepa\ufl. or 6 cauocro-rrreJrHu rroJrnTrurqecKr ilaprrt:,z,. Tnrp4e uecro
o6rqu ocraear caMo BT,HrIrHara nonrrrHKa rr BoeHHure AeJra, KoI'ITo ce
corlrranucTrrre BJrh3ar B cr,Io3 c HaurroHaJrHara 6ypNoa:1r.f,. llo cr,l\rtfl
Sanaucup ar uponopquona:tro (Ancrp us - 7 0o/o, Yurapua -
3 0%) - 3 a
HalrrrH Aeficrnar u npo$crro3uTe. Pa3BHBa ce cr{JrHo onoprroHlrcruq-
ynpann'dlrzero uM ca cb3AaAeHIr o6u1u rr,ruuucrepcrBa. Br,npocure ua
IIOI r4MeTO aBCTpOMapKCHSt
HO ABH)KeHHe, KOeTO M T"r,pcu CpeAeH nT)T
TlproBCKaTau"MI'ITHUT{eCKaTaIIoJIrlTItKacepeuaBaToTAeJIHO,HOBT']3
MexAy peSopnanre H peBonloqlrfra.
ocHoBa Ha c[opa3]TueHr{fl, rIoArII{cBaHrr 3a nep}roA or 10 roAuslz.
' Br,TpellHara [oJI]r-
Cnea 1 857 r HKoHoMurrecKoro pa3Burue ua Arcrpo-Yu tapnfl ce
\4 ctel, aycrrafixa nali-saxHllflT BT,npoc BT,B
ycKop.,rBa oco6eno B fipoMrrmneHocrra H xene3onbrHoro crporrren-
TrurKa ocTaBa HaulroHarHlr-rr. Ha TepHTopHflTa na Yurapu-tr cbulecTBy-
creo. Trii xaro QunaHcoBr{Te Bb3MoxHocrr{ Ha r{Mnepu.rrra He ca to-
Bar Ml{oro ApyrLI erHurlecKu o6rquocru - pyMbHIIu n Tpaucnlranux,
JreMlr, 3arloqBa npuBnplqaHero Li Ha tlyx.4r4 KaIIHTaJIIT. B na.{aroro Ha
xr,pBarr{, cnoBeHlrrr. flontrrnxara Ha rlpaBrrrercrBoro n Ey4aueula e
XX n. npeo6nap.aBauJkr rro3rrrlnu npu4oSuear repMaHcKHTe Kanr{Tan}r.
Ha correHa KT,M 3acl.IneHa yHrapII3aII ktti ]Ha'r e3h MaJIUuHcTBa. O (praqna-
Xaparrepen 6erer sa r{KoHoMzqecKoro pa3Br.{Trre e HetoBaraHepaB-
neH AT,p)I(aBeH e3r1K, HapeA c HeMCKI4I, CTaBa yHrapcxrlf,T. TOna 6yau
HoMepHocr. Hafi-cnluo ce orKpoflBar ycnexlrre B npoMuuneHocrra
cHrrHo HeAOBOJICTBO OCO6esO cpeA xr,pBirTlrre, Kor{To ce [oA.qaBaT Bce
Ha Ancrpua uHexus. B Yurapur upeo6:ragana ceJrcKoro crorra.HcrBo
roBeqe Ha naHCLIpaHara or ct p6ux la4efl 3A IOTOCJIaBflHCKO eAI'IHCTBO.
n xpaHHTenHaTa rrpoMlrmJreHocT.
B 1876 r. ce npeMaxBa caMoyrpaBJleHrrero na Tpancunr,a:aufl.
Cle4 o6pasyBaHero ua leplraucrara p7Milepufl Ascrpo-Ynrapux
floAo6uo e I{ rloJroxeHlrero a Ancrpur' Tyx uafi-cloxHlrflr
ocraBa Berzrca cnra, Ho uefiuoro BJrrur.rrHrure orcria6sa. Er<cnaHsusra
upo6neu e t{exur. Tr e uafi-pasBu'rara B npoMlrruneHo orHoIrIeHHe

ls6 157
r-ra AByerxuHrrara MoHapxus ce HacoqBa KT,M Ea,rxauure u ryx uefiulr- Oxouqarenuoro o6eglrueHr{e Ha crpaHara AaBa rnacr,K Ha r4Ko-
Te uHTepecr.{ ce c6nr,crcsar c le3rr Ha crapara t cr,uepHuvxa Pycux. HOMUTIeCKOTO pil3Br.rTHe, HO TeMnOBeTe Ha pacTex( He ca BucoKu. E4Ua
I4rreuuo roBa crot{ B ocHoBara ua or6panurerHl'I-rl ctros, xoiiro Arc- or npurlrrHuTe e Jrr{ilcara Ha KanuTiuru" lrpxanara e npr.rHyAeHa Aa
rpo-Yllrapr.rrr cKJllo.IBa c fepuauux npes 1879 r. llpncre4uHflBaHe- oTAen-'I MHO|O epe,4cTBa 3a nOAnOMaraHe Ha npoMIIIxneHOCTTa, a TOBa
ro ua tr4ra-nu-rl KT,M Hero H npeo6pasynaHero My r TpoeH cblo3 rlpe3 o3HaqaBa rr He[peKr,cHaro yBenuqaBaHe Ha AaHT,ur.rre. B xpar Ha
1BB2 r. craBa rJIaBHo rlo.q repMaHCKIt HarIzcK, Ho nporuBopeqilfrTa XIX e. rrriurr{aHr{r4re nnau{ar Hail-sucoxure AaHbrIH e Erpona. Apyra
M exAy Arcrpo -Yur apufl 14 Vr attux na Eanrauure o craBar. npHrIIzHa ga sa6asenoro nKoHoMurlecrto pa3BHTHe e toJt_f,Mura pa3nr-
B uaqanoro Ha XX B. MexAy Ancrpo-VHraprflv Pycux rrMa Bpe- Ka B CTOrlaHcKH.[ npOClepLITeT MexIy CeBepHara II IoxHaTa qaCT Ha
MeHeH [epuoA ua no4o6pxraHe Ha orHorrleHx.flTa. Toea ynecHflBa B3e- crpaHara. floxaro Ha ceBep ce pa3Br.rBa MOAepHa npoM]rlrneHocr rr
MaHero Ha peueHrle npes 1908 r., ro,qKpeneuo or fepuauu.a, Eocua ceJIcKo croIIaHCTBo, Ha Ior ce 3aIIa3Bar MHoto or $eo4a:rHuTe orx{H-
u Xepueroe:alr.a Ia 6tAar'auercvpalau II [p]ICbenuHeHIr oKoHrIareJIHo Benuu!{. Cenxnnre ca npr4HyAeHH Aa HaeMar 3eM.rr rroA apeHAa or eA-
xr,nr .{eye4uHHara MoHapxufl. Tasu cmnna npe.qlr3Br{KBa Eocnencxa- pHTe 3eN{eBnaAeJIUII, 3a KOeTO 3annaulaT c roJLsMa qacT oT peKonTaTa
ra Kprr3aor 1908-1909 r., uo c noMolura ua fepuallufl. a:aencvlflra cH - rroHrKora Ao rpu qerBr,prn or He.f,. flpurncrann Aonb-rrHrlreJrHo
ycilxr,a.Pe:ylrarrr o6aqe e pr3Koro BJroIIlaBaHe Ha orHolrleHuflTa c or naHoro6poilulr 4aur,qrl, cer-qHlrre or IOra xlrBelrr B yxacrBaula
Pycux. B creAsauruTe rorI4rIII ce rr3ocrpflT H orHollreHrrsra c klra- 6e4uocr. Msoro or rf,x rbpcrrr crraceHue, Karo eMurpr{par e Aueprz-
;rux. flo BpeMe ua Ea,rrancxure soiiHtt upe: 1912-1913 r. Arcrpo- ra. XpoHlruecxara 6e4uo cr uallratmaHcKru ror crecHflBa BbrperrHu_rr
Vurapux uLlratrum. Bnu3ar B ocrr,p cilop 3a BJrrrxHXe HaA cb3Aa.qeHara na3ap r.r fipequ ua 6rp:oro pa3Brrrrre Ha [poMr.rmJreHocrra. Ilpo6ne-
an6ancxa AbpxaBa. Te:ll cnopolle pa3KJlaqar AorIT,JIIlrrreJIHo cucre- MT,T 3a IOra ocrasa ocHoBeH ror[TuqecKlt BT,npoc 3a nr,nrt{ roAHH}r.
'Mara Ha Tpofiuux crros. Cle4 npone44aHero Ha uosa usSuparenna pesopua npe3 1876 r
B uaneuepuero Ha Iltpeara cBeroBlla sofiua vtreflTa 3a npeyc- rrpoMrzmneHara 6ypxoa:H;r noryqaBa Aocrbn .4o Bnacrra. Bsel{ar ce
rpoficreoro Ha'Ascrpo-Vnrapu.a B TpITeAHHHa MoHapxl4fl c aBToHo- MepKH 3a ycKop-flBaHe Ha HKoHoMHqecKoro pa3tsrrrr{e. Btnexl4a ce rro-
MUfl.HaCnaBflHCKOTO HaCeJIeHHe Ce nOAeMa H or npecTonoHacJle.{Hr{Ka llurlulr.a Ha nporeKqHoHIr3T,M. Yserz.rasar ce reMrloBere Ha pacrex B
@panq OeparuaH.q, lcofiro lrcKa Aa orpaHuqu HapacHanoro BnI{-rIHIIe ocHoBHHTe KJroHoBe Ha npoMurrrneHocrra. 3anoqsa o6pasyaauero Ha
ua Yurapux B HMnepu-flra.,HaZB roulr 1914 r. o6aqe @paHlr Oepan- roJreMH rtpentrpkrqrvr B xr.rMuqecKara npoMrzrxJreHocr (,,lftapelu") u
HaHA rr cBnpyrara My craBar xeprBu Ha areHTar r Capaero, TJIaBHI4TIT eneKrporexHlrqecrara (,,E4ncou"). IIpe: 1883 r a MH:raHo e nocrpo-
rpaA Ha EocHa n Xepqeronnua. CapaescKllrlT areHTar e noBo.{T,T 3a eHa rr,pBara n Erpona ronnoeneKrpuqecKa ueHTpana. Crpoxr ce HoBr{
Haqanoro na CseroeHara BofiHa. xene3orlT,THkt ItHHuyt, KaHaJrr4, dlaroycrpoxBar ce roJleMrrre tpaAoBe.
floc;reguoro Aecerrznerrre Ha BeKa cbBnaAa c ocrpa BT,TperxHa
KpH3a. Mnseplrxra Ha IOra craBa HenoHocuMa. flpes 1893 r. ceJrrHrl-
2.r4TAIIt{.fl. re ce 6yurynut urrarflt MMeHuflTaHa eApr.rre 3eMeBJraAenqu, Ar,pxaB-
HHTe yqpexfleHus. Br,rHeHnx ns6yxrar rr B Apyru qacrx Ha crpaHara.
flopaxeuuero ua @pauqufl Br,B sofiHara cpeqy llpyczx ro4u Byuronere ce noBTaprr H npe3 1898 r B Mulano pa6orulrqure us-
Ao oKoHrrarenHoro o6eAnueulre l.r,atr4ratrus. Or llaucxara AT,pxaBa e gnrat 1apuxaau.
Ir3rerreH Speucrr.rxr rapHLI3oH u npe3 oKroMBpIr 1870 r" PilNl craea Brs sburxuara rroJruTuxa Llrarus cbrqo H_rrMa oco6euu ycne-
croJruua uaLlrarrns. xu. Or 1882 r r.rr e qreH ua Tpofinlu cT,ro3, Ho oruoulenuxra i c

ls8 159
Ancrpo-Yurapufl. He ca 4o6pu. L4ranuascxure Haur{oHaJII{crI'{ ucKar ureHu;rra cn c @pauqnn uPycux, Kor{To npr.r3HaBar uefrnnre HHTepe-
[pr{cT,e.4r1n-sBaHero Ha H-f,KoII rpaHurrHu O6lactlt, KbAeTO ]1llr'.A ]l1.Tanl/r- cu s tr4:ro.rHoro Cpe4useMHoMopr.re. klralux rr3qarBa yAo6en MoMeHr
aHCKo HaceJlenne. He ca go6pu H orHolleHrrxra c @pauull.f, nopaAu r
H s 1911 sanoqna soilHa c OcuaucraraLrv,rrepkrfl, sa uefinr.rre uo4-
crropoBe :a Tyirnc. C.rreArafiru ilonuTl{Kara Ha roneMlrre rr,pxaBl{, Tpunonu u Kzpeuaiira. [nere o6nacrn IIoIIaAar
BJracTHr.r Teprrropr4r.l

I4rastnr cr,ruo rptrBa rro I]T,Tfl Ha KorIoHHaJIHara eKcnaH:ux. flpe:r 80- rron uraJrutaHcKlr KoHTpon. BloruanaHero Ha orHoIIreHHrIra c Aec-
re rorHHIr e 3aBnaAriHa KoJIoHHrra Epurpex s ZgroqHa AQpuxa. 3a- rpo-Yuraplu no BpeMe na Eanxaucxure sofiHH HaMzut[Ba BepHocrra
[oqBa sofrHa 3a 3aB3el{aHero Ha Alucuurtx, Ho rpe3 1 896 r. npu Agya natr4rurus. nr,u Tpoiiuu.f, cr,ro3. flpe: anrycr l9l4r., B Haqaroro Ha
Irriurr{aHcrr{re roficxu [perbprlrBar nopaxeHlle h ca fipvuyn.eHrl Aa flrpeara cBeroBHa sofiHa rst a1tsssa Heyrparrlrrer.
CE OTKA)KAT OT IIO.HATATbUIHI{ 3ABOEBAHUfl'
Cnoxnoro BT'TperIrHo fIoJIoxeHHe lI BT,HIITHHTe Heycnexn Ha-
rarar seo6xoAlrMocr"ra or HoB rIonHTulIecKI4 Kypc. Tofi e cBbp3aH
c rrMero Ha BrrAHrrl uoJIHrrrK lxoeaHu .Il,xonnria (1842-1928). Tofi
yqacrBa B rlot{Tl{ BCI{rrKrr npaBllTencrsaor 1903 rc 1914 r., ropa.4r{
Koero ro3r{ nepuoA ce HapHrIa ,,epara flxonurn". 3anoqBa ce cepurl or
p e$opun r 6ypNoa:noAeMoKparl.IrleH Ayx. fipo $ ctro:lrre nonyrlaBzrr

o$uquanno rpu3HaHl4e, BbBe)I(Aar ce coqrrzulHo 3aKoHoAareJICTBo,

sceo6uo ns6lrpare;ruo npaBo 3a BcuqKI4 Mbxe HaA 2l ra4urtu.
Epara ua pe$opull clBnaAa c HoB noAeM B llKonoMlrxara. fipo-
MHrrIJreHoro IIpoHsBoACrso or 1900 ao i914 r. HapacrBa c B4o/o- C
AbpxaBHa noMoul ce pa3BHBar roJIeMI{ [pe.qnpuf,Tl{x s Hafi-saxHl'Ire
rrpoMurrlneHfi knonose. Oco6eno 6rpsn ca ycnexl4Te s asror4o6xr-
r{ara npqMIrluileHocr. OrHoso noAeMbr ce orpaHurraBa B ceBepHara
rracr Ha irpanara. OxusreHuero B t{KoHoMI{Kara He u*AaBapa6omN
Mecra 3a BCI4qKI{ H eM}rpaqurra 3aA oKeaHa npoAbnxaBa. MexIy
1900 n l9l4 r. roBerre or 8 unu. Ltraltqlalr\tt HarlycKar crpanara. He-
AoBoJrcrBoro na 6eAsIare or JtoIrrHTe ycnoBI'L 3a x<r'IBor [pe3 n.tro-
ro sa 1914 r. ce lr3nuBa s cruxuifi:ru 6yurore Ir crarlKrl' Celsnll or
o6lacurre Pouas.s u Mapra Hananar rlpaBllTerrcrBeHlr yqpexAeHll"f,.
flpe: ronu B roJleMrlTe npoMuurneHu IIeHTpoBe e o6.sseHa o6ura cra'r-
r3. B npo4r,JlxeHl{e Ha eAHa ceAMrrqa, T.Hap. Kl,pBaBa He,{eJUI, pa6or-
HI{UUTe OTCTO-,IBaT CBOHTe I{CKaHH-'I.
Or na'Ianoro sa XX s.tr4tailnx orHoBo aKTHBU3I'rpa BtHrlrHara cI4
flonrrrlrKa. B crpauara ce 3 acvJrBa HalluoHanucrl{qecKoro ABuxeHIre,
Mexly r{HHTo pr,KoBoAure Ir4 e u rucareriT fa6puene A',Auyuqr'to.
Brnpercu ,ie l4raltufl. e r{JIeH ua TpoiiHnx c'l,Io3, T.rI uo4o6pxna oruo-

160 161
 PYCKATA IIMfIEPKIfl o6urecrso. Blaro4apeuuc Ha rc3u pe$oprvru Pycux npaBrr orpoMHa
Kparrxa HanpeA B pa3Br.rrrrcro clr. 3a npeMaxBaHero Ha KpenocrHu-
qecrBoro Alexcau4rp II e uapeueu ,,qap ocno6o4r4reil".
Pe$opuzre or 60-re u 70-te toArrHrr uuut Lt cBor.rre HeAocra-
ilopaxeuuero n Kpunacxara sofrHa [oKa3Ba cna6ocrra Ha ufl-
nara cucreMa Ha pycKoro caMoAl,px(aaue. Beqe He caMo I{HTerIureH-
mqu. Cauo4T,pxaBuero n Fyclrx e 3anzBeHo Harrr,JrHo Ir ilpoMeHu-
Te 3aBucqr eAHHCTBeHo or BoJrrra Ha HMrreparopa. B crpaHara HrMa
ru{5Ta r1 OTACJIHH npeACTaBHTenIl Ha yllpaBn-aBaturlTe KpT,I-OBe, Ho I4
caMufll r4Mneparop Alercau4r,p II ( I 8 I 8-1 88 1) ce y6eN4ana s Heo6- AocrarbqHo pa3BHTo o6ulecreeuo MHeHue, Koero Aa oKa3Ba Harr.rcr 3a
npolT,nxaBaue ua pe SopMr{Te. Hauporrae, roJleMrr_rrr 6ropoxparu ueu
x6IIrlMOCTra O:r II3Br,pIXBaHerO Ha nceo6xnalru peQoprtru lr Hafi-eeqe
atapaT e HacTpoeH currHo KoHCepBaTHBHO r{ e IOTOB nO BC.trKO BpeMe
or oTMf,HaTa IIaKpelocT[Ioro rlpaBo.
Or ua.{aloro ua 60-rc ToAHHI{ satroqBa epara Ha roneMnTe pe- 4a 6;rornpa rexHr{"rr xoA. Tara lrs6yxualoro npe3 1863 r. norcKo BT,c-
ua Alercaua:np II TaHue rr areHrartT cpeqy Alexcaugr,p II npe: 1866 r. salassr H.rrKoH
$oprvru n Pycu.a. Ha 19 $erpyapn 1861 r. or l4Mero
or peQoprraure H 3acHJrBar BlLTflHue-ro Ha KoHcepBarophre.
e r{3AaAeH uanuQecr; xofrro upoBT,3lnac.flsa ocBo6ox(AaBaHero Ha ce-
qe ce B ro4uunre, rrocJregBaJru peQopnaaropcKara gefi Hocr, rzKoHoMH-
,rrflHure or Kpenocrn a3aBkrcuMocr" Oco6euocr ua pe$oprilara e,
qecKoro pitsBrzrue Ha crpaHara ce ycKop.flBa. C pycrcz u qyxlecrpaHHu
3al1a3Ba craporo o6r(ungo 3eMeBlaAeHI're, He ceJlflrIl{Te, a o6uluuara
KailrITiulu ce ocHoBaBar MHoro npoMultlneHlr [peArrpHJI-tLrA, 6aHKkr, 3a_
e co6crnennr Ha 3eM;tTa. Cenguure nonyqaBar cBofl yr{acrbK 3eMtr or
noqBa 6tpso crpoureJrcrBo Ha xere3orr.br:a:a rrutHuu. Oco6eno BzDKHo
He{, Karo nepHoAHtIHO Ce IIpaBll flpepa3flpeleJleltrle. laulqure BT,pxy
e pzBBrrruero Ha rexKara npoMurrureHocr
3eMflTa ce nnaillar o6uo or qflnara o6ulrlHa, a orAerHllTe irIreHose - yBenuqaBa ce 4o6unr,r ua
BT,[rHrqa, xeJrr3o, croMaHa, neQl pa:pacrBa ce MarxuHocrpoeHero.
MOraT Aa f, HanyCKaT CaMO CT,C CI,IJIaCUCTO Ha tsCI4qKH COIUIHH'
llor{s.ssar ce HoBrr npoMr{r[rreHu paitouu. Pacrar u golusnre B ceJr-
CneA orrasH uta Ha KpelocrHoro IIpaBo cneABar uosu peSopull.
cKoro crorraHcrso. Or k?air Ha nerca Pycru 3arroqBa Aa craBa eAuH or
flpe: 1863 r. ce BbBexnar npoMeHlr r ruz6epalen Allt B yr{unuxlara,
ocHoBHhre H3HocHTeJlH Ha sr,pHeHrr xpaHr{:a Enpona. Cxlso BJtu.f,Hrle
yBenHqaBa 0e aBToHoMuflTa Ha yHIrBepcI4TerI'{Te, HaMaJreHa e IIeH3y-
B HKoHoMr{r{ecKara rroJurrrzKa rra npaBuTencrBoro urpae Ceprefi Br.me
para.IIpe: 1864 r: ce npoBexAa r.Hap. 3eMCKa petpopua, Ko-tro peua-
(1849*1915), Mr{H}rcr:bp ua Suuauczre rpe3 1892-1903 r.
rnreNrlrpa MecrHoro yrIpaBJIeHIIe - yqpeA.sBar ce ry6epncxu v ye3L[rl
3eMCK[ cxSpawtac rocroflHHo Aeilcrsaury ]rrpaBn' llar npe: 1864 r ce
Pe$opnaure cT,3IaBar HoBH LrKoHoMHqecKH H corlruruurHri upo6ne-
cr,3AaBa ce e"4IIHeH rpax-
un. Px:xoro yBenuqaBaHe Ha ceJlcKoro HaceneHr{e BoAu Ao 3actreHa
.r{3Br,pIrIBa rul6epalna ctAe6ua pe$opua -
I{ npaBo Ha cso6oA}ia 3ar!111;a. Hyx.qa or 3eM-r. flrpnoHa.ralHure HaAenu (yuacr:rqu :eux), Korrro
JIaHCKH cr,rx cbc cr,ne6uu 3aceAareJru
iloryrlaBar ocro6o4euure ceMHL4 cKopo ce oKa3Bar HerocrartrrHu.
IIpe: I 870 r. Ha peopraHn3a\ilx e rloAnox(eHo lpaAcKoro yrrpaBneHr.re'
Iluncar a Ha KarrLlT aJtv u nepuoluqHoro npepa3rrpeAeneHr.re Ha 3eM_rrra
B 1874 r. ce I{3Br,puBa H BoeHHa pe$opnaa, Karo ce nr,reN4a o6u{a
cl,ruo sarpyAHflBar cerflHure. lorruo npenflTcrBue npeA no-uarqa6-
BoeHHa clyx6a c rotlHo ollpeAeneH cpor. 3anouBa H II-rIJlocrHo rrpe-
HOTO pa3BHTUe Ha 3eMeBnaAeHrreTo u IlpoMulllneHoc.ma e HeBb3MOX_
B',r,Opt'iKaBaHe Ha apMI'IrITa.
Hocrra:a cro6o4uo npHABlrxBaHe Ha cenflHure. Taxa eIHH ceJicKH
loleuure pe$opull Ha AneKcaHarp II ca 6e: npeueAeHr B eB-
pairoun ce npeHacenBar, a B.qpyru JrH[cBar AocrartrrHo cencKv cro-
po"reficrara :ac'toprtfl or roBa BpeMe. llponex.4ann or eAI4H KoHCep-
nanr.r. He .qocrura ceo6ogHa pa6orna pr,Ka Lr 3a rrpoM]iruneHocrra.
Barr{BeH pexuM r Arl6oro u3ocra*ana u 6eAsa crpaHa, Te ycrlrBar
Ocrpure npo6leuu B cencKoro crorraHcrBo BoA{T Ao MHoro BT,JrHe-
6es roneNlu cT,TpeceHH, H HacrTI1ltfl Aa cJloxar Har{aroro ua Au6oxn
uut u 6yutoBe B Kpar ua XIX 14 Haqzlrroro na XX s.
couuuulHlr u IIKOHOMHT{eCKH TIpOMeHI{ B II.flJTOCTHI{.fl XITBOT Ha pycr(oro

162 t63
 llinpoxo e HeAoBoncrBoro H cpe.4 I{HTenI{reHIIIrflTa H cryAeHTu- crrfl orHoBo Aa ce HaMecH s I4sro.rHur Bbnpoc H T, BoAr{ upe: 1877-
ctila npe: 70-re r.r BO-re rorHHIr.
Te, Korrro ca ilIaBHara o[o3HIII]oHHa 1878 r eofiHa c Ocuaucrara HMrrepu-f,. CleA ne oco6eno yc[erxHn.rr
Te ca pa:ouapoBaHlI or JIHrIcara na 6t p:lz pe3ynrarll or pe$oprraure 3a He.s Eep:ruucxn AotoBop, pycKara eKCrraH3Ha ce Hacor{Ba orHotso
H ca cKrroHHu ila o6swusBar 3a BCI4qKo lrMlleparopa t{ npaBl4TencrBo- r<rlt Cpe4ua Asur. B Kpa, Ha 70-re ro4uur.r raM ce oSopux rorqMa
ro. Pa:6npa ce, ocHoBaFIHs ga uoro6Ha KprrrlrKa cbuecrByBa! Ho o6lacr noA pycKu KoHTpoJr, o6xsaulaqa MrocroJrMaHcKHTe xaHCTBa
MHo3r.rHa BuAlrr{ npe.qcraBurenn Ha I{HTeJrrrreHu HflT a He p as6upar, ve XHsa, Eyxapa, KoxanA r.r Ka:axcraH . Pycux 3arorrBa 4a o$oprlr crox-
npeycrpooficrBoro na o6ulecrnoro e [poAT,Jtx]ITereH lpoqec. Pa:o- Ta KOJIOHHtUTHa r{MnepHf, KaTo BKJIror{Ba tpaHur{eq}ITe c He,'I rIO-CIa-
qapoBaHr.r or 6asuhs xo.q Ha rlpoMeHlrre, Te ce [oA.{aBar Ha v4eilTe Ha
6opa:nurn ucJrrMcKr.r lbpxaBrl.
xpailuux pa1latanzzs:oM [r peBonro\Lrfl'ra. CrsAaear ce nT,pBVTe raittu Creg :arna4xBaHero ua Cpe4Ha A:ut or Kpa-r Ha XIX r. pycKa-
peBonrouuonnlr o6ulecrsa. Ta eKcrraH3u.rr ce HacoqBa xt,u flanerrHu.f, r.{3ToK. 3a rosa AonpuHac.rr
Oule lpes 60-re roAnul4 peBonlouuoHHu AeMoKparu Karo Anex- r{ nocrpoeHara npe3 l89l-1904 r: Tpanccu6vpcKa xeJre3orrbrHa Ma-
caHrr,p Xepueu (18i2-1870) u Hur<onafi 9epnuurencruE (1820-i889) rucrpzua. Ilpes 1896 r Pycux nonyqaBa or Kurafi npaBo Aa rrpqAbn-
KpHTlrKyBar uecnoco6uocrra Ha )mpaB[rIBauIL{Te KpbroBe .{a npe- N.Ll ll.nHrtrra npe: Mau4Nypux (Cenepeu Kurafi) go Bna4urocror.
ycTpoflT KopeHHo crpaHaTa H c:b3AaBar ocHoBara Ha ABr{xeHueTo Ha
.{ne ro4uuu rro-Kl,cHo Kraraii il 4ana ro.q apeHAa liopr Apryp, KbAero
HapoAHuqI{Te, cnope.q KoHTo Al,pxaBHoro pa3BI{TI4e ua Pyctu uua ce cb3AaBa MouIHa 6azanapycxu, BoeHeH Snor. Pycxara excflaH3rr.rr
canao6sren xapaxTep, ocHoBaBaq ce Ha cr,ruecrByBaHero Ha cencKara npoAlrxaBa u n Kopex, Ho raM ce c6nr,cxsa c KonoHuzurHure arr6u-
o6uluua. Te nxpnar, ue o6qecrnennxr crpofr n Pyolr uoxe Aa 6rAe rf,HH Ha Anosus.
peSopunpau crc cvlrara Ha ocHoBHara qacr or HapoAa - cen.aHlrre. Iloxyueuuero HaI uMrreparopa cJtara Haqaroro Ha npoAT,nxu-
Hrxon or HapoAHl.{qvre ce crpeM.flT Aa BHecar rlpocBera cpeA HapoIa, reneH rrepuoA Ha peaKuux.IIpu rrMneparop AlexcaH4rp III (1845-
AOKaTO .4pyrIITe - no-peBonlourroHHo HacTpoeHr{Te, ca npHBspxeHHIII4 1894) :anouBa epara Ha r.Hap. ronrpapeSopMu - 3acurrBa ce rleH3y-
Ha Tepop}{cTnqHure aKldktr,l., qpe3 KouTo cMrITaT Aa pa3pyuIaT cr,u{ecT- pa'fa v. KoHTponbT HaA VHTeneKTyaJtIlUfl Xr{BOT, yBenr4qaBa ce noJrH-
BtBal41l gbpxaBeH crpoii. flpes 1876 r. ce cb3AaBaraitnara opraHl{- ucficxu.sr anapar, 3alorrBa nponaraHAa na sofiHcrearu HarIr{oHanr.r3bM
saqur l,3eM, 14 Borfl", a [pe3 1819 r. - ,,Hapo,4na Bor-f,", KoHTo opra- H uroBrrHr{3bM, pa3BHBar ce }rAerrre Ha rraHcJraBu:ua. B HepycKr{Te
Hr43vpat H-rIKorIKo areHTara, BKJI. I{ cpeuy IrMlleparopa. Ha I uapr o6nacru Ha lrMnepu.rrra - latrcuitcKflTe fipoBuuqun, llolrua, Kanra3
188 i r. AnexcaH.{r,p II e y6lrr r Caurr flerep6ypr or rpyna HapoAoBon- n @uHlaugwfl\ ce npoBexAa noJrlrrr{Ka na pycz$nrcaqua. Paspacrna
uu. Beftrara cne.4 areHTara HenocpeAcrBeHIITe I{3nbJIHIrreJIu Angpefi ce aHTuceMlrrcKoro ABr.lxeHHe. B o6lacrure, HaceJreHlz c eBpel{, re-
Xeru6on, Co$ux lleponcxa u Huxolafi Ku6alquq ca apecryBaHu, pIIOAI{r{HO Ce }I3BT,p1IIBaT nOrpOMLI.
cbAeHrr u o6ecenu. 3a rparro BpeMe ca pa3rpoMeHl4 BcHTIKII Tepopuc- Pe a rcquxra BbB BT,TperxHara rronr{TrrKa ce 3arra3B a u ilp:a nocneA-
TIUIIIHI,I OPTAHH3AI{I4II. HAPO4UAUCCTBOTO HC YCIIflBA AA YBNEIIE CNCA CC6C Hr{, pycKr.r r4Mrreparop Huxolafi II (1894-1918). B naua-noro Ha XX s"
'cI{ no-tuupoKu coquiulHn Kp},roBe u s o6crauoBKara Ha Hacr,[I{JIIrre uKoHoMHKar a ua Py cux e o6xsaHara or rrpoAT,nxuTeJrHa npoMr{mne-
Tepop H penpecl4l{ IrocreneHHo 3auala. Ha r.r ceJrcKocrorraHcxa Kpr{3a. flocrenenno u npepacrBa B Kpu3a Hzl
Kpnncrara sofiua u flapuxr<u-sr MIrpeH AoroBop or 1856 r. npe- AbpxaBHr4r crpofi. O$opMxulara ce eApa pycKa npoMrruneHa 6ypxo-
KT,cBar 3a lr3BecrHo BpeMe pycKara eKcIIaH3IL na Banxalrure. flpes il3wfl, c'b34aBaHero Ha MzurKa npoclofira or rrpoMrr[rneH rrponerapr.]zrr;
60-re r.r 70-re roAunuPycut ce HacoqBa Kr,M 3aBnaAflBaHe Ha Cpe.qna orpoMHara Maca or cen_rrHuTe - Bc.rrKa or re3rr coquuurHrr npocnoiircr.r
Azux. LlzlyxHaJrara tr4:ro.Iua Kpu3a or 1875-1878 r. nossolxna Py- IlMa OCHOBaHIII. 3A HeAOBOnCTBO OT CITCTeMATa HA CaMOIbpXaBHCI().

164 t65
llponarauAara Ha JleBrlTe rrapTr{r.r - coquaJrHCTIlTe I{ ecepllTe, 3acvn' B U{nara crpaHa u:6yxrar crar{KH, 3anoqBar 6yuroee Ha ceJI-flH}ITe,
Ba HanpexcHfieTo. BT,JrHeHHflTao6xnaular apMrrra u $lora. llpe: olcrourpu 1905 r.
O6pa:yeal-rara npes 1898 r. Couna:r/leuoxparur{ecKa pa6oruu- e o6.flBeHa o6ura nolurlrrlecKa craqxa. trllKouoMLrlecKu.f,T xllBor B
qecKa rapT11fl rifll"la uirlpoKa couuaJrHa 6a:a nopa4rE Hepa3BrlTocrra crpaHaTa e napanr{3r{paH. I{apcr<oro [paB[TeJIcTBo He Mox(e Aa pa3-
Ha npoMHIXleHIrrl nponerapEar. ftasul'Ire nleono3lr H BOAaqU Ha qura ropu Ha apMr4.[ra. tr4uleparopr,r e np]rHyneH .qa orcrr,trrt v Ha
rraprH.flra ce HaMupaI B eMl{fpallur' cpe.{ r-,Ix ce BoAl{ ocrpa 6op6a' 17 oxronanpu 1905 r. e o6uapo4nau trauu$ecr, xoiiro npoBr,srna-
leoprraii Ilnexanos (1856-1918) u }Onuii Mapron 11813-1923) cflBa cb3AaBaHero ua flr,pxasHa AyMa - napnaMeH! H rpaxAaHcKr{
Canpl{B}pxeHl{]]uHa[o-y]\{epeHHIIAeI{3apa3BI{TIIeToHacouua- cro6oAn. OxrorranpuiicKrr.f, T rraaHuSecr 3a.qoBoil-tBa I4cKaHHrra Ha
nuCT[qeCKoTo ABIIx(cHI4e - qpe3 [poCBeTa Ha pa6OliuvecKaTa KJIaCa 6ypxoa:uxra r{ crpaHara 3alorrBa Aa ce ycnoKoxna. Ilpes AeKeM-
rr 3aCHnBaIIe na nporpcr,rO3HoTo .4BI4xeHI{e. CrtopeA Bnagnrrtllp tr4nuu npn 1905 r. 6onruesulr.ure h ecepnTe rlpaBrr oIr[T 3a BT,craHI{e B
Ileunu (l87Ltg24) npo:rerapcKara peBonrolu4rl Moxe Aa ro6eAu no- Mocxna, Koero e noryuleHo 6r,p:o.
JrecHo B H3OCTaHiUra cTpaHa xaro Pyclrx tr cou]4aJll4crU',re
'rpa6sa 4a ce Oule s nr,pBara r.rs6paua ftpxarua AyMa npe3 rlponerra Ha
HacoqaT npflKo Kr,M fioJtHTr{rrecKa 6op6a 3a oBnaArrBane ua Bracrra. Ha 1906 r. ce o$opua cHJIeH 6nox uexgy KaAerure (Koncrr.rryunoHHo-
Jlon.4oscrus KoHrpec Ha napTt4rTa s 1903 r. N,rHO3I{HCTBoro (SonuIeBI4- AeMoKp arurru a uapula), np eACTaBureJIH Ha nn6ep a,ruar a 6y pxo asux
KHTe) Ce flprrcT,eAr.rrurBa Kr,M Jleunu, AoKaro MaJIuI{}tCTBOrCr (lreuure- H IrHTeJIIreHr\HfiTa, u orcrx6pucruTe, I(oI{To r{3pa3rBar rrHTepecl{Te Ha
Br4KrrTe) OcTaBa noA BrIt{.flHHeTo Ha Mapron. liaro CruirO 11 Bnlr-gTenHo eApHTe r{HAycrprranqlr. EAnn or nafi-ellAHure BoAaru Ha Karerlrre e

ABrrxeHue oT Halraro.r.o Ha BeKa ee pa3Br.rBaT ecepllTe (coqua;rucru

pe- r{cropr{KT,r r.r ny6luqucftr Ilaser Munroxon (1859-1943). I{ lsere
BonrcqrroHep u). T azta tapTkttr o6eAHnssa SuBrxrl HapoAHllt\rt t4 LBpa3flBa fiapruu rrcKar KoHCTI{TyurroHHa MoHapxu-fl, Br,BexraHe na 6ypxoa:nn
HHrepecllTe H? roJuMa qacr or ceJU{HIrre, rpaAcKara ilpe6Ha 6ypxoa- cro6o4lr, peruaBaHe rro 3aKoHorareJleH rIT,T Ha uafi-ocrplrre colruan-
3r1s. h qacT or pa6oruuquTe. HeiiHli1e OCHSBHH TIOJIHTI{qSCKI4 HCKaHI1;I Hrl BI,ilpOCH. HO flyn4ara HflMa ilrHpoKH III,JIHOMOI]Iu-tr r{ He MOiI(e Aa
ca 3a AeMoKpziruuecra penyonHKa, rroJrHTr{qecKH cBo6oA[, IIO3eMneHa lrrpae cepHo3Ha pont B ynpaBneHllero Ha AT,pxaBaTa. orHorueHu-f,ra
pesoprya n pa6orHIauecxo 3aKoHo.{areJICrBo. lonsua qacr or ecep}Ire Ha flrpnara AyMa c [paBaTencrBoro Ha HoBoHa3HaqeHrL MI4HI{crr,p-
ca npHBT,pxeHI{IIH Ha TepopI4cTI{rIH[Te AeLICrBI4tl' rrpeAceAaren [h,orp Cronnnun (1862-1911) 6r,pso ce BJlouraBar II
Blrecro pe$oprralr BT,B BT,TpeuIHaTa rroJII{THKa npaBLITencTBo-Io cKopo rtr e pa3nycHara.
CQotIHTBaAaoTKlToH,lHeAoBoJlCTBoToLIpe33aCI4JIeI{aTaBbHlIIHaeKC- B cre4narqure Meceuu Cronuunn 3a[oqBa aepwe, or peSoplru,
naH3H.rr. B !,aleunux r{3TOK pycKaTa rroJrIITIlKa Bnn3a B ocT'Lp KOH- Hafi-saxHara or r{x e arpapHara pe$opua or 9 uoenaspu 1906 r. Cro-
snnxr c flfroHcKllre KoJroHrlzilHrr ilpereHrIr{r4 t{ rlpe3 1904 r. Pycua Jrr{fiI{H cMflTa, r{e B ocHoBara Ha pycKoro cercKo cronaHcTBo rpxdsa
o6ssxsa BoiiHa Ha fl1lo;gIlls,. Bcu'rxn oilaKBar 6np:a uo6e4 a sa Pycus', Aa crorr Surypara Ha HanbrHo caMocro.flTe lt:ulafl cerilHrm. Pe$oprraara
HO Tf, e pa3rpoMeHa KaKTo fro cyura, TaKa r{ no Mope. Pycxo-rnoricxara lpeMaxBa ceJICKara o6UIuga I{ u3KycrBeHoro 3aAT,pxaHe Ha ceJI.rIHHTe
soliua or i904-1905 r. nanacq HoB ynap Bbpxy cllcreMara Ha CaMo- B HeN, AaBa rrparo Ha cso6oAHa [poAax6a na:euxra u cno6o4uo nPllA-

AbpxaBrrero Ir BoAII 4o ns6yxnaHero Ha llt'prara pycKa 6ypxoa:ua B[XBaHe. TeSlr nponteHrr ca ylecHeHr{ oT ct3AaAeHHTe seueycrpofi-
peBonlouuf, or 1905 r. crBeHrr KoMrrcrln Il or 3aeMrrre 3a KynyBaHe Ha 3eMr. Pe$opuara 4aea
Pesorlouusra saloqBa cT,c crpen6ara rro eAHa MrlpHa pa6or- Bb3MOXHOCT H 3a MaCOBO rlpecenBaHe Ha ceJlflHr{ or npeHaceneHu B
HurrecKa IeMoHcrpallus npeA 3nNaua.fl asopeq Ha9 flHyapr 1905 r' cna6ouaceneuu pafroulr xaro Cn6np, CpegHa Azw n fiar,eu:aux uz'
Y6uru ca HaA 1000 4yurn, 5000 ca paHeHI'I. B c:reAsaunre MeceIlH ror. B pe3ynrar Ha u3BT,ptueHara pe$opua n ceiroro oroHqarerHo

t66 161
I
ce ycraHoB.rrBa cBo6oAnoro IrirapHo cronaHcrBo' 3a rparroro BpeMe tIbTgT KbM CBETOBHATA BOfiHA
cneA nefinoro npoBexAaHe Ao HaqaJloro Ha CserosHara nofiHa pycKo-
To ceno 3anoilBa Aa ce piBBI{Ba c MHoro 6r,pru reMrloBe n Pycux ce
yrBbpxAaBa Karo rr]pBara I{3HocI{TenKa Ha 3bpHeHIr xpaHl{ r Enpona. @peHcxo-npycKara sofiHa or 1870-1871 r, uolara Haqaroro Ha
Crc crosra rBbpAocr Cronznun cH HaBJTI{qa MHoro BparoBe Ir [pu HoBa cprcreMa Ha paBuoBecue Ha Cunure n Enpona. CBAasar ce ABe
Her,r3.rIcHeHIr o6crosrelcrza e y6ur na 5 ceureuapu 1911 r' s Kues- Mortrrlurrr lepuancxu paili u ole1uneua l4ralins.
o[epa or col]I{aJl}rcr - TaeH areHT Ha IIOJMUI{.flT4.
HoBH .qbpxaBr.r -
cKaTa Orxrcsarnre or @panqzx H ilpucbe.4r{HeHrz KT,M Paitxao6nacrv Ersac
CneA sofiHara u peBonroqu.rlTa or 1905 r. Pycux ce BT,3craHoBr- u llwapurtrut [peAonpeAerrT sa Abnrrr roAtrHr{ - 4o flrpnara cBeroB-
Ba rpyAuo. Heilnara cna6ocr e I{3IroJIsBaHa or lepnanux u Ancrpo- ua rofina, HarrperHzrrl.rre orHorrreHr{rr MexAy ABere crparrra. Ocnornara
Ynrapux r Eocnencrara KpI,I3a. Ho rnorraaanero Ha orHollreHl{-tra c uen ira $pencrlna froJrrzrr{Ka craBa peBaurutT cpex{y lepuauru.
TeSIr ABe CTpaHV oKa3BaTBJIII.uHLre Bbpxy HacoKI{Te Ha pycKara BbHIIT-
[o cro.rra ocraBKa [pes 1890 n rcpMaHcKrrrr:r KaHqJrep Eucuapx e
Ha rroJrr{Tnra. B 1907 r
Pycux cKJIIoqBa cloptrylueHrae c Anrnus no eAHa or ilraBHHTe $urypu B cr{creMara ua enpoueficKr{Te orl{orrreHr{.f,.
KoJroHrazururrre clopoBe Mexly ABere crpaHu r Cpe4nux Hsror' Tosa Crpenaefixu ce Aa r.rsoJrupa @pauqur or [oreHu]raJrrnre ir naprnboprr,
crropa3yMeHue u rtefrrrusr cblo3 c (Dpauqux oQopuxr oKourrarerHo rofi u:rpaNga cvareMa or cbr)3rl, rleHrtp ua rcofiro e lepuauux. flpes
Broprr{ BoeHHoloJII{TurIecKu 6rox s Enpona - AHraurara. 1873 r e crrroqeH C:srosr,r na rpnMara aMneparopr (uaPycun,leplra-
Hzx u Alcrpo-YHrapux). lepiraariux pa3qwa,.re crrosrr rl c ABere Abp-
xaBrr rqe lz3oil:apa (Dpauqux. Ancrpo-Ynrapns. ce crpeMu.qa ce rporr.r-
BorlocraBrr Ha pycKr{Te rrHTepecu na Ealxanure c rcpMaHcxa rroMorrl,
a qenra waPycvn e Aa He roq/cHe o6pasynallem ua o6u aBcrpo-rep-
MaHcKH 6nox cpeuly He-f,, r(arro u lauua noAApbxKaralnalepvranux
N Arcrpo-Vurapr,rf, cpeqy Anmrz-s. Crrosrr Ha rpplMarar,rMfleparopr.r e
I{3rrbJrHeH c npoTtzBopet]|.1lr H, Bb[peKr4 He|OBOTO nOTBbpX.4aBaHe [pe3
1884 n, zarylza 3HaqeHr4ero cH nopaApr :aapac*aJtprre [poruBoperrus
ueN4y Pycux u Arcrpo-VHtapnflHa Ea:lcanure.
Cne4 Pycro-TypcKara nofina or 1878 r. u nocnegBalua Eepnvn-
cKrz AoroBop leprr4auzx ce crpeMr{ 4a o6rrpxe ro-TrcHo Arcrpo-Yll-
rapru KbM cBo.rrra rroJrr4Trrxa. flpes 1789 r. MexAy nBere crpaHu ce
cKJrroqBa or6pauureneu c6ro3 cpeqy Pycux, rofir:o c flprrcbeAr,rrurBa-
Hero Ha Ll'ratms. npes 1882 r. ce [peBpbrqa r Tpoen crros. Cnope4
AOTOBOpa V TphTe AbpxaBI4 [oeMaT 3aA[JDKeHr4f, 3a BOeHHa frOMOrU,
aKo ca HanaAHarrr or Pycux ulu @pauqzx. .{oroeopbr e noArrucaH
3a cpor or 5 ro4znu, Karo ce rroAHoBflBa aBToMarhqHo, aKo eAHa or
crpaHure He ce orKaxe or Hero. IIpz uo.qHor.rrBaHero Ha AoroBopa
npes 1887 r. watr4rastux e o6eqano rpaBoro Aa B perrraBa-
X{acrBa
Hero Ha BT,rrpocrrre :a Ealrcauure, 3a rypcKoro xpafi6peNue, 3a oc-

168 t69
rpoBrrre B A4puaru.IecKo I{ Ereficro lrope. Ilpes 1891 r. T, nonyrlaBa B-rrBa3a nbpBx nrr n Aur:ru.s r4 orHarlaJlo o3HaqaBa caMo 3auII{Ta Ha
I{ IIOAKpeIIara Ha CT,IO3HIIUI{Te CI{ no BbnpOCa 3a IIpeTeHtIHtlre ir s cbslaAeHara ailrnuiicra KoJroHHiurHa vv^trepilfl or araKr{Te cpexly He,
Tplruonu u Kupeuaiixa. Tpofrnlrxr cblo3 craBa rIT,pBr{.trT IlocrotrHeH Ha flprlRT,pxeHurrxre Ha cHCTeMara Ha cro6o4Hara rbproBua. Crcopo
BoeHHolonuTr{qecKu 6rox a Enpona, npoct,uecrByBan no Haqaroro o6a.le uo4 TcpMlIHa ,,IlMrrepIraJIH3T,M" 3aroqBa Aa ce pa:6upa crpe-
ua fl:oprara cBeroBHa sofiHa. Me)Kbr ua Be:ruxure cnm4 KT,M pa3lilr{prrBaHe Ha crparerurlecl(oro r.I
B 1BB7 r. Enclaapn rocrl{ra oxle eAHH ycnex B cBoflTa nonurll- r.{KoHoMHrrecKoTo roc[toAcTBo B cbceAH}ITe r4 T.T3BbHMOpCKHTC Tepr.{-
Ka Ha r{3oJrau[rr Ha (Dpauqux. C Pycua e cKil]otreH T.Hap. AoroBop 3a TOpHH, CT,qeTaH CT,C CTpeMeXa KbM 3aBJIa.4-rIBaHe Ha HOBH KOIOHIIH 11
lpe3acrpaxoBKa, rro crrnara Ha rofiro ABere crpaHrl ce 3a.qr,JlxaBar Aa CBCTOBHA XC|CMOHIIfl.
crra3Bar Heyrpanl{Ter npn eoiina Ha BC-flKa e.uHa or r.rlx c Apyra AT,pr(a- tr{unepnalu3MT,T r.rMa cBo[Te xKoHoMHr{ccKII IopeHH B 3aBbp-
ea. -[4sKnro.rBar ce cnyqaure Ha repMaHclto HarlaAeHhe cpculy @pau- IIIIIJIaTa Wugy crpuallHa peBonrolllrq, Koraro HaqrroHiuIHI{Te }rroHoMlr-
uufl. u Ha pycxo - cpeuy Aacrpo-Yurapr.m. /lpyr ycnex ua Bucuapx KH 3arroYBaT Aa Ce HyXAa_f,T OT BCe ro-roneMrr r.l3ToqHr.lun Ha cypo-
e cKrloqBaHero npe3 cT,urara 1887 r. Ha r.Hap. Cpe4u:euuoMopcKa Bvrluvt t4 rra3aprr 3a cBoHTe rrpoMurxneHu croKr4. flonynxpuocrra Ha
Auraura Mexly Anrrtu-a, I4ral.ux u Ancrpo-Ylltaphe.. Tosu 4oronop nlerlTe 3a npaBoTo Ha HapoAr.rTe Ha caMOCTo_rrTeJrHO Cr,xIeCTByBaHe
npe.qBuxga 3alla3BaHero Ha craryKBoro e Cpe4u3eMHo, Agpuaru- u pa3BuTHe B0AII AO Cr.rneH HaIJlIOHaJrr.l3T,M rl IrIOB[IHr43T,M II nOpU.qO
qecKo, Ereiicuo u rlepuo Mope, B paiioua ua flpolnellre, Ha Eanxa- pacl{cTKr{fl Bb3rJIeA 3a rrpaBoTo Ha focIroACTBo Ha ct{JIH}ITe IJA\UUHal
Httre v s Erusxus Ir3ToK. Cpe4u:ennoMopcKara AHranra e Hacose- no-cla6r.rre. llocreneHuo 6op6ara 3a Kor'roHr4rr ce fipeBpr,rrla s 6op6a
Ha cpeuy rroJrr{rrlKara uaPycux ua Eanraur.rre r{ cpeqy $peHcxara 3a cBeroBHa xerer,roHn;r HaA Apyrrrre lT,px(aBrr. Tazu 6op6a oKa3Ba
eKcnaH3r{.fl no ceBepHI4rI aSpur<aucxu 6pxr v rpa6ra 4a 6paHu lrHre- cHirHo BJrxtrHrre Bbpxy cncTeMara Ha MexAyHapoAHr4Te oTHO[reHV{ B
pecrzre ua AHrnux, tr4ranux u Arcrpo-YHtapulfl, B rtocoqeHure pailo- Enpona v B cBera.
urz. r{pes rosu A6rorop feprraaulu ce HaArBa.{a npuRneqe Aurnu-fl Ha Ilponrxuara 3anorrBa Aa ce qyBCTna n Erpona or HaqaJroro Ha
crpaHara ua Tpofiuux cuo:. Tosa cnopa3)MeHue e nnoA Ha BpeMeHHo 90-re roAunu. E4ua or nefiunre nbpBu rrpo.trBr.r e pa3pyrxaBaHero
cT,BnaAeHrlp Ha HHTepecilTe lr cKopo cc pa3[aAa. Ha u3rpaAeHara or Eucuapr crlcreMa or ctbro3r.r. Cne4 neronara
Tarca'e neprroAa 1871-1890 r. Encuapx rl3rpaxna cl{creMa or ocraBKa upes 1890 r. fepuauux ce orKa3Ba or .qoroBopa 3a rrpe-
c:bto3H, B Kor{To ca BKJI}oqeHrr rroqrll BCIIqKI4 erponeficrn culu 6es 3acrpaxoBKa. Tosa BoAH Ao cr,3AaBaHero ua Speucxo-pycKns cr,ro3
Anrnns n @paHqux. llpe: qenux neprtoA Aurnrr-s ce npr{Al,px(a Kr'M or 1891-1893 r.
IIoJTHTT{Kara Ha r.Hap. 6necrxua }I3oJraIrI4f, cnopeA Kof,To r.s He ce aH- Ilpes 1891 r. Me)KAy <Dpauqux uPycux e rroAnncaHo cnopa3y-
raxlrpa c .qoroBopHr.I orHoIIreHI{-s c HrrKo;t enponeficxa 4tpxara. Ta:u MeHrre 3a cBUrGaHe Ha cT,BeuaHz_fl H OCT,XIeCTBflBaHe Ha CbBMeCTHT{
fIorIlITI{Ka il nogeorgea Ia cr,cpeAoToril{ BCHLIKTITe cu crutLl B KoJroHu- MepKr{ r cry.rafi, qe eAHa or rBere crpaHr.l 6r4e :anlarueria or Hana-
aJrHrrre lpo6neun II3BT,H Eepona. (Dpauqnx, ocraHara II3onI4paHa B AeHrre. Iipe: 1892 x e noAnucauaraitua BoeHHa KoHBeHuu-tr, Ko.flro
Enpona, Hacor{Ba cnnure clr cr,ulo KbM ItoJIoHrriuIHu 3aBoeBaHH.a. npeABuxAa pycKa noMorl npfl repMaHCKo HafraAeH]re cpeqy @pau-
B xpax ua XIX u Harrilroro ua XX B. 3ailoqBar grn6oru rpoMe- ulr,a ]r cborBeruo SpeucKa rroMorrl, alco Pycua e HarraAHara or fepua-
Hu B IIoJIHTITKaTa Ha BcuqKrr Be.nuxu currt 14 B crrcreMara Ha McxAy- nus. PeueHo e BoeHHara KoHBeHuI{-g Aa6t AeB clalralororaBa, AoKaro
HapoAHure orHotueHrl,s B cBeroBeH uaula6. Texuurl xapaKTep ce on- e B cuJra Tpofiuuxr ssros. B Kpa-f, Ha 1893 n KoHBeHrrr{-rrra e paru$u-
peAen.f, or HoBrr :l.g.erlH MorrrBll, KoHTo B cBeroBHara ucropuorpaQr'r-a uupaHa oT IBeTe cTpaHrr.
ce o6o3HaqaBar c repMrlHa ,,HMnepHar1131,M". Tosu repuuH ce IIog-

I70 171
 flpe: 90-re roArrHllBCe olqe ilpoA:bnxaBa KoJloHrlarlHoro Orqe npu Eucuapx lepuauux npvaoIur,a H.tKoJrKo KoJroHr.rH B
chilepHur{eclBo MexAy AuruIEs u @paHqnx. 3anoqsa:ro r flaleunnx a@pzrancrur KoHrHHeHr - Toro, KauepyH, o6lacru r lOro:ana4Ha
H3ToK, ro c€ ilpeHam ua aSpttKaHCKH;I KoHTHHeIIT I{ rlpe3 1898 r. n tr4:ro.rHa AQpuxa. Ho ynpauxBar-urre Kpr,roBe sre Burxerraosa
Bo.4H Ao ceplto3eH ronsrzrcr - r.Hap. @auro4cxn I4HITHAcHT llosog fepnraulrx cMsra! qe HapacrBaruara repMarrcKa HHAycrpHanHa MorI
sa xoH$nurra craBa 3aBnallflBaHero Ha ccxfiulero $auroAa s [OxceF{ ce Hyx(qae or no-roJreMH KonoHurr. leplraunx ce oplreHTr{pa Kr,M
Cy4an npn lisBopure ua Hun or $peHcxn Ko.roHHaJIeIl orpsA noA T. Hap. cBeroBHa rIoJIIrTHKa.
or repnTopil.flTa Ha
KoMaHABaHero Ha KaIrHTau Mapuran, IIore]^JIlIJr Tastr noruruKa e cbr{eraHa cr,c 3acHJIBaHero Ha repMaHcr}I.tr
@peucro Kotlro. 3asraAxnaHero Ha crparer-uqecKu tlyHKT r rasn o6- Mrnurapn3l,r.r. llpes neprroAa 1890-1914 r. repMaHcKara apvrilfl Ha-
nacr AaBa Bb3MoxHocr (Dpanuua Aa KoHTponIIpa roprioro reqeHfle pacrBa u claBa uaii-uuoroqr{cneHara cneA Ta3r{ uaPycux.Ilo cruloro
ua p. Hun I.I .4a ocyerl{ EpoeKTa Ha Anrnus 3a cbs.4aBaHe Ha BepHra BpeMe arMr4pan An$pea Sou Tupnuu cb3naBa ana6lrqao:ua nporpa-
or Kononulr or Kafipo go Kefinrays. Asrnnx ilocraBr ynruMary-M Ma 3a pa3Br{Trrero Ha repMaHcKu.rr BoeHeH Slor. B HaBeqep[ero Ha
ercrreAullrr.tlra ua MapruaH Aa Halycse @auroAa. llperonopure Mext- CeerosHara soiiua cr,orHorrreHr{ero Mex.qy repMaHcKrr.rr u auumi.t-
Ay ABere clpaHl{ ca 6e:lpesynrarHH a AHrnH.[ 3ailOrIBa [oAroroBKa cxux (uor Aocrura 10:16. fepuaHrrfl Bcrle e Bropara MopcKa curaB
ga sorina. tr{so:rnpaHa H HenoArorBeHa 3a ra(aBa nofiua, @pauqna Enpoua. Cr,c csoxra cr.rJrHa apMutr 11 ror_trM Slor, ro4eqa rroJrlrruKa
orcr:bllBa. (DaruoAcrnsr rrHt(uAeHT e nafr-cnnnuxr ron$luxr MexAy Ha eKC[aH3IIx, leprraaultx craBa ocHoBHll.ar u3ToqHHK Ha HanpexeHue
Aurniax lr Opauqrx, Ho roil e I{ riocJleAHusr. C.lreA Hero 3anoqBa B MeXAyHapO.qHr{Te oTHorreHr.r.fl .

nogo6pxnaue Ha orHoureHlc.flTa Mex(Ay ABe're crpal{u" 3acnlenoro BoeHHoMopcKo crporrrencrBo B fepnrauux [peArr3-
Kpaxr sa XIX B. 6erexu u Apytu KoJIoHI{aJIHu rconSnumn Mexny BI{KBa ocHoBarenHa rpeBota n Aurnux, Ko.flTo npeAnata Ha H_rIKorKo
Benurure culu.. flpe: 1894-1895 r. flnoruux ro4r rofina c Kuraii sa IIbTr{ npeIoBopH rro To3Il BT,npOC, HO Ce HaTSKBa Ha IepMaHCKII OTKa3.
rrnrrflHvrer Kopex. Iipe: 1898 r ce pa3rapfl sofiHa MexAy CAI! r I4cna- Or csos crpaHa Anmzs cr,tr{o 3acrlnBa MopcKHTe BT,opr,xeHrzf, - npe3
HHf, 3a Ky6a n (Dr.rnunr.ruure.llpes 1899-1902 r' AHr:rHq BoAI'I rpyrHa H l9l2 r. e rp[er 3aKoH, cropeA rofiro cpeqy BCeKrr nocrpoeH repMaH-
npoAr,nxl.rrerHa sofiHa c ABere peny6-lrarn na 6ypnre e IONua ASp,- cr<n ropa6 AHrnnx rpa6ra Aa nocrpor{ 4na. HaupexeHaero MexAy
ra. llpes l9C0 r. uexayHapo.4eH eI(crerI{IIHoHeH Kopilyc noA KoMaHA- ABeTe CTpaHIl Ce rr3ocTp.rr.
BaHero Ha repMaHCKIr.rI reHepaJl Al$pea SoH Ba:iaep3ee noryflraBa 3a rosa Ao[puHacq u sait-anrluuuo3Hrr.rrr repMaHcKrr Kono-
r.u4p. EorccepcKo Bl,craHue s Kurafr, cJreA roero BenuKHTe cIJILI cH HHzureH npoeKT 3a r.Hap. BarAaAcxa xenesHurla. Kouqecrlara :a
-
pa3npelerutr 3oHI{ Ha BJII{.,IHI{e B }rMrepl4-flra. Ilpes i904--1905 I ce nocrpofirara Ha xeJre3Hut\ara e AaAeHa npe: 1903 r. Ha repMaHcKo
soAN soiiHa Mexly Pycuxu flno:atz;3a KoHTpon na4 Kopex" aKrlrzoHepHo ApyxecrBo Har{ero c ,,flofiue 6aHK". Tasu xenegorrT,THa
BcH.IKu resrl roiintt ca He 3a HoBrl KoJloHtz,aJrlgu 3aBoeBaHIUI, a 3a rrr4rlrfl. cBr,p3Ba I{apirpa4 c llepcuilcnvfl 3arilrt. lluuusna rpx6nalo
flpepa3npeAeJlenrre Ha Beqe npngo6lrru KoiIoHuH.
r{acr or rflx ce BoA-'IT Aa MuHe upe: Ear4ag, orKbAero lonyqaBa HMero clr. gpes EarAarcra-
or,,MnaAlIre" uMtrepuarucTuqecxu.4r,pxaBH - CAII u flnouux.Te ca Ta xenesHlrua lepuaunx Bb3HaMep.rrBa Aa rrocraBr.r nol cBoe BiluflHne
3aK:bcr{eJII{ B H3rpaxAaHero Ha cBorl KonoHHiuIHI'I IrMlepHH I{ TT'pCflT Ocuancrcara ilMilep:ae. il Ia HarrpaBu Mana AsNx y4o6eH crparerIz-
HarlIlHH sa npuro6uBaHero na co6erseHu KorIoHHH. /{oraro CAt[ tt
rrecKrr nyHK! orKbAero Aa 3anna[rBa anryrrlficxnre rrHTepecu e
Eru-
flnoetrx uMztr tlo-[ec]Ir{ BT,3MoxHo cru 3a npulo6neru, uafr -6t p:o pas- ter u ?Iuaux. E ar4a4crara xene3 Hr.rq a 3acfli a r{HTepe cr{Te u ua p y cux
BuBaruara ce eaponeficna cvila - lepuaHux, Cperqa 3arpyAHeHIIr. n Kasxas u Ilpplnnnre. Pe:ylrarrr or roBa repMaHcKo Haqr{HaHrre e

112 173
npr{r\4lrpsBaHe Ha nporl{BopeqnflTa Mexny Aumug u Pycux }1 cKJrIoq- HapacrBaruara repMaHCKa r.r3oJlaut{fl n Erporra t,r c rt,r,ptril illl()ril,ir tril
BaHero Ha c[opa3yMeHue MexAy rxx s 1907 r. conr.rAapr{o crra s Auraurara.
Hapacualara repMaHCKa arpecr.rBHOCT TnacKa lcrna c6irnNasa- ArpecuaHo ce AT,pxti 11 eAuHcrBeHUrrT. locroglrcu lcpMirrr-
HeAHmnrI u (Dpauqux. Cle.4 Oauro,cKllfl' IIHIII{IeHT Ko:IOHIIaJIHI{Te cKra cbro3r{ux - Ascrpo-YHrapua. IIpe: eceHra ua 1908 r. .r'l
npornBopeqHfl MexAy rflx HaMaJlflaar. llopa4u aHraxr{paHero Ha aHeKcrrpa laAeHrrre ir :a 30 roIHHr{ ynpaBneHue, cropeA Eepluu-
Pycr.rx n f{aleunux H3roK, Koero cKopo AoBexAa Ao
pycKo-filloHcKa- cKrlr AoroBop (1878), rypcKu npoBuHrlflh EocHa u Xepueroru-
ra noitHa or 1904-1905 r., uefinoro 3HaqeHlle raTo speucKlI cb103- Ha H npoBoKupa ocrpara Eocuencr(a KpH3a. Aner<cu.f,ra Ha ABere
HHK cpeuy lepuanza HaManrBa u @pauqux rapcu HoBa lloAKpeila' npoBrzHrluu e nnoA Ha ancrpuilcxara eKcrraH3ufl, Ha Eanrauure u
Anr:rux crulo e cKJIoHHa Aa ce c6n[x(u c @pauqufl r{ npe3 aIIpHn yAap cperqy pycKr{re [o3r{uuu B ro3u paiion. Hafi-sacernara e
1904 r. ,qBere crpaur{ cKrl}oqBar r"uap. CrpaeqHo c}rJlalueuue
(r}p' pycKara cbro3HrrqKa Cup6ux, Ko-rrro pa3BuBa rxupoKa nponaraHla
Anranra). fuaeeli MOMeHT B AOTOBOpa Ca cr,BMecrHI{Te Ael(napaul{H sa o6egunrBaHero Ha BcHrlKH rorocJraBrHCKH HapoArl no4 nefiua
:a Errner u MaPoro. errlAa. Crp6ux ce o6pr,rqa 3a noMoul xru Pycux 14 3arroqBa Aa ce
Aurnra.s [pLI3HaBa clleuuaJrululre npaBa ua @panqux n Mapoxo, rorBpr sa eoiiHa. Arcrpo-Yutaplr,,fl, cr,rrlo ce HacoqBa KbM BoeHHr4
a opauqua oT cBorr cTpaHa - c[equanHr{Te npaBa ua Anrnus
e Eru- nprrroroBneuux. Pycrtr npeAnal'a cBr.rKBaHero Ha MexAyHapoA-
ne'r. Anranrara JII4I(BllAHpa cnopnnre Bbnpocu MexAy Anr:ru-fl z ua nouSepeHuu.rr Ha Culure, no.qrrr{canu Eeplzucxu.rr AotoBop.
@pariilur I{ no.{rorB.tt rloqBara 3a c'b}o3 cperuy f'epuaHux' @pencxo- Aecrpo-Vurapufl, or cBo, crpaHa ce o6prrqa 3a rroMo[I r<rrr.r fep-
pycKrr.rr c.bro3 or 1891-i893 r., auruo-$pei{croro cr,rflarleHue or MaHr4fl. Tx ornpana ynrrrMaryM Ha Pyctfl, Karo AaBa Aa ce pa3-
1904 r. H aHrno-pycKoro cnopa3yMel{He or 1907 r' o$opruar Bropllt 6epe, ue rrprr eBeHTyaleu xon$lrrKT LrIe 3acraHe Ha crpaHara Ha
BOeHHOrronHTtr{qecKu 6rox s Enpona - Anraurara. Kru HerO
3aloq- !,yuancrara MoHapxu-f,. Pycttx e orcna6ena or nopaxeHuero crr B
Ba Aa ce opHeHTHpa ul4rarfils cneA noAnl{cBaHero Ha clopa3yMeHr'L'I
Pycrco-xuoucKara noiiHa, He nonyqaBa noAApr,xKa or ocraHarlrre
c @pauqu_a npes 1900- 1902 r.3a pa3rpaHHrIaBaF{e Ha rexHHre tlHre- Bellrxu cunv u e npHHyAeHa Aa orcrr,rr4.
pecr4 B .ppegusentnoMoprlero. B nocle4uure roAuHr.r [peArr Cserosuara goiiua HanpexeHrle-
Iep*rauux ce qyBcTBa npoBoKr.{paHa or anruo-QpeHCKOTO CT,rna- ro MexAy 4nara 6lor<a HapacrBa 6l,pso. Ilpes 1911 r. lepuaun.fl npe-
rrreHr{e u rpeAI{3BHKBa fltpsara MaporaHcKa KpIEa' flpes naapr
1905 r AH3BUKBa Bropara MapoKaHcxa Kprzsa, no Anrnnq orHoBo noAKpe-
rafi:cp Bulxenu II noceurasa MapoKaHCKu'fl cynraH r TaHxep u ro nx @panqux a lepuauul rraK orcrr,rrBa. flpes 1911 r. tr4ratux r,o1u
[pr4BercrBa Karo BJ]aAereiI Ha He3aBAcvMa AT'pxaBa' C rosa fepua- yclerxHa eofiHa c Ocuaucxara laMilepufl. ga nefinure a$puxaHcru
Hr.ia rroKeBBa, qe He nprl3HaBa H,IKaKBH CleuHanHII [paBa
Ha (Dpauqn.a npoBr{Huur{ Tpnuolu u KlrpeHaiira. Cnrernanu MoMeHTa sa y4o6eu,
r Maporo lz orpurra Speucxllre cnopa3yMeHus c AHrurlr' feprlal*rx 6anraucrcure AbpxaBr.r - Er,lrapux, Crp6ws, u lt pryx, cr,rrlo 3a-
HacrorBa MapoKaHCKI{.flT Bbnpoc Aa ce pa3rne4a Ha Mex'u,yHapoAHa noqBar sofiua c Ocuaucrara r4Mrrepufl rryez l9l2-1913 r., B pe3yn-
ioHsepeuqr.r-f,, Karo 3anJrallrBa (Dpauqux, ue a cryuaii Ha orKa3 Moxe Tar Ha rco-flro HeiiHr.rre BnaAeHua r Enpona ca HaMaJreHr{ Ao MuHrr-
@pauqux ce uyrra. ftrporuBopequrra MexAy 6anxancxrare AbpxaBr.r :a no4an6ara
Aa r,a ce crurHe Ao soiiHa. Cnen HssecrHu Kone6auua
cT,fracfBa r.r [pe3 1906 r. B ]lcfraHcKr{fl rpa"q Anxecupac 3anoqBa Mex- Ha :repr.{ropLttl Bop.u 4o Bropara (Mex4ycrrosuzvecxa) 6anxancra
Ha BCHqKH Beluxu culr'r' soiiua npe: l9l3 r.
AyHapoAHa xonsepeHunfl c flpeAcraBrlreJll{
Brnpexu oqaKBaHlr.ar a crt, Ha rcon$epeuqulra fepuauufl e [oArpeflc- Cnea 1913 r. HarpexeHrrero Men(4y 4rara 6loxa r Erpona 6rpso
Ha caMo or Ancrpo-Yuraprlfl. Kpaxr ua Maporaucxara Kp[3a IroKa3Ba HapacrBa. locrarsuua e caMo IUTKaKBa vcKpa, sa ia nraNaHe noxapr,T

t74 115
I
rra BofiHara. B rpas Ha rcHlI l9l4 r.Sa BoeHHrr MaHeBpI'I a Capaeno, CBETOBHATA BOI4HA
rJraBHr{rr rpaA Ha EocHa rE Xepuerorv;Ha, rtpktcrvtra aBcrpo-ynmp-
cKuflT [pecronouacJleAH]rK @panq @epauuaru cbc cblpyrara cu. Hz
28 rona wavraraca 3acrpenflHu or farpuno llpnnqrln, ureH Ha Halru- Y6ufi crsoro Ha aBcrpo-yHrapcKl'Ifi rlpe cronouacneAHlrK @pauq
oHzull{crr.rqecxara opraHfi3a\krg.,,Mra4a Eocna'., lro4Kperl{Ha or cp'r6- (Dep4unau4 ua 28 rouu l9l4 r. n Capaero npeAI{3BI{KBa cHlIHa Mex-
cKara HalllloniulrlcrflqecKa opraHl'rcaqux,]{epua pbKa". Capaencxnxr AyHaporHa KpI43a. flo4rpenxua or leprraanun, Ancrpo-Ynraput' o1t-
aTeHTaT crraxa Har{uIJIoTo Ha ocTpa Mex.4yHapoAHa Kpl'tsa. Cficrenara sssa sofiHa ua Crp6ux sa 28 tottu. flo culara Ha ct,lo3Hl{qecrlrre
or cbK)3I{, I'lsrpzu(AaHa B [poAbJIxeHIre Ha ror]rHu, zapa6orra u ua .4OTOBOPU B CNCABAIq4TC H.'IKOJIKO .4HI{ BT,B AOfiUATA BJII43AT PYCNN,
1 anrycr l9l4 r. rza6yxra flrpsara cBeroBHa sofiHa. (Dpanurar u AHmttl, Kolrro oQoprrarr rJlaBHHTe cvrnt:z Ha Autantara,
z lepuanz.a, Kof,To 3aeAHo c Ancrpo-Yurapu.s nonara ocHoBara Ha
I{en:rpalnure cvrv. Krvr Asranrara ce rrpucrequnttBar cbnlo Berr[s
n llepna ropa. Ilo-rcrcHo KbM BoIoBaIIIure rpyflilpoBrl{ ce BKJIrcqBar
r{ rr3BbHeBpoueficrcr cunu. 3anoqsa CserosHura soiftia. Taxa ce na-
xon$lnrr Ao HoBara sofiHa or 1939 r., Koraro
pr,rqa ro3l{ ce BbBexAa
rropeAHocrra - fltpna u Bropa cBeroBHa sofiHa.
CneA nsmrara tv,o6vtuza\fifl, apunttre Ha TJIaBHI{Te crpaHrr Ha
ABere rpyrupoBKl{ ua6poxnar:: lepuauu"a - 3,882 MnH. AyIITI{, Pycur
-5,461unn., @panuus.-3,781 Mlu., Aumu.tt-oKoJIo 1 lrml. Ayilw,
Eerrus v Crp6*tx - no oKono 380 xprl. Ayuru, a 9epna ropa uo6u-
nv3:apa 60 xur. .{o rpax ua eofiHara Anr:anrara Irao6ranueupa o6ulo
41 irann. Lyuiu, a Ideurpaluvrte clz^Itul, cneA rrpl4cbeAl{H.xBaHero Ha
Ocuascxara :avrnepvfl. z Ernrapux, oKoJIo 23 rlrun. AyIrIt4. Boen-
HoMopcKI.{Te cIrJIu Ha leprraanua u nefiuure cbIo3HI{uLl orcrbnBar
rryBcrBr{TenHo Ha re3n Ha Anranrara. Cauonerure I gupuxa6tru-
Te Karo cpaBHlrrenHo HoBo opT,rrcue ca noqrl'I eAHaKBV no 6pofi u
B ABere rpynplpoBKlr. B nxouotul{qecro orHoIIreHI{e I]eurpamrure
cr{Jrx orcrtlBar Ha cBolzre nporl{BHl{qra, oco6euo cJIeA BnrI3aHe-
ro Ha CAII{ rrn rofinara, uo no-go6para BoeHHa opraHl43allrr.f, H
BbBex,4aHeTo Ha cTpor KoHTpoJI B ITKOHOMI4KaTa HM fIO3BOJIf,BaT
Alnro BpeMe Aa BoA.,IT aKTI{BHkt BoeHHI'I 4eficrnrrx.
Ha 4 avrycr l9l4 r. repMaHcrrrre soficxr 3anoqBar HacrbnJle-
T17$9s", xofiro npeABI{X.4a 6rps pasrpou ua
Hrure cbilracHo, rrnaHa,,T T

@paHqu-a r{ cJreA ToBa cr,cpeAororraBaHe Ha BcI{qKI{ soficKu ua I4sroq-

nua Qponr cpeqy Pycut. Hapymaeai,rru Heyrpar4rera Ha Jkorcceu-
6ypr n Belrvx I4 Bblperla cbnporl'IBara ua 6enrvritcKara apMllfl, KbM

t76 r77
20 arrycr rpu repMaHcKH apMr.rr{ or A-flcHoro Kpr{no r13J1l{3ar Ha Speu- IIpaBflT Tpfl HeyCnemHI4 OflUTa 3a HaC'rr,nneHI'Ie H IIpe3 ACKeMBpII Ca
cxo-6elruficKara rpaHurra. Ilxsoro repMaHcr(o Kpl4no orpa3rlRa n'bp- npuHyAeHu Aa HanycHar cpr6cxzrra repuroprlfl.
BoHaqaJrHHrr Harr{cr( ua $pauqy:ure :.z.ilpr4HyxAaBa AecHIi{ uu (uaur B xpax lra oxroMBpu rBa repMancrcu nopa6a, rpI4Apyx(eHI'I o'I'
t{cpuo
Aa ce BT,pHe Ha lrsxoAHrrre crr no3rrunlr. Jlssoro Kprlno Ha rlpeucr<ara rypc(a ecKa.trpai 6o*r6ap,tnpar HrIKonKo pycKll npucraHlru1a n
apMrls e npr.rHyAeHo Aa oTcT}'[Ba IIoA HarrlcKa Ha npeBb3xoxAaxlure uope. B orroBop I{a roBa Pyctl:t, Aunng u @pauqux o6-sunar eoiaHa
ro repMaHCKu cllrn,. Cpeury $poura Ha repMaHcKoro nflcHo Kpr{no 3a- ua Ocuaucxara HMrlepux. CSpa:ynar ce KaBKa3K[t tt Meconol'aMcl(H
rloqBa reficrsile u npexBbpneHu-rr npe: Ilanaaurua aurnniicxl{ eKcile- Qpom, KbAero ur,pBoHaqanHo pycKu u aHr:tttiicxlt soiictttl l4lvlar I{3-
Ar{qrroHeH Kopnyc. Onurlr Ha repMaHurrre Aa saBbprxar o6rprxteun- Becrnrr ycnexl{. E4iroepenaeuHo c soiaHara a lirpona 3aroqBar Boel{-
ero Ha $peHcrure soiicxn u3Tor{Ho or flapnx BoALr !,o 6urrara lpu Hrr 4eficmua u rr3BT,H ues. Ha 23 asrycr Anosns, o6fls-flsa eoiiHa Ha
p. Mapua or 5 Ao 12 ccureunph rr 3aBr,ptuBa c Heycnex. B cJreAea- lepvanlrx r{ rpeB3eMa repMaHcrara 6*a Klrayuyoy s K}lrafr, i€rcro
ulrrre ABa Meceqa, onureaiiKu ce Aazao6vnonxr $,raHroBere Ha npo- u KapolullcKuTe, MapHaHCKu'i e u Mapura;roBrrre ocrpoBu s Tuxus'
TrrBHr{Ka, }r ABere crpaH[ npexBbpnrr soiicxn Ha 3anaA. Kru rpax oKeaH. Aurnu-s [peB3eMa repN{aHcKara KoJIoHIr.fl Toro s ASpnr<a. Oc-
Ha HOeMBprr MaHeBpeHrrTe Acficreu-8 ce npeKparflBaT H ce ycraHoB-sBa TaHarHTe repMarlcKrl KoJIoHI4rr ca orpfl3aHrr or lepr"rauufl H [onana'r
HenpeKr,cHara Spourona rvHufl. or Cenepuo Mope ro runeiiqapcna- cr,ulo B aurnrrffcrclr pr,qe. B rr,pBHTe BoeHHIr Meceuu He ce BoArr ro-
Ta rpaHrrua. Bofrnara craBa rrosrrurroHHa. Heycuextr Ha repMaHIIHTe neMu MopcKH cpaxeHu.rl Orpx4 aurnnficxu xopa6u ycrl{Ba Aa yHr4'
upu Mapua o3HarraBa npoBan Ha rrJraHa ,,TIInn$eH". rqolxlr npn @o.nrleH.4cKnre ocrpoBu ecra.qpara Ha a.(Mupan lllnee,
Ha }4:roquna $pour ua 17 anrycr ABe pycKlr apMvrt 3aroqBar KaKTo Ir rpl{ repl\.raHclcu rpatlqepa, 4eiicrnaqu cpeuy anruuficr<u.a
Hacr:brrneHue s I4:ro.rua flpycnx v. Tpr4 AHll, IIo-KT,cHo HaHac-f,T Iro- Q;ror r l4uaufi.cxua oKeaH.
.paxeHr{e Ha rcpMaHur{Te rpr{ fyn6nueu. feprr,raHcxuar leuepaneu B Ha.raroro Ha BoiiHara Anmrag o1xsxaa CerepHo Mope 3a 3arBo-
rua6 HasHaqaBa HoB KoMaHABaq Ha B-a apurltr - reHepalt llayn $ou peir pafion I,{ op|aHrl3l{pa uKoHoMurrecra 6loxaAa ua leprrlaHux, [peKT'c-
Xuu4eu6ypl r{,HoB HarrarHuK-ura6 - reHepal Epux JlygeHaop$. Or saiiKr.I HeiiHure MopcKH KoMyHr{Kaur{r'1. Ha nclrlxrl $pourone I(aMfIaHr{rI-
'1914
3araauvx Qpour rcr,n Zgroqna llpycus. ca u3rerJrcHu nBa Kopryca. ra npe3 r.3aBbpxrBa c npeMHHaBaHe Ict,M [o3I4IIt{oIrHa soiiua.
Ha 26-28 aBrycr repMaHuure ycn;rBar 4a o6rprxar rI yHurlloxar lipe: 1915 r. sa 3anaAunx (tponr fepuauux ce nplIAr,pxa Kr,M
upu Taucu6cpr no-ron.sMara qacr or Bropa pycKa apv,nfl, a rlo-Kt,cHo or6paurlrenHa raKTIlKa, KoHueHTpHp aitxu y cuttufft a cH Ha tr4gro'rula.f,
r{3rJracr(BziT or tr4sro.rua flpycxx u flrpna apunfl.. Br,lpexu Heycile- Qponr. Or rraapr .qo oKToMBpu Anraurata rpeAllprreMa rope.4rlqa
xa,'aeitcranflTa Ha pycKr4Te aoficxr4 s ZgroqHa flpycux noArroMarar HacrT,rrreHns. C rlesara Ha roreMu xeprBlr BoficKHTe ce npr{ABlrxBar
OpaHqlrx B HaBerrepuero Ha peurrrerHara 6urxa rpu p. Mapna. H.trKOJrKO KrlJrOMeTpa, HO CneA KOHTpaaraKa ca [pIrHyneHH Aa ce Bbp-

Ilo-ycneurulr ca AefrcrsnflTa Ha pycKara apv.us. cpeqy Arcrpo- Har Ha H3xorHIITe no3lrlrulr. Heycnexr,r Ha Hacrr,rIareJIHHTe Aeficr-
Yurapzr. flpes cenreMBprr pycKr{re soficxu o6caxnar Kpenocrra Bllfl. r Ha LBeTe CTpaHr{ ce Abnxtrl Ha u3lpaxAaHr{Te oT T{x CTIJIHO
Ilurerrazctn crc 1O0-xun.sAeH rapHrr3on. O6uro s 6oeeere flynarcra- yKperreHr4 rro3r{I{uu, KolITo rpyAHo MofaT Aa 6tJ.aI flpeoAoneHll c
ra MoHapxufl, AaBa 6luso 250 xul. y6utw H paHeHH. Or crpoa ca rr3- $poHranuu araKu. B 6nrxara npu tr4np ua22 artputr 1915 r repMaH-
BaAeHu rorrMa qacr or KaApoBr{re o$nqepu Ha aBcrpo-yHrapcrara urrre 3a nr,pBr4 ntr yuorpe6xsar 6ofiuu ra3oBe" Ha tr4sro'rHux QpoHr
apunr^, Koero ce orpa3-rrBa rexKo B6pxy Hefinara 6oecroco6uocr Ao fepuautra npoBex,qa HTKoJIKo nocneAoBarenHrr onepaIIHI'I rI npe3
Kpa-f, Ha sofinara. Ha Ealxancxnx $ponr aBcrpo-yHrapcrure soilcK[ cenreMBprl npaHyxAaBa pycKara apMH-f, Aa HanycHe reprlropllfra Ha
llorua. Vcnex zaPycux e Hacrr,lareJlHara onepalln, ua Aacrpo-yH-

178 t79
rapcKux Qporr, KotrTo AoBcxAa B Kpafl Ha Mapr Ao Kanuryna\t4flTa Ha craBfl rra Kuraii T. Hap. .{na4ecer r{ eAHo ucKa*Hfl,, Kor{To rlenlrr ycra-
Ilmeuncr,n. flpe: orrouBpu [opaAu rr3To[IeHr.{ero Ha soficKnrc, cc HOBTBaHeTO Ha CrrnHo .IIIOHCKO BrIljfl]Hllle B ClpaHaTa.
ycraHoBtrBa orHocrlTerHa cra6r.uuoc! Karo Jrr{Hurra Ha $poHra cc Ouac.ssaliKu ce 3a cBo.fl HaABoAeH Qnor, npes 1915 r: fcpuarrun
npocrupa Ha ceBep or Pura Ao I43ro.rHurc Kapnaru. I]curpalHnre He BoAI{ aKTHBH}I AeficrBur. B 3anrqHa Ha roBa ce 3acuJtBa aKl.r,rBrrocr-
CTIJIH He ycn-rrBaT .4a nocTHrHaT IroJrrrTrrqecKHTe rlenv Ha KaMrraHur- ra Ha repMaHcKrre rroIBoAHHUrr. flpe: Senpyapu l9l5 r: Mopcrol.o
Ta - I{3Jru3aHero Ha Pyclr.a or sofiHara. IIpe: anpun 1915 r. tr4ratms, npocrpaHcTBo oKono AHrnH.f, tt I4pr,augua c o6rscno or I-cpnaauua
noAnrrcBa cbc crpaHrrre or Anraurara AoroBop, xoilro ypexrga neil- 3a BOeHHa 3OHa, B KO.rrTO BCeKH HerrpHfTencKr{ Boc}rcH trnr{ TT,pfoB-
Horo ylracrr{e BbB soiiHara. llpes uaii Wrallur. o6xsssa BoiiHa Ha cnn rcopa6 nonnexr.{ Ha yHr4uloxenae. Ha oflacrroor ca Lr3noxeHu H
Ancrpo-YHrapvfl, a npe3 aBrycr 1916 r. - H Ha lepnrauua" Ha Hoeux Tr,proBcKrrre xopa6u Ha HeyrpanHuTe crpaHfl. Hcorpaun.rer{ara rroA-
I4ratualacr<u $pour npes 1915 r i{Tanr{aHcKara apMnfl, - B cr,craB or BonHa soiiHa ua lepuauzflHMa3a rlen Aa Hanoxu MopcKa 6lona4a ua
oKoJIo 875 xur. Lyillr^, npoBe)KAa qernprr Hacrr,narcJrHu oncparlulI AHmns. flefr,crswlrla Ha repMaHcKrr rroABoAHHrIr{ cKopo rr3ocrpflT or-
cpeqy aBcTpo-yHrapcKIlTe noiicxu, Ho He nocrr{ra oco6eun yclexu. HorrreHrrrrra c HeyrpanHr{Te AbpxaB}r z nail-se.le crc CAI!. Ha j trafi
3a 4a ce ocr,r{ecrB}r no-4o6pa BpT,3Ka c Pycux r.{ cBcHryiurHo Aa 1915 r. e rrororreH asntuitcxuxr nbrHurrecru :raiiuep ,,Ily3vraH'fl*,
ce rr3BaAu or eofiuara Ocuancxara HMrrepufl, npe: $erpyapu I 915 r. 3arlrBar 1959 gyuna, cpeA Korrro 115 arraeplrxauqu. CAII{ ornpaBrr
3anoqBa r.Hap. lapaaHeJrcKa oneparlur. Iipe: rleepyapr H Mapr ce ocTpa HoTa .4O TepMaHCKOTO npaBVTenCTBO r{ B Kpa_s Ha ceilTeMBpr4
rlpaBrr HeycreruHu orrrrrrr :a $opcnpaue ua [ap4aueJrr.rre cr.c cr{Jrr{- 1915 r. fepuauux rpeycraHoB.rrBa HeorpaHurreHara noABoAHa sofiHa.
Te Ha aHilrr{ircxu.a Qlor. I4srr,p[reH e AecaHT Ha rronyocrpor laru- flpes 1 9 1 6 r repMaHcKuxr leuepaleu rqa6 [poBexIa ocHoBHr{re
IIoJIII, Ho cne.q npoAT,n)r(I4TenHr.I Kpl,Borrponurulr 6oese 14Ta3l.l. onepa- cu o[epauuu ua 3ana4ullx $ponr. Yculusra ce KoHueHTpupar cperuy
uIIr 3aBbprxBa c Heycnex. Auuo-$peHcKure eoiicKil ca npr.{HyAeH}I KpenocrHara cHCTeMa ua Bep4rou - npeB3eMaHero i 6ll Hapyurrno
Aa ce eBaKyupar e ConyH,3a.Aa rroAcr.rJr"rrr eKc[e.quu]roHHr{.rr Koplyc, crpyKTypara Ha $peucxara or6paua n 6u cr:4alo Bb3MoxHocr 3a
npelHa3HarreH Aa oKaxe [oMorr-( ua Ctp6ul Tara ce cb3AaBa HoBrllT HacrT,rneHr{e cpeuy Ilapnx. Eurxara sa Bep4rou 3anoqBa rrpe3 Mapr
Coryucxu $pour. B xola Ha,[,apAauencrara onepauur no ]rcKaHe Ha r1 npolbnxaBa Ao AeKeMrpn 1916 n llrprouauanHo repMaHr1lrre uMar
Pycux ca'noAnucauu cloroA6n c Anrnus u c @pauqu.s, cnopeA Ko- ycrex, Ho npexBbpneHlrre or lplrr{ yqacrbrlz Ha $poHra Speucnu
uro cncA r<pax nh eofiuaraIJapurpa4 u Ilponnnure rpn6ra Aa5r,[ar qacrr rrt cnupar H no-Kr,cHo tlr orxBbpiurr o6paruo. Eurxara npn
lpeAaAeHlr ua Pycux. llponalrr Ha .Il,apgaHeJrcKara orrepaqrr.fl , KaKro BepAron e uail-rprronponurHara B Hcropurra ua soiiuara. Or rep-
lr urlyclextr Ha pycKure roiicrn npes 1915 r BoA-ar Ao BKnrouBaHe- MaHcKa crpaHa xeprBrrre BT,3nr.r3ar Ha oKoJro 400 xun. Ayruu, a
$pau-
ro ua Er,nrapufl BbB sofiHara Ha crpaHara Ha [eHrparHrrre cfiJrH. uy3r{re p.aBa'r lr,a1 350 xnn. xeprBrr. 3a Aa noAroMorHar or6pauara ua
Ha 7 or<rounpn o6e4lrueHrrre cLTrlr. Ha feplrauux, Aecrpo-Yurapux BepAroH, npe3 n.fiToro rr eceHTa aurno-$peucrure soficrcu npoBexAar
n Er,nrapux 3anoqBar orfansuna cpeqy Ct p6ux. Cpr,6cxure soficxu onepauu.rr nprr p. Corraa. llo spelre :aara3u oneparlrrn ua 15 cenreu-
ca ilprrHyAeHrr Aa orcfi,nBar r.r rpe3 $enpyapu 1916 r. ca cBaKyHpaHH npn AHmnx 3a nr,pBu nrr ynorpe6{Ba HoBoro opr,x}re - TaHKoBere.
Ha rpbuKlrr ocrpoB Kop$y, orKT,Aero rro-KbcHo ca npexBr,pneHrr Ha Cle4 ueycnexa ilpH BepAroH HaqzurHrrK Ha repMaHcr<nr leHepaneu
ColyHcrua $pour. Ha Kasxa:Kr.f, 14 MecouoraMcKrr-rr $pour npe: u1a6 craea flayn Sou XungeH6ypr. Hal4ra.rrpraHcKu_fl
@ponr npe: uafi
1915 r. He cc BoArr 3HarrrrreJrHu 6oiiuu lefi,crsnr,. llpe: Seepyapu 1916 r aBcrpo-yHrapcxzre soficrx npaBrr upo6ue rpr{ p. TpeuraHo,
1915 r. eAHa rypcKa rpynupoBKa araKyBa 3oHara ua Cyerlrnx KaHaJr, Ho nocneABanpro Hacrr,rrJreHue Ha pycKr.r_s reHepan Alercefi lipycu-
KbAe'ro ce o6pa:yna uon $poHr. B ,{aleuuua Hsrox "qnoHux npeA- JroB Ha tr4zroynus, Spour [peKparf,Ba aBcrpo-yHr.apcrara onepaqrrr.

tB0 l8l
Hafi-ron-suara orrepauufl na tr4:roqHur $poHr e IoHCKoro
HacrLruIeHI.Ie MaHCKHTe no/lB(ulrrillrr rr;lc: I916 r crrqo ue ca oco6eHo pe3ynrarHu.
Ha reHepan Epycunon cpeuy aBcrpo-yHlapcrure
soiacrla' Hanpareri e KananaHr.rqla npc: l9l6 r: ue Hocrr peruaBau1u ycnexu Ha Huro eIHa
3acraB' or
npo6un-r atr6orrru Ao 70 ru. Hacmnneunero Ha Epycnlor
BoIoBauIHTc I'py I I I'Ip0BKI{, Ho flocreneHl{o crpareruqecKuta uH]fl-

ffpoaurrrrx z Arcrpo-Yutapr4r' /Lal43relJulr lJ trusuzzllt or Bep4rou u Ilr'rarrrBa npeMr4ilaBa xr,u AuraHrara. L{eurpanHIITe CUIU 3arorrBar.
Aa
Ascrpo-vlr-
or Irlraluanan- 6po"r. OcO6eUo roreMII ca :ary6ure ua IT3TOIUABAT HKOHOMI4I]ECKII' I,I BOCHHU"fl CI{ NOTCH
\l/.AN U ilPCMUHABAT
ra3u oflepalrrrfl' 6tuzo I ulu' y6uru H paHeHI{ u 400 xul' crpareruqecKa or6paua. Ha 12 AeKeMBpu 1916 r. I_{eurpa:ruure
KT,M
tapvfl B - eB cHIwr r43ilr43ar c npeAnoxeHHe 3a 3anorrBaHe Ha MUpHII l]pcroBopH,
,rrarrrrur. [o rpar Ha soiiHara flnye4ulruara MoHapxH''I Ber]e He
repuaHcxa Koero e orxBbpneHo or Auratrrara.
cr,cronHue Aa [peA[p]leMa HacrbllarerlHl{ onepaqllu 6es
floMorrr. B pesylrar Ha yclexuTe Ha reHepa[ Epycunon ua27 aurycr B na.raroro ua $enpvapu l9l7 n fepnaauux sr,go6Hos_ssa He_
Pyuluun' Cle4 orpaHuqeHara [onBoIHa eoilHa. B orronop Ha .r'oBa CAII{ cntcnar
1916 r Ha crpaHara na Auranrara ffis sofiHara Blrrr3a
soficxu s Ar'rnroMaruqecKHre cH orHoureHu c lepuaur4,.uHa 6 anpul lg17 r. it
H3BecrHIr [bpBoHarlarHr{ yclexu cpeuy aBcrpo-yHrapcxnre
or Bo}lcKHTe o6.qs-flr sofrua. Bnn:auero ua CAI{ srs soiiHara c rexHrr_fl orpoMeH
Tpaucurnanvfl.,BKpafl Ha cerITeMBpI{ crrirHa rpynupoBKa
Cna6ara py- HKOHOMI4qeCKII H BOeHeH noreHullaJr OKOHlIarenHo npoMeH.[ seituux
ua L\eurpalHlrre cuJrl{ naBrulsa B pyMbHcKa replrropuf,'
orrounpn 1916 r' rta'4a xoA B rron3a ua Auraurara. Ha 3ataguux
Mr,HcKa apMvtle npuuyAeHa Aa orcrbrlBa' Ha 6 $ponr npe3 anpIzn Spe.r-
rIpI4 ycruero Ha cxrzre soiicKfi 3anoqRar Hacrr,rrJreHrre Mexly peiirr.rc H CoacoH, uo,
Eyxypeur. B rpax Ha AeKeMBpIr $pounsr e 3aKpereH
BbnpeKH roneMr{Te xepTBr{, onepaqrr_flTa He Bo4r1 AO perxaBarr_{ yc_
p. 1{yuan c roMolura Ha pycxlr soficru'
onepa- nex. cxopo roBa 3a rnaBHoKoMaHAtsarq Ha $peucrnre soiicKu
Ha Kasxa3Kux $ponr B pe3ynrar Ha rplr HacrbnareJlHn cJre.q e

uHI4 rtpe3 rrtpBara [oJloBI'IHa Ha 1916

r ca [peB3erl4 BaxHlrre rpaAo- Ha3HaqeH reHepal @ulun llererl. flpe: Hoenarpu l9l7
r n 6urr<ara llpu
se Ep:epyrnr, Tpane:yu4 u Ep:urqxaH' Ha MeconoraMcKrr'fl Qpour
r Karra6pe aHrnuqaHr{Te r{3flon3Bar MacoBo raHKoBe, Ho He ycn.flBzrr
Aa
Kpa.rr Ha anpHn asrnzficrnre soficxz ca [_pIrHyAeHV [a
KaililTytrvpat' ycilex or ynorpe6ara Ha HoBoro opT,xr4e.
pa3Bu_sr nbpBoHar{uilHrr.a

xpenocrra Kyr El Ar'aapa' Ha Cyeqxux Spour anrrrufi- Ha tr4sro.rHrax Spour a,6urusra ce pilBrrBar lr3rlflno noA BT,3-
npegarailru
cKnre sot'cru B Kpa.f, Ha AeKeMBpu 1916 r' Aocrl'lrar rpaH[ulrre
Ha 4eiicrruero ua n::6yxualara n Pyczx @eapyapcxa 6ypxoa:Ha pe_
Xe'4xas :a Bonrouur. Bpeneunoro [paBrlTencrBo npaBr{ onr.rr npe3 totrr Ia
flanecrzna. Ha7 wttu 1916 r. ruepusrr Ha Mexa o6ssqea
Ha pa3[anaHe Ha opraHr'r3r{pa HacrbrlreHl{e, KOerO O6a.re ce [poBan, H 3ac]/.nBA IOJIH-
He3aBLICI4M or Ocuancxara'r{Mlep}Ix' Cnunroul{Te
OcuaHcrara uMnepuq IIoATIIKBaT Anranrara Aa npHcrr'nll KT'M r1o- THr{ecKara Kprr3a B crpaHara. lio6e4ara ua EonrueszrrrKara peBon}o-

Lxl6a ua nefinure He-TypcKH Tepllropupl'

ulu npe3 oKroMBprz H3MeH.s nonoxeH?rero. llpe: AeKeMBprj l9ll r.
cra- 6onuresuuKoro npaBrlrencrBo rroAnucBa flprrN{rrpue c I]eHrpanHrrre
Ha 31 ,lrail - 1 ronrl 1916 r' npu lOrnan4 e Cenepno Mope
BolrHara' cId.IlIt U 3anor{Ba npetoBoprl 3a Mr.Ip.
Ba eArrHcTBeHoTo roJLflMO MOpcKo cpaxeHHe IIo BpeMe
Ho

Cpeular ce rJraBHlrre cultu Ha lepMaucKrl' $nor, nogenu

or aAMl{pan Ha tr4ratruaHcKufl (rpour repMaHcKrrre rr aBcrpo-yHrapcKure
Haqero c aAMrlpa[ Au- eofrcKu npeAnprzeMar roJrrMa orleparlufl npu Kanopero B Kpa.q Ha oK-
Illeep, uqac'r or anrnuficxtlx Qnor '['xenuro'
rnux- zary6na 6 xpafiqepa n 8 ecxa.4peHl{ MtrHoHoceqa' a lepuaullr - ToMBpH l9ll r.Vlratuaucxure soiicxu ca orxBT,pne ruu:rra70-110 r<u,
6urxara BoAII Karo AaBa'r MHoro y6zru u nneHeHr.r. EAna c noMoulTa Ha npexBl,pncHr4
6 xpaiiuepa u 5 ecxa,4penn MuHoHoceqa' Blnpexu'Ie
He
or crparerr{qecKa or 3aua4urar Sponr Qpeucxu u aurutuitcxu noficrn $ponrcr e cra6u-
.q, p"arr"rsa no6eAa Ha HI4To eAHa or crpaHl{Te'
aHulnqaHute' [o Kpaq Ha eoiluara rep- rt43lzpaH. Ha QonyHcrr.rx $ponr npe3 roHn 4c6apr<upar uoeu
ar"oru roura no6egurettur ca $peucru
6asu' fleitcrBlrflTa Ha rcp- roiicxu. llo4 uarucra Ha [pr{BbpxeHHrIHTe ua Al;rasrara rpbrlr{Hrr
MaHcKt4flT Slor nouru He u3JII43a or cBoure

187 I83
Kpan KoHCTaHTI4H a6guxupa B IIoJI3a Ha crtna cu Anexcas4lp. flptl rroqHar nperoBoprr 3a [pHMHpHe. Ha 30 oKTOMBpH Or sofiuara L3rlrl3a
HoBoro flpaBllTencrro na Ene$repuoc Beuuseroc npe3 IoJrH flpullx Ocnaancr<ara uMlepur. Ha 3 noerrarprr cKJrlorrBa nprrMupue u Ancrpo-
BJrrr3a BbBrOfinara Ha CTpaHaTa Ha Anraurara. Ha MeCOnOTaMCKII{ II Yurapua. Ha 9 Hoenasplr n Eepluu uzfyxzapeBonlorlHfl. Bunxemra II
Cyerlrux Spour aurnuficxu soficxr tlocrurar yclex c npeB3eMaHero e npHHyAeH gaa5guxupau6xrae XolaHgzx. Ha ll HoeMBpH s Koha-
ua Earga4, faza, fl$au ilepycannna. x uueu, 6ru3o go llapux, tepMaHcKa Aenerarlrzfl rroArrucBa npuMr{pHe c
flpe: 191 7-191 8 r. rloJloxceHl{ero Ha I{eHrpalnure cultkt ce BJIo- AnraHrara. Bofrnara 3aBbprrrBa c rrbnHo flopa]r(eHr{e na l-{eHrpaluure
urana. Br,npeKH qe Crsercra Pycux n Pyur,Hux I{3JII'I3ar or nofina- cvlIlt4.
Ta, IrKoHoMurrecKu.gr I{ BoeHHu-rIT rloreHulran na Anranrara ce yBe- flrprara cBeroBHa sofiHa ce oKa3Ba uafr-paspyurare:rHara soii-
rfir.raBa. B cloaulme or I{eurpalr:.rTe cvlrvr claAa npol{3Bo.qcrBoro Ha. BoAeHa Ao ro3r{ MoMeHT B ttcropkrflTa Ha qoBeLrecrnoro. Tx crpy_
Ha BOeHHara npoMlrllrJleHocr, cna64xBaHero c xpaHI',I e HeAocrarbq- Ba oKoJro 360 runpa. Aonapa. IIo npetre Ha BoeHHHTe geitcrauxzaru-
Ho, 3aclrJrBar ce MnpHHTe HacrpoeHlrx. Ancrpo-Ylrtapnfl, Er,nrapua Bar oKoJro 10 rrllH. Ayrxn, paHeHH ca oxoJro 20 uns. pyruu, or Korrro
u Ocuaucxara launopkrfl I{3rla.4ar B TexKa Kpusa, Ko.rITo He caMo He 3,5 rralu. ocraBar vtHBaJtuALr.
ro3Bor-f,BarlpoBexIaHeToHaHacTbIIareJIHrroilepauxllHOlICb3-
AaBa ycnoBl4rl nplr nbpBoro Macl{paHo HanaAeHlre Ha AHTaHTara Aa
ce crr{rHe Ao BoeHHa raracrpo$a. flpomsmaceHuta ua 8 xayapu
1918 r. MHpHa rporpaMa or,|{erupuuaAecer roqKu" Ha aMepI{KaH-
cKH-f, npe3I{AeHT yHncr,H uelllr.4a 3ACHItUtMI',IpHIrre HacrpoeHH-[ s 6no-
xa na llenrpurHvffe QlaITla.
' Cle4 [oArlucBaHero Ha Mr{pHHfl AoroBop ctc Cbsercra Pycux
npe3 Mapr 1918. r, leprr,rauur KoHIIeHrpIrpa BcIIr{Kure cH cllJlv Ha
3anaauux Qponr. flpe: nponerra Ha 1918 r. ce rpoBex.qar roJIeMIl
Hacr:bnarQJIHH orlepalluu v [pe3 IonH repMaHcrure roficxu AocrH-
rar Ao p. Mupru, na 50 KM or flapux' Paspa:ulara ce 6urra upn
Mapna e [ocneAHnsr orur na lepnaauufl 3a crpareruqecKo Hacrr'n-
JreH?Ie. Hefinure BoeHHIr curn:a ca H3qeprraHlr HaIIbirHo. Ha 8 arrycr
1918 r. arlrrlo-$pencxlme soficxu npo6urar repMaHcKlrfl $pour ua
30 xu ulptpu:ra v
3acraBflT repMaHcKI{Te soficKz Aa orcr-bn.flT. IIy-
4en.qop$ 'rrapwta 8 arrycr ,,qepeH AeH 3a repMaHcKara apwur.". Ha
26 Cenreiranpg 3a11oqBa O6qO renepzLIIHO HacTT,tIJIeHIIe na AHraHrara
no qenlzf, 3ata4:nus, Sponr.
Ha 15 cerlreMBplr 1918 r Anraurara rpeArlpueMa roJL'IMo
HacTl,[JreHr{e ua conyHcrux spoHr u rta l7 celreMBprr soficxHre ir
npo6unar $poura npn [o6po uone. Ha 29 cenrerrarpn Ernrapur uo4-
rrrlcBa npl{MIlpue b. v3nu3a or soiiHara. Ha 5 orrourpu lepuauxa ce
o6ptula Kr,M aMepHKaHcKI'Ifl rIpe3I'{AeHT Ylucrn c llol6a Aa ce 3a-
I
{
184 I I tis
I