EXPERIMENT NO: 1

TITLE: ANALYZE THE LOGICAL OPERATION OF AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, X-OR,
X-NOR GATE.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Digital trainer kit
2. Connecting leads

Logic Gates:
Logic gates are the basic building block of any digital system. It’s an electronic circuit having one or
more than one input and only one output.

Basic gates:
1. AND gate:
In digital electronics, the AND gate is one of the basic logic gate
that performs the logical multiplication of inputs applied to it. AND
gate can accept two or more than two input values at a time.
It generates a high or logic 1 output, only when all the inputs
applied to it are high or logic 1. Otherwise, the output of the AND
gate is low or logic 0.
FIG: Logic symbol of AND gate
Boolean Expression:

Y=A.B

FIG: Electrical analogy of AND gate

Truth table of AND gate:

Input Output
A B Y= A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

2. OR gate:

In digital electronics, there is a type of basic logic gate which

produces a low or logic 0 output only when its all inputs are low
or logic 0. For all other input combinations, the output of the OR
gate is high or logic 1. This logic gate is termed as OR gate. An
OR gate can be designed to have two or more inputs but only one
output. The primary function of the OR gate is to perform the FIG: Logic symbol of OR gate
logical sum operation.
Boolean Expression:

Y=A+B

FIG: Electrical Analogy of OR gate

Truth table of OR gate:

Input Output
A B Y= A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

3. NOT gate/Inverter:
In digital electronics, the NOT gate is another basic logic gate used
to perform compliment of an input signal applied to it. It takes only
one input and one output. The output of the NOT gate is
complement of the input applied to it. Therefore, if we apply a low
or logic 0 output to the NOT gate is gives a high or logic 1 output
and vice-versa. The NOT gate is also known as inverter, as it
performs the inversion operation. FIG: Logic symbol of NOT gate

Boolean Expression:

̅
Y=𝑨

Truth Table of NOT gate

Input Output
A ̅
Y= 𝑨
0 1 FIG: Electrical analogy of NOT gate
1 0

Universal Gates:
1. NAND gate:
The NAND gate is a type of universal logic gate used to perform
logical operations. The NAND gate performs the inverted
operation of the AND gate. Similar to NOR gate, the NAND gate
can also have two or more input lines but only one output line.
The NAND gate is also represented as a combination of two basic
logic gates namely, AND gate and NOT gate. Hence, it can be
expressed as: FIG: Logic symbol of NAND gate

NAND Gate = AND Gate + NOT Gate

Boolean Expression:
̅̅̅̅̅
Y=𝑨. 𝑩

FIG: Electrical analogy of NAND gate

Truth table of NAND gate:

Input Output
A B Y= ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨. 𝑩
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

2. NOR gate:
The NOR gate is a type of universal logic gate that can take two
or more inputs but one output. It is basically a combination of
two basic logic gates i.e., OR gate and NOT gate. Thus, it can
be expressed as,
NOR Gate = OR Gate + NOT Gate

Boolean Expression:

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Y=𝑨 +𝑩

FIG: Electrical analogy of NOR gate

Truth table of NOR gate:

Input Output
A B Y= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨+𝑩
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Special Purposed Gate:
1. Exclusive OR gate:
An XOR gate, or exclusive OR gate, is a digital logic gate that outputs
true or high only when the inputs differ from each other. Specifically,
for two input signals, the XOR gate produces a high output if one of
the inputs is high and the other is low. If both inputs are either high or
low, the output is low. This behavior makes the XOR gate useful in
various applications, including arithmetic operations like addition in
binary systems, where it functions as a fundamental building block in
Adders and subtractors. FIG: Logic symbol of X-OR

Boolean Expression: Y= AB’ + A’B

=A⊕B
A B

Y=A⊕ B

Fig: Electrical Analogy of X-OR gate

Fig: Logic Circuit of X-OR gate

Truth table of X-OR gate:

Input Output
A B Y= A⊕B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

2. X-NOR gate:
An X-NOR gate, or exclusive-NOR gate, is a digital logic gate that
outputs true or high (1) only when the number of true inputs is even.
Essentially, it combines the functions of an XOR gate and a
NOT gate, providing a high output when both inputs are either high
or low. This gate is crucial in digital circuits for parity checking,
equality comparison, and error detection, ensuring that specific
conditions are met for circuit operations to proceed correctly.
FIG: Logic symbol of X-NOR Gate

Boolean Expression:
̅𝑩
Y= AB +𝑨 ̅
=A⊙B
A B

Y= A ⊙ B

Fig: Electrical analogy of X-NOR gate

Fig: Logic Circuit of X-NOR gate

Truth table of X-NOR gate:

Input Output
A B Y= A⊙B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

OBSERVATION TABLE: -
Input Output
A B AND OR NOT(A) NAND NOR X-OR X-NOR

Hence, the truth table was found to be correct with the help of digital trainer kit.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: