COMPREHENSIVE PROJECT REPORT ON

CONSTRUCTION SITE OPERATIONS AND PROJECT

EXECUTION AT BHOOMI CONSUITANCY INDIA PVT. LTD.

By

Hitarthi Trivedi (21BCL060D)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Dhruvesh Patel

Professor and Head

Department of Civil Engineering

School of Technology - Pandit Deendayal Energy University

Raysan, Gandhinagar, 382007

MAY - 2025

1
 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others'

ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have

not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission to the

best of our knowledge. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for

disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have

thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Hitarthi Trivedi

21BCL060D

Place: Gandhinagar

Date: 22/05/2025

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 APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that the report titled: “Analysis of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Change

in Shimla By Google Earth Engine” submitted by Hitarthi Trivedi, to the Pandit Deendayal

Energy University, for the award of the Comprehensive Project Program, is a bona fide

record of the project work done by him under my supervision.

Dr. Dhruvesh Patel

Professor & Head

Department of Civil Engineering

PDEU, India - 382007.

Place: Gandhinagar

Date: 22/05/2025

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 ABSTRACT

This report presents a comprehensive account of my construction site internship at Bhoomi

Consultancy India Pvt. Ltd., undertaken from 3rd January 2025 to 30th April 2025. The

internship provided an opportunity to gain practical exposure to various aspects of construction

management, structural execution, and site operations. The primary objective of this internship

was to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world construction practices by

actively engaging in on-site activities under the supervision of experienced professionals.

Under the esteemed guidance of Dr. Dhruvesh Patel (Professor and Head, Department of Civil

Engineering) with the support of senior engineers Mr. Dhavalbhai Panchal and Mr. Miteshbhai

Parmar, I was able to understand critical construction processes, including site supervision,

quality control, material inspection, reinforcement detailing, concrete pouring, and safety

measures. Throughout the internship, I was involved in monitoring daily construction

activities, ensuring adherence to design specifications, and assisting in problem-solving to

address practical challenges on-site.

Furthermore, this report highlights key learning experiences, challenges faced, and solutions

implemented during the internship. It discusses the importance of effective coordination among

various stakeholders, site safety protocols, and the role of engineers in ensuring project

efficiency. By working in a professional environment, I enhanced my technical skills, decision-

making abilities, and teamwork capabilities.

This internship has been instrumental in deepening my understanding of the construction

industry, reinforcing my academic knowledge with hands-on experience, and preparing me for

future professional challenges in civil engineering. The insights gained during this period will

be invaluable in my career development, enabling me to contribute effectively to construction

projects in the future.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who contributed to the successful completion of my

construction site internship from 3rd January 2025 to 30th April 2025.

Firstly, I am deeply thankful to Dr. Dhruvesh Patel (Professor and Head, Department of Civil

Engineering) for his invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this

internship. His mentorship has been instrumental in enhancing my technical knowledge and

understanding of practical aspects of construction.

I am also sincerely grateful to Mr. Dhavalbhai Panchal and Mr. Miteshbhai Parmar, Senior

Engineers at the site, for their continuous support and assistance during my internship. Their

hands-on guidance and practical insights have been a great source of learning for me, and their

expertise has inspired me to develop a deeper understanding of construction practices.

Lastly, I extend my gratitude to the entire team at Bhoomi Consultancy India Pvt. Ltd. for

providing me with this valuable opportunity and for creating a conducive environment for

learning and growth.

This experience has been a significant milestone in my academic journey, and I am truly

appreciative of the knowledge and skills I have gained during this period.

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6
INDEX

Chapter Title Page No

No

1 Objective and About The Company 11

1.1 Objective of the internship 11

1.2 Bhoomi Construction India Pvt. Ltd. 11

2 Introduction 15

2.1 The Construction Project Details 15

2.2 Scope of Project 17

3 Collapse of Soil 19

3.1 Problem statement 19

3.2 Approach 19

3.3 Problem statement of collapse of soil 20

3.4 Reason Of collapse of soil 22

4 Material And Methodology 24

4.1 Introduction 24

4.2 Tools and equipment, Machine used on site 24

5 Field Work 31

5.1 Overview 31

5.2 Foundation work 33

5.3 Shuttering Work 34

5.4 Requirement of Good Formwork 36

6 Reinforcement Work 37

6.1 Introduction of reinforcement work 37

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6.2 Reinforcement of column 37

6.3 Process of tying reinforcement of column 37

6.4 Slab and beam reinforcement 38

7 Concrete Casting 40

7.1 Introduction of concrete casting 40

7.2 Equipment’s used 40

7.3 Concrete Grade 40

7.4 Column casting 40

7.5 Checks before concreting of column 41

7.6 Slab and beam concreting 41

8 Structural Drawings, Bar Bending Schedule, Concrete Estimation 43

8.1 Structural Drawings 43

8.2 Bar bending Schedule (BBS) 45

8.3 Concrete estimation 53

9 Test Done on Site 56

9.1 Test on concrete 56

9.2 Slump Test 56

9.3 Compression Test 58

10 Safety Measurement 61

10.1 Provision of Personal Protective equipment 61

10.2 Safety Helmet 62

10.3 Some Safe Access on Site 62

10.4 Roles and Responsibility of safety Inspector 62

11 Summary and Conclusion 63

12 References 64

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Figures
Sr No Figures Page No

1 Soil Settlement 19

2 Structure Frame of Boundary Wall 20

3 Reinforcement of Column 25

4 Formwork Plate 25

5 Plywood Sheets 26

6 Tie-rod 27

7 Banding Wire 28

8 Covers 29

9 RMC Pump 30

10 Hitachi (Excavator) 31

11 PCC work 32

12 Total Station 33

13 Auto Level 33

14 RCC Work 33

15 Column Casting 34

16 Retaining Wall Shuttering Work 35

17 Staircase Formwork 36

18 Column Tying 38

19 Slab Reinforcement 38

20 Beam Reinforcement 39

21 Slab Arrangement 39

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 22 Slab Beam 39

23 Slab Reinforcement 39

24 Column Casting 41

25 Slab Casting 42

26 Beam Casting 42

27 Septic Tank Casting 42

28 Column And Beam Bottom 43

29 Slab Deatail 43

30 Electrical Wiring Details 44

31 Plan Of Beam 44

32 Beam Detail 44

33 Staircase Detail Plan 44

34 Slump Cone Test 57

35 Concrete Cubs 58

36 Compressive Test 58

37 PPE kit 61

38 Safety Helmet 62

Tables

SR NO Tables Page No

1 Used Concrete Grade 40

2 Calculation of BBS 45

3 Concrete Estimation 53

4 Concrete Slump Cone Test 57

5 Compressive Test Results 59

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 CHAPTER – 1: OBJECTIVES AND ABOUT THE COMPANY
1.1 Objectives of the Internship

• To gain practical exposure to construction site operations – Understanding the

execution of structural components, material management, and on-site coordination

between different stakeholders.

• To develop technical and project management skills – Enhancing knowledge in

construction methodologies, quality control, safety protocols, and project scheduling.

• To bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world applications –

Applying academic concepts to practical scenarios, analysing challenges, and

implementing effective solutions in a construction environment.

1.2 Bhoomi Construction India Pvt. Ltd.

Company Overview

Bhoomi Consultants India Pvt. Ltd., established on March 12, 2019, is a private limited

company based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The firm specializes in structural design, civil

engineering, and project management consultancy, catering to a diverse range of projects

including high-rise buildings, commercial complexes, residential developments, and industrial

structures.

Founders and Leadership

The company was founded by Mr. Vijay Dashrathlal Shah and Mrs. Dina Vijay Shah, who

serve as directors. Their combined expertise and leadership have been instrumental in steering

the company towards excellence in the field of structural engineering and consultancy.

Services Offered

Bhoomi Consultants offers a comprehensive suite of services tailored to meet the diverse needs

of their clients:
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 • Structural Design: Expertise in designing multi-story commercial, residential, and

hospitality structures, ensuring safety, functionality, and aesthetics.

• Civil Engineering: Providing innovative solutions in civil engineering, encompassing

planning, design, and execution of infrastructure projects.

• Earth and Water Retaining Structure Design: Specialized in designing structures

that effectively retain earth and water, crucial for projects like basements, retaining

walls, and water tanks.

• Architectural and Structural Design for Industrial Buildings: Offering integrated

architectural and structural design services for industrial facilities, ensuring operational

efficiency and compliance with industry standards.

• Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures: Assessing and providing solutions for the

repair and strengthening of existing structures to enhance their lifespan and safety.

• Project Management Consultancy (PMC): Comprehensive project management

services, including tender preparation, cost estimation, scheduling, and on-site

coordination, ensuring projects are completed on time and within budget.

• Structural Peer Review: Conducting independent reviews of structural designs to

ensure compliance with relevant codes and standards, and to provide value engineering

solutions.

Notable Projects

Bhoomi Consultants has an impressive portfolio showcasing their versatility and expertise:

• High-Rise Residential: Projects like "Samatva SkyVille" exemplify their capability in

designing modern residential towers that blend aesthetics with functionality.

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 • Private Residences: Unique projects such as the "Floating Frame House" highlight

their innovative approach to personalized residential design.

• Commercial High-Rise: Developments like "Times Square Grand" demonstrate their

proficiency in creating expansive commercial spaces that meet contemporary business

needs.

• Hospitality Projects: Their work includes designing hospitality spaces that offer

luxury and comfort, tailored to client specifications.

Clientele

The firm's diverse clientele spans various sectors:

• Private Sector: Collaborations with private developers and corporations for bespoke

structural and civil engineering solutions.

• Architect Affiliations: Partnerships with architectural firms to provide integrated

design solutions.

• Government Institutions: Engagements with governmental bodies for public

infrastructure projects, adhering to stringent regulatory standards.

Contact Information

• Registered Office: 2nd Floor, 205-206, Alpha Megacon House, Opp. Armedia, Sindhu

Bhavan Road, Bodakdev, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India.

• Email: [email protected]

• Website: https://bhoomiconsultants.com/

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Bhoomi Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. stands as a testament to engineering excellence and

innovative design, committed to delivering high-quality services that meet and exceed client

expectations.

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 CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION

2.1 The construction project details

2.1.1. Introduction

The Shri Saurashtra Patel Girls Hostel is a high-rise residential hostel designed to provide

accommodation and essential facilities for female students. The building consists of two

basement levels and a G+13 superstructure, ensuring a well-planned and spacious environment.

The hostel includes various functional areas such as residential rooms, a library, a reactor room,

dining and prayer spaces, an admission office, and essential service areas. With modern

construction techniques and a reinforced concrete frame structure, the building is designed to

meet high safety standards while offering a comfortable living environment for its residents.

2.1.2. Structural Specifications

The total built-up area of the hostel is approximately 22,500 square meters, which includes all

floors, basements, and service areas. Each floor covers an approximate area of 1,500 square

meters, ensuring ample space for rooms and common facilities.

The total height of the building is estimated to be 52 meters, with each floor having a clear

height of 3.5 meters, allowing sufficient ventilation and lighting within the rooms and

corridors. The two basement levels, each having a height of 4 meters, serve as parking, service,

and storage areas.

The structure follows a reinforced concrete frame system, ensuring stability and durability. The

foundation is assumed to be a pile foundation, considering the high-rise nature of the building,

which requires deep support to transfer loads efficiently to the ground. The slabs used for the

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building are either flat slabs or conventional slabs with beams, depending on structural

requirements and load distribution.

The walls are constructed using AAC blocks or bricks, providing better insulation and fire

resistance. The external finishing consists of cement plaster with weather-resistant paint,

ensuring long-term durability and protection against environmental factors.

2.1.3. Floor Layout and Room Details

The hostel is designed to accommodate a large number of students, with 18 rooms on the first

floor and 27 rooms on each of the remaining 12 floors. This results in a total of 342 rooms in

the entire building. Each room is designed with dimensions of approximately 4.5 meters by 3.5

meters, providing adequate space for students' accommodation, including study areas and

storage.

In addition to residential spaces, the hostel features essential facilities such as a library, a

reactor room, and dedicated service areas. The library, spanning around 200 square meters, is

designed to provide a quiet and resourceful study environment for students. The reactor room,

measuring approximately 100 square meters, serves as a specialized space for scientific or

technical activities.

2.1.4. Vertical Circulation and Accessibility

Efficient vertical circulation is ensured through two staircases and six lifts, which provide

smooth movement across different floors. The staircases are placed strategically to comply

with fire safety regulations, while the lifts ensure accessibility for students and staff, reducing

congestion during peak hours.

2.1.5. Ground Floor Facilities

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 The ground floor of the hostel is designed to cater to both residents and visitors. It includes a

mess area, a prayer room, a parents' waiting room, and an admission office.

The mess, covering an area of 300 square meters, provides dining facilities for students and

staff, ensuring a well-organized food service. The prayer room, approximately 150 square

meters, is dedicated to religious and meditation activities, offering a peaceful environment. A

waiting area for parents, covering 100 square meters, is provided for visitors, ensuring

comfortable seating arrangements. The admission office, measuring around 120 square meters,

facilitates administrative activities related to student admissions and hostel management.

2.1.6. Basement Usage and Service Areas

The hostel includes two basement levels, each covering 1,500 square meters, designed for

parking, storage, and essential service areas. The basements also house mechanical and

electrical rooms, ensuring smooth operation of building services such as power supply, water

storage, and firefighting systems.

2.2 Scope of project

2.2.1 Introduction

My internship experience in residential building construction has been both enlightening and
enriching. Over this period, I've had the opportunity to immerse myself in the practical aspects
of construction, applying theoretical knowledge to real-world projects. Through this internship,
I've not only gained valuable hands-on experience but also developed crucial skills in
communication, teamwork, and problem-solving. In this report, I will provide a concise
overview of my internship journey, highlighting key projects, lessons learned, and the impact
of this experience on my personal and professional growth.

2.2.2 Internship experience

• This internship was started from 1 January 2025 and ends on 30 April 2025. And my time was
10:30 am to 5:00 pm. Location of the site was Memnagar, Ahmedabad. By this time period my

17
 overall experience was so great and it gives me so much knowledge of new techniques and
responsibility of work.

• The responsibility was given by Mr. MiteshBhai Parmar which is site engineer of the site that
I have to give the all the PCC marking and calculate the concrete quality and quality check of
the work.

2.2.3 Residential Building Description:

• The residential building is a spacious and well-designed structure comprising twenty-one

hostel rooms each floor, commonly referred to as a Hostel configuration. Situated in a prime
location of the Memnagar, the building boasts a contemporary architectural style, blending
functionality with aesthetic appeal.

• In the construction material first of all they are using the normal ACC blocks as a shear wall
and they are using the Ready-Mix Concrete for whole building.

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 CHAPTER 3: Collapse of Soil

3.1 Problem statement

3.1.1 Settlement of soil

During the PCC work was carried out during that period one of the corners of the plot was
settled down because of the less space and the water leaked in that area.

Figure 1: soil settlement

This was happened due to there was a shop which was build illegal on the corner of the next
building and there was so much less space between the buildings.

3.2 Approach

This problem was very critical for doing further work so we decided to get the solution of this
as soon as possible. So first the remaining structure which was not settle down that had to be
settled then we have done manual through a hammer.

By this that soil has to be settled down for a while period so we have to be put that area a long
term 5-10 days’ rest over that area. Then we have created a frame structure through a fabricator
to with stand a more soil settlement.

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 Figure 2: structure frame

3.3 Problem statement of collapse of soil:

In geotechnical engineering and construction management, the collapse of soils during deep
basement excavations is a significant challenge. Soil collapse accidents persist despite
improvements in construction practices and soil stabilization strategies. These incidents pose
safety risks, raise costs, and cause delays in projects. The following are the main elements that
the problem statement includes:

• Soil Behaviour: A number of variables, such as soil type, moisture content, stress
distribution, and excavation techniques, can affect how a soil behaves during
excavation. It is crucial to comprehend how these elements work together to make soils
more prone to collapsing in order to anticipate and avoid problems with soil instability.
• Risk assessment: Present methods for evaluating the possibility of soil collapse during
deep basement excavation frequently don't have very good forecasting powers. To
precisely quantify the likelihood of soil collapse and its effects, sophisticated risk
assessment methods that incorporate geotechnical data, site-specific characteristics, and
excavation parameters are required.
• Safety and Sustainability: Incidents involving soil collapse not only put project budgets
and schedules at risk, but they also seriously endanger the safety of nearby structures
and construction personnel. In addition, the long-term viability of construction projects

20
 is called into question due to the environmental effects of soil collapse, including soil
erosion and groundwater contamination.
• Water Infiltration: Heavy rainfall or groundwater seepage can saturate the soil, reducing
its stability and increasing the risk of collapse.
• Needs and Knowledge Gaps: Although geotechnical engineering has conducted a great
deal of study, there are still unanswered questions concerning the fundamental
mechanisms causing soil collapse during deep basement excavations. We must close
these gaps in our knowledge of the relationship between soil and structure by
conducting interdisciplinary research and field studies.

Only then can we create creative solutions that successfully reduce the risk of soil collapse.

➢ The problem statement, taken as a whole, emphasises the pressing need for
multidisciplinary studies and workable answers to the problems posed by soil collapse
during deep basement excavations. We can guarantee the security, longevity, and
prosperity of next urban development projects by expanding our knowledge of soil
behaviour, improving risk assessment techniques, and putting into practice efficient
mitigation solutions.

3.3.1 Precaution for collapse of soil

• Soil Analysis and Planning: Conduct a thorough soil analysis before excavation to
understand the soil composition, stability, and water content. Use this information to
develop a detailed excavation plan that includes appropriate shoring and support
measures.
• Slope Stability: Maintain proper slope stability by implementing appropriate slope
angles, benching, or terracing techniques. Avoid excavating slopes that are steeper than
the natural angle of repose for the soil type to reduce the risk of collapse.

• Groundwater Control: Implement reliable groundwater management techniques—such

as dewatering systems or well points—to control water infiltration during excavation.
Maintaining appropriate groundwater levels is essential to preserve soil stability and
prevent potential collapses.

• Soil Compaction: Ensure proper soil compaction following excavation to enhance

stability. Utilize suitable compaction equipment and adhere to recommended
procedures to achieve the desired soil density, thereby reducing the risk of settlement
or structural failure.

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 • Monitoring and Inspections: Keep an eye on the state of the soil and check that the
shoring and support systems are operating as intended. Utilise tools like piezometers,
inclinometers, and settlement gauges to quickly identify any indications of movement
or instability.
• Worker Safety and Training: Ensure that all personnel engaged in excavation operations
receive thorough training on identifying and mitigating the risk of soil collapse. Stress
how crucial it is to wear the proper personal protection equipment, adhere to safety
procedures, and keep your workplace safe.

3.4 Reason of collapse of soil

• Insufficient Support: Shoring, bracing, or other support systems that are not sufficiently
in place when excavating dirt might cause collapse. Unsupported soil walls are
susceptible to failure due to the weight of the surrounding structures and soil.
• Inadequate Slope Stability: Slope failure and collapse can result from excavating soil
that has unduly steep slopes or that lacks adequate benching or terracing. In order to
stop soil from slipping or slumping into the excavation, slope stability is essential.
• Soil Type and Composition: The stability of various soil types varies. Certain types of
soils, such sandy or loose soils, are more likely to collapse than cohesive soils. It is
imperative to comprehend the behaviour and composition of the soil in order to avoid
collapse.
• Human Error: Improper excavation techniques, inadequate planning, or failure to
follow safety protocols can contribute to soil collapse. Poorly executed excavation work
increases the likelihood of accidents and collapse.

3.4.1 To stop this problem happening we can do some methods to resist this collapse
of soil

• Dumpling method: This is used where there are buildings or street in the proximity.
The method is to construct a series of retaining wall in trench, section by section, around
the site perimeter, leaving a centre Called dumpling.
• Diaphragm walling: This method needs to construct a R.C. retaining wall along the area
of work. Because the wall is designed to reach very great depth, mechanical excavating
method is employed. Typical sequence of work includes:
a) Construct a guide wall

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b) Excavation for the diaphragm wall
c) Excavation support using bentonite slurry
d) Inert reinforcement and concreting

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 CHAPTER 4: Material And Methodology

4.1 Introduction

Building materials are essential to a structure's performance, safety, and longevity. Ensuring
the lifetime and quality of building projects requires the use of appropriate materials and
efficient testing techniques. An overview of the various materials used in construction and the
test techniques used to evaluate their qualities are given in this study.

4.2 Tools & equipment, machine used on site

1. RMC:

In this project the overall work of the concreting is done with RMC (ready mix concrete).

And the grade was OPC M10, M30. All the concreting was done with the pump too.

There was 2 company till now provided the RMC was:

• Global RMC
• Hindustan Infrastructure solution RMC

2. Reinforcement steel

The R.C.C. stands for reinforced concrete, and the bars are referred to as the support. In order
to withstand internal forces that arise from loads being applied to the structure, these bars are
positioned in different locations. Steel reinforcing is beneficial. The tensile strength of the
concrete. The tensile deficit is compensated for by adding plain or twisted mild steel bars into
the concrete mass. Both branded and non-branded bars are available. Buying products from
well-known manufacturers whose names are engraved on steel is a wise decision. Ensure that
the engineering design criteria are followed when delivering the steel reinforcement during
construction. In every work at the site, reinforcement steel made of Fe500D TMT has been
utilised. Different diameters of reinforcement steel, such as 8 mm and 10
mm,12mm,16mm,20mm,25mm.

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 Figure no: 3 Reinforcement

3. Shuttering work:

All the shuttering equipment like vertical support, plywood, vertical props, Steel stutters, etc.
was provided by AKG shuttering kalol, Ahmedabad.

Figure no: 4 formwork

4. Ply wood

• Plywood, a versatile material in construction, is widely used for formwork due to its
strength, durability, and flexibility. Composed of thin layers of wood veneer bonded
together with adhesives, plywood offers excellent stability and resistance to warping or

25
 bending under the pressure of concrete placement. Its smooth surface ensures a uniform
finish on concrete surfaces, while its uniform thickness facilitates precise formwork
assembly.
• Plywood is available in various grades and thicknesses to suit different construction
requirements, making it a preferred choice for temporary moulds in projects ranging from
residential buildings to commercial structures and infrastructure developments.
• Types of plywood are used in formwork
• Solid wood ply
• Form ply
• Melamine coated plywood
• General plywood or WBP plywood

Figure no: 5 Plywood sheets

5. Tie rod

• Tie rods are indispensable elements in formwork construction, providing essential

structural support and stability.
• Typically made from high-strength steel, these rods span across formwork panels,
exerting lateral pressure to withstand the weight of fresh concrete. Their threaded ends
allow for easy adjustment and tightening, ensuring proper alignment and uniformity in
formwork assembly.

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 • Tie rods play a crucial role in preventing bulging or deformation of formwork under
the pressure of concrete placement, thus maintaining the integrity and dimensional
accuracy of the final structure. Their versatility, durability, and ease of installation make
them vital components in a wide range of construction projects, from residential
buildings to large-scale infrastructure.
• Tie rods are structural components commonly used in construction to provide lateral
support and stability to various structures such as brides, buildings, and retaining walls.
They are typically made up of steel and installed in tension to counteract forces that
could cause the structure to collapse.

Figure 6: Tie-rod

6. Binding Wire
• Binding wire, a fundamental material in construction, is pivotal for securing and
fastening formwork components. Made from high-grade steel, it boasts exceptional
tensile strength, enabling it to withstand the stresses encountered during concrete
placement. Its flexibility allows for easy manipulation around intricate formwork
shapes, ensuring tight and secure connections between formwork elements. Binding
wire plays a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity and dimensional
accuracy of concrete structures by preventing displacement or misalignment of
formwork during the pouring and curing phases. Its reliability, affordability, and ease

27
 of use make it a staple in construction projects, facilitating efficient and robust
formwork assembly.
• Binding wire, crafted from durable steel, is essential in construction for securing
formwork components. Its high tensile strength and flexibility enable tight and secure
connections, ensuring.

The stability and alignment of formwork during concrete pouring. Affordable and easy to use,
binding wire plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and dimensional
accuracy of concrete structures in various construction projects.

Figure no: 7 binding wire

7. Cover

• Covers play a vital role in construction, ensuring the durability and longevity of
structures. In reinforced concrete construction, covers refer to the protective layer of
concrete that surrounds and shields the reinforcement bars from environmental factors
such as corrosion, moisture, and fire.
• These covers are meticulously designed and specified in construction drawings to meet
structural requirements and comply with building codes. Adequate cover thickness is
crucial
• to prevent premature deterioration of the reinforcement and maintain the structural
integrity of the concrete elements. Variations in cover thickness are dictated by factors

28
 like exposure conditions, design loads, and construction practices, all aimed at
guaranteeing the safety and performance of the built environment.

At our site 25mm, 40mm, 50mm cover is used

Figure no: 8 covers

8. RMC pump

This type line pump is the most basic type of concrete pump. The pump is mounted on a small
trailer, which a separate truck tows to the construction site. These pumps do not consist of a
boom, so it’s essential to have placement hoses or pipelines to deliver the concrete to its
destination.

29
 Figure no: 9 RMC pump

➢ Machinery used on site

• Vibrator
• Transit mixed
• Re bar cutting machine
• JCB and Hitachi
• Dumper

30
 CHAPTER 5: Field Work

5.1 Overview

• This component consists of various functions of practical execution of civil engineers.

• This portion of my internship consisted of various Technical and Non- Technical works
like Site Survey
• Stock Maintenance
• Activity Planning
• Labor Management

1. Excavation work

• Excavation work generally means work involving the removal of soil or rock from a site to
form an open face, hole or cavity using tools, machinery or explosives.

• Before the excavation for the proposed foundation is commenced, the site shall be cleared of
vegetation, brushwood, stumps of trees etc. Roots of the trees shall be removed to below the
foundation level.

Figure no: 10 Hitachi (Excavator)

2. PCC work

Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) is a fundamental building material used extensively in construction
projects worldwide. It is a mixture of cement, fine aggregates (usually sand), coarse aggregates

31
(typically gravel or crushed stone), and water. PCC serves as the base or foundation for various
structural elements such as floors, footings, pavements, and other load-bearing surfaces.

Figure no: 11 PCC

3. Marking for column

Generally, column marking is carried out by following two instruments.

• Total Station
• Auto Level

TOTAL STATION

A total station is an electronic instrument used in modern surveying and building construction.
The total station is an electronic theodolite transit with an EDM (Electronic Distance Meter) to
read slope distances from the instrument, we can measure Angle, Distance, Coordinate and
Data processing.

32
 Figure no: 12 total station figure no: 13 auto level

5.2 Foundation work

Reinforcement work

Steel reinforcement bars or rebar’s are used to improve the tensile strength of the concrete,
since concrete is very weak in tension, but is strong in compression. Steel is only used as rebar
because elongation of steel due to high temperatures (thermal expansion coefficient) nearly
equals to that of concrete.

Figure no: 14 RCC work

33
• There are common bar diameter in use are 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25,32mm. Bars are supplied in
length of about 40feet (12m), folded when transported in trucks or straight when transported in
long trailers.

• During bar bending 10 mm diameter of steel is used as per mentioned in BBS. 6” L should be
provided in footing & 17” L should be provided in column.

• Rebar Bending is achieved either manually by bench bar bending using a bending lever or
using a bar bending machine.

5.3 Shuttering work

The formwork is temporary construction material used as a mould for structure. Form work may
be steel or wooden material of any desired shape. In which concrete is placed in it harden and
matures. When the concrete has reached to the strength the form work is no longer needed and is
removed. The operation of removing form work is called striping.

Figure no: 15 column casting

34
 Figure no: 16 retaining wall shuttering work

a) Steps followed for shuttering:

• Understanding the drawings provided

• Estimating quantity for shuttering materials to be used

• Erection of vertical props

• Placement of beam bottom

• Checking beam bottom level according to drawing

• Placement of beam vertical side

• Placement of slab bottoms

• Cleaning surfaces before applying de-shuttering oil

• Applying de-shuttering oil on the surface before placing reinforcement

• Checking alignment levels and measurement according to the drawings

b) Formwork of staircase:
List of tools and equipment’s used:

• Film faced plywood

• Jack props
• Box runner
• Timber for ledger
• Nails
• De-shuttering oil

35
 Figure no: 17 staircase form work

5.4 Requirements of good form work

• The material of form work should be cheap and suitable for reuse.

• It should be water proof so that it does not absorb water from concrete.

• It should be strong enough to withstand all coming loads.

• It should be stiff enough so that deflection becomes low.

• It should be as light as possible.

• The surface of form work should be smooth to afford easy stripping.

36
 CHAPTER 6: Reinforcement Work

6.1 Introduction

• Reinforcement involves placing TMT bars according to drawing within the elements like
columns, beams and slabs. Specific reinforcement designs are designed according to IS code
provisions to meet load requirements.

• Make used: Vinayak, Someshwar TMT

• Grade used: 550

6.2 Reinforcement of Column:

• Materials Used:

• Reinforcement bars with proper cutting and bending as per drawing

• Binding wire
• Ankadi for tying binding wire
• Cover blocks: 40mm
• Wrench
• Bar bending equipment

6.3 Process of Tying Reinforcement of Column:

Step 1: The engineer from the contractor and client will check each column to make sure if
there are any changes to be made to stagger the joints of vertical bars before giving a cutting
plan in the steel yard.

Step 2: The bars are cut according to the bar bending schedule provided and are transported
onsite.

Step 3: Fixing of Kanda is done with reference to the columns cast below and at the same level.

Step 4: Stirrups are inserted and tied to the existing reinforcement of the column.

Step 5: Fixing of couplers to the over-existing bars

Step 6: Fixing of bars and tighten them in a coupler.

37
Step 7: Insert the main and trapezoidal stirrup from the top

Step 8: Fixing of all stirrups and links according to the spacing Step 9: Tying of concrete
covers

Figure no: 18 column tying

6.4 Slab and Beam Reinforcement:

Materials required:

• Reinforcement with proper cutting and bending as per drawing

• Binding wire
• Chair
• Steel pipe for sleeve
• Ankadi for tying binding wire
• Bar bending tools
• Cover blocks

Figure no: 19 slab reinforcement

38
 figure no: 20 beam figure no: 21 slab arrangement

figure no: 22 slab beam figure no: 23 slab reinforcement

39
 CHAPTER 7: Concrete Casting

7.1 Introduction

Concrete casting is a construction technique where liquid concrete is poured into a mould or
formwork and allowed to harden into the desired shape. It's a versatile method used in various
construction projects to create structural components, architectural elements, and decorative
pieces. The process involves preparing the mould, mixing the concrete ingredients, pouring the
mixture into the mould, compacting it to remove air bubbles, curing the concrete to achieve
strength and durability, and finally, demoulding the finished piece. Concrete casting offers
flexibility in design, durability, and cost-effectiveness, making it a popular choice in
construction.

7.2 Equipment’s used

• Plumb bob
• Vibrator: Needle diameter: 40 mm/ 60 mm
• Spade
• Wooden trowel
• Tuff Paulin
• Hessian cloth
• Curing pipe
• Concreting bucket: volume available at site: 0.40 m³, 0.75 m³

7.3 Concrete Grade

Table 1: Used Concrete Grade

Sr. no Items Grades

1 PCC M10, M15
2 Rafts M30
3 Columns M40
4 Slab and beam M25
5 Lift shaft M25
6 Staircase M25

7.4 Column casting

Tools and equipment’s used:

• Plum bob

40
 • Vibrator
• Resin hammer

Figure no:24 column

7.5Checks before concreting of column:

• Checking the reinforcement according to the drawing

• Using cement mortar to cover the bottom of formwork for leaking slurry before
concreting
• Checking cover
• Checking spacing

7.6 Slab and Beam Concreting

Slab and beam casting is a fundamental process in construction that involves pouring concrete
to create horizontal slabs and vertical beams, which form the skeleton of many structures.

The casting process requires careful planning, with attention to factors like reinforcing steel
placement, concrete mix design, and formwork preparation. Once poured, the concrete is left
to cure and harden, ensuring the structural integrity of the building elements.

Slab and beam casting is critical for constructing buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure
projects, providing strength, stability, and support for the entire structure. Efficient execution
of this process is essential for ensuring the safety and longevity of the finished construction.

Mandatory Checks before casting slab & beam

41
• Concrete Mix Design
• Formwork Inspection
• Reinforcement Placement
• Concrete Slump Test
• Plumbing and Levelling
• Concrete Cover
• Joint Details
• Quality Control Testing
• Plumbing and Levelling

Figure no: 25 slab casting figure no: 26 casting

Figure no: 27 septic tank casting

42
 CHAPTER 8: Structural Drawings, Bar Bending Schedule, Concrete

Estimation

8.1 Structural Drawings: Structural drawings are detailed engineering plans that show how a

building or structure will be built to ensure it is safe and stable. They include information about

the size, type, and placement of structural elements such as beams, columns, slabs, footings,

and reinforcement.

Importance of Structural Drawings:

1. Safety and Stability: Ensures the structure can withstand loads and forces.

2. Guidance for Construction: Provides clear instructions for contractors and workers.

3. Coordination: Helps coordinate with architectural and service drawings.

4. Cost Estimation: Aids in calculating the quantity of materials and overall project cost.

5. Compliance: Ensures the design meets building codes and regulations.

Figure 28: Column And Beam Bottom Figure 29: Slab Detail
3
43
Figure 30: Electrical Wiring Detail Figure 31: Plan of Beam

Figure 32: Beam Detail

Figure 33: Staircase detailed Plan

44
 8.2 Bar Bending Schedule (BBS): BBS is a detailed list that shows the type, size, shape,
length, and quantity of reinforcement bars (rebars) used in a concrete structure. It is prepared
from structural drawings and helps in planning, cutting, bending, and placing steel bars
accurately.

Importance of Bar Bending Schedule:

1. Accurate Estimation: Helps in calculating the exact quantity of steel required.

2. Cost Control: Reduces wastage and helps in budgeting the reinforcement cost.
3. Ease of Construction: Provides clear instructions for cutting and bending bars on-site.
4. Time-Saving: Enhances the speed and efficiency of construction work.
5. Inventory Management: Helps in tracking material usage and procurement.

Table 2: Calculation of BBS

Name of Work : Construction of Proposed
Residential Apartment(Girls Hostel) @
Memnagar
Name of Client (Scheme) : Shri Saurashrta
Patel Kedavani Mandal
Architect : S MEVADA
Structural Consultants: BHOOMI Consultants
[BBS] for Column
Sr. Nos.of Nos. Total Total
Dia.of Length
No. Description unit per No.of length 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 20mm 25mm
bar (mtr)
set bar (mtr)
1 COLUMN
(C1) (380 *
1200)
Vertical 25 3 8 24 5.400 129.60 129.60
reinforcement
Vertical 25 3 8 24 4.600 110.40 110.40
reinforcement
Vertical 20 3 3 9 5.400 48.60 48.60
reinforcement
Vertical 20 3 3 9 4.600 41.40 41.40
reinforcement
Ring 8 3 2 6 1.944 11.66 11.66
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Ring 8 3 2 6 0.984 5.90 5.90
rectangle
small @ 100
c/c
Ring samosa 8 3 2 6 0.83 4.98 4.98
small @ 100
c/c

45
 Master Ring 8 3 1 3 2.904 8.71 8.71
@ 800 c/c
2 COLUMN
(C2) (380 *
1200)
Vertical 25 1 4 4 5.400 21.60 21.60
reinforcement
Vertical 25 1 4 4 4.600 18.40 18.40
reinforcement
Vertical 20 1 7 7 5.400 37.80 37.80
reinforcement
Vertical 20 1 7 7 4.600 32.20 32.20
reinforcement
Ring 8 3 2 6 1.944 11.66 11.66
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Ring 8 3 2 6 0.984 5.90 5.90
rectangle
small @ 100
c/c
Ring samosa 8 3 2 6 0.83 4.98 4.98
small @ 100
c/c
Master Ring 8 3 1 3 2.904 8.71 8.71
@ 800 c/c
3 COLUMN
(C3)
(380*1075)
Vertical 25 4 2 8 5.400 43.20 43.20
reinforcement
Vertical 25 4 2 8 4.600 36.80 36.80
reinforcement
Vertical 20 4 8 32 5.400 172.80 172.80
reinforcement
Vertical 20 4 8 32 4.600 147.20 147.20
reinforcement
Ring 8 4 2 8 1.944 15.55 15.55
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Hook @ 100 8 4 3 12 0.46 5.52 5.52
c/c
Ring samosa 8 4 2 8 0.804 6.43 6.43
small @ 100
c/c
Master Ring 8 4 1 4 2.654 10.62 10.62
@ 800 c/c

46
Sr. Nos.of Nos. Total Total
Dia.of Length
No. Description unit per No.of length 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 20mm 25mm
bar (mtr)
set bar (mtr)
4 COLUMN
(C4) (380 *
1050)
Vertical 25 2 4 8 5.400 43.20 43.20
reinforcement
Vertical 25 2 4 8 4.600 36.80 36.80
reinforcement
Vertical 20 2 6 12 5.400 64.80 64.80
reinforcement
Vertical 20 2 6 12 4.600 55.20 55.20
reinforcement
Ring 8 2 2 4 1.894 7.58 7.58
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Hook @ 100 8 2 3 6 0.46 2.76 2.76
c/c
Ring samosa 8 2 2 4 0.794 3.18 3.18
small @ 100
c/c
Master Ring 8 2 1 2 2.604 5.21 5.21
@ 800 c/c
5 COLUMN
(C5) (380 *
1050)
Vertical 25 1 10 10 5.400 54.00 54.00
reinforcement
Vertical 25 1 10 10 4.600 46.00 46.00
reinforcement
Ring 8 1 2 2 1.894 3.79 3.79
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Hook @ 100 8 1 3 3 0.46 1.38 1.38
c/c
Ring samosa 8 1 2 2 0.794 1.59 1.59
small @ 100
c/c
Master Ring 8 1 1 1 2.604 2.60 2.60
@ 800 c/c
6 COLUMN
(C6) (380 *
1050)
Vertical 25 1 2 2 5.400 10.80 10.80
reinforcement
Vertical 25 1 2 2 4.600 9.20 9.20
reinforcement

47
 Vertical 20 1 8 8 5.400 43.20 43.20
reinforcement
Vertical 20 1 8 8 4.600 36.80 36.80
reinforcement
Ring 8 1 2 2 1.894 3.79 3.79
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Hook @ 100 8 1 3 3 0.46 1.38 1.38
c/c
Ring samosa 8 1 2 2 0.794 1.59 1.59
small @ 100
c/c
Master Ring 8 1 1 1 2.604 2.60 2.60
@ 800 c/c

Sr. Nos.of Nos. Total Total

Dia.of Length
No. Description unit per No.of length 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 20mm 25mm
bar (mtr)
set bar (mtr)
7 COLUMN
(C7) (380 *
1500)
Vertical 25 1 14 14 5.400 75.60 75.60
reinforcement
Vertical 25 1 14 14 4.600 64.40 64.40
reinforcement
Ring 8 1 2 2 2.354 4.71 4.71
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Ring 8 1 2 2 1.204 2.41 2.41
rectangle
small @ 100
c/c
Hook @ 100 8 1 3 3 0.46 1.38 1.38
c/c
Ring samosa 8 1 2 2 0.794 1.59 1.59
small @ 100
c/c
Master Ring 8 1 1 1 3.504 3.50 3.50
@ 800 c/c
8 COLUMN
(C8) (380 *
1125)
Vertical 25 1 8 8 5.400 43.20 43.20
reinforcement
Vertical 25 1 8 8 4.600 36.80 36.80
reinforcement
Vertical 20 1 2 2 5.400 10.80 10.80
reinforcement

48
 Vertical 20 1 2 2 4.600 9.20 9.20
reinforcement
Ring 8 1 2 2 1.994 3.99 3.99
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Hook @ 100 8 1 3 3 0.46 1.38 1.38
c/c
Ring samosa 8 1 2 2 0.804 1.61 1.61
small @ 100
c/c
Master Ring 8 1 1 1 2.754 2.75 2.75
@ 800 c/c
9 COLUMN
(C9) (380 *
1200)
Vertical 20 4 11 44 5.400 237.60 237.60
reinforcement
Vertical 20 4 11 44 4.600 202.40 202.40
reinforcement
Ring 8 4 2 8 1.944 15.55 15.55
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Ring 8 4 2 8 0.984 7.87 7.87
rectangle
small @ 100
c/c
Ring samosa 8 4 2 8 0.83 6.64 6.64
small @ 100
c/c
Master Ring 8 4 1 4 2.904 11.62 11.62
@ 800 c/c

Sr. Nos.of Nos. Total Total

Dia.of Length
No. Description unit per No.of length 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 20mm 25mm
bar (mtr)
set bar (mtr)
10 COLUMN
(C10) (380 *
1200)
Vertical 25 1 11 11 5.400 59.40 59.40
reinforcement
Vertical 25 1 11 11 4.600 50.60 50.60
reinforcement
Ring 8 1 2 2 1.944 3.89 3.89
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Ring 8 1 2 2 0.984 1.97 1.97
rectangle
small @ 100
c/c

49
 Ring samosa 8 1 2 2 0.83 1.66 1.66
small @ 100
c/c
Master Ring 8 1 1 1 2.904 2.90 2.90
@ 800 c/c
11 COLUMN
(C11) (380 *
1200)
Vertical 25 3 8 24 5.400 129.60 129.60
reinforcement
Vertical 25 3 8 24 4.600 110.40 110.40
reinforcement
Vertical 20 3 3 9 5.400 48.60 48.60
reinforcement
Vertical 20 3 3 9 4.600 41.40 41.40
reinforcement
Ring 8 3 2 6 1.944 11.66 11.66
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Ring 8 3 2 6 0.984 5.90 5.90
rectangle
small @ 100
c/c
Ring samosa 8 3 2 6 0.83 4.98 4.98
@ 100 c/c
Master Ring 8 3 1 3 2.904 8.71 8.71
@ 800 c/c
12 COLUMN
(C12) (380 *
1050)
Vertical 20 1 6 6 5.400 32.40 32.40
reinforcement
Vertical 20 1 6 6 4.600 27.60 27.60
reinforcement
Vertical 16 1 4 4 5.400 21.60 21.60
reinforcement
Vertical 16 1 4 4 4.600 18.40 18.40
reinforcement
Ring 8 1 2 2 1.894 3.79 3.79
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Hook @ 100 8 1 3 3 0.46 1.38 1.38
c/c
Ring samosa 8 1 2 2 0.794 1.59 1.59
@ 100 c/c
Master Ring 8 1 1 1 2.604 2.60 2.60
@ 800 c/c

50
Sr. Nos.of Nos. Total Total
Dia.of Length
No. Description unit per No.of length 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 20mm 25mm
bar (mtr)
set bar (mtr)
13 COLUMN
(C13) (380 *
1050)
Vertical 25 2 2 4 5.400 21.60 21.60
reinforcement
Vertical 25 2 2 4 4.600 18.40 18.40
reinforcement
Vertical 20 2 8 16 5.400 86.40 86.40
reinforcement
Vertical 20 2 8 16 4.600 73.60 73.60
reinforcement
Ring 8 2 2 4 1.894 7.58 7.58
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Link @ 100 8 2 3 6 0.46 2.76 2.76
c/c
Ring samosa 8 2 2 4 0.794 3.18 3.18
@ 100 c/c
Master Ring 8 2 1 2 2.604 5.21 5.21
@ 800 c/c
14 COLUMN
(C14) (450 *
450)
Vertical 20 4 2 8 5.400 43.20 43.20
reinforcement
Vertical 20 4 2 8 4.600 36.80 36.80
reinforcement
Vertical 16 4 4 16 5.400 86.40 86.40
reinforcement
Vertical 16 4 4 16 4.600 73.60 73.60
reinforcement
Ring 8 4 2 8 1.534 12.27 12.27
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Master Ring 8 4 1 4 1.544 6.18 6.18
@ 800 c/c
15 COLUMN
(C15) (450 *
850)
Vertical 20 2 6 12 5.400 64.80 64.80
reinforcement
Vertical 20 2 6 12 4.600 55.20 55.20
reinforcement
Vertical 16 2 3 6 5.400 32.40 32.40
reinforcement

51
 Vertical 16 2 3 6 4.600 27.60 27.60
reinforcement
Ring 8 2 2 4 1.894 7.58 7.58
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c
Ring 8 2 2 4 1.364 5.46 5.46
rectangle
small @ 100
c/c
Link @ 100 8 2 3 6 0.53 3.18 3.18
c/c
Master Ring 8 2 1 2 2.344 4.69 4.69
@ 800 c/c
16 COLUMN
(C16) (230 *
1050)
Vertical 25 2 4 8 5.400 43.20 43.20
reinforcement
Vertical 25 2 4 8 4.600 36.80 36.80
reinforcement
Vertical 20 2 5 10 5.400 54.00 54.00
reinforcement
Vertical 20 2 5 10 4.600 46.00 46.00
reinforcement
Ring
rectangle big
@ 100 c/c

Sr. Nos.of Nos. Total Total

Dia.of Length
No. Description unit per No.of length 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 20mm 25mm
bar (mtr)
set bar (mtr)
Ring
rectangle
small @
100 c/c
Link @ 100
c/c
Master
Ring @ 800
c/c
Rmt 312.19 0.00 0.00 260.00 1750.00 1250.00
Wt./Rmt. 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.579 2.467 3.854
Wt. in Kg. 123 0 0 410 4317 4818
Total Steel in Kg. 9668
(All Dia.)

52
8.3 Concrete Estimation: Concrete estimation is the process of calculating the quantity of
concrete required for various structural elements such as slabs, beams, columns, and footings.
It plays a vital role in planning, budgeting, and executing construction projects efficiently.
Accurate estimation ensures proper material procurement, cost control, and timely project
completion.

Concrete is a composite material made of cement, sand, aggregate, and water. It is used widely
in construction due to its strength, durability, and versatility. Each structural element has a
specific shape and dimension, so the volume of concrete needed varies accordingly.

Concrete quantity is typically calculated in cubic meters (m³) using geometric volume
formulas. A proper understanding of structural drawings and dimensions is essential for
accurate estimation. Additionally, a percentage (usually 3–5%) is added to account for wastage
and variations during mixing and placing.

Table 3: Concrete Estimation

CONCRETE OF P.C.C.

Depth /
Sr no Name No Lenth Breth Hight Quantity
1 C1/F2,C9/F2,C10/F2 6 5.1 5.9 0.1 18.054
2 C1/F1 3 4.7 5.5 0.1 7.755
3 C3/F3 4 4.2 5.1 0.1 8.568
CFT-1 C4,C5
4 (C6,C4) 2 8.22 6 0.1 9.864
5 C14/F4 4 3.05 3.05 0.1 3.721
TOTAL
(CMT) 47.962

CONCRETE OF FOOTING STEP ONE

Depth /
Sr no Name No Lenth Breth Quantity
Hight
1 C1/F2,C9/F2,C10/F2 6 4.8 5.6 0.75 120.96
2 C1/F1 3 4.4 5.2 0.75 51.48
3 C3/F3 4 3.9 4.8 7.25 542.88
CFT-1 C4,C5
4 1 7.92 5.7 1 45.144
(C6,C4)
5 C14/F4 4 2.75 2.75 0.45 13.6125
TOTAL
774.0765
(CMT)

CONCRETE OF FOOTING STEP TWO

Depth /
Sr no Name No Lenth Breth Hight Quantity

53
 1 C1/F2,C9/F2,C10/F2 2 2.8 3.6 0.85 17.136
2 C1/F1 3 2.5 3.3 0.8 19.8
3 C3/F3 2 1.9 2.7 0.525 5.3865
CFT-1 C4,C5
4 (C6,C4) 0 0 0 0 0
5 C14/F4 4 1.85 1.85 0.425 5.81825
TOTAL
(CMT) 48.14075

CONCRETE OF LIFT AREA P.C.C.

Depth /
Sr no Name No Lenth Breth Hight Quantity
1 CFT-2 1 5.85 8.448 0.1 4.94208
2 RFT-1
a) Cutting part 2 9.15 1.983 0.1 3.62889
b) Squar area 1 15.755 17.099 0.1 26.93947
TOTAL
(CMT) 35.51044

CONCRETE OF LIFT AREA FOOTING

Depth /
Sr no Name No Lenth Breth Quantity
Hight
1 CFT-2 1 5.55 8.148 1 45.2214
2 RFT-1
a) Cutting part 2 8.85 1.683 1 29.7891
b) Squar area 1 15.455 16.799 1 259.6285
TOTAL
(CMT) 334.639

CONCRETE OF COLUMN SECOND BESMENT

Depth /
Sr no Name No Lenth Breth Quantity
Hight
1 C1 3 1.2 0.38 3.6 4.9248
2 C2 1 1.2 0.38 3.6 1.6416
3 C3 4 1.075 0.38 3.6 5.8824
4 C4 2 1.05 0.38 3.6 2.8728
5 C5 1 1.05 0.38 3.6 1.4364
6 C6 1 1.05 0.38 3.6 1.4364
7 C7 1 1.5 0.38 3.6 2.052
8 C8 1 1.125 0.38 3.6 1.539
9 C9 4 0.38 1.2 3.6 6.5664
10 C10 1 0.38 1.2 3.6 1.6416
11 C11 2 0.38 1.2 3.6 3.2832

54
 12 C12 1 0.38 1.05 3.6 1.4364
13 C13 4 0.38 1.05 3.6 5.7456
14 C14 4 0.45 0.45 3.6 2.916
TOTAL
43.3746
(CMT)

CONCRETE OF COLUMN FIRST BESMENT

Depth /
Sr no Name No Lenth Breth Quantity
Hight
1 C1 3 1.2 0.38 4.5 6.156
2 C2 1 1.2 0.38 4.5 2.052
3 C3 4 1.075 0.38 4.5 7.353
4 C4 2 1.05 0.38 4.5 3.591
5 C5 1 1.05 0.38 4.5 1.7955
6 C6 1 1.05 0.38 4.5 1.7955
7 C7 1 1.5 0.38 4.5 2.565
8 C8 1 1.125 0.38 4.5 1.92375
9 C9 4 0.38 1.2 4.5 8.208
10 C10 1 0.38 1.2 4.5 2.052
11 C11 2 0.38 1.2 4.5 4.104
12 C12 1 0.38 1.05 4.5 1.7955
13 C13 4 0.38 1.05 4.5 7.182
14 C14 4 0.45 0.45 4.5 3.645
TOTAL
54.21825
(CMT)

CONCRETE OF SECOND BESMENT LIFT AREA

Depth /
Sr no Name No Lenth Breth Quantity
Hight
1 SW-1 2 7.366 0.23 3.6 12.1981
TOTAL
12.1981
(CMT)

CONCRETE OF FIRST BESMENT LIFT AREA

Depth /
Sr no Name No Lenth Breth Quantity
Hight
1 SW-1 2 7.366 0.23 4.5 15.24762
TOTAL
15.24762
(CMT)

55
 CHAPTER 9: Test Done on Site
List of Test Performed at Site:
Tests performed at the site are generally for construction equipment like cement, Fine and
Coarse aggregate, Fly Ash, steel and by product like concrete.

9.1 Test on concrete

• Slum test
• Compressive Strength Test

9.2 Slum test

To find out the workability of fresh concrete.

9.2.1 Equipment:
1. Slump cone:
2. Tamping rod
3. Measuring tape.
4. Clean scoop or trowel.
5. Non-absorbent plate or surface for testing.

9.2.2 Process

➢ Place the slump cone on a flat surface.

➢ Fill the cone with concrete in three equal layers. Compact each layer with 25 rod strokes
using a tamping rod.
➢ Level the concrete with the top of the slump cone using a straightedge or trowel.
➢ Carefully lift the slump cone vertically without disturbing the concrete.
➢ Measure the difference between the original height and the slumped concrete.
➢ Record the value in millimetres.
➢ This difference in height in mm is recorded as the slump of concrete.
➢ The difference in height is 150 mm.

56
 Figure no: 34 slum test
Table 4: Concrete Slump Cone Test
Set Grade Sample Slump Slump Value W/C Ambient Remark
No. No. Type (mm) Ratio Temp (°C)

1 M25 1 True 80 0.50 30 Medium

Workability

2 M25 2 True 85 0.52 32 Medium

Workability

3 M25 3 Shear 95 0.53 31 Slightly Flowing

4 M25 4 Collapse 110 0.55 33 High

Workability

5 M25 5 True 75 0.48 29 Medium

Workability

6 M40 1 True 60 0.40 30 Low

Workability

7 M40 2 True 65 0.42 31 Low

Workability

8 M40 3 Shear 70 0.43 30 Medium

Workability

9 M40 4 True 75 0.44 32 Medium

Workability

10 M40 5 Collapse 100 0.46 33 High

Workability

57
9.3 Compressive Strength Test:

The maximum amount of compressive load a material can bear before fracturing.
9.3.1 Equipment
1. Compression test machine
2. Cub Molds (size: 150 mm × 150mm × 150mm)
3. Weight balance
4. Temping rod
5. Curing tank
9.3.2 Procedure:
➢ Collect representative samples of fresh concrete during casting. Use cylindrical moulds
(typically 6 inches in diameter and 12 inches in height) to cast the samples.
➢ Cure the concrete samples in a standard curing condition, usually in a water tank at a
temperature of 20 ± 2°C (68 ± 3.6°F) for 28 days. Maintain adequate moisture to
prevent drying out.
➢ After the curing period, remove the samples from the moulds and clean off any loose
material.
➢ Measure and record the dimensions (diameter and height) of each sample accurately
using calliper or measuring tape.
➢ Set up the compression testing machine according to the manufacturer's instructions.
➢ Position the cubes correctly on the compression testing apparatus.
➢ Apply a steady, gradual compressive load at a predetermined rate until the cubes
fracture.
➢ Record the highest load that was applied and determine the concrete cubes' compressive
strength.

Figure 35: Concrete Cubs Figure 36: Compression Test

58
 Table 5: Compressive Test Results
Set Grade Cube Weight Size (mm) Load at Compressive Avg. Remark
No. No. (kg) Failure Strength Strength
(KN) (N/mm²) (N/mm²)

1 M25 1 8.25 150×150×150 680 30.22 Pass

2 8.30 150×150×150 655 29.11 Pass

3 8.20 150×150×150 670 29.78 29.70 Pass

2 M25 1 8.35 150×150×150 640 28.44 Pass

2 8.28 150×150×150 660 29.33 Pass

3 8.30 150×150×150 645 28.67 28.81 Pass

3 M25 1 8.40 150×150×150 660 29.33 Pass

2 8.32 150×150×150 650 28.89 Pass

3 8.38 150×150×150 670 29.78 29.33 Pass

4 M25 1 8.30 150×150×150 635 28.22 Pass

2 8.33 150×150×150 660 29.33 Pass

3 8.36 150×150×150 645 28.67 28.74 Pass

5 M25 1 8.22 150×150×150 625 27.78 Pass

2 8.26 150×150×150 640 28.44 Pass

3 8.31 150×150×150 635 28.22 28.15 Pass

6 M25 1 8.25 150×150×150 655 29.11 Pass

2 8.20 150×150×150 645 28.67 Pass

3 8.19 150×150×150 640 28.44 28.74 Pass

7 M25 1 8.35 150×150×150 670 29.78 Pass

2 8.38 150×150×150 665 29.56 Pass

3 8.40 150×150×150 660 29.33 29.56 Pass

8 M25 1 8.30 150×150×150 645 28.67 Pass

2 8.29 150×150×150 640 28.44 Pass

3 8.31 150×150×150 650 28.89 28.67 Pass

9 M25 1 8.20 150×150×150 635 28.22 Pass

2 8.22 150×150×150 650 28.89 Pass

3 8.18 150×150×150 640 28.44 28.52 Pass

10 M25 1 8.24 150×150×150 655 29.11 Pass

2 8.30 150×150×150 665 29.56 Pass

59
 3 8.27 150×150×150 660 29.33 29.33 Pass

11 M40 1 8.50 150×150×150 960 42.67 Pass

2 8.48 150×150×150 940 41.78 Pass

3 8.52 150×150×150 950 42.22 42.22 Pass

12 M40 1 8.60 150×150×150 945 42.00 Pass

2 8.58 150×150×150 955 42.44 Pass

3 8.62 150×150×150 960 42.67 42.37 Pass

13 M40 1 8.55 150×150×150 930 41.33 Pass

2 8.60 150×150×150 950 42.22 Pass

3 8.57 150×150×150 940 41.78 41.78 Pass

14 M40 1 8.62 150×150×150 960 42.67 Pass

2 8.60 150×150×150 950 42.22 Pass

3 8.64 150×150×150 965 42.89 42.59 Pass

15 M40 1 8.55 150×150×150 945 42.00 Pass

2 8.52 150×150×150 950 42.22 Pass

3 8.58 150×150×150 940 41.78 41.99 Pass

16 M40 1 8.63 150×150×150 955 42.44 Pass

2 8.59 150×150×150 950 42.22 Pass

3 8.61 150×150×150 945 42.00 42.22 Pass

17 M40 1 8.60 150×150×150 950 42.22 Pass

2 8.58 150×150×150 935 41.56 Pass

3 8.62 150×150×150 945 42.00 41.93 Pass

18 M40 1 8.57 150×150×150 940 41.78 Pass

2 8.59 150×150×150 950 42.22 Pass

3 8.61 150×150×150 955 42.44 42.15 Pass

19 M40 1 8.60 150×150×150 960 42.67 Pass

2 8.62 150×150×150 950 42.22 Pass

3 8.64 150×150×150 965 42.89 42.59 Pass

20 M40 1 8.55 150×150×150 945 42.00 Pass

2 8.57 150×150×150 950 42.22 Pass

3 8.59 150×150×150 940 41.78 42.00 Pass

60
 CHAPTER 10: Safety Measurement

Safety control on a construction site involves implementing measures to prevent accidents, protect
workers, and ensure compliance with safety regulations. This includes providing comprehensive
safety training, enforcing the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), implementing fall
protection systems, maintaining equipment and machinery, and establishing emergency response
plans. Regular inspections, hazard assessments, and safety meetings are also essential to identify
and mitigate potential risks. Overall, prioritizing safety controls fosters a safe work environment
and reduces the likelihood of accidents and injuries on-site.

10.1 PROVISION OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Precaution against noise, dust, eye protection shall be evaluated and duly complied. Standard
PPE must be issued to the workmen for their respective jobs. It is mandatory for all labors on
site to use PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS and safety devices relevant to site
activity

There are various PPE according to the type of work, but the few basic PPE are:

• PPE for head protection

• PPE for eye protection
• PPE for ear protection
• PPE for hand
• PPE for work on higher floors

Figure 37: PPE Kit

61
10.2 Safety Helmet

Figure no: 38 safety helmet

10.3 Some Safe Access On Site

• Everyone can get to their place of work safely

• Edges from which people could fall are provided with double guard rails or other
suitable edge protection
• Holes are protected with clearly marked and fixed covers to prevent falls.
• Barricades are to be provided so act as the warning device that alerts others of the hazard
created by construction activity
• Use of the solar delineator blinker to be provided so it act as the warn sign that there is
work going on road not to move this way.
• Site is tidy
• Good lighting

10.4 Roles And Responsibilities Of Safety Inspector

• To check whether the material transfer box is well covered or not.

• To check whether the house-keeping is done daily or not.
• To check whether the safety net is used along the periphery of building and if used is it
properly tied or not.
• To check whether the labour uses the full body harness or not if he is working at the
height more than 2m
• To check whether the hand rails are provided where chances of near miss are more.
• To check whether the labours are not smoking on site.
• To check whether the labours maintain the site-discipline.
• To check whether the S/C or site engineer has issued the permit to carry out hot work
etc.

62
 CHAPTER 11: Summary and Conclusion

SUMMARY:

• In summary, the residential building project's construction has been a huge operation
that has required careful planning, organising, and carrying out. With the help of the
project team, which consists of architects, engineers, contractors, and subcontractors,
we were able to effectively turn our client's concept into a genuine, working project.
• In this I have learned about the responsibility of work and the techniques of methods
casting, shuttering, and the other work. And the quality and quantity place a big role in
this work.

CONCULSION:

• First thing which I had learned from internship is the real work experience with site
engineers, contractors and other workers. The experience of working in a team is
amazing.
• I also learned how to read and understand the technical drawings easily to execute the
work. Communication with labours is also an important skill at site, you have to deal
with the labours during the execution work of the beams, columns, retaining wall, stair
in such a simple way so they can understand that how to deal with it.
• Overall, it is so much amazing and helpful for my future career. This program played
an important role to break the conventional thought that field works can be only
implements by students who holds a degree or people who have an experience in
building construction.
• We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with problems that arises
during a project.

63
 References

1 IS 456 (2000): Plain and Reinforced Concrete.

2 IS: 956 (1980): Design and Construction of Diaphragm Wall.
3 IS 516: 1959: Method of test for Strength of Concrete.
4 IS 1199: 1959: Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete.
5 Wikipedia, “Building Construction,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction
6 BIS Indian Standard:456 (2000) ‘Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice s [CED
2: Cement and Concrete]’
7 BIS Indian Standard:516 (1959) ‘Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete [CED 2:
Cement and Concrete]’
8 Punmia, B. C., Jain, A. K., & Jain, A. K. (2005). Building Construction. Laxmi
Publications.
9 Shetty, M. S. (2004). Concrete Technology: Theory and Practice. S. Chand Publishing.
10 Taylor, G. D. (2001). Materials in Construction: An Introduction. Longman.
11 Sharma, S., & Singh, R. (2020). "Quality Management Practices in Construction Projects."
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE.
12 Patel, D., & Joshi, V. (2021). "Role of Site Engineers in Quality Control in Construction
Projects." International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 9(5).

64