PPE-212
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
AND
PROCESS SAFETY
COURSE ASSESSMENT & GRADING BREAKUP
Theory Part
•Quizzes and assignments: 30 %
•Midterm: 30 %
•Final examination*: 40 %
•*An attendance of 75% is mandatory to sit in
the final examination.
SECTION-I ECOLOGY OF
ENVIRONMENT
(a) Air pollution: Effects of air
COURSE pollutants, origins and fates of air
pollutants, acid rain, ozone depletion,
OUTLINE global warming, air pollution control,
atmospheric dispersion
(b) Water pollution: Causes of water
pollution, water treatment, water
quality and standards, water plant
waste management, water pollution
sources, biological oxygen demand
SECTION-II MANAGEMENT OF POLYMER WASTE
(a) Environmental issues related to the plastics industry
(b) The polymer waste problem
(c) Legislation
(d) Disposing of post-consumer plastics
COURSE (e) Life-cycle assessment
(f) Plastics recovery and recycling
OUTLINE (g) Mechanical recycling
(h) Reprocessing of mixed plastics wastes
(i) Energy recovery by incineration
(j) Liquid fuel and feedstock recovery
(k) Management of urban waste
SECTION-III PROCESS SAFETY
(a) Importance of safety and health for engineers:
Occupational safety and health, environmental problems
(b) Toxicology: Effects of toxicants on biological
organisms, relative toxicity, threshold limit values
COURSE (c) Industrial hygiene: Laws and regulations, OSHA :
process safety management, risk management, industrial
OUTLINE hygiene identification, evaluation and control
(d) Fire and explosions: Hazards related to fire and
explosions, designs to prevent fires and explosions
(e) Hazard Identification: Process hazard check list,
hazard surveys, hazard and operability study, other
methods
(f) Risk management and assessment: Identification,
analysis, elimination, financing
TEXTBOOKS
Textbooks:
1. P. Aarne Vesilind, Susan M. Morgan, Lauren G. Heine, Introduction to Environmental
Engineering, Third Edition, Cengage Learning , 2010 ( ISBN-13: 978-0-495-29583-9)
2. G Scott, Polymers and the Environment, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999 (ISBN-13: 978-
0854045785)
3. Daniel A. Crowl, Joseph F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications,
Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 2011 (ISBN-13: 978-0131382268)
Reference book:
4. L. Lundquist , Y. Leterrier, P. Sunderland, J.A.E. Manson, Life Cycle Engineering of Plastics:
Technology, Economy and Environment, Elsevier Science, 2001 (ISBN-13: 978-0080438863)
COURSE OBJECTIVES
• The aim of this course is that the students will
1. Learn the essential principles used in industrial pollution abatement.
2. Understand important issues in industrial pollution abatement.
3. Gain knowledge of personal safety, industrial safety, hazard analysis, toxicology and
personal proactive equipment.
Question
• What do you think are the five most critical environmental dilemma that we
face today?
1. Find and discuss them with 4 other people.
2. Other issues?
3. Why or why not?
4. Explore why they might/might not agree with you
5. Agree and rank the 5 top issues
• Write down your observations and reflections
Rules of learning
1. Listen twice as much as you talk
2. Pay attention and do not interrupt
3. Show that you are listening
4. Keep an open mind
5. Defer judgement
6. Ask explorative questions
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?
• The answer to the question ‘what is environment’ is not immediate.
• Environment is usually found as a synonym for "nature”.
• Probably if we asked people around, the answer would not be
uniform.
• In many instances they would not even try to give a definition.
• Environment is a word that is often used, but its meaning is not so
clear.
• Objective: make sure the environment is not confused with “nature”.
Environment is the aggregate of physical,
chemical, biological and social components
capable of causing direct or indirect effects, in
the short or long term, on living beings and
human activities.
(from United Nations Conference on Environment, 1972)
Environmental Engineering
• The Environmental Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE) has published the following statement of purpose:
1. Environmental engineering is manifested by sound engineering thought and
practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation, notably in
➢the provision of safe, palatable, and ample public water supplies;
➢the proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid wastes;
➢the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation;
➢and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and the social and
environmental impact of these solutions.
➢Furthermore, it is concerned with engineering problems in the field of public
health, such as control of arthropod (bacteria, viruses etc.)-borne diseases, the
elimination of industrial health hazards, and the provision of adequate sanitation
in urban, rural, and recreational areas, and the effect of technological advances on
the environment (ASCE, 1977).
Core Areas in Environmental Engineering
Environmental Engineering
• Air pollution
1. Control devices
2. Permitting
3. Modeling
• Water (surface and groundwater):
1. Treatment & disinfection
2. Storage and distribution
3. Dispersion
4. Quality
• Wastewater
• Solid Wastes
• Hazardous Wastes
• Radioactive Wastes
• Integrated Systems
• Pollution Prevention
• Other – noise and light pollution
Primary vs. secondary
pollutants
• Primary pollutant – discharged directly into
the atmosphere (e.g., automobile exhaust)
• Secondary pollutant - formed in the
atmosphere through a variety of chemical
reactions (e.g., photochemical smog)
Stationary vs. mobile sources
Stationary Contribute approximately 40% of total air pollution
Sources
98% of SOX,
95% of particulates,
56% of total hydrocarbons,
53% of NOX, and
22% of CO
Contribute approximately 60% of total
air pollution
78% of CO,
47% of NOX,
Mobile
Sources 44% of total hydrocarbons,
5% of particulates, and
2% of SOX
Industries
Introduction
to
Ecology
of
Environment
What is Ecology?
• The word 'Ecology' was coined from the Greek word 'oikos' meaning 'house'
or 'a place to live' to designate the study of organisms in their natural
homes.
• Specially, it means the study of interactions of organisms with one another
and with the physical and chemical environment. The term “logy” means to
study.
What is
Ecology?
• The study of how organisms
interact with their environment.
• All organisms must interact with
both living and non-living things
that surround them.
Level of organization of a living being
• List of the levels of organization:
Levels of Organization
• Cells → Tissues→ Organs → Organ Systems → Organisms → Population →
Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere
• The molecules of life are organized in specific ways to form cells;
• Cells are grouped into tissues;
• Tissues are arranged to produce functional organs.
• The body organs are integrated to produce organ system,
• The entire array of these systems constitutes an organism.
• Organisms exist not just as a single individual, but in-groups called
population.
• The various populations of organisms that interact with one another to
form a community;
• Interdependent communities of organisms interact with the physical
environment to compose an ecosystem.
• Finally, all the ecosystems of the planet are combined to produce a level
of organization known as the biosphere.
Ecology is concerned with the levels of organization beyond that of
individual organism; i.e., population, community, ecosystem, and
biosphere.
Basic Concept of
Ecology
• The fundamental idea behind the study of ecology is that all
organisms are interdependent.
• They interact with one another and the physical environment.
• Whether we are talking about humans or any other kind of
organisms, certain principles govern the growth and stability of
their populations over time.
• These principles influence the pattern of relationships of
organisms with one another and their environment.
• These patterns, in all their varied forms, are the focuses of ecology.
• As a science, ecology seeks to treat the world of nature including
its human component with a single set of concepts and principles.
Ecology deals with such questions
as:
Basic Why natural communities are
composed of certain organisms and
Concept not others?
of How the various organisms interact
with each other and with the
Ecology physical environment?
How we can control and maintain
these natural communities?
Clean air in a bottle
TYPES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
TYPES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
There are different types of
Pollution
1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Soil Pollution
4. Noise Pollution
5. Radioactive Pollution
6. Thermal Pollution
Air Pollution
Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere
of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological
materials that spreads very fast and spreads in the air
and causes SKIN & LUNGS diseases.
Some of the most important air pollutants are
• Sulfur dioxide,
• Nitrogen dioxide,
• Carbon monoxide,
• Ozone,
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
• Airborne particles, with radioactive
pollutants probably among the most
destructive ones (specifically when
produced by nuclear explosions).
Water Pollution
It is the introduction of chemical, biological & physical matter into
large bodies of water e.g., lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and
groundwater that degrade the quality of life that lives in it &
consumes it.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or
indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove
harmful compounds.
Water pollution affects plants
and organisms living in these
bodies of water. In almost all
cases the effect is damaging
not only to individual species
and populations, but also to
the natural biological
communities
Soil Pollution
Soil pollution is caused by the presence of xenobiotic
(human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the
natural soil environment.
It is typically caused by,
a) Industrial activity
b) Agricultural chemicals
c) Improper disposal of waste.
Noise Pollution
• Noise pollution is displeasing or excessive noise that may disrupt the
activity or balance of human or animal life.
• Noise means disgust or discomfort hearing from environment.
Sources of Noise
Pollution….
• Industries/Machines.
• Transportation systems.
• Motor vehicles.
• Aircrafts.
• Trains.
• Poor urban planning.
RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
• Pollution caused by the resultant substances from nuclear reactors and
other radioactive substances.
• Causes • Effects
• Nuclear Power Plants, Weapons • Cancer
• Disposal of nuclear waste • Swelling of Bone Joints
• Eye Problems
• Uranium Mining
Thermal Pollution
• Causes • Effects
• Nuclear Power Plants • Discomfort
• Volcanic eruption • Death of animals
• Industries and factories and plants
• Forest Fires
Control of Thermal Pollution
• Avoid Constructing
Nuclear Power Plants
• Controlling and
informing time of
volcanic eruption
Agents of environmental diseases
1. Polluted air and water,
2. excessive levels of noise, Most environmentally induced
3. Over- crowded slums, diseases, unlike those caused by
bacteria or other pathogens, are
4. toxic waste dumps, difficult to cure but theoretically
5. inadequate or overly adequate diet, simple to prevent.
6. stress, Remove the adverse environmental
influence and the ailment will
7. food contaminants, disappear.
8. medical X-rays,
9. drugs,
10. cigarettes,
11. unsafe working conditions
12. nuclear weapons fall-out,
can be regarded as causative agents of environmental diseases.
In short environmental diseases are those diseases that are introduced to
the environment by man due to his careless behavior.
Environmental Measures
• Preventing discharges of poisonous pollutants into water and food
• Avoiding exposure to radiation
• Keeping away from cigarette smoke
• Avoiding synthetic food coloring or material
• Awareness regarding toxic agents that are distributed over our earth, due to
different activities by man in the ecosystem.
• For example, worldwide, there are about 10 million chemical compounds
that have been synthesized thus far. But only one percent is produced
commercially and is regulated.
The effects of industrial
pollutants on human
environments
Industrialization
• Industrialization is central to economic development
and improved prospects for human well-being.
• But, if proper abatement technology is not used, the
industry becomes a major source of air, water, and soil
pollution, hazardous wastes, and noise. Industrial
workers are often at the highest risk of health impacts.
• Furthermore, developed countries have exacerbated
the environmental problems now being experienced by
developing countries by transferring hazardous waste
industries and technologies.
• Major industrial impacts also arise from small-scale
industry.
• In developing countries, small-scale industry
contributes substantially to economic development but
can create environmental and health problems if
environmental safeguards are not used.
Industrialization
Why Do We Pollute the Environment?
The Industrial Process and the Environment
World
Fossil Fuel
Use
https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels
Country-wise
fossil fuel
consumption
data
Worldwide emissions from burning fossil fuels
CO2 emission country wise
• Environmental threats to human health are
numerous.
• These threats can be divided into two:
a. Traditional hazard; i.e., associated with
lack of development.
Environmental • Traditional hazards related to poverty and
“insufficient” development, are wide-
Threats to ranging and include:
Human Health 1. Lack of access to safe drinking water;
2. Inadequate basic sanitation in the
household and the community;
3. Indoor air pollution from cooking and
heating using coal or biomass fuel and
inadequate solid waste disposal.
b. Modern hazard, i.e., associated with
unsustainable development.
Modern hazards are related to development
Environmental that lacks health- and environment
safeguards, and to unsustainable
Threats to Human consumption of natural resources.
Health They include:
1. Water pollution from populated areas,
2. Industry and intensive agriculture;
3. Urban air pollution from motor cars, coal
power stations and industry resulting in
climate change, stratospheric ozone
depletion and trans-boundary pollution.
INTRODUCTION TO
PROCESS SAFETY
Three Elements of Process Safety
Behavior
Process
Safety
Systems Process
Process Safety Milestone Practices
Behavior
Pre-1930’s Identify who caused the loss and
punish the guilty
Process
Pre-1970’s Find breakdown in, and fix man-
machine interface
Mgmt Systems
1970’s, 80’s Development of risk assessment
techniques and systematic
approaches
Comprehensive
1980’s + Performance-, risk-based
standards, regulations; ‘green’
and ‘inherent’ designs
Causes of Losses in Large Plant Accidents
44
Process
Design
Accidents (%)
22
12 11
5 5
1
Mechanical Operator Unknown Process Natural Design Sabotage
Error Upsets Hazards and Arson
Safety Performance by Industry Sector
Injuries & illnesses per 200,000 hours worked (2002)
Services
Finance, insurance & real estate
Wholesale & retail trade
Transportation & public utilities
Petroleum and coal products
Chemicals and allied products
Printing & publishing
Pulp & paper
Textiles & apparel
Food & food products
Transportation equipment
Electronic and electrical equipment
Industrial machinery & equipment
Primary metal industries
Construction
Mining
Agriculture, forestry & fishing
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics (www.bls.gov/iif)
Relative risks of fatal accidents in the workplace of
selected occupations
Fishers (as an occupation) 35.1
Timber cutters (as an occupation) 29.7
Airplane pilots (as an occupation) 14.9
Garbage collectors 12.9
Roofers 8.4
Taxi drivers 8.2
Farm occupations 6.5
Protective services (fire fighters, police guards, etc.) 2.7
“Average job” 1.0
Grocery store employees 0.91
Chemical and allied products 0.81
Finance, insurance and real estate 0.23
Sanders, R.E, J. Hazardous Materials 115 (2004) p143, citing Toscano (1997)
They thought they were safe
• “Good” companies can be lulled
into a false sense of security by
their performance in personal
safety and health
• They may not realize how
vulnerable they are to a major
accident until it happens
• Subsequent investigations
typically show that there were
multiple causes, and many of
these were known long before
the event. BP Deepwater Horizon
Process safety management
• Recognition of seriousness of
consequences and mechanisms of
causation lead to focus on the process
rather than the individual worker
• Many of the key decisions influencing
safety may be beyond the control of the
worker or even the site – they may be
made by people at another site, country
or organization
• Causes differ from those for personnel
safety
• Need to look at the whole – materials,
equipment and systems – and consider
individuals and procedures as part of the
system
• Management system approach for
control
Flixborough, Bhopal, Pasadena
People often assume systems work
as intended, despite warning signs
Why and Examples of good performance are
how cited as representing the whole,
while poor ones are overlooked or
defenses soon forgotten
fail? Analysis of failure modes and effects
should include human and
organizational aspects as well as
equipment, physical and IT systems.
Process hazard Risk (acute)
•A physical • probability x
situation with consequences
potential to of an
Terminology cause harm to undesired
people, event
property or occurring.
the
environment.
• Traditional safety approach
• “Add on” safety features
• Prevent - alarms, safety interlocks,
New procedures, training
• Mitigate – sprinkler systems, water
paradigm curtains, emergency response
systems and procedures
for safety • Inherently safer design
• Eliminate or significantly reduce process
hazards
Inherently The design of chemical processes and products
with specific attention to eliminate hazards from
Safer Design the manufacturing process rather than relying on
the control of these hazards.
–
A Definition
