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DATABASE NOTES

The document provides an overview of SQL commands and functions used for managing data in relational databases. It covers various SQL operations such as creating tables, inserting data, querying with conditions, and using aggregate functions. Key concepts like JOINs, filtering with WHERE, and using aliases are also explained.

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olesengkgabo14
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1 views

DATABASE NOTES

The document provides an overview of SQL commands and functions used for managing data in relational databases. It covers various SQL operations such as creating tables, inserting data, querying with conditions, and using aggregate functions. Key concepts like JOINs, filtering with WHERE, and using aliases are also explained.

Uploaded by

olesengkgabo14
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Related Course

Intro to SQL
Use SQL to create, access, and update tables of data in a relational
database.Try it for free

Commands
ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE table_name


ADD column_name datatype;

ALTER TABLE lets you add columns to a table in a database.

AND

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_1 = value_1
AND column_2 = value_2;

AND is an operator that combines two conditions. Both conditions must be true
for the row to be included in the result set.

AS

SELECT column_name AS 'Alias'


FROM table_name;

AS is a keyword in SQL that allows you to rename a column or table using


an alias.

AVG()

SELECT AVG(column_name)
FROM table_name;
AVG()is an aggregate function that returns the average value for a numeric
column.

BETWEEN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value_1 AND value_2;

The BETWEEN operator is used to filter the result set within a certain range. The
values can be numbers, text or dates.

CASE

SELECT column_name,
CASE
WHEN condition THEN 'Result_1'
WHEN condition THEN 'Result_2'
ELSE 'Result_3'
END
FROM table_name;

CASE statements are used to create different outputs (usually in


the SELECT statement). It is SQL’s way of handling if-then logic.

COUNT()

SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name;

COUNT() is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and


counts the number of rows where the column is not NULL.

CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column_1 datatype,
column_2 datatype,
column_3 datatype
);

CREATE TABLE creates a new table in the database. It allows you to specify the
name of the table and the name of each column in the table.

DELETE

DELETE FROM table_name


WHERE some_column = some_value;

DELETE statements are used to remove rows from a table.

GROUP BY

SELECT column_name, COUNT(*)


FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name;

GROUP BY is a clause in SQL that is only used with aggregate functions. It is


used in collaboration with the SELECT statement to arrange identical data into
groups.

HAVING

SELECT column_name, COUNT(*)


FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING COUNT(*) > value;

HAVINGwas added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be used with
aggregate functions.

INNER JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_1
JOIN table_2
ON table_1.column_name = table_2.column_name;

An inner join will combine rows from different tables if the join condition is
true.

INSERT

INSERT INTO table_name (column_1, column_2, column_3)


VALUES (value_1, 'value_2', value_3);

INSERT statements are used to add a new row to a table.

IS NULL / IS NOT NULL

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;

IS NULLand IS NOT NULL are operators used with the WHERE clause to test for
empty values.

LIKE

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;

LIKE is a special operator used with the WHERE clause to search for a specific
pattern in a column.

LIMIT

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
LIMIT number;
LIMIT is a clause that lets you specify the maximum number of rows the result
set will have.

MAX()

SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name;

MAX() is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and


returns the largest value in that column.

MIN()

SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name;

MIN() is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and


returns the smallest value in that column.

OR

SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name = value_1
OR column_name = value_2;

ORis an operator that filters the result set to only include rows where either
condition is true.

ORDER BY

SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name ASC | DESC;
ORDER BY is a clause that indicates you want to sort the result set by a
particular column either alphabetically or numerically.

OUTER JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_1
LEFT JOIN table_2
ON table_1.column_name = table_2.column_name;

An outer join will combine rows from different tables even if the join condition
is not met. Every row in the left table is returned in the result set, and if the
join condition is not met, then NULL values are used to fill in the columns from
the right table.

ROUND()

SELECT ROUND(column_name, integer)


FROM table_name;

ROUND() is a function that takes a column name and an integer as arguments. It


rounds the values in the column to the number of decimal places specified by
the integer.

SELECT

SELECT column_name
FROM table_name;

SELECTstatements are used to fetch data from a database. Every query will
begin with SELECT.

SELECT DISTINCT

SELECT DISTINCT column_name


FROM table_name;
SELECT DISTINCT specifies that the statement is going to be a query that
returns unique values in the specified column(s).

SUM

SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name;

SUM() is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and


returns the sum of all the values in that column.

UPDATE

UPDATE table_name
SET some_column = some_value
WHERE some_column = some_value;

UPDATE statements allow you to edit rows in a table.

WHERE

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;

WHEREis a clause that indicates you want to filter the result set to include only
rows where the following condition is true.

WITH

WITH temporary_name AS (
SELECT *
FROM table_name)
SELECT *
FROM temporary_name
WHERE column_name operator value;
WITH clause lets you store the result of a query in a temporary table using an
alias. You can also define multiple temporary tables using a comma and with
one instance of the WITH keyword.

The WITH clause is also known as common table expression (CTE) and subquery
factoring.

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