ROLE OF STCW IN MARITIME SAFETY

By

NAME ID NO
SAIKAT BARUA ID NO: 22311006
MD. NAZMUL HASAN RONY ID NO: 22311005
MAFIJUL HAQUE ID NO: 22311014

Supervised by

Capt. Md. Nasir Uddin

Associate Professor and Chairman
Department of Shipping and Maritime Science
School of Science and Engineering
Canadian University of Bangladesh

A Thesis Report Submitted to Department of Shipping & Maritime Science at

Canadian University of Bangladesh (CUB) in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for
the Award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) Degree
MAY 2025

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ROLE OF STCW IN MARITIME SAFETY

ii
 DECLARATION

I hereby certify that this thesis represents our own work which has been done in the final year for
the degree of Shipping and Maritime Science (SMS) at Canadian University of Bangladesh and
has not been previously included in a thesis or dissertation submitted to this or any other institution
for a degree, diploma or other qualifications.

The contents of this dissertation reflect our own personal views and are not necessary endorsed
by the University.

THESIS TITLE: ROLE OF STCW IN MARITIME SAFETY.

Supervisor:

Approval Signature :

Capt. Md. Nasir Uddin

Associate Professor and Chairman
Department of Shipping and Maritime Science
School of Science and Engineering
Canadian University of Bangladesh

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ATTESTATION ON PLAGIARISM AND OTHER FORMS OF ACADEMIC
DISHONESTY

Name of Programme: Bachelor of Maritime Science (Honours) in Shipping & Maritime

Science
Type of Paper: Bachelor’s Thesis Paper.

Topic: Role of STCW in Maritime Safety.

We certify that this is our work and has not in whole or in part, been presented elsewhere for
assessment without our acknowledgment. Where material has been used from other sources, it has
been properly acknowledged. If this statement is found to be untrue, we acknowledge that we
would have committed an act of plagiarism or other forms of academic dishonesty.

-------------------------------------

NAME ID NO
SAIKAT BARUA ID NO: 22311006
NAZMUL HASAN RONY ID NO: 22311005
MAFIJUL HAQUE ID NO: 22311014

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The accomplishment of this thesis benefits of the help and direction from our dear supervisor-
Capt. Md. Nasir Uddin Associate Professor and Chairman Department of Shipping and Maritime
Science School of Science and Engineering Canadian University of Bangladesh. is always humble
and polite to help us to solve any kind of problems, confusions and direct us to the final results of
the thesis. On top of that is an easygoing and open-minded person, who is also good mentor to us.
Without this encouragement, we would not finish this final work in our final graduate study. Thank
you very much.

We are also grateful to The Vice- Chancellor of the University, The Department head of SMS for
this excellent opportunity to study at Canadian University of Bangladesh.

Our whole-hearted respect and appreciation go to our all-other Lecturers. We wish to express our
thanks and gratitude to our faculty.

Finally, thanks to almighty Allah, the most merciful, the most beneficent, for providing us the
patience, strength and keeping in good health to complete this work

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 Table of Contents

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ 3

ATTESTATION ON PLAGIARISM AND OTHER FORMS OF ACADEMIC DISHONESTY 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 5

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 9

LIST OF FIGURE........................................................................................................................... 9

LIST OF ABBREVIATION ......................................................................................................... 10

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 11

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 12

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 12

1.1 Background of the study ..................................................................................................... 12

1.2 Problem Statement .............................................................................................................. 14

1.3 Research Questions and Objectives .................................................................................... 14

1.4 Significance of the study..................................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 16

LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 16

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 24

METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 24

3.1 Research Design.................................................................................................................. 24

3.2 Data Collection ................................................................................................................... 24

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 3.2.1 Primary Data ................................................................................................................ 24

3.2.2 Secondary Data: ........................................................................................................... 25

3.3 Method of Data Collection.................................................................................................. 25

3.4 Data Validity and Reliability: ............................................................................................. 26

3.5 Ethical Considerations: ....................................................................................................... 26

3.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation: ....................................................................................... 26

3.7 Challenges and Limitations of the study ............................................................................. 27

CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 28

STCW AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO MARITIME SAFETY ................................................ 28

4.1 Human Factors in Maritime Accidents ............................................................................... 28

4.2 How STCW Addresses Human Error ................................................................................. 28

4.3 Case Studies of Maritime Accidents and STCW Relevance .............................................. 29

4.4 Effectiveness of STCW in Enhancing Crew Competency ................................................. 30

4.5 Relationship Between STCW Training and Safe Ship Operation ...................................... 31

4.6 STCW’s Role in Emergency Preparedness and Crisis Management.................................. 32

4.7 Challenges in STCW Implementation ................................................................................ 32

4.7.1 Issues in Uniform Implementation Across Nations .................................................... 32

4.7.2 Limitations in Training Infrastructure ......................................................................... 33

4.7.3 Language and Communication Barriers ...................................................................... 33

4.7.4 Fraudulent Certification and Quality Control .............................................................. 34

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 4.7.6 Emerging Technological Trends vs Traditional STCW Training................................ 34

4.8 Opportunities for Improvement and Future Directions ...................................................... 35

4.8.1 Integration of Modern Technology in Training (e.g., VR, Simulators) ....................... 35

4.8.2 Enhancing Global Cooperation for Consistency.......................................................... 35

4.8.3 Recommendations for Amendments or Policy Enhancements .................................... 36

4.8.4 Aligning STCW with Decarbonization and Green Shipping Goals ............................ 36

4.8.5 Promoting Continuous Professional Development (CPD) .......................................... 37

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 38

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ......................................................................................... 38

5.1 Awareness and Understanding of STCW ........................................................................... 38

5.2 Effectiveness of STCW Training ........................................................................................ 40

5.3 Impact on Maritime Safety and Incident Reduction ........................................................... 42

5.4 Challenges and Limitations in STCW Implementation ...................................................... 44

5.5 Opportunities for Improvement and Future Expectations .................................................. 46

CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................. 48

DISCUSSION CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. 48

6.1 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 48

6.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 48

6.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 49

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 51

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APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................... 56

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Awareness and Understanding of STCW .................................................................. 38

Table 2: Effectiveness of STCW Training ................................................................................ 40

Table 3: Impact on Maritime Safety and Incident Reduction ................................................ 42

Table 4: Challenges and Limitations in STCW Implementation ........................................... 44

Table 5: Opportunities for Improvement and Future Expectations ...................................... 46

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 8: Number of respondents .............................................................................................. 25

Figure 1: Awareness and Understanding of STCW ................................................................ 39

Figure 2: Effectiveness of STCW Training .............................................................................. 41

Figure 3: Impact on Maritime Safety and Incident Reduction .............................................. 43

Figure 4: Challenges and Limitations in STCW Implementation.......................................... 45

Figure 5: Opportunities for Improvement and Future Expectations .................................... 47

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATION
STCW – Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping
IMO – International Maritime Organization
SOLAS – Safety of Life at Sea
ISM – International Safety Management
MLC – Maritime Labour Convention
PSC – Port State Control
SMS – Safety Management System
COC – Certificate of Competency
COP – Certificate of Proficiency
RO – Recognized Organization
MET – Maritime Education and Training
VTS – Vessel Traffic Service
ECDIS – Electronic Chart Display and Information System
DP – Dynamic Positioning
SAR – Search and Rescue
AIS – Automatic Identification System
GMDSS – Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas
LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas
SMS – Safety Management System

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 ABSTRACT
Safety is of the utmost importance to the maritime industry, which plays a significant role in
facilitating global trade and economic growth. Seafarer training and certification have been
standardized across member states as a result of the International Convention on Standards of
Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), which was established in 1978
and is constantly reviewed. This convention has contributed to an increase in maritime safety. This
study investigates the ways in which the STCW Convention enhances maritime safety, as well as
the challenges associated with its implementation and measures to increase compliance and
efficiency. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered through a combination of research
approaches for the study. The major data collection process consisted of the distribution of
structured questionnaires through Google Forms to individuals such as sailors, maritime trainers,
shipping firm management, and port state control officers. Secondary data were provided via
academic journals, reports released by the IMO, and publications from the industry. In order to
understand trends and the perspectives of stakeholders, statistical analysis and thematic pattern
recognition were performed with the help of Microsoft Excel. Because of the STCW Convention,
there has been a significant improvement in seafarer competence, onboard accidents, and
operational safety throughout the world. However, there are not only varied enforcement
requirements but also inconsistent execution, limited resources for training institutions in
developing nations, and inconsistent implementation. Participants stated that there should be more
training that is both technologically integrated and practical, as well as regular modifications to
the STCW provision, in order to address environmental, automation, and cybersecurity issues.
Regional disparities, particularly in terms of the quality of training and the control of certification,
impeded the effectiveness of the Convention in terms of safety. The STCW Convention is critical
to the safety of marine transportation around the world; yet, its effectiveness is contingent on its
consistent implementation, regular changes, and assistance for maritime states that are not yet
established. Enhancing international coordination, monitoring, and seafarer training using
contemporary technologies is one of the recommendations made in the study with the purpose of
developing a global marine workforce that is both safer and more skilled.

Keywords: STCW Convention, maritime safety, seafarer training, certification, watchkeeping,

international regulations, implementation challenges, maritime education, compliance, safety
standards.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Over eighty percent of all items that are traded internationally are transported by water, making
maritime transportation the most important component of international trade and
business(UNCTAD, 2021). However, the expansion of the sector has been closely matched by an
increase in the number of issues over safety. Human error continues to be a key contributor to
maritime accidents, despite the fact that seafarers work in situations that are constantly changing
and frequently hazardous(Velayutham, 2019). Mariners encounter daily perils, including severe
weather phenomena such as storms and strong winds, as well as operational risks like equipment
malfunctions or navigational mistakes. The intricacy of contemporary nautical operations,
incorporating advanced technology and gear, amplifies these dangers((Oldenburg et al., 2024).
Although injury prevention has advanced recently, accidents resulting from hazardous working
and living circumstances at sea and non-observance of safety regulations still mostly cause injury
and death(Graham & Walters, 2020).

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) created the International Convention on Standards
of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) in 1978 to deal with these
problems and make sure that all seafarers around the world had the same training and skills. It was
updated a lot in 1995 and 2010 (Manila Amendments) (Cheng, 2016). Masters, officers, and watch
personnel on seagoing merchant ships are required to meet certain minimum qualification levels,
which are established by the STCW Convention(Ghosh et al., 2014). A significant contribution to
the improvement of maritime safety and the preservation of the marine environment is made by
the STCW Convention, which encourages the use of uniform training and certification approaches
across all nations. It ensures that seafarers have the necessary skills and knowledge to carry out
their responsibilities in a safe and efficient manner, which in turn reduces the number of accidents
that occur at sea, improves the welfare of crew members, and guarantees that vessel operations are
carried out properly(Ghosh et al., 2024).

Particularly in the 1960s, technology and globalization caused a major revolution in the marine
industry. More people own international vessels and hire sailors, therefore importing and exporting

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things by sea is now simpler. Shipping, which forms the pillar of logistics, allows cross-ocean
movement. Thanks to technical developments and corporate needs, the volume of international
shipping traffic has increased in the last several decades and calls for qualified and experienced
sailors. While technology development has helped the marine sector survive mostly, it also poses
difficulties for improving sailors' skill set (Hossain et al., 2017)

Maritime safety training and certification are essential for safeguarding sailors and averting
maritime mishaps. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) requires designated training
courses and certificates for seafarers, encompassing Basic Safety Training (BST), which
encompasses personal survival tactics, firefighting, fundamental first aid, and security awareness.
These courses aim to equip sailors with the essential information and abilities to address diverse
crises and risks experienced at sea.

A proficient education and technical training that provides professionals with the requisite skills
and competences for the unique circumstances of life aboard ships and other maritime facilities is
essential for the prevention of maritime accidents. The sea is an inhospitable environment for
humans, necessitating specific skills for survival and success aboard. Traditionally, the education
and training of sailors occurred aboard vessels. This occurred within the framework of a master-
apprentice relationship, wherein the skills and competencies of the sailors were cultivated via their
job(Basak, 2017). A substantial segment of this training was transferred to the classroom
environment due to the evolution of education, driven by the necessity to satisfy progressively
rigorous social and technical norms. This evolution may have enhanced the dissemination of
scientific knowledge, however it could have impeded the acquisition of specific skills. An
educational approach that integrates classic explanatory methods with more demanding
pedagogical techniques should be adopted to ensure a balanced education for sailors and to address
the requirements of related businesses, both presently and in the future. Recent advancements in
information and communications technology (ICT), graphical visualization, computer-based
simulation, and artificial intelligence (AI) possess the capability to enhance students' learning
capacity. The objective of education is to provide students with the necessary abilities and skills
for effective problem-solving. These encompass critical thinking, situational analysis, systems
thinking, leadership and decision-making in crises, autonomous work or teamwork, and the
incorporation of social, ethical, and environmental principles (Frias et al., 2022)

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 Before starting work on merchant ships, all seafarers are required by the Standards of Training,
Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) to undergo the Basic Training (BT). The KAB
hypothesis states that an individual's attitude and conduct are both improved by increasing their
knowledge(Kamis et al., 2020).

1.2 Problem Statement

Despite the fact that the STCW Convention has greatly improved marine safety, there are still
several noticeable shortcomings in its application and enforcement. Its full potential is hampered
by inconsistent training requirements, dishonest certification procedures, a lack of technological
integration in training, and differing levels of compliance among maritime states. It is now more
important than ever to continuously upgrade training standards due to the maritime industry's rapid
expansion, which includes the use of digital tools and automation.

This study aims to answer the following questions: To what extent does the STCW Convention
improve marine safety, and what are the main obstacles and prospects for its application and future
growth?

1.3 Research Questions and Objectives

Research Questions Research Objectives
What is the role of the STCW Convention in enhancing To evaluate the role of the STCW Convention in
maritime safety? enhancing maritime safety.

What are the key challenges faced in the implementation To identify the major challenges in the
and enforcement of STCW standards among different implementation and enforcement of the STCW
maritime nations? standards across different maritime nations.

What opportunities and strategies can improve training, To explore opportunities and propose practical
certification, and watchkeeping under the STCW strategies for improving training, certification, and
framework? watchkeeping under the STCW framework.

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1.4 Significance of the study
This research is important for multiple reasons. It enhances the debate on maritime safety by
emphasizing the fundamental significance of the STCW Convention. Secondly, the study offers
insights for politicians, maritime academies, and international organizations aiming to improve
global maritime training standards. This research identifies difficulties and opportunities,
providing practical recommendations to enhance safety, environmental protection, and the overall
efficiency of maritime operations. This study is particularly relevant for emerging countries such
as Bangladesh, which depend significantly on marine trade and possess an increasing population
of seafarers. Enhancing the implementation of the STCW Convention can facilitate national
economic growth and safeguard the safety and wellbeing of Bangladeshi seafarers overseas.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
Maritime safety is the protection from risks and the risk of harm or death of the crew and
passengers aboard ships as well as anyone living or working near bodies of water. According to
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), personal flotation devices (PFDs)
help to rescue persons in water (PIWs) who run the danger of hypothermia, drowning, or even
death (Hossain & Saifullah, n.d.).

The international shipping sector is essential to the global economy, facilitating 90% of worldwide
trade. If the marine sector stagnates, the global economy grinds to a standstill. Maritime safety
extends beyond the mere protection of employees. The maritime business cannot operate without
safe practices, hence endangering nearly all other sectors(EHS, 2020).

By creating and enforcing worldwide standards, treaties, and laws for the shipping sector, the
worldwide marine Organization (IMO), a specialized organization of the United Nations, plays a
vital role in maintaining marine safety. Its primary goal is to provide an international regulatory
framework that encourages shipping that is secure, safe, and environmentally responsible (Li &
Miller-Hooks, 2023).

The Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) Convention establishes

global, minimum standards of competence for seafarers. The responsibility of maritime education
and training institutes (METs) is to ensure that the assessment processes are not only effective in
achieving STCW outcomes, but also in producing competent graduates who meet the expectations
of primary stakeholders, including regulators and employers (Popa et al., 2016).

The SOLAS Convention has not developed a consistent standard for the management of
international seafarers, despite enacting regulations related to maritime traffic safety. Statistics
indicate that human factors contribute to 80% of maritime accidents globally. The safety of
maritime navigation and the conservation of the marine environment are intricately connected to
navigation technology, vessel technology, and the expansion of the shipping sector, as well as the
proficiency of seafarers (Wang Ning, 2010). The conflicting regulations regarding seafarers'
certification, training, and watchkeeping obligations, which are contingent upon their status as
domestic shippers, preclude mutual applicability and learning among them. Enhancing the quality

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of seafarers is essential due to the increasing population of seafarers, the inadequacy of
international standards for training, certification, and watchkeeping, and the direct relationship
between human factors and maritime accidents. Consequently, a growing number of countries are
advocating for the establishment of a unified global convention governing seafarers' certification,
training, and watchkeeping, alongside the enhancement of seafarers' education and training.
Subsequent to the 1960 diplomatic conference on international maritime safety, the ILO council
and the IMO MSC established a joint training committee and formulated the "1964 guideline" to
instruct seafarers in the use of fire, rescue, and navigational aids. Despite updates and expansions
in 1975, 1977, and 1985, the guideline still requires improvement. Consequently, the IMO
convened a diplomatic conference in 1978, during which STCW1978 was ratified.

The initial accord establishing international standards for seafarers' certification, training, and
watchkeeping was the STCW of 1978. To enhance the overall quality of seafarers worldwide, it
instituted the initial minimum requirements that could be achieved or exceeded globally. It also
substantially aided in the standardization of seafarers' certification, training, and watchkeeping
criteria (Qu Yanan, 2014).

On April 28, 1984, the STCW 1978 was enacted. Subsequent adjustments were implemented to
incorporate developments in shipping technology; the 1995 amendment and the 2010 Manila
amendment are notably notable. The 1995 amendment constitutes a thorough revision of the
STCW Convention, enhancing the PSC of seafarers' competency from a systemic viewpoint,
ensuring compliance with minimum competency and watch-keeping standards across nations,
introducing STCW regulations, transforming numerous technical requirements into STCW
regulations, augmenting international oversight of the competent authorities of contracting states,
and preserving the convention's original terms while implementing substantial modifications to
other content. By enhancing professional standards, it instituted the principle of function
certification and strengthened the quality control of seafarers' training, assessment, evaluation, and
certification. The 1995 amendments to the International Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, implement the "white list" strategy. The
Manila amendments to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, encompass significant alterations to the STCW Convention:
the simplification of seafarer certification types and the certification review principle; the

17
introduction of the Electro-Technical Officer (ETO) position; the enhancement of crew database
establishment and the provision of electronic inquiries for state parties; the inclusion of
competency requirements for Bridge Resource Management (BRM), Engine Resource
Management (ERM), and Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS); the
fortification of security training; the modification of training related to liquid cargo operations;
and the revision of requirements to ensure seafarers receive adequate rest to mitigate fatigue,
substance abuse, and alcohol consumption (Gerhart & Feng, 2021).

Article I of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and

Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, stipulates that "each state party is obligated to enact all requisite
laws, decrees, orders, and regulations, along with other necessary measures, to ensure the full and
complete implementation of this convention." Simultaneously, each state party must be directed,
assessed, and monitored in its execution of the convention as outlined below.
The requirements for states parties to submit information, as delineated in Article IV
"Communication of Information" of the STCW Convention, Article I/7 in the annex, and section
A-I/7 in the STCW regulation "Communication of Information," consist of three principal
components. The initial transmission of information. Subsequent performance reports encompass:
the organization of amendment execution, an independent evaluation report, a special report on
the implementation of any similar arrangements, and a special report on the signature of the
exemption certificate, among others. States parties shall provide a thorough performance report,
with details on domestic legislation and other performance arrangements, to the Secretary-General
within 12 months following the convention's enactment. Subsequently, the qualified personnel
assess the complete conformity. Qualified individuals must assess the compliance of the
independent evaluation report. Details regarding the certificate of honor. When one state
recognizes a certificate from another, it must furnish the requisite information, including the
current agreements of the pertinent nations (the International Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978) (Ogedengbe et al., 2024).

An independent review will ascertain the effectiveness of establishing and maintaining quality
standards for essential connections, encompassing seafarers' education and training, examination,
assessment, and certification, in compliance with the convention's stipulations. States parties are
required to conduct an independent evaluation of the acquisition and assessment of knowledge,

18
understanding, skills, and competencies, along with the management of the certification system,
in compliance with the "quality standards" outlined in annex I/8 of the STCW Convention and
section A-I/8 of the STCW regulation. They are required to submit each independent assessment
report to the IMO in accordance with the information transmission criteria outlined in the
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers,
1978.
Annex I/10 of the STCW Convention stipulates that "recognition of certificate" enables a nation
to evaluate the policies governing seafarers' training and certification, as well as the
implementation status of the treaties of the states. This include facility and procedure inspections,
ensuring full compliance with all relevant competency standards, training requirements,
certifications, and quality standards. In 2012, the European Union's maritime administration
conducted an evaluation of several countries, including China. Certificates issued to captains,
officers, or ETO by the state treaty or the competent authority, in accordance with the endorsement
stipulated in Clause 7 of Article I/2 of the STCW regulation, may be acknowledged by the
competent authority if the state treaty has undergone evaluation. The "No Preferential Treatment"
policy for non-treaty nations, as outlined in the International Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, is articulated in Annex I/10, which specifies
that certificates issued by non-treaty governments are not acknowledged (Vaggelas & Leotta,
2019).

With its Industrial Digitalization Index, Morgan Stanley categorized the maritime transportation
sector as a "laggard industry". New sustainability laws and rules have driven people toward
complete acceptance of digital revolution. Under the framework of world commerce, the
interactions among producers, manufacturers, and consumers are changing. Consequently,
people's expectations of maritime transportation are changing. Conversely, the conventional
method of painstakingly planning and implementing technologies cannot match the speed of
change. More complex and technologically advanced safety advice services are being provided by
governments ever more. Author said that in order to use and offer these kinds of services—which
could include highly automated and sophisticated shipping systems and navigational aids—we
must pick up new abilities. Hossain et al. state that Vietnam, China, India, and the Philippines have
the most sailors among the countries. China and Turkey rule the worldwide left side of the equation
with their combined market shares of 70–80%. Islam et al. did a 2019 study looking at maritime

19
industry working conditions for Bangladeshi employees. The aim was to evaluate Bangladesh's
METs—maritime education and training institutions—performance. Lack of national flag vessels,
the nation's position abroad, and the state of the country's maritime education system all help to
explain some of the reasons behind seafarers' unemployment.

They looked at the life of the residents as well as the development and problems in the maritime
sector during this period, claims (Alamgir, 2001) and (Ziauddin, 2017). Among several problems
Bangladesh's Maritime Education and Training Institutes deal with include inadequate institutional
governance, poor inter-institutional collaboration, and a dearth of highly qualified professors.
According to Ziauddin and Chowdhury (2019), the government has renamed MAU the Ministry
of Maritime Affairs and assigned BSMRU as the main MET school. Though still unknown is how
these ideas would really work in reality. The researchers found many facets, including labor
availability, skill levels, pay, and output. Other elements, like local shipbuilding, pay rates,
knowledge, capital, raw materials and labor input, skills held, and jobs, are also mostly responsible
for Bangladesh's continuous expansion in its shipping sector (Zakira et al., 2010).
The government might help the sector, for example, by setting rules and guaranteeing that the
environment is suitable for investment from local and foreign businesses. Main considerations
should be rising demand both domestically and abroad as well as enhancing the abilities of sailors
and other business players. There are many complex elements in the maritime shipping industry
that combined constitute the whole. These self-sufficient elements always seek for new ideas and
approaches to fit their surroundings. To solve the problems, all those engaged in the sector—
including ship owners, operators, and seafarers—have to get wiser. As the sector gets more data-
driven, reacts to cyber threats, and includes artificial intelligence into its systems, greater
awareness is needed. Either retraining or starting from nothing, conventional education—including
bachelor's and master's degrees—helps individuals grow more competent in their industry. Those
who are unable to commit a substantial amount of time to these programs, however, seek more
shortened options that could nevertheless help them in acquiring the knowledge and skills they
need (Bogusławski et al., 2021).

The 1.6 million-person worldwide shipping sector (UNCTAD 2019; Oksavik et al. 2020 moves
ninety percent of the goods traded worldwide). Still, it's widely accepted that keeping people out
of the direct loop would make the sector safer and more efficient (Wróbel et al. 2017; Hoem et al.

20
2019). Automated merchant vessels, sometimes referred to as Maritime Autonomous Surface
Ships (MASSs) (IMO MSC 2018), would thus sail the ocean either independently of human
assistance or with the aid of a distant land-based facility periodically referred to as a shore control
center (SCC).

The other aquatic approach is training and education. They are quite important and can be set in
an informal or official way. Changing MET towards more sustainable marine development has as
one of its goals a curricular reform. The curriculum seeks to equip students with the knowledge
and skills required to progress their credentials and ability. To take these pragmatic issues into
account, the goals and learning outcomes of a course must relate to the chores required in the
maritime sector. This means that industrial needs may affect the general organization of the
curriculum and the delivery of education even as MET institutions create marine human resources.
Prylipko (2016) claims that many see MET as the road to science and evidence of the general
success of the marine sector. Apart from offering training and education, maritime institutions
have to show that their programs for instruction follow the whole guidelines of the Standard of
Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) 1978/2010 Convention. Institutions have to
follow national and international Framework Qualifications (Mindykozzi, 2013) to guarantee that
the courses they offer fit the degree and intensity of demand in the worldwide labor market.

Adopted by IMO in 1978, the STCW Convention is fundamental in guaranteeing shipboard safety
and seafarer competency. It sets minimal training and certification criteria, therefore drastically
lowering the accident risks at sea. This has enhanced efficiency of emergency response as well.
All commercial vessels over 24 meters on international journeys have to comply with STCW.
Many national marine authorities also demand adherence for home routes. Seafarers must have
STCW certificates or finish pertinent courses in order to be qualified for positions on these ships.

Alongside Basic Safety Training (BST), which lasts five days, the STCW Convention stipulates
additional training and certification prerequisites. Seafarers who pass Basic Safety Training (BST)
receive a competency certificate valid for five years. The Certificate of Competency (CoC),
categorized into various levels from Rating Certificate to Master Mariner Certificate, is a vital
component of the convention. Seafarers must fulfill particular medical and fitness criteria in
accordance with STCW regulations to acquire a CoC. These encompass assessments of eyesight,
auditory function, and cardiovascular health. Medical examinations must be performed by licensed

21
professionals, and the issued certificate remains valid for a duration of up to two years. Security
awareness training is compulsory and requires renewal every five years. Specific training
prerequisites are mandated for different categories of boats and crew, including the management
of hazardous materials and emergency response on passenger ships.

There are three primary categories that are used to classify STCW certificates. In this category are
credentials for officers, ratings, and roles that require specialized training. Certificates for masters,
chief mates, and other individuals involved in the operation of tankers and passenger ships are
some examples (Marner & Klumpp, 2020).

Basic Safety Training consists of five courses that are required to be taken. Personal and social
responsibilities, personal survival techniques, elementary first aid, and proficiency in security
awareness are the topics that are included in this list. Basic fire fighting and fire prevention are
also included. In addition, in order to maintain their credentials, seafarers are required to undergo
refresher training about once every five years (Mako et al., 2021).

Onboard procedures, such as the documenting of seafarers' certifications and training records, are
required by STCW policies and procedures. Additionally, it calls for the implementation of
watchkeeping standards, as well as safety and ship-specific familiarization training. At all times,
seafarers are required to carry with them both valid certifications and documentation evidence of
their formal education (Frémont, 2019).

The expiration of the Merchant Mariner Credential (MMC) coincides with the time at which
STCW endorsements need to be renewed, which is twice every five years. Recertification for
certain endorsements, such as Basic Training, necessitates the completion of refresher courses.
It is possible for severe repercussions to result from failing to comply with STCW laws. This can
lead to the detention of vessels, the imposition of fines, and legal action being taken against ship
owners and crew members. Seafarers who have received insufficient training or whose credentials
are invalid may be subject to penalties, such as the revocation of their license and criminal
prosecution.

Information regarding STCW can be found by seafarers through a variety of resources. The
International Maritime Organization, national maritime agencies, industry groups, and unions
representing seafarers are all entities that fall under this category. These organizations offer official

22
documentation, circulars, guidance, and support in order to assist individuals in negotiating the
more complex aspects of STCW compliance (Kamran et al., 2014).

23
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
This study employed a descriptive methods research design, combining primary and secondary
data.

This study used a descriptive research method as it provides a structured approach to examining
and explaining the current role of the STCW Convention in maritime safety. This methodology
enables the researcher to effectively collect, organize, and interpret relevant data, offering a clear
understanding of how STCW impacts crew competency, safety culture, emergency preparedness,
and operational efficiency. It allows the study to highlight the complex and interconnected ways
in which STCW contributes to enhancing maritime safety standards.

3.2 Data Collection

3.2.1 Primary Data
Sample Survey Analysis

Slovin’s formula helps determine the minimum sample size needed:

Confidence Level: 95%

Margin of Error: 5%

Survey Sample= 100 Respondents

Primary data was collected using:

 Structured Questionnaires: A Likert-scale questionnaire was developed to assess

stakeholders' perspectives on maritime operations. Excluding demographic information
such as age, sex, income etc.

24
The study targeted professionals involved in maritime operations, including:

Category Frequency
Job Titles
Seafarer 55
Shipping Officer 12
Marine Engineer 10
Logistics Coordinator 8
Safety Officer 11
Port Operations Manager 4

Figure 1: Number of respondents

3.2.2 Secondary Data:
Secondary material gathered from several sources, including books, journals, newspapers,
websites and webpages.

3.3 Method of Data Collection

Apart from surveys and unofficial conversations with marine experts, training teachers, seafarers,
and regulatory authorities, main data for this research came from well-organized questionnaires
sent using Google Forms. To guarantee more general stakeholder involvement across several
areas, supplementary data were also gathered periodically through virtual meetings, phone
interviews, and email contact. For a geographically scattered pool of respondents including ship
captains, marine engineers, marine academy instructors, port state control officials, and safety
inspectors—Google Forms proven to be a quick and affordable tool for delivering surveys. The
digital format gave participants the freedom to answer whenever it would be most convenient,
therefore increasing the response rate and guaranteeing representation from both established and
developing maritime countries.

25
Using automated data collecting and real-time monitoring reduced mistakes and removed the time-
consuming manual data entering choreography. In addition to simplifying the data collecting
procedure, this also lessened the logistical load than more conventional paper-based systems.
Using Google Forms, responses were automatically arranged into spreadsheets that let one easily
clean, sort, and examine the data using Microsoft Excel. Particularly with regard to opinions about
the efficacy of the STCW Convention, the quality of marine training, and the pragmatic difficulties
in compliance and enforcement, this method enabled the fast identification of trends and insights.
Particularly when talking about deficiencies in training, certification procedures, and institutional
implementation of STCW standards, the anonymity of the poll also encouraged participants to
offer honest and objective answers. The platform guaranteed also the upholding of ethical research
practices including informed digital consent.
3.4 Data Validity and Reliability:
Using thorough data analysis methodologies and consistent data collection procedures ensures
reliability. For the examination of qualitative data, inter-rater reliability will also be evaluated.

3.5 Ethical Considerations:

Ethical considerations are taken into account in the study process to guarantee participant
anonymity, data confidentiality, and informed permission. Everyone who needed to know about
the study's goals and how their data would be used was informed.

3.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation:

Through the analysis of quantitative data gathered over a predetermined length of time and from a
variety of marine sectors, this study investigated how well the STCW Convention enhances
maritime safety. Key trends, patterns, and correlations that demonstrate the impact of STCW
standards on training quality, certification correctness, and safe operational procedures at sea were
systematically identified through the use of Microsoft Excel in data analysis. Excel's statistical and
visualization features were used to organize and process the data, which was obtained through
structured surveys and interviews with seafarers, maritime instructors, and regulators. This made
it possible for the researcher to understand the relationships between reported onboard accidents,
human error, and operational inefficiencies and compliance with STCW regulations.

26
3.7 Challenges and Limitations of the study
The study shows STCW framework effectiveness through documentation and survey replies.
International safety standards, maritime training, and regulations change. Digital training tool
integration, cybersecurity awareness, and environmental requirements may be overlooked in the
current study. These developments may soon affect the findings' relevance and
applicability. Global patterns were studied instead of regional implementations or compliance
differences. The study did not compare STCW enforcement in developing maritime states like
Bangladesh and the Philippines to Singapore and Norway. This lack of regional attention is
concerning given the disparities in training facilities, resources, and enforcement procedures that
might affect seafarers' preparedness and safety. Fieldwork and real-time observations were limited
by time, funding, and marine training schools. These problems demonstrate the necessity for
qualitative and quantitative research to evaluate the STCW Convention's operational efficacy and
inform modern maritime safety policy in varied geographic and economic situations.

27
 CHAPTER FOUR

STCW AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO MARITIME SAFETY

4.1 Human Factors in Maritime Accidents
At the international level, human factors have been repeatedly recognized as a significant
contributor to the occurrence of marine disasters. Based on the findings of the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) (Hetherington et al., 2006), it has been determined that human error
accounts for around 75-96% of all marine casualties occurred. There are many different cognitive,
psychological, and physical limits that can lead to these errors. Some examples of these limitations
include weariness, complacency, misjudgment, and inadequate situational awareness. To provide
one example, weariness, which is a common condition among sailors due to the fact that they travel
for long periods of time and have erratic work-rest schedules, can reduce their alertness and
reaction time, which can lead to disastrous outcomes.

The presence of a diverse cultural population on board adds another layer of complexity to the
communication and coordination processes. As the use of multinational workers becomes more
commonplace, linguistic and cultural misunderstandings might make it more difficult for
individuals to work together during routine and emergency operations (Berg, 2013). Furthermore,
the chance of inaccuracy is further compounded by the stressful nature of marine labor, which
involves a variety of circumstances, including extended separation from family members and
adverse climatic conditions. These human components highlight the significance of structured
training, well defined procedures, and supporting leadership in order to significantly reduce the
likelihood of adverse outcomes. In light of this, it is of the utmost importance to know and control
human variables in order to improve both the efficiency of operations and the safety of maritime
transportation.

4.2 How STCW Addresses Human Error

The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for
Seafarers (STCW) is the principal regulatory organization that oversees the control of human
mistakes related with marine operations. This convention was established in order to provide
adequate training, certification, and watchkeeping for seafarers. It was initially established in 1978,
and in 1995 and 2010, it went through two substantial revisions, which were referred to as the

28
Manila revisions, respectively. Both of these amendments were made in the year 2010. One of the
key goals of this organization is to establish international standards for the education and
certification of maritime workers. It is expected that these rules would apply to the maritime
industry. In order to accomplish one of the goals, it is necessary to make certain that marine experts
continue to keep their level of knowledge relatively constant.

STCW addresses human error through multiple integrated strategies:

 Competency-Based Training and Assessment: Seafarers must demonstrate

competencies aligned with specific duties, ensuring a standardized skill set across the
global workforce (IMO, 2011).
 Bridge Resource Management (BRM) and Engine Room Resource Management
(ERM): These modules focus on teamwork, leadership, communication, and decision-
making under pressure, crucial for preventing and managing human errors (Lützhöft &
Dekker, 2002).
 Fatigue Mitigation Measures: The STCW mandates minimum hours of rest to reduce
fatigue-related accidents, acknowledging sleep deprivation as a critical safety hazard
(IMO, 2011).
 Crisis Management and Human Behavior Training: Crew members are trained in
managing panic, ensuring crowd control, and making decisions under stress—skills vital
during emergencies.

Through such comprehensive measures, the STCW Convention directly tackles the root causes of
human error, promoting a culture of safety and accountability.

4.3 Case Studies of Maritime Accidents and STCW Relevance

Numerous maritime accidents serve as cautionary tales, underscoring the critical importance of
STCW compliance and training.

 Costa Concordia (2012): This cruise liner disaster, caused by navigational deviation and
poor decision-making, revealed gaps in bridge teamwork, leadership, and emergency
response. The tragedy prompted calls for enhanced STCW training in crisis management
and leadership under pressure (MAIB, 2013).

29
  Erika (1999): The sinking of this oil tanker due to structural failure and poor maintenance
was exacerbated by the crew's inability to manage the situation. The case highlighted the
necessity for robust STCW training in vessel inspection, emergency preparedness, and
environmental protection.
 Exxon Valdez (1989): The grounding of this oil tanker, leading to a massive oil spill, was
largely attributed to crew fatigue and communication breakdown. This incident
significantly influenced reforms in STCW's watchkeeping and rest-hour regulations
(National Transportation Safety Board, 1990).

Each case emphasizes how STCW training components—when correctly implemented—could

have mitigated or prevented these disasters.

4.4 Effectiveness of STCW in Enhancing Crew Competency

In accordance with what was intended to be the case, the unification of training criteria within the
framework of the STCW has proven to be of immense value to the marine industry all over the
world. This is precisely what ought to have been the situation all along. According to Anderson
(2003), the professionalization of the marine industry has been aided by the implementation of
competency-based training. Not only does this training guarantee that crew members are aware of
their responsibilities, but it also ensures that they are competent of carrying out their
responsibilities in a variety of different operational scenarios. By ensuring that each member of
the crew has a better awareness of the responsibilities that fall under their purview, this objective
has been successfully accomplished.

Additionally, evaluations that are based on simulators aid to imitate real-life experiences and
reinforce information, which ultimately leads to increases in an individual's capacity to make
decisions and situational awareness. In addition to the many different types of practical testing that
are available, this is also provided for your convenience. As stated by the International Maritime
Organization (2011), the Manila Amendments were formulated with the intention of fostering a
state of complete proficiency among seafarers and enhancing the degree of training that was
already being provided. These enhancements included education on a number of issues connected
to security, such as leadership, teamwork, and other themes that are related to security. These
improvements were implemented during the training process.

30
Nevertheless, despite this, there are a few gaps with regard to the substance. It is possible that the
quality of education in countries where marine institutions do not have sufficient facilities or
financial resources is lower than the quality of education in other countries. This is the case in
nations where marine institutions are lacking in either of these two factors. There exists a
possibility that this will take place. According to a study that was carried out by the International
Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) in the year 2015, there are certain seafarers who are unable
to obtain enough hands-on training because they do not have suitable access to simulators or
instructors who are certified. This is the case because they do not have the opportunities to
participate in the training. There was a correlation between this conclusion and the findings of the
investigation.
Officers who comply with STCW regulations are frequently better suited to handle emergencies,
negotiate in an appropriate manner, and stick to rules, which ultimately results in an increase in
vessel safety and operational efficiency (Sampson & Zhao, 2003). This is proved by empirical
studies that have shown similar effects. Because officers who conform with STCW regulations
have a higher level of expertise in these areas, this is the situation that has arisen. The fact that this
is the truth is not altered by the discrepancies that have been brought to light through the
investigation.

4.5 Relationship Between STCW Training and Safe Ship Operation

The correlation between secure ship operation and STCW training is well-documented. Good
training ensures that mariners comprehend their specific responsibilities within the shipboard
hierarchy, safety precautions, and operating processes. This alignment fosters a culture that
prioritizes safety, thereby reducing the likelihood of accidents that are the result of inadequate
communication or negligence.

STCW training contributes to:

 Effective Watchkeeping: Crew members are taught to maintain situational awareness,

preventing collisions and grounding incidents.
 Navigational Safety: Training in ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information
Systems) and radar use enhances accuracy in navigation.
 Cargo Handling and Stability: Specialized modules ensure safe stowage, loading, and
unloading, preventing accidents due to cargo shift or vessel instability.

31
  Security and Anti-Piracy Measures: STCW includes mandatory security awareness
training, preparing crews for piracy threats and unauthorized access prevention.

Collectively, these elements significantly contribute to safer and more efficient ship operations,
reducing downtime, loss, and environmental impact.

4.6 STCW’s Role in Emergency Preparedness and Crisis Management

Emergency preparedness is a critical pillar of the STCW framework. Seafarers are trained in
essential survival skills, including:

 Firefighting and fire prevention

 Basic and advanced first aid
 Personal survival techniques
 Crowd management
 Abandon-ship procedures

Additionally, officers receive specific training in the management of crises that involve a large
number of people. According to the International Maritime Organization (2011), the STCW's
emphasis on routine drills, which is mandated by SOLAS and is in line with STCW, ensures that
personnel are able to respond quickly and effectively in unexpected situations. As stated in the
Manila Amendments, the purpose of classes that focus on human behavior in times of crisis is to
encourage composure, improve leadership, and reduce the likelihood of panic during times of
emergency. STCW ensures that boats are staffed by persons who are capable of appropriately
responding to any scenario by including these concepts into the standards for international training.

4.7 Challenges in STCW Implementation

4.7.1 Issues in Uniform Implementation Across Nations
Although STCW establishes international norms, its implementation primarily relies on the flag
states of the each countries. This has led to inconsistent quality in training and enforcement.
Numerous nations, particularly those with inadequate maritime infrastructure, struggle to
adequately fulfill STCW standards. This explains the establishment of a two-tier system in which
sailors from wealthier nations typically receive superior training. Moreover, flag-of-convenience
(FOC) registries exacerbate compliance challenges as many countries prioritize commercial
interests over safety concerns. This has resulted in situations where vessels operated by individuals

32
without proper training possess STCW certificates, yet nonetheless experience mishaps (Bloor,
2013). Despite the International Maritime Organization (IMO) maintaining a "White List" to
recognize compliant governments, oddities persist. Port state constraints serve as an extra security
measure, albeit reactive rather than proactive.

4.7.2 Limitations in Training Infrastructure

The argument that there are particular people who do not have access to modern maritime training
facilities that are equipped with the necessary equipment is a fact that is accurate. There are a
substantial number of developing countries that have training facilities that are limited due to a
lack of skilled teachers, technology that is out of date, and inadequate funding. As a consequence
of these circumstances, the facilities are currently running at capacity. As a consequence of this,
seafarers have significant challenges when it comes to partaking in chances for experiential
learning, which are essential for the development of particular skills. A additional factor that
contributes to the complexity of the situation is the rapid growth of technology. If training
institutions do not make consistent expenditures, it will be impossible for them to keep up with the
continuous developments that are being made in electronic navigation instruments, automation
technology, and ship systems. Because of the lightning-fast pace at which these advances are
taking place, this is the result. According to Gekara (2009), this could lead to graduates not having
sufficient training to operate modern warships once they enter the workforce. In order to address
this discrepancy, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) needs to design programs that
encourage capacity development, promote relationships between the public sector and the private
sector, and get money from international sources.

4.7.3 Language and Communication Barriers

Despite the fact that the United States Coast Guard acknowledges English as the official working
language, the reality that various seafarers have varying degrees of competency in the language
poses a substantial risk to the safety of the captain and crew. During times of crisis or when
working on technical activities that require precise guidance, it is possible for operational errors to
arise as a result of misconceptions that occur. This allows for the possibility of operational errors
occurring. The aforementioned statement holds particularly true in circumstances where there is a
substantial quantity of uncertainty available. For the purpose of assisting in the reduction of the
likelihood of misunderstandings having taken place, the International Maritime Organization

33
(IMO) developed a set of phrases known as Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP).
Nevertheless, the success of these approaches is dependent on their regular use and extensive
language education, both of which are occasionally overlooked by a range of civilizations.
Consequently, the success of these methods is contingent upon their use. During the certification
process, there is room for improvement in both the teaching of the English language and the
examinations that are given in order to aid individuals in overcoming these issues.

4.7.4 Fraudulent Certification and Quality Control

The use of fake certification poses a significant risk to the safety of the navy. The integrity of the
STCW system is called into question as a result of the fact that certain companies award certificates
without providing the necessary training or examinations. Sometimes, actions of this nature take
place in nations that have inadequate control or are rife with corruption. In order to remedy the
issue, the International Maritime Organization Member State Audit Scheme (IMSAS) conducts
audits through the use of transparency through the STCW information system. Port state
restrictions are also a significant factor in determining whether or not documents are legitimate.
Nevertheless, in order to combat fraud, there is a requirement for continuous vigilance and global
cooperation.

4.7.6 Emerging Technological Trends vs Traditional STCW Training

The marine sector is experiencing a technological transformation as a result of the increasing
prevalence of automation and digitization, as well as the delivery of autonomous ships. Training
for STCW personnel, on the other hand, has not completely kept up with these advancements.

Key challenges include:

 Limited training in cyber risk management

 Inadequate focus on digital navigation and automation
 Lack of modules on artificial intelligence and remote vessel monitoring

It is necessary for the STCW Convention to go through significant modernization in order for it to
continue to be relevant. The incorporation of training in areas such as digital literacy,
cybersecurity, and system diagnostics is something that is recommended to be included in future
upgrades. In addition, it is essential to educate seafarers on how to collaborate with artificial

34
intelligence systems, how to manage digital interfaces, and how to respond to failures in automated
systems (International Labor Organization, 2022). In order to guarantee that seafarers are not only
compliant but also ready for the future, it is absolutely necessary for STCW to be matched with
the technologies that are now being developed. This is going to be the standard for safe shipment
in the future.

4.8 Opportunities for Improvement and Future Directions

4.8.1 Integration of Modern Technology in Training (e.g., VR, Simulators)
The dynamic nature of the maritime industry, combined with the growing complexity of modern
vessels, necessitates the adoption of innovative technologies in seafarer training. Advanced marine
simulators, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) have emerged as useful tools for
enhancing competency-based education and training mandated by the STCW Convention. Cadets
and officers can train to respond to many scenarios, including navigation, engine failures, accident
avoidance, firefighting, and oil spill control, in realistic, risk-free environments facilitated by
contemporary simulation technology. Besides being cost-effective in the long run, these
simulations significantly enhance decision-making under pressure (Lützhöft et al., 2020).
Virtual reality (VR)-based training can significantly enhance experiential learning by immersing
students in three-dimensional environments that simulate real seafaring scenarios. This immersive
approach significantly boosts engagement and improves information retention, particularly in
emergency drills, bridge management, and watchkeeping (Man et al., 2021). By integrating such
technology into STCW-compliant courses, instructors may ensure that students are equipped to
confidently and accurately address real-world challenges. Standardization of technology
utilization in marine training institutions globally remains challenging. The uniform use of modern
approaches may be obstructed by issues such as expense, technological disparity, and the digital
divide between affluent and developing maritime nations (Baldauf et al., 2018). Consequently,
specific rules and support mechanisms for integrating new technology, especially in poor
countries, must be integral to the future of STCW.

4.8.2 Enhancing Global Cooperation for Consistency

One of the main complaints about the STCW system is that training and certification standards are
not always followed the same way in all flag states. The STCW Convention tries to make training
and certification for seafarers more uniform, but there are still differences because each country

35
has different administrative powers, resources, and goals (IMO, 2021). To get consistency,
maritime authorities, training schools, and international bodies must work together better around
the world. Flag States, Port State Control authorities, and classification societies need to work
together more to make sure that checks are thorough and clear, that certifications are recognized
by each other, and that information about fraud is shared. Also, developing countries don't always
have the right institutions to make sure that STCW rules are followed. The International Maritime
Organization (IMO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) can help with technical
assistance and knowledge transfer programs. Building up the marine skills of developing countries
has been made easier by programs like the IMO's Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme
(ITCP). Strengthening these global partnerships can fill in the gaps in implementation and promote
a safety mindset among all seafarers, no matter where they are from (Anderson, 2019).

4.8.3 Recommendations for Amendments or Policy Enhancements

The STCW Convention has to change alongside changes in environmental regulations, ship
designs, and maritime technologies. Changing the competency criteria to better reflect
contemporary maritime operational needs presents one important chance. This covers knowledge
of digital ship systems, cybersecurity training, and alternative fuels such hydrogen-based
propulsion systems or LNG. Furthermore in demand is increasing attention on human element
training covering leadership, teamwork, emotional intelligence, and intercultural communication.
For efficient crisis management and in international crew contexts, these soft skills are ever more
important (Hetherington et al., 2006). Though it addresses these issues, the present STCW Code
falls short in terms of depth and attention needed in the globalized maritime scene of today.
In order to reduce the issuing of inferior or false certificates, STCW should also include unified
testing procedures and more exact assessment criteria. Establishing regular reviews and
stakeholder discussions should help to institutionalize the process so that the Convention stays in
line with the changing needs of the sector.

4.8.4 Aligning STCW with Decarbonization and Green Shipping Goals

In order to encourage the industry to operate in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly
manner, the International Maritime Organization has set aggressive goals to cut ship greenhouse
gas emissions by at least 50% by 2050 when compared to 2008 levels (IMO, 2018). The STCW
Convention must change as part of this transition to incorporate skills pertaining to environmental

36
protection, energy efficiency management, and green technologies. Specialized modules on
managing low-emission fuels (like LNG, methanol, and ammonia), emissions reduction
technologies (like scrubbers and carbon capture systems), and energy-efficient trip planning
should be included in future STCW revisions. Furthermore, seafarers need to be taught about the
effects of shipping on the environment and how they may help reduce those effects by using
responsible operating procedures (Psaraftis, 2019). A new generation of environmentally
conscious seafarers who contribute to both safety and sustainability at sea can be fostered by
aligning STCW with the objectives of the IMO's Initial GHG Strategy and the Sustainable
Development Goals of the UN, particularly SDG 13—Climate Action.

4.8.5 Promoting Continuous Professional Development (CPD)

Maritime safety is an ongoing endeavor that persists beyond the issue of a certificate of
competency. Accelerated technological advancements, emerging regulatory mandates, and
shifting best practices need continuous education for marine professionals. The existing STCW
framework mandates periodic refresher courses but insufficiently highlights organized Continuous
Professional Development (CPD) pathways. Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
guarantees that sailors sustain and augment their knowledge and competencies throughout their
careers. It also equips them for new tasks and duties on board as vessels become increasingly
computerized and automated (Bhattacharya, 2015). Maritime administrations and employers must
cooperate to establish formal Continuing Professional Development frameworks that are
accessible, cost-effective, and pertinent to operational requirements. Continuing Professional
Development (CPD) may encompass online training, onboard drills, e-learning platforms, and
attendance at industry seminars. Fostering a culture of lifelong learning enhances safety
performance and increases career satisfaction and retention among seafarers, which is essential for
mitigating the global scarcity of competent maritime people.

37
 CHAPTER FIVE

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

5.1 Awareness and Understanding of STCW
Table 1: Awareness and Understanding of STCW
Awareness and Understanding of STCW SA A N D SD

I am aware of the STCW Convention and its objectives. 65 25 5 3 2

I have received training that is compliant with the STCW Convention. 60 28 7 3 2

I understand how STCW standards apply to my role onboard. 52 34 8 4 2

STCW requirements are clearly explained during my training. 47 30 13 6 4

My organization promotes awareness of STCW among all crew 44 36 10 6 4

members.

According to survey, in table 1, 90% of respondents (SA + A) are aware of the STCW Convention
and its objectives, suggesting widespread theoretical familiarity. This reflects that STCW is well-
integrated into academic curriculum and professional orientation within maritime training
institutions in Bangladesh. A combined 88% affirm they have received STCW-compliant training.
This indicates a high rate of compliance, but the 7% neutral and 5% disagree suggest there may be
gaps in consistency, especially among newer or non-accredited institutes. 86% (SA + A) believe
they understand how STCW standards apply to their onboard duties. This is a positive indicator
that knowledge translates into operational practice, but the 14% who were unsure or disagreed
signals a potential mismatch between training and real-life application, possibly due to outdated
course content or limited practical exposure. Only 77% (SA + A) agreed that STCW requirements
were clearly explained. 13% remained neutral, and 10% disagreed, pointing to communication and
pedagogical gaps in some training centers. This emphasizes the need to improve the delivery
methods, language, and comprehension level of training materials. 80% believe their organization

38
promotes awareness of STCW among crew. However, a notable 20% were neutral or disagreed,
highlighting variability in organizational commitment—some maritime companies may not have
adequate internal training or awareness programs.

Awareness and Understanding of STCW

SD

SA

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
I am aware of the STCW Convention and its objectives.
I have received training that is compliant with the STCW Convention.
I understand how STCW standards apply to my role onboard.
STCW requirements are clearly explained during my training.
My organization promotes awareness of STCW among all crew members.

Figure 2: Awareness and Understanding of STCW

39
5.2 Effectiveness of STCW Training
Table 2: Effectiveness of STCW Training
Effectiveness of STCW Training SA A N D SD

STCW training adequately prepares seafarers for real-life 50 32 10 5 3

emergency situations.
The training I received improved my technical skills relevant to 54 30 9 5 2
my duties.
Safety drills based on STCW guidelines are regularly conducted 49 35 8 5 3
onboard.
STCW courses I attended included hands-on practical 40 38 11 6 5
exercises.
The STCW training helped me understand teamwork and 45 36 10 5 4
communication during emergencies.

The effectiveness of STCW training, as perceived by Bangladeshi seafarers, appears generally

positive but reveals several areas where enhancement is needed. A majority of respondents—82%
(SA + A)—agree that STCW training adequately prepares them for real-life emergency situations,
indicating that the core modules are successful in instilling critical safety response behaviors.
Similarly, 84% believe that the training improved their technical competencies, showing that the
curriculum is relevant to operational duties. Regular onboard safety drills in line with STCW
standards are affirmed by 84%, which supports the notion that training is not merely theoretical
but reinforced practically. However, when it comes to hands-on practical exercises during formal
courses, the strong agreement drops to 78%, with 11% neutral and 11% disagreeing, suggesting a
need for more immersive, experience-based instruction—especially in resource-constrained
maritime academies. Furthermore, teamwork and communication skills during emergencies, a core
focus of modern safety management systems, are well recognized by 81% of participants, yet a
noticeable 9% neutral and 9% disagree, possibly pointing to a shortfall in soft-skill integration or
varied training quality across institutions. These insights collectively underscore that while STCW
training is largely effective in building safety and operational preparedness among Bangladeshi
seafarers, there is room for enhancing realism, interactivity, and consistency in delivery, especially

40
 through advanced simulation technologies and cross-disciplinary exercises that reinforce
collaboration and leadership in emergency scenarios.

Effectiveness of STCW Training

The STCW training helped me understand

teamwork and communication during 45 36 10 5 4
emergencies.

STCW courses I attended included hands-on

40 38 11 6 5
practical exercises.

Safety drills based on STCW guidelines are

49 35 8 53
regularly conducted onboard.

The training I received improved my technical

54 30 9 52
skills relevant to my duties.

STCW training adequately prepares seafarers for

50 32 10 5 3
real-life emergency situations.

0% 10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%
SA A N D SD

Figure 3: Effectiveness of STCW Training

41
 5.3 Impact on Maritime Safety and Incident Reduction
Table 3: Impact on Maritime Safety and Incident Reduction
Impact on Maritime Safety and Incident Reduction SA A N D SD

STCW has significantly contributed to the reduction of 48 33 12 4 3

maritime accidents.

STCW helps seafarers adopt a safety-first mindset. 52 30 10 5 3

Implementation of STCW improves onboard watchkeeping and 51 34 7 5 3

operational safety.

Compliance with STCW reduces risks during critical 50 32 10 5 3

operations (e.g., navigation, cargo).

STCW has enhanced global standards for safety in the 53 31 9 5 2

maritime industry.

The responses regarding the impact of the STCW Convention on maritime safety and incident
reduction reveal a strong consensus among Bangladeshi seafarers on its positive influence, yet
some subtle gaps suggest opportunities for refinement and greater enforcement. With 81%
(Strongly Agree + Agree) endorsing this perspective—illustrating that its systematic training
protocols, emergency preparedness, and procedural strictness yield evident safety results—an
overwhelming majority believe that STCW has significantly reduced marine accidents. Moreover,
82% of participants indicated that STCW promotes a safety-first mentality, underscoring the
convention's role in shaping behavior on board—a crucial factor in high-risk scenarios. That 85%
of respondents assert that STCW enhances operational safety and vigilance further validates the
convention's significant influence on daily operations through clearly delineated roles,
responsibilities, and procedures. Highlighting the necessity of standard operating procedures and
checklists based on STCW rules, 82% concur that adherence mitigates hazards during critical
activities such as navigation and cargo handling. Ultimately, 84% of respondents concur that
STCW has contributed to the elevation of global safety standards, underscoring its essential role
in standardizing maritime safety regulations across nations, particularly for flag states such as
Bangladesh that primarily rely on the international employment of their seafarers.

42
However, the presence of 10–15% neutral or disagreeing respondents in each category may
reflect either inconsistencies in how STCW is taught, disparities in institutional capacity, or
perhaps lack of enforcement in certain maritime zones. Thus, while the STCW framework is
widely regarded as a cornerstone for maritime safety, its full potential could be realized through
enhanced monitoring, targeted training improvements, and adaptive revisions that align
with emerging technologies and operational risks.

Impact on Maritime Safety and Incident Reduction

STCW has enhanced global standards for

53 31 9 52
safety in the maritime industry.

Compliance with STCW reduces risks during

50 32 10 5 3
critical operations (e.g., navigation, cargo).

Implementation of STCW improves onboard

51 34 7 53
watchkeeping and operational safety.

STCW helps seafarers adopt a safety-first

52 30 10 5 3
mindset.

STCW has significantly contributed to the

48 33 12 4 3
reduction of maritime accidents.

0% 10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%
SA A N D SD

Figure 4: Impact on Maritime Safety and Incident Reduction

43
 5.4 Challenges and Limitations in STCW Implementation
Table 4: Challenges and Limitations in STCW Implementation
Challenges and Limitations in STCW Implementation SA A N D SD

There is a lack of uniformity in the application of STCW 40 34 15 6 5

standards across different countries.

Some maritime institutes do not follow STCW requirements 35 38 12 10 5

strictly.

Cost is a barrier to accessing quality STCW-compliant 42 30 15 8 5

training.

STCW does not fully address the need for training on newer 39 33 16 8 4
technologies and fuels.

Language barriers affect the effectiveness of STCW training 44 29 14 8 5

for multinational crews.

The responses to the survey that were provided by Bangladeshi seafarers shed light on a variety of
challenges and limitations that are associated with the application of the STCW Convention. As a
result, they highlight significant areas in which improvements are required to ensure that the
convention continues to be relevant and effective in general. It is interesting that 74% of
respondents (SA + A) acknowledge that the application of STCW standards differs among nations.
This highlights continued disparities in training quality, evaluation procedures, and enforcement
among flag states, which in turn generates differing degrees of competency among seafarers all
around the world. As a result of this lack of uniformity, the fundamental foundation of worldwide
standardization that STCW strives to preserve is made vulnerable. Furthermore, seventy-three
percent of respondents believe that some maritime training facilities do not strictly conform to the
STCW standards. This suggests that inadequate training may be provided, which could endanger
the safety of those on board, due to a lack of regulatory supervision or insufficient institutional
resources. Another significant obstacle is the expense; 72 percent of respondents stated that
financial constraints impede access to excellent STCW-compliant training. This is a particularly
pressing issue in undeveloped maritime countries such as Bangladesh, where seafarers may rely
on personal cash and training infrastructure is limited. Furthermore, 72 percent of those who
participated in the survey believe that the STCW curriculum does not adequately address training

44
needs related to emerging technologies and alternative fuels. This suggests that there is a growing
disparity between the current STCW curriculum, which still primarily places an emphasis on
conventional competencies, and the requirements of modern shipping, such as digitalization,
automation, and decarbonization. In conclusion, seventy-three percent of the participants believe
that language barriers continue to have an impact on the effectiveness of STCW training for
multinational crews. This indicates that language barriers continue to be a significant challenge in
ensuring clear communication and comprehension, particularly on boats that are culturally diverse.
All of these findings, when taken together, shed light on the urgent requirement for more unified
worldwide enforcement, the upgrading of curricula, the establishment of financial support systems,
and the incorporation of linguistic inclusivity into STCW training programs. By ignoring these
challenges, the convention runs the risk of falling behind the times, which would have a negative
impact on both operational excellence and safety in a marine environment that is always evolving.

Challenges and Limitations in STCW Implementation

Language barriers affect the effectiveness of

44 29 14 8 5
STCW training for multinational crews.

STCW does not fully address the need for

39 33 16 8 4
training on newer technologies and fuels.

Cost is a barrier to accessing quality STCW-

42 30 15 8 5
compliant training.

Some maritime institutes do not follow STCW

35 38 12 10 5
requirements strictly.

There is a lack of uniformity in the application

40 34 15 6 5
of STCW standards across different countries.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
SA A N D SD

Figure 5: Challenges and Limitations in STCW Implementation

45
 5.5 Opportunities for Improvement and Future Expectations

Table 5: Opportunities for Improvement and Future Expectations

Opportunities for Improvement and Future SA A N D SD
Expectations

STCW should incorporate training related to 48 36 9 4 3

green shipping and decarbonization.

Virtual reality and simulators should be 46 37 10 5 2

integrated into STCW training programs.

Continuous professional development (CPD) 45 38 10 4 3

should be made mandatory under STCW.

STCW should include cybersecurity awareness 47 34 12 5 2

and digital ship system operations.

Greater global cooperation is needed to 50 35 9 4 2

harmonize STCW enforcement worldwide.

The responses about the prospects for development and future expectations of the STCW
Convention indicate a consensus on the imperative for modernization and adaptation to
contemporary maritime challenges. The industry is progressing towards environmental
sustainability, emphasizing alternative fuels, energy efficiency, and the reduction of greenhouse
gas emissions; 84% of participants concur that STCW should incorporate training on green
shipping and decarbonization. This necessitates a revision of the STCW curriculum to address the
growing environmental challenges in the maritime sector. Highlighting the increasing demand for
immersive and realistic training technologies that may more effectively prepare seafarers for
complicated and high-risk situations without jeopardizing safety, 83% believe that virtual reality
(VR) and simulators should be integrated into STCW training. With 83% of respondents endorsing
its incorporation into STCW, mandatory continuous professional development (CPD) is notably
favored, as ongoing education and skill enhancement are essential for maintaining knowledge in
the context of rapidly evolving technologies and industrial practices. Concerns regarding the

46
increasing susceptibility of digital systems in contemporary vessels and the imperative for
seafarers to possess abilities for safeguarding against cyber attacks have led 81% of respondents
to concur that cybersecurity awareness and digital ship systems should be integrated into STCW
training. Ultimately, 85% of participants emphasize the necessity for enhanced global
collaboration to standardize STCW enforcement, so underscoring the persistent challenges of
inconsistent implementation across various states and the imperative of aligning international
efforts to elevate safety and training standards worldwide. Collectively, these responses underscore
the increasing recognition among STCW stakeholders of the necessity for reform to meet the
demands of increasingly interconnected, technologically sophisticated, and ecologically conscious
marine industry. To ensure mariners are adequately prepared for future challenges, this
transformation will require innovative training methodologies, a more robust regulatory
framework, and a commitment to continuous enhancement.

Opportunities for Improvement and Future Expectations

Greater global cooperation is needed to

harmonize STCW enforcement worldwide.

STCW should include cybersecurity

awareness and digital ship system operations.

Continuous professional development (CPD)

should be made mandatory under STCW.

Virtual reality and simulators should be

integrated into STCW training programs.

STCW should incorporate training related to

green shipping and decarbonization.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
SA A N D SD

Figure 6: Opportunities for Improvement and Future Expectations

47
 CHAPTER SIX

DISCUSSION CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Discussion
The survey results provide significant fresh angles on the advantages and drawbacks of the STCW
Convention for Bangladesh's maritime sector. The STCW's significance in improving maritime
safety, raising operational efficiency, and reducing marine casualties is well known among most
sailors. Most of the responders believe that STCW training improves operational safety, onboard
watchkeeping, and safety-oriented attitude; it also helps them to be adequately ready for crises.
Still, it is challenging to guarantee that STCW policies are uniformly applied across many nations
and agencies. Particularly in underdeveloped countries, the lack of consistency in the application
of rules and respect of standards generates major problems. Inappropriate training results from this
difference could compromise safety and operational readiness. The results of the survey highlight
areas where STCW training can be substantially improved. Top priorities showing how
increasingly the marine industry is focused on sustainability are green shipping, decarbonization
training, and the provision of continuous professional development (CPD). Lack of attention paid
to these issues in present STCW training could make seafarers unprepared to face fresh
environmental difficulties. Since they expose ships to cyberattacks, digital technologies are
growing in relevance for the marine industry. Training in cybersecurity is therefore really vital.
Getting STCW-compliant training is quite difficult, especially in low-income nations like
Bangladesh with limited means.

6.2 Recommendations
 Standardized Training Materials: Introduce STCW modules in local languages
alongside English to enhance clarity and comprehension.
 Practical-Oriented Courses: Encourage maritime academies to integrate hands-on
exercises, simulators, and case studies to bridge the theory-practice gap.
 Internal Awareness Programs: Shipping companies should hold regular refresher
workshops and safety briefings on STCW obligations.
 Feedback Mechanism: Establish post-training feedback systems to ensure seafarers truly
understand and can apply STCW standards.

48
  Integrate Modern Training Technologies: Incorporate virtual reality (VR) and
simulators into STCW training to enhance practical experience and real-life scenario
preparedness.
 Update STCW to Address Green Shipping: Revise the STCW curriculum to include
training on decarbonization, sustainable shipping practices, and alternative fuels.
 Mandatory Continuous Professional Development (CPD): Introduce CPD requirements
under STCW to ensure seafarers stay updated with evolving technologies and industry
standards.
 Incorporate Cybersecurity Training: Include modules on cybersecurity awareness and
digital ship systems to address the increasing threat of cyberattacks in the maritime
industry.
 Standardize Global STCW Enforcement: Strengthen international cooperation to
harmonize the enforcement and application of STCW standards across all countries and
maritime institutions.
 Enhance Accessibility to Training: Provide financial support and affordable access to
high-quality STCW-compliant training, particularly in developing countries.
 Improve Multinational Crew Communication: Address language barriers in training
programs to ensure effective communication and understanding among diverse
multinational crews.

6.3 Conclusion
In conclusion, it is undeniable that the STCW Convention has been instrumental in raising
operational and maritime safety standards in Bangladesh, which has helped to reduce maritime
mishaps and accidents. The survey's findings highlight its importance in helping sailors cultivate
a safety-conscious culture and improve their technical skills for practical situations. However,
there are plenty of chances for the STCW framework to change to meet the new developments and
difficulties facing the marine sector today. To increase training efficacy and guarantee that
seafarers are suitably equipped for the complexities of modern maritime operations, modern
training tools such as virtual reality, simulators, and other digital resources are integrated. In order
to properly prepare seafarers for the demands of the business in the future, the STCW curriculum
also needs to include cybersecurity, decarbonization, green shipping, and continuous professional

49
development (CPD). The importance of digitalization, sustainability, and new technology is
highlighted by the maritime industry's increasing focus on these topics. In order to guarantee the
consistent implementation and enforcement of STCW standards worldwide, it is imperative to
further enhance global cooperation in order to confront the challenges that have been identified.
Not only would a more unified approach enhance training outcomes, but it would also mitigate the
likelihood of incidents that result from discrepancies in seafarer competence. Additionally, it is
imperative to provide financial assistance to maritime institutions and individual seafarers in order
to surmount the obstacles to obtaining high-quality STCW-compliant training. Ultimately, the
STCW Convention has made substantial progress in enhancing maritime safety; however, there is
still a significant amount of work to be done. STCW can remain a critical instrument in the
development of a global maritime workforce that is more environmentally responsible, efficient,
and safeguarded by adjusting the framework to accommodate the changing requirements of the
maritime industry.

50
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 APPENDIX
Awareness and Understanding of STCW SA A N D SD
I am aware of the STCW Convention and its objectives.
I have received training that is compliant with the STCW
Convention.
I understand how STCW standards apply to my role
onboard.
STCW requirements are clearly explained during my
training.
My organization promotes awareness of STCW among all
crew members.

Effectiveness of STCW Training SA A N D SD

STCW training adequately prepares seafarers for real-life
emergency situations.
The training I received improved my technical skills
relevant to my duties.
Safety drills based on STCW guidelines are regularly
conducted onboard.
STCW courses I attended included hands-on practical
exercises.
The STCW training helped me understand teamwork and
communication during emergencies.

Impact on Maritime Safety and Incident Reduction SA A N D SD

STCW has significantly contributed to the reduction of
maritime accidents.
STCW helps seafarers adopt a safety-first mindset.
Implementation of STCW improves onboard watchkeeping
and operational safety.
Compliance with STCW reduces risks during critical
operations (e.g., navigation, cargo).
STCW has enhanced global standards for safety in the
maritime industry.

Challenges and Limitations in STCW Implementation SA A N D SD

There is a lack of uniformity in the application of STCW
standards across different countries.
Some maritime institutes do not follow STCW requirements
strictly.
Cost is a barrier to accessing quality STCW-compliant
training.

56
STCW does not fully address the need for training on newer
technologies and fuels.
Language barriers affect the effectiveness of STCW training
for multinational crews.

Opportunities for Improvement and Future Expectations SA A N D SD

STCW should incorporate training related to green
shipping and decarbonization.
Virtual reality and simulators should be integrated into
STCW training programs.
Continuous professional development (CPD) should be
made mandatory under STCW.
STCW should include cybersecurity awareness and digital
ship system operations.
Greater global cooperation is needed to harmonize STCW
enforcement worldwide.

57