Class – X [CBSE]

Biology Final Board – 2022 – 23

Questions and Answers [Part – 03]
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [ 3 MARKS]
44) Write correct sequence of four steps of method for the preparation of temporary
mount of a stained leaf peel.
Ans.  A healthy leaf is taken from the potted plant.
 A part of the peel is removed from the lower surface of the leaf. We can do this by
folding the leaf over and gently pulling the peel apart using forceps.
 The peel is kept in a watch glass containing water.
 A few drops of safran is put in stain in a watch glass.
 After 2-3 minutes the peel is taken out and placed it on a clean glass slide.
 A drop of glycerin is put over the peel and placed a clean cover slip gently over it with
the help of a needle.
 The excess stain and glycerin is removed with the help of blotting paper.
 The slide under magnifications of the compound microscope is observed.
45) In mammals and birds why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated
blood?
Ans. Mammals and birds are warm blooded animals. This means they can control their body
temperature and do not have to depend on environment for their body temperature regulation.
Because of this birds and mammals require optimum oxidization of glucose which would be
possible with good supply of oxygen. So it is required to have separate oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood to supply the required amount of oxygen.
46) “The breathing cycle is rhythmic whereas exchange of gases is a continuous
process”. Justify this statement.
Ans. The breathing cycle involves inhalation and exhalation of air due to alternate expansion
and contraction of thoracic cavity. Thus it is a rhythmic process. But exchange of gases is a
continuous process as it takes place between the blood and each and every cell, by diffusion.
47) What happens if conducting tubes of circulatory system develops a leak? State in
brief, how could this be avoided?
Ans. The circulatory system will become inefficient if it develops a leak. This could be avoided
by maintaining a normal blood pressure.
48) How opening and closing of stomata takes place?
Ans. When water flows into the guard cells, the guard cells swell and the stomatal pore opens
up. When water moves out the guard cells shrinks and the stomatal pore closes.
49) List three characteristics of lungs which make it an efficient respiratory surface.
Ans. These features which particularly make our lungs efficient for gas exchange.
1. Thin: the air sac walls are very thin so that gases can quickly diffuse through them.
Oxygen is absorbed in to the blood and carbon dioxide is given out in to the lungs to be
exhaled out.
2. Moist: the air sacs are moist with mucus so that gases can dissolve before diffusing.
3. Large surface area: the surface area for gases to diffuse through in human lungs is
roughly the same as a tennis court. The alveoli help to increase the surface area for
absorption of oxygen.
4. Good blood supply: the air sacs or the alveoli have a large capillary network so that
large volumes of gases can be exchanged. More the flow of blood more exchange.
50) (a) What is the role of HCl in our stomach ?
(b) What is emulsification of fats?
(c) Which protein digesting enzyme is present in pancreatic juice?
Ans. (a) (i) It sterilizes food by killing pathogens and other microbes.
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Biology Final Board – 2022 – 23
Questions and Answers [Part – 03]
(ii) It has a pH of 2, which is perfect for entyaus such as pepsin to break down proteins
as effectively as possible.
(iii) Helps emulsify food (digestion of protein and stimulates the pancreas to produce
digestive enzymes and bile) and protects against harmful bacteria.
(b) Breakdown of large gloubule fats into smaller fats droplets is known as emulsification.
(c) Trypsin is the enzyme secreted by the pancreas which aids in digestion of proteins.
51) In human alimentary canal, name the site of complete digestion of various
components of food. Explain the process of digestion.
Ans. In small intestine, complete digestion of various components of food take place. The
process of digestion of food in mouth, stomach and small intestine in human body are as follows:
Mouth: Digestion of food begins in the mouth. Saliva present in mouth contains a digestive
enzyme, called salivary amylase, maltose and dextrins, which breaks down starch into sugar.
Stomach: Stomach stores and mixes the food received from the oesophagus with gastric juices.
The main components of gastric juice are hydrochloric acid, mucus and pepsinogen.
Hydrochloric acid dissolves bits of food and creates an acidic medium. In this medium,
pepsinogen is converted to pepsin which is a protein-digesting enzyme. Mucus protects the inner
lining of the stomach from the action of HCl.
Small Intestine: Small intestine is the site of complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and
fats. Small intestine produces intestinal juice from the glands present in its wall. The intestinal
juice helps in further digestion of food. Small intestine also obtains digestive juices from liver and
pancreas. The liver produces bile juice that causes emulsification of fats and the pancreas
produces pancreatic juice for digesting proteins and emulsified fats. This digested food is finally
absorbed through the intestinal walls.
52) List the three kinds of blood vessels of human circulatory system and write their
functions in tabular form.
Ans. Three types of blood vessels in human circulatory system are: Arteries, Veins and
Capillaries. Their functions are tabulated below:

53) (a) “The breathing cycle is rhythmic whereas exchange of gases is a continuous
process”. Justify this statement.
(b) What happens if conducting tubes of circulatory system develops a leak? State in
brief, how could this be avoided?
(c) How opening and closing of stomata takes place?
Ans. (a) The breathing cycle involves inhalation and exhalation of air due to alternate
expansion and contraction of thoracic cavity. Thus it is a rhythmic process. But exchange of
gases is a continuous process as it takes place between the blood and each and every cell, by
diffusion.
(b) The circulatory system will become inefficient if it develops a leak. This could be
avoided by maintaining a normal blood pressure.
(c) When water flows into the guard cells, the guard cells swell and the stomatal pore
opens up. When water moves out the guard cells shrinks and the stomatal pore closes.
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 Class – X [CBSE]
Biology Final Board – 2022 – 23
Questions and Answers [Part – 03]
54) Describe in brief the function of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
Ans. The function of:
Kidney: The Kidneys filter the blood and concentrate the filtrate to make urine. They also
help regulate blood pressure.
Ureters: Ureters transport the urine to the urinary bladder.
Urinary bladder: Urinary bladder is like a holding tank for the urine until it’s ready to be
excreted.
Urethra: Urethra is the tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
for excretion.
55) Explain the process of breakdown of glucose in a cell (i) in the presence of oxygen (ii)
in the absence of oxygen.
Ans. The process of breakdown of glucose in a cell is as follows:

The first step: in the breakdown of glucose both in presence of O2 and in absence of O2 is
same. In this step, glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
Second step: which involves further breakdown of private into simple compounds can take place
in two different ways:
(a) In presence of O2: In the presence of O2, private is converted into CO2 and water. Energy
released during aerobic respiration is much greater than that released during an anaerobic
respiration.
(b) In absence of O2: In the absence of O2 in yeast, pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO2
and the process is called fermentation. In absence of 02, in our muscle cells, pyruvate is
converted into lactic acid. The build up of lactic acid in muscle cells causes cramps.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [ 5 MARKS]
56) (a) Explain how does the exchange of gases occur in plants across the surface of
stems, roots and leaves.
(b) How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Ans. (a) In plants there are tiny pores called stomata on leaves and lenticels in stem which
facilitate the exchange of gases. Carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen given out (during
photosynthesis) and vice versa during respiration.
(b) Water and minerals are transported within the plant by the Xylem vessels (mainly in an
upward direction); these are part of the vascular system which also includes Phloem vessels.
Phloem transports the products of photosynthesis within the plant, to all parts like the stem,
roots, fruits etc. in all directions.

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 Class – X [CBSE]
Biology Final Board – 2022 – 23
Questions and Answers [Part – 03]
57) State in brief the function of:
1. renal artery
2. kidney
3. ureter
4. urinary bladder
Ans. Renal artery:
The renal artery carries blood to the kidneys from the abdominal aorta. This blood comes
directly from the heart and is sent to the-kidneys to be filtered before it passes through the rest of
the body. Up to one-third of the total cardiac output per heartbeat is sent to the renal arteries to
be filtered by the kidneys. Each kidney has one renal artery that supplies it with blood. The
filtered blood then can exit the renal vein.
Kidney:
The kidneys perform the essential function of removing waste products from the blood
and regulating the water fluid levels. The kidneys regulate the body’s fluid volume, mineral
composition and acidity by excreting and reabsorbing water and inorganic electrolytes.
Ureter:
The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.’ There are
two ureters, one attached to each kidney.
Urinary bladder:
The urinary bladder is an expandable muscular sac that stores urine before it is excreted
out of the body through the urethra.
58) (a) Draw a diagram to show open stomatal pore and label on it:
(i) guard cells (ii) chloroplast
(b) State two functions of stomata.
(c) How do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomatal pore?
Ans. (a)

(b) Two functions of stomata are:

(i) Exchange of gases between the plant and the atmosphere takes place through stomata.
(ii) Transpiration in plants takes place through stomata.
(c) Opening and Closing of Stomatal Pore:
The opening and closing of the pore is a function of the guard cells. The guard cells swell
when water flows into them causing the stomatal pore to open. Similarly, the pore closes if the
guard cells shrink. As large amount of water is lost through these stomata, the plant closes these
pores when it does not require carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
59) How is urine produced and eliminated?
Ans. Blood from the heart comes into the kidneys afferent and efferent arteriols from the renal
arteries where it enters about 2-3 million nephrons per kidney. Then, it goes through the
glomerulus a bunch of blood capillaries and get rid of some of the unwanted substances like
urea, uric acid, creatinine in the blood and then continues through the renal tubules. The loop of
Henley, reabsorb certain substances such as water (actually if body is dehydrated, body will
send anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) to kidneys to prevent extra water from going into urine and
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Biology Final Board – 2022 – 23
Questions and Answers [Part – 03]
thus saving water for body and get rid of anything else that isn’t wanted, then the urine goes
through ureters to bladder and then to urethra where it is excreted out of body as urine.
60) Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial
organisms?
Ans. Quantity of dissolved oxygen is fairly low in water as compared to the amount of oxygen in
air. Aquatic organisms therefore have to breathe faster than terrestrial organisms to absorb the
required amount of oxygen from the water.
61) What is the advantage of separate channels in mammals and birds for oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood?
Ans. It is necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds
because they need high energy and large amount of oxygen. The separation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood provides high oxygen supply to the organs.
62) (a) State the roles of Liver and Pancreas.
(b) Name the organ which performs the following functions in humans:
(i) Absorption of digested food and (ii) Absorption of water.
Ans. (a) Liver: It synthesizes and store bile juice secreted by gall bladder which breaks down
fats into fat globules.
Pancreas: It secretes pancreatic juice which contains protein-digesting and starch-digesting
enzymes.
(b) The organ which performs the following functions in humans are as follows:
(i) Absorption of digested food – Small intestine.
(ii) Absorption of water – Large intestine.
63) State the functions of the following components of transport system:
(i) Blood (ii) Lymph
Ans. (i) Blood:
 Oxygen is transported by the blood to the tissues of the body for the breakdown of
digested food.
 Carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs by the blood plasma.
 The digested and absorbed nutrients are transported by blood to the tissues.
Nitrogenous wastes are transported to the kidneys.
 It regulates the body temperature and maintains the pH of the body tissues.
 It transports various hormones from one region to another and bring about the
coordination.
 It maintains water balance to constant level.
 The lymphocytes produce antibodies against the invading antigens and protect from
diseases.
 It helps in rapid healing of wounds by forming a clot at the site of injury.
(ii) Lymph:
 It cleans the cellular environment.
 It returns proteins and tissue fluids to the blood (drainage)
 It provides a pathway for the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins into the
bloodstream.
 It defends the body against disease.
64) List four conditions required for efficient gas exchange in an organism.
Ans. Four conditions required for efficient gas exchange in an organism:
(i) A large surface area over which exchange can take place.
(ii) A concentration gradient without which nothing will diffuse.
(iii) A thin surface across which gases diffuse.
(iv) Warm conditions.
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Biology Final Board – 2022 – 23
Questions and Answers [Part – 03]
65) (a) Name the glands associated with digestion of starch in human digestive tract and
mention their role.
(b) How is required pH maintained in the stomach and small intestine?
Ans. (a) The salivary gland is associated with digestion of starch in human digestive tract. It
secretes saliva which contains enzyme salivary amylase. This enzyme converts starch into
maltose (sugar).
(b) Gastric glands present on the walls of the stomach release HCl. HCl creates an acidic
medium, which facilitates the action of enzyme pepsin. Bile juice from liver makes the food
alkaline in small intestine for the pancreatic enzymes to act.
66) (a) Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with vaseline to block the stomata.
Will this plant remain healthy for long? State three reasons for your answer.
(b) State any two differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition.
Ans. (a) No, this plant will not remain healthy for long. The plant will begin to die because
(i) Gaseous exchange will not take place.
(ii) No absorption of CO2, hence no photosynthesis.
(iii) Transpiration will not occur; hence no transportation of water.
(b) Two differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition:
Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition
(i) In this, the organisms make their food (i) In this, the organisms derive their food
from carbon dioxide and water in the or nutrients from other living organisms.
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
(ii) All green plants are autotrophic and use (ii) The energy is derived from the intake
light as a source of energy for synthesis. and digestion of the organic substances.
67) List the three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis. Explain the role
of stomata in this process.
Ans. The three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis are:
(i) Absorption of light energy by the green pigment chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and the splitting of water molecule
into hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrate.
Role of Stomata:
Stomata are tiny pores present on the surface of leaves. They are also present on the
surface of young stems. Stomata are mainly engaged in the exchange of gases (entry of CO 2
and release of O2) associated with photosynthesis. Plant closes the stomata when it does not
need CO2 for photosynthesis.
68) (a) What is meant by breathing? What happens to the rate of breathing during
vigorous exercise and why?
(b) Define translocation with respect to transport in plants. Why is it essential for plants?
Where in plants are the following synthesised?
Ans. (a) The process of taking in of oxygen from air in to the lungs and expulsion of carbon
dioxide out of the lungs is called breathing. The rate of breathing during vigorous exercise
increases by about 20 to 25 times per minute. It is because, during vigorous exercise the
demand for oxygen increases. Breathing occurs involuntarily but its rate is controlled by the
respiratory center of the brain.
(b) Translocation is the transport of food from the leaves to other parts of the plant and occurs in
the part of the vascular tissue known as phloem. It is essential for plants because every part of
the plant needs food for obtaining energy for building its parts and maintaining its life.
(i) Sugar is synthesised in the leaves of the plant.
(ii) Hormones are synthesised at the tips of roots and stems of a plant.
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Biology Final Board – 2022 – 23
Questions and Answers [Part – 03]
69) (a) Explain how does the exchange of gases occur in plants across the surface of
stems, roots and leaves.
(b) How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Ans. (a) In plants, there are tiny pores called stomata on leaves and lenticels in stem which
facilitate the exchange of gases. CO2 is taken in and O2 given out (during photosynthesis) and
vice-versa during respiration.
(b) Mechanism of Transport of Water and Minerals in a Plant:
 The vessels and tracheids of roots, stems and leaves in xylem tissue are
interconnected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels reaching
all parts of the plant.
 The cells of the roots in contact with the soil actively take up ions which creates a
difference in the ion concentration between the root and the soil.
 Thus, there is steady movement of water into root xylem from the soil, creating a
column of water that is pushed upwards.
 Plant uses another strategy to move water in the xylem upwards to the highest
points of the plant body.
 The water which is lost through the stomata is replaced by water from the xylem
vessels in the leaf.
 Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction which pulls
water from the xylem cells of roots.
 This loss of water is transpiration which helps in the absorption and upward
movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.
 Transpiration becomes the major driving force in movement of water in the xylem
during the day when the stomata are open.
 This mechanism is also known as cohesion of water theory or transpiration pull.
70) (a) Complete the glucose breakdown pathway in case of aerobic respiration by filling
the blanks.

(b) Name the molecule in the cell which stores the energy produced at the end of the
pathway.
(c) Why do we get cramps during vigorous muscular activity?
Ans. (a) The glucose breakdown pathway in case of aerobic respiration:
(1) Pyruvate (3 carbon molecules)
(2) Energy
(3) Presence of oxygen
(4) In Mitochondria
(5) Carbon dioxide
(6) Water
(b) ATP
(c) Lactic acid accumulation, in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration) cause
cramps.

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