HJD INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, KUTCH

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Laboratory Manual

Dynamics of Machinery (3151911)

Year – 2021-22

Class: B.E. MECHANICAL SEM-V

Enrollment No.: _____________________

Name of Student: __________________________________________

 HJD INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, KUTCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms.__________________________________ Enrollment No.

_______________________ of class B.E. MECHANICAL SEM-V has satisfactorily

completed his/her term work in Subject Dynamics of Machinery (3151911) for the term

ending in ________________.

Date: DD/MM/YYYY

Signature of Lab In-charge Signature of Head of Department

 INDEX

SR.
EXPERIMENT DATE SIGN GRADE
NO.

Understand and verify the fundamental

1
laws of static & dynamic balancing.

Study balancing of reciprocating

2
masses.

3 Analysis of gyroscopic effect.

Study longitudinal vibrations of spring

4
mass system
To study the undamped free vibration
5
of equivalent spring mass system
To determine the time period and
6 frequency of torsional vibrations of a
single rotor system.
To determine the time period and
7 frequency of torsional vibrations of two
rotors system.
Study forced damped vibrations of
8
single degree of freedom system.
To determine whirling speed of the
9 shaft and study effect of shaft diameter
and end conditions on the same.
PRACTICAL – 1:
UNDERSTAND AND VERIFY THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF STATIC &
DYNAMIC BALANCING

OBJECTIVE:
To study the Static & Dynamic Balancing system.

AIM:
To balance the masses statically and dynamically of a simple rotating mass system. To observe the
effect of unbalance in a rotating mass system

INTRODUCTION:
A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined mass centre of the system
lies on the axis of rotation. When several masses rotate in different planes, the centrifugal forces, in
addition to being out of balance, also form couples. A system of rotating masses is in dynamic balance
when there does not exist any resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.

CONDITIONS FOR STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCING:

• If a shaft carries a number of unbalanced masses such that the center of mass of the system lies on the
axis of rotation, the system is said to statically balance.
• The resultant couple due to all the inertia forces during rotation must be zero.
These two conditions together will give complete dynamic balancing.
It is obvious that a dynamically - balanced system is also statically balanced, but the statically balanced
system is not dynamically balanced.

BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING IN DIFFERENT PLANES:

When several masses revolve in different planes, they may be transferred to a reference plane (written
as RP), which may be defined as the plane passing through a point on the axis of rotation and
perpendicular to it. The effect of transferring a revolving mass (in one plane) to a reference plane is to
cause a force of magnitude equal to centrifugal force of the revolving mass to act in the reference plane,
together with a couple of magnitude equal to the product of the force and the distance between the
plane of rotation and the reference plane. In order to have a complete balance of the several revolving
masses in different planes, the following conditions must be satisfied:
1. The forces in the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant force must be zero.
2. The couple about the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant couple must be zero.

DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists of a steel shaft mounted in ball bearings in a stiff rectangular main frame. A set
of four blocks of different weights is provided and may be detached from the shaft.
Number of disc carrying a circular protractor scale is fitted to rectangular frame. The circular protractor
scale is provided to determine the exact angular position of each adjustable block.
The shaft is driven by electric motor mounted under the main frame, through a belt. For static balancing
of weights the main frame is suspended to upper frame by chains then rotate the shaft.
manually after fixing the blocks at their proper angles. It should be completely balanced. In this
position, the motor driving belt should be removed.
For dynamic balancing of the rotating mass system, the main frame is suspended from the support
frame by two short links such that the main frame and the supporting frame are in the same plane.
Rotate the statically balanced weights with the help of motor. If they rotate smoothly and without
vibrations, they are dynamically balanced.

UTILITIES REQUIRED:
Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 VAC. 50Hz. 5-15 amp socket with earth Connection
Bench Area Required: 1m x 0.5 m

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1) STATIC BALANCING

Let m1r1 and m2r2 be known system at an angle θ1. This has to be balanced by m3r3 and m4r4. Draw
the position Diagram as shown. Draw vector ab Parllel to m1r1 to some scale. Draw bc parallel to
m2r2. From point c, draw an arc with radius of scaled m3r3. From point a, draw an arc with radius of
scaled m4r4. Point of intersection of arcs is d. join cd and ad, from scale, unkown values of r3 and r4
can be determined as m3 and m4 are known.
Now draw parallel line to cd from origin in position diagram. This gives direction of m4r4. Set the
weights over the shaft at required radius and angle. Rotate the shaft by hand and see that system us
balanced by Static Balancing.

Mass Distances from Ref Plane Moment

m1r1 0 0
m2r2 a1 m2r2a1
m3r3 a2 m3r3a2
m4r4 a3 m4r4a3

Now, draw couple polygon. Draw ef parallel to m2r2 to some suitable scale, proportional to m2r2a1
from point e, draw parallel to m3r3. From point “f”, draw parallel to m4r4 to intersect the previous
line at g, eg is couple vector m3r3a2. From scale and Known value of m3r3 determine a2. fg is couple
vector parallel to m4r4a3. from scale and from known value of m4r4 determine a3. (Note – while
drawing the couple polygon, see that couple polygon closes in one direction only, i.e., all the vectors
should be either in clockwise or anticlockwise direction) Set the weight over the shaft as calculated
by locking the shaft with the locking screw. After setting all the weight in their proper positions,
remove the locking screw, rotate the shaft with the help of motor and see that system in balanced i.e.,
dynamic Balancing

Precautions:-
1)While fixing the disc and weights, see that they are properly tightened. Under tightened bolts may
loosen during rotation and over tightened bolts may get damaged or break.
2)Depending upon the initial assumed unbalance, the radial and linear distances will vary. Initially it
is necessary to understand the limiting sizes of the frame disc. If distances determined from diagrams
are out of the limit of equipment, then it is necessary to modify or change the problem
CONCLUSION:

Sign: Grade:
PRACTICAL – 2:
STUDY BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES

BALANCING OF LOCOMOTIVES:

An inside cylinder locomotive has its cylinder centre lines 0.7 m apart and has a stroke of 0.6 m. The
rotating masses per cylinder are equivalent to 150 kg at the crank pin, and the reciprocating masses
per cylinder to 180 kg. The wheel centre lines are 1.5 m apart. The cranks are at right angles. The
whole of the rotating and 2/3 of the reciprocating masses are to be balanced by masses placed at a
radius of 0.6 m. Find the magnitude and direction of the balancing masses. Find the fluctuation in rail
pressure under one wheel, variation of tractive effort and the magnitude of swaying couple at a crank
speed of 300 r.p.m.
BALANCING OF MULTI CYLINDER INLINE ENGINE:

Four crank engine has the two outer cranks set at 120° to each other, and their reciprocating masses are
each 400 kg. The distance between the planes of rotation of adjacent cranks are 450 mm, 750 mm and
600 mm. If the engine is to be in complete primary balance, find the reciprocating mass and the relative
angular position for each of the inner cranks.
If the length of each crank is 300 mm, the length of each connecting rod is 1.2 m and the speed of
rotation is 240 r.p.m., what is the maximum secondary unbalanced force ?
BALANCING OF V-ENGINES:

The reciprocating mass per cylinder in a 60° V-twin engine is 1.5 kg. The stroke and connecting rod
length are 100 mm and 250 mm respectively. If the engine runs at 2500 r.p.m., determine the maximum
and minimum values of the primary and secondary forces. Also find out the crank position corresponding
these values.
Sign:
Grade:
PRACTICAL – 3:
ANALYSIS OF GYROSCOPIC EFFECT

AIM:
To study the oscillation of simple pendulum

THEORY:
1) AXIS OF SPIN
If a body is revolving about an axis, the latter is known as axis of spin (Refer Fig.1, where
OX is the axis of spin).
2) PRECESSION
Precession means the rotation about the third axis OZ (Refer Fig.1) that is Perpendicular to
both the axis of spin OX and that of couple OY.
3) AXIS OF PRECESSION
The third axis OZ is perpendicular to both the axis of spin OX and that of couple OY is known as axis
of precession.
4) GYROSCOPIC EFFECT
To a body revolving (or spinning) about an axis say OX, (Refer Fig. 1) if a couple represented by a
vector OY perpendicular to OX is applied, then the body tries to process about an axis OZ which is
perpendicular both to OX and OY. Thus, the couple is mutually perpendicular. The above combined
effect is known as precessional or gyroscopic effect.
5) GYROSCOPE
It is a body while spinning about an axis is free to rotate in other directions under the action of external
forces.

OX= Axis of Spin

OY= Axis of Couple
OZ= Axis of Precession
Gyroscopic Couple of a Plane Disc
Let a disc of weight ‘W’ having a moment of inertia ‘I’ be spinning at an angular velocity ω about
axis OX in anticlockwise direction viewing from front (Refer Fig.2). Therefore, the angular
momentum of disc is Iω. Applying right-hand screw rule the sense of vector representing the angular
momentum of disc which is also a vector quantity will be in the direction OX as shown.
A couple whose axis is OY perpendicular to OX and is in the plane Z, is now applied to
prices the axis OX.

Let axis OX turn through a small angular displacement from OX to OX' in time dt. The couple applied
produces a change in the direction of angular velocity, magnitude remaining constant. This change
is due to the velocity of precession.
Therefore, 'OX' represents the angular momentum after time dt.
Change of angular momentum = OX' - OX = XX'
𝑋𝑋′ 𝑑𝜃
Angular displacement = = OX
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

As, XX' = OX x dθ in direction of XX'

Now, as rate of change of angular momentum
Couple applied = C =T
𝑑𝜃
We get T = OX 𝑑𝑡

But OX = I.ω
Where I = Moment of Inertia of disc
ω= Angular Velocity of disc.

𝑑𝜃
T = I.ω 𝑑𝑡

And in the limit dt is very small

 𝑑𝜃
We have = 𝜔p
𝑑𝑡

Where 𝜔p = Angular velocity of precession of yoke about vertical axis.

Thus, we get T = I x ω x 𝜔p
The direction of the couple applied on the body is clockwise when looking in the direction XX' and
in the limit this is perpendicular to the axis of ω and ωp.
The reaction couple exerted by the body on its frame is equal in magnitude to that of C, but
opposite in direction.

Apparatus:
The set up consists of heavy disc mounted on a horizontal shaft, rotated by a variable speed
motor. The rotor shaft is coupled to a motor mounted on a trunion frame having bearings in a yoke
frame, which is free to rotate about vertical axis.

A weight pan on other side of disc balances the weight of mot or. Rotor disc can be move
about three axis. Weight can be applied at a particular distance from the center of rotor to calculate
the applied torque. The gyroscopic couple can be determined with the help of moment of inertia,
angular speed of disc and angular speed of precession.

Procedure:
(1) Set the rotor at zero position.
(2) Start the motor with the help of rotary switch.
(3) Increase the speed of rotor with dimmer stat and let it stabilize for 5 mins
(4) Measure the R.P.M. with the help of tachometer.
(5) Put the weight on weight pan.
(6) Measure the rotating angle (300, 400) with the help of stopwatch. (Note: Take the
measurements immediately after putting the weights)
(7) Repeat the experiment for the various speeds and loads.
(8) After the test is over set dimmer stat to zero position and switch off main supply.

Observations:
g= 9.81 m/sec2
r = 0.15 m (Radius of Disc)
M = ______ kg (Mass of Flywheel)
m = 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 kg (standard Weight Set)
L = _____ m
 SR NO. N (RPM) m (KG) d𝜃 dt
1
2
3

Tthe = I.ω.ωp, Nm
𝑟2
I= M x kg-m2
2
2 × 𝜋 ×𝑁
ω= , rad/sec
60
𝑑𝜃 𝜋
ωp , = × rad/sec
𝑑𝑡 180

Tact = mgL, Nm
Where,
dθ = Angle of precession
dt = Time required for this precessions, sec
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m /sec2
I = Moment of inertia of disc, kg m2
L = Distance of weight for the center of disc, m
N = RPM of Disc
r = Radius of disc, m
Tthe = Theoretical Gyroscopic couple, Nm
Tact = Actual Gyroscopic couple, Nm
M = Mass of rotor disc, kg
m = Mass of dead weight, kg
ωp= Angular velocity of disc, rad/sec
ω = Angular velocity of precession of yoke about vertical axis, rad/sec
Calculations:
 Reading No. Theoretical couple Actual couple
1
2
3

Conclusion:

Precautions:
1) Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above than 230 volts.
2) Before start the motor set dimmer stat at zero position.
3) Increase the speed gradually.

Motorized Gyroscope

Sign:_______________________ Grade:_______________
PRACTICAL – 4:
STUDY LONGITUDINAL VIBRATIONS OF SPRING MASS SYSTEM

AIM
To study undamped free vibrations of a spring.

PROCEDURE
1. Fix one end of the helical spring to upper screw and holder at the other end.
2. Determine the straight length of the helical spring at no load.
3. Put the known weight on the holder. And measure the deflection.
4. For oscillations, Stretch the spring for some distance and leave it.
5. Count the time for no. of oscillations.
6. Determine the actual time period.
7. Repeat the same procedure for different weights.

OBSERVATIONS
Weight of the holder: 0.275 kg
Weight of mass : 0.760 kg

Sr. No. Spring turns Attached Deflection(δ) , m Time for 10

Mass(m), kg Oscillations(t), sec

CALCULATIONS

Spring deflection, δ =

Weight attached, W =

Stiffness of spring, k = W/δ

Frequency of oscillations,
fn =

Therefore
t=
Experimentally, t = Time for 10 oscillations / 10

CONCLUSION:

Sign: Grade:
PRACTICAL – 5
TO STUDY THE UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION OF EQUIVALENT
SPRING MASS SYSTEM

AIM
To calculate equivalent spring stiffness for springs in series.

PROCEDURE
1. Take two spring of known stiffness and attach in series
2. Fix one end of the series spring to upper screw and holder at the other end.
3. Determine the straight length of the helical spring at no load.
4. Put the known weight on the holder. And measure the deflection.
5. For oscillations, Stretch the spring for some distance and leave it.
6. Count the time for no. of oscillations.
7. Determine the actual time period.
8. Repeat the same procedure for different weights.

OBSERVATIONS
Weight of the holder: 0.275 kg
Weight of mass : 0.760 kg
Spring Stiffness k1 =
Spring Stiffness k2 =

Sr. No. Spring turns Attached Deflection(δ) , m Time for 10

Mass(m), kg Oscillations(t), sec

CALCULATIONS

Spring deflection, δ =

Weight attached, W =

Equivalent Stiffness of spring, k = W/ δ

Theortically
Stiffness of spring, 1/k = 1/k1 + 1/k2
CONCLUSION:

Sign: Grade:
PRACTICAL – 6:
TO DETERMINE THE TIME PERIOD AND FREQUENCY OF TORSIONAL
VIBRATIONS OF A SINGLE ROTOR SYSTEM

AIM:
To study the torsional vibrations of single rotor system

PROCEDURE:
1. Grip one end of the shaft at bracket by the chuck.
2. Fix other end of shaft in the rotor.
3. Measure the Shft length and Diameter
4. Twist the motor rotor to some angle and then release.
5. Note down the time for no. of oscillations.
6. Repeat the procedure for different length of shaft.

OBSERVATIONS:

Sr. No. Shaft Dia, m Shaft Length, m Time for 10

Oscillations(t), sec

CALCULATIONS:

texpt = (time for 10 oscillations) /10 sec

Theoretically,

fn =

CONCLUSION:

Sign: Grade:
PRACTICAL – 7:
TO DETERMINE THE TIME PERIOD AND FREQUENCY OF TORSIONAL
VIBRATIONS OF A TWO ROTOR SYSTEM.

AIM:
To study the torsional vibrations of two rotor system

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix two disc of the shaft and fit the shaft in the bearing.
2. Deflect the disc in opposite direction by hand and then release.
3. Note down the time required for particular number of oscillations.
4. Repeat the procedure with different diameter shafts and note down the time.

OBSERVATIONS:

Sr. No. Shaft Dia, m Shaft Length, m Time for 10

Oscillations(t), sec

Mass of Upper Rotor = 7.5 kg

Dia of Upper Rotor = 0.2 m
Mass of Lower Rotor = 7.5kg
Dia of Lower Rotor = 0.2 m

Now, mass moment of inertia of small rotor,

Ia = 0.0375 kg m2
Ib =0.0375 kg m2
Since Upper and Lower mass are same La = L/2

C = Modulus of Rigidity = 8.5 X 1010 N/m2

J = Polar moment of inertia = (π /32)d4 = 7.95 x 10‐12 m4 (dia = 3 mm)
= 2.51 x 10‐11 m4 (dia = 4 mm)
= 6.13 x 10‐11 m4 (dia = 5 mm)

Therefore,

t=
CONCLUSION:

Sign: Grade:
PRACTICAL – 8:
STUDY FORCED DAMPED VIBRATIONS OF SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM
SYSTEM

AIM:
To study the torsional vibrations of two rotor system

FORCED DAMPED VIBRATIONS:

An instrument vibrates with a frequency of 1 Hz when there is no damping. When the damping is
provided, the frequency of damped vibrations was observed to be 0.9 Hz. Find 1. the damping factor,
and 2. logarithmic decrement.
FORCED DAMPED VIBRATIONS:

The measurements on a mechanical vibrating system show that it has a mass of 8 kg and that the
springs can be combined to give an equivalent spring of stiffness 5.4 N/mm. If the vibrating system
have a dashpot attached which exerts a force of 40 N when the mass has a velocity of 1 m/s, find : 1.
critical damping coefficient, 2. damping factor, 3. Logarithmic decrement, and 4. ratio of two
consecutive amplitudes.

Sign: Grade:
PRACTICAL – 9:
TO DETERMINE WHIRLING SPEED OF THE SHAFT AND STUDY EFFECT
OF SHAFT DIAMETER AND END CONDITIONS ON THE SAME

AIM:
To study the whirling of Shaft

THEORY:
If a body or disc mounted upon shafts rotates about it, then C. G. of disc must be at shaft axis, if
perfect running balance is to be obtained. But practically, because of difficulty of perfect machining,
disc C. G. does not coincide with shaft axis. Hence, when such shaft rotates, it deflects towards
heavier side of disc due to unbalanced centrifugal force. As we go on increasing the speed of shaft, a
speed is reached at which the disc vibrates violently, this is the critical speed. After passing this
speed, the shaft again runs quietly.
Critical speeds depend upon the magnitude and location of the load carried by the shaft, length and
diameter of shaft and support conditions. The shaft may be operated below and above critical speed
safely, but general practice is to operate the shaft below critical speed. Higher speeds are rarely used,
e. g. some steam turbines exceed critical speed, but they do not run long enough at critical speed for
vibrations to build up to an excessive amplitude.

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is designed to demonstrate this phenomenon. It consists of a base frame, over which
two bearing supports are mounted. The driving end carries a bearing block with two ball bearings
giving fixed end condition for shaft. At tail end, two types of bearing blocks are provided, one for
fixed tail end and one for free tail end. The shaft is driven by a variable speed motor.
Each shaft is provided with eccentric revolving disc. Thus, the students can visualise the effect of
whirling of the shaft.
i)Shaft – 3.15 mm 1 mm and 8 mm
ii)Bearing blocks ‐
iii)Driving End ‐ Fixed end shaft support with two SRDG bearings – I Nos .
iv)Tail End ‐ a ) Fixed end shaft support with two SRDG bearings – I Nos .
b) Free end shaft support with self aligning ball bearing‐I Nos
v)Motor ‐ I/ 6 H.P., 1500 rpm universal motor with variable speed drive.
vi) Rotating discs ‐ One for each shaft

PROCEDURE:
i) Fix the required shaft at the driving end.
ii) Fix the bearing block at tail end (either for fixed end condition or free end condition) and tighten
the shaft.
iii) Start the motor and slowly increase the speed. At a certain speed, disc will vibrate violently.
Hold the shaft by hand to avoid shaft bending and note down the speed.
iv) Increase the speed. Now shaft will operate above critical speed without vibrations.
v) Repeat the procedure by changing the end conditions.
vi) Repeat the procedure by changing the shaft.

OBSERVATIONS:

Sr. No. Shaft Dia, m End Conditions Whirling Speed, RPM

DATA:
1) m1 = Uniformly distributed load ( own weight of shaft )
= 0.0609 Kg/m for Dia. 3.15 mm. shaft.
= 0.221 Kg/m for Dia. 6 mm. shaft.
= 0.393 Kg/m for Dia 8 mm. shaft.

2) L = Length of shafts = 0.900 m

3) E = Modulus of Elasticity = 2.7x1011 N/m2

4) I = Moment of inertia of shaft = 4.83 x 10‐12 m4 for dia 3.15 shaft

= 6.36 x 10‐11 m4 for dia 6 shaft
= 2. 0 1 x 10‐10 m4 for Dia 8 shaft
Deflection of shaft under own weight,
δs1 = 5. m1.g. L4/ (384.E.I.) -------------Both Ends Fixed

δs2 = 5. m1.g. L4 / (185 E.I.)-------------One Ends Fixed and one End Free

NOTE:
The calculated values of frequencies may vary greatly from theory because practically it is not
possible to have perfectly straight shaft and whirling of shafts is actually a destructive test.

PRECAUTIONS:
i) Operate all the controls gently.
ii) Check all nut bolts for tightening before starting the experiment.
iii) Do not allow to strike the disc to the frame at critical speeds.
CALCULATIONS:

fn =

Sign: Grade: