Novriadi et al., Journal of Science and Applicative Technology vol. 7 (2), 2023, pp.

78-82

Original Article

e-ISSN: 2581-0545 - https://journal.itera.ac.id/index.php/jsat/

Condition of Coral Reef in Kelagian Besar Island

Received 15th June 2023 Novriadi a*, Khairul Anam b, Abdul Aziz c
Accepted 11th September 2023
Published 11th December 2023 a Biology Study Program, Faculty of Science, Sumatera Institute of Technology, South Lampung

Open Access b Lampung Diving Center, Bandar Lampung

c Anemon Diving Club, Bandar Lampung
DOI: 10.35472/jsat.v7i2.1455
* Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The coral reef ecosystem plays many important roles for society. One of the its role is as a tourist attraction. Kelagian
Island lies near Pahawang island which is the major attraction of marine tourism in Lampung. This position makes Kelagian Island
the most potential alternative island after Pahawang Island. However, sufficient information about the coral condition and
profile in Kelagian Island has yet to support this potential. For that reason, a study about coral reef conditions on Kelagian island
must be conducted to provide information and support the possibility of tourism development on Kelagian island. This study
was conducted in August 2022 using Point Intercept Transect (PIT) in three different sites on Kelagian Island. Coral reef condition
in 3 meter depth were generally in good condition, meanwhile in 7 meters depth coral reef condition were in medium state.
There were 22 genera found in Kelagian island. Acropora and Porites were found dominating three meter depth. On the other
hand in seven meter of depth, Goniopora and Favia were abundantly found. Diversity index, Evenness, and Dominance Index in
Kelagian Island are 2,29-2,49 (medium), 1-0,83 (stable), and 0,12-0,15 (low) respectively.

Keywords: Point Intercept Transect, Kelagian Island, Coral Reef

Abstrak: Ekosistem terumbu karang memainkan peranan yang sangat penting bagi manusia. Salah satu manfaat ekosistem ini
sebagai daya tarik wisata. Pulau Kelagian terletak dekat dengan Pulau Pahawang dan membuat pulau ini berpotensi menjadi
alternatif tujuan wisata selain Pulau Pahawang. Namun, potensi wisata di pulau ini belum didukung oleh tersedianya informasi
tentang kondisi terumbu karang terkini di Pulau Kelagian. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian tentang kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau
Kelagian perlu dilakukan sebagai data awal yang dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan kondisi terumbu karang dan
mendukung potensi wisata di pulau tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Agustus 2022 dengan menggunakan teknik Point
Intercept Transect pada 3 titik stasiun penelitian Pulau Kelagian. Kondisi terumbu karang di kedalaman 3 meter secara umum
dalam kondisi baik, sedangkan di kedalaman 7 meter, kondisi tutupan terumbu karang dalam kondisi sedang. Sebanyak 22
genera ditemukan dengan dominansi karang dari genus Acropora dan Porites (3 meter) serta Goniopora dan Favia (7 meter).
Indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman dan dominansi di seluruh stasiun penelitian secara berurutan yaitu 2,29-2,49, 1-0,83 dan
0,12-0,15..

Kata Kunci : Point Intercept Transect, Pulau Kelagian, Terumbu Karang

Additionally, coral reefs have the potential to be sources

of medicinal substances in the future. Numerous studies
Introduction
have focused on anti-cancer compounds derived from
organic materials within coral reef organisms. Another
Coral reef ecosystems play important roles to coastal important function is their role as tourist attraction [1].
society. This ecosystem provides not only protection If we were to calculate the total benefits of coral reef
from wave action but also economic benefit. The ecosystems in terms of valuation, the value of
presence of coral reefs provides the habitat for fish to Indonesia's coral reefs would amount to Rp. 45 trillion.
breed, ensuring the sustainability of the fish stocks Therefore, it is crucial to raise awareness about the
nationally through healthy coral reef ecosystem. importance of preserving this highly valuable natural
resource [2].

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Copyright © 2023 Journal of Science and Applicative Technology.

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Licence. Any further distribution of this
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 FIRST AUTHOR LAST NAME et al., Journal of Science and Applicative Technology vol. x (xx), 20xx, pp. x- x

Journal of Science and Applicative Technology Original Article

Nowadays, coral reefs face various threats from both percentage of coverage (%). The collected data was
natural and human activities. From an anthropological processed using the following formula:
perspective, many coral reef ecosystems have been 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
destroyed and reduced to rubble. This damage is caused % 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑥 100%
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
by the use of bombs and toxins during illegal fishing [3].
Ship anchors and coral mining have been also The condition of the coral reef ecosystem can be
contributing to the destruction of coral reef ecosystems, determined based on the standard set by Gomez & Yap
leading to the formation of rubble [4]. Marine tourism [10] as follows:
activities also cause to coral reef damage, particularly
due to environmentally unfriendly tourist behavior [5]. Poor condition: 0-24.9% coverage.

Kelagian Island is located in the Pesawaran regency and Fair condition: 25-49.9% coverage.
is adjacent to Pulau Pahawang, which is a primary Good condition: 50-74.9% coverage.
marine tourism destination in Lampung. Comprising
Kelagian Besar and Kelagian Kecil, these islands are Excellent condition: 75-100% coverage.
under the management of the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) Table 1. Data recording codes used in the study using the PIT method
and are uninhabited. Its proximity to Pulau Pahawang by Manuputty et al. [8].
makes Kelagian Island a potential alternative tourist
destination alongside Pulau Pahawang [6]. However, the Code Categories
NA Non-Acropora
tourism potential of this island has not been supported
AC Acropora
by up-to-date information regarding the current
DCA Dead Coral with Algae
condition of the coral reefs in Kelagian Island. Therefore,
DC Dead Coral
research on the coral reef condition in Kelagian Island is FS Fleshy Seaweed
necessary as initial data to describe the coral reef SC Soft Coral
condition and support the tourism potential of the S Sand
island. Additionally, this data can serve as a reference for RK Rock
evaluating tourism activities on Kelagian Island once R Rubble
marine tourism becomes more prominent on the island. SI Silt

Method
The research took place during June 2023 on Kelagian
Island, Pesawaran Regency. A Manta tow survey [7], was
conducted to determine the research station points,
which were then marked using GPS. Another
consideration was that these research points were
locations that were starting to be frequently visited by
tourists. Coral reef condition samples were taken at two
depths: 3 meters and 7 meters (Figure 1).
This research utilized a modified Point Intercept
Transect (PIT) method, adapted from the PIT method for
communities by Manuputty [8]. This method was chosen
because it was considered easily understood by the local Figure 1. Research location, Kelagian Island, Pesawaran Regency,
Lampung
community, as the research involved their participation.
Furthermore, the relatively short time required for data
collection was another reason for selecting this method Results And Discussion
[9]. SCUBA divers pulled out a 50-meter measuring tape.
Every 0.5 meters were marked with a scale from 1 to The distribution of corals on Kelagian Island generally
100. The types of data recorded can be seen in Table 1. occurs between depths of 1 meter to 7 meters. This
The obtained data was separated and calculated as a study identified 22 genera of corals in the waters of

Copyright © 2023 Journal of Science and Applicative Technology J. Sci. Appl. Tech. vol. 7 (2), 2023, pp. 78-82 | 79
Published by: Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (LPPM)
Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, Indonesia
 Novriadi et al., Journal of Science and Applicative Technology vol. 7 (2), 2023, pp. 78-82

Original Article Journal of Science and Applicative Technology

Kelagian Island (Table 2). The 3-meter depth exhibited Table 2. Coral genus found in Kelagian Island, Pesawaran Regency.
higher abundance compared to the 7-meter depth.
Almost all genera of corals in this study were found at a Coral Genus Depth (3m) Depth (7m)
depth of 3 meters, while at a depth of 7 meters, only 10 St1 St2 St3 St1 St2 St3
Acropora v v v v - -
genera were found, dominated by massive corals, Chypastrea - - - - v v
foliose corals, and branching corals. The highest Ctenactis - - - - v v
abundance was observed at the research points located Favia - v v v v v
on the side of Kelagian Island. Conversely, the end of the Favites v v v v - -
Fungia - - v - v v
island (point 1) had the lowest abundance. The coral
Galaxea - v v - - -
reefs on Kelagian Island belong to the Acroporidae
Goniastrea v v v v v v
family (Acropora and Montipora), Faviidae family, and Goniopora - - - - v v
Poritidae family. The genera of corals found at a depth Hydnopora v v v - v v
of 3 meters include Acropora, Favites, Goniastrea, Leptoseris v v v v - -
Leptoseris, Montastrea, Montipora, Pectinia, Pavona, Lobophilla - v v - - -
Pocillopora, and Symphyllia. At a depth of 7 meters, only Montastrea v v v v v -
genera from the groups Cyphastrea, Goniopora, and Montipora v v v v v v
Polyphyllia were found. Pavona v v v v - v
Pectinia v v v - v -
Acropora and Porites are genera found in all research Platygyra v v - - - -
stations at a depth of 3 meters, while Goniopora and Polyphylia - - - - v v
Favia are the genera present at each research station at Porites v v v v v v
a depth of 7 meters. This is possible because Acropora Stylophora v v - - - -
and Porites are the primary reef builders and dominant Symphillia v v v - - -
coral genera in the coral reef ecosystem in Indonesia v: found
[11]. Meanwhile, Goniopora is a genus that is tolerant to -: not found
sedimentation and can thrive in areas with mixed muddy
sediment [12]. The abundance of corals on Kelagian Percentage of Coral Cover
Island is influenced by depth differences. The variation The percentage of live coral cover on Kelagian Island
in depth results in different sunlight absorption. This can ranges from 40% to 70% (Table 2). The highest coral
be observed from the difference in coral composition cover percentage is found at a depth of 3 meters, while
between depths of 3 and 7 meters, as the the lowest cover is observed at a depth of 7 meters. The
photosynthetic activity of coral animals depends on the 3-meter depth has the highest cover at station 2,
penetration of sunlight [13]. The difference in light followed by station 3. In contrast, station 1 has the
intensity capable of penetrating the water column is lowest cover with the highest rubble value among the
believed to be the cause of this compositional three research stations. Stations 2 and 3 are located on
difference. The presence of surrounding islands, the side of the island that receives good water
including the Sumatran mainland, influences the circulation. Water circulation is necessary for the
environmental conditions of the waters around Kelagian distribution of larvae, microplankton, and serves to
Island. During the rainy season, runoff from the clean sediments [15]. However, at point 1, located at the
mainland in the form of sediment carried by river end of the island, this area experiences the greatest
currents will end up in the waters surrounding Kelagian sediment accumulation, which limits the diversity of
Island. This sediment increases turbidity, decreases corals. At a depth of 7 meters, the lowest cover is also
water clarity, and eventually accumulates on the found at point 1, with a coverage of 42%. The coral reefs
seafloor. High sedimentation can disrupt coral growth
on Kelagian Island are in good and fair conditions. The
[14].
good condition is observed at all research stations at a
depth of 3 meters, while the fair condition is observed at
all stations at a depth of 7 meters.

80 | Journal of Science and Applicative Technology , vol. 7 (2), 2023, pp. 78-82 e-ISSN: 2581-0545
Condition of Coral Reef in Kelagian Besar Island
 FIRST AUTHOR LAST NAME et al., Journal of Science and Applicative Technology vol. x (xx), 20xx, pp. x- x

Journal of Science and Applicative Technology Original Article

They usually occupy spaces not occupied by other coral

74

72
66
species [20].
Table 3. Coral cover percentage in Kelagian Island based on Life Form
COVERAGE (%)

48
Depth Station Cover percentage

44
42

ACB CB CE CM CS CF CMR
3m 1 30,2 3,03 12,1 30,3 6,06 18,1 0
2 29,7 5,40 5,40 27,02 8,10 18,9 2,70
3 25 0 5,55 27,7 16,6 22,2 2,77
7m 1 0 9,52 9,52 42,85 4,76 28,57 0
2 0 0 12,5 58,33 4,16 8,33 16,6
3 0 0 13,6 59,09 0 9,09 18,18

STATION 1 STATION 2 STATION 3 ACB : Acropora branching CS : Coral submassive

CB : Non Acropora branching CF : Coral foliose
3m 7 meter CE : Coral encrusting CMR : Coral mushrom
STATION CM : Coral massive

Figure 2. Percentage of coral cover in Kelagian Island, Kabupaten

Coral diversity index in Kelagian Island ranges from 2.29
Pesawaran Regency to 2.49 (Table 4). The diversity index is considered
moderate. Within this range, Station 1 exhibits low
abundance, which is believed to be due to higher
The low coral cover at a depth of 7 meters is likely due ecological pressures compared to other stations. On the
to the substrate condition, which consists mostly of sand other hand, the evenness index ranges from 0.83 to 1,
and mud. Such substrate is not suitable for coral indicating overall stability. All index fall within the stable
settlement as corals require hard and stable substrates range. Generally, the dominance index of corals in
for larval attachment. Additionally, larval recruitment of Kelagian Island ranges from 0.15 to 0.12. The lowest
corals depends on water circulation driven by currents index is found at Station 1, suggesting the presence of
[16]. Sedimentation and resuspension of sediments also specific dominant coral species in the area.
affect coral resilience. Coral colonies will experience
Table 4. Diversity, Dominance, and Evenness Index of Coral Reefs at
mortality or tissue damage when sediment loads exceed Research Stations in Kelagian Island, Pesawaran Regency.
their cleaning capacity. Excessive sediments can also Depth Station H’ Index E Index C Index
cause anoxic conditions on the colony surface, leading to 3 meter 1 2,29 0,85 0,15
2 2,49 0,86 0,13
tissue death [17]. Smaller sediment particles can enter 3 2,46 0,83 0,12
coral cavities and hinder mucus production. Fine 7 meter 1 2,47 0,96 0,12
sediments will mix with mucus, forming sticky clumps 2 2,28 0,92 0,13
that cover the polyp surface. Once sediment clumps 3 2,29 1 0,14
H’ : Shanon-Weiner Index
form, they become increasingly difficult to be removed
E : Evennes Index
by coral tentacles or cilia. C : Dominance Index
Based on the growth forms, the coral reef in Kelagian
Island consists of branching Acropora corals, massive
corals, and foliose corals. At a depth of 3 meters, Conclusions
branching corals dominate, while at a depth of 7 meters, Twenty-two (22) hermatypic genera were found in
the dominant forms are massive corals and foliose corals Kelagian Island. The abundance is higher at a depth of 3
(Table 3). Branching corals from the Acropora genus meters compared to 7 meters at all research stations.
indicate high light availability and good water Acropora and Porites dominate at a depth of 3 meters,
circulation. The presence of Acropora suggests that the while Goniopora and Favia dominate at a depth of 7
area has favorable wave action [18]. At a depth of 7 meters. The condition of the coral reef ecosystem in the
meters, besides the dominance of massive corals, other waters of Kelagian Island is classified as good and
growth forms such as foliose corals, encrusting corals, moderate. All stations at a depth of 3 meters are
submassive corals, and mushroom corals (CMR) are also classified as good, while at a depth of 7 meters, all
found. Mushroom corals (CMR) are commonly found on research stations are classified as moderate. The coral
sandy substrates with low coral cover. These corals live diversity index in Kelagian Island is classified as
freely or solitarily and do not attach to substrates [19]. moderate, ranging from 2.29 to 2.49. The evenness

Copyright © 2023 Journal of Science and Applicative Technology J. Sci. Appl. Tech. vol. 7 (2), 2023, pp. 78-82 | 81
Published by: Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (LPPM)
Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, Indonesia
 Novriadi et al., Journal of Science and Applicative Technology vol. 7 (2), 2023, pp. 78-82

Original Article Journal of Science and Applicative Technology

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82 | Journal of Science and Applicative Technology , vol. 7 (2), 2023, pp. 78-82 e-ISSN: 2581-0545
Condition of Coral Reef in Kelagian Besar Island