PAPER- V

6. Introduction to
Network [LAN and Wi-Fi]
27-01-2022

PRESENTED BY:
Er. MAVI KAPOOR
B.E. (CSE) M.A. (PUB. ADMn.) M.B.A. (HRM)
CITY MISSION MANAGER (SD&I)
CITY MISSION MANAGEMENT UNIT KATHUA
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
NETWORKS
•Modern world scenario is ever
changing.
•Data Communication and
network have changed the way
business and other daily affair
works.
•Now, they highly rely on
computer networks and
internetwork.
•A set of devices often
mentioned as nodes
connected by media link is
called a Network.
• A node can be a device which is
capable of sending or receiving
data generated by other nodes on
the network like a computer,
printer etc. These links
connecting the devices are
called Communication
channels.
COMPUTER NETWORK
• Computer network is a
telecommunication channel using
which we can share data with
other computers or devices,
connected to the same network.
• It is also called Data Network.
The best example of computer
network is Internet.
Distributed System Vs
Computer Network
•Computer network does not
mean a system with one
Control Unit connected to
multiple other systems as its
slave. That is Distributed
system, not Computer
Network.
What is a Computer Network?

A system containing any combination

of computers, computer terminals,
printers, audio or visual display
devices, or telephones interconnected
by telecommunication equipment or
cables: used to transmit or receive
information.
The Network Diagram
A network must be able to
meet certain criteria, these are
mentioned below:
1.Performance
2.Reliability
3.Security
4.Scalability
1. Computer Networks: Performance
• It can be measured in the
following ways:
• Transit time : It is the time
taken to travel a message from
one device to another.
• Response time : It is defined as
the time elapsed between enquiry
and response.
Other ways to measure performance
are :

•Efficiency of software
•Number of users
•Capability of connected
hardware
2. Computer Networks: Reliability

•It decides the frequency at

which network failure take
place.
•More the failures are, less is
the network's reliability.
3. Computer Networks: Security
• It refers to the protection of data
from any unauthorized user or
access.
• While travelling through network,
data passes many layers of network,
and data can be traced if attempted.
• Hence security is also a very
important characteristic for
Networks.
4. Scalability
•This is the ability of a network
to expand such that it gives
room for more devices to be
interconnected and integrated
into the network without
causing any major changes to
the whole network.
 Properties of a Good Network
• Interpersonal Communication:
• We can communicate with each other
efficiently and easily. Example:
emails, chat rooms, video
conferencing etc, all of these are
possible because of computer
networks.
Properties of a Good Network
• Resources can be shared: We
can share physical resources by
making them available on a
network such as printers,
scanners etc.
• Sharing files, data: Authorized
users are allowed to share the files
on the network.
Types of Network
There are many types of computer
networking which are used world
wide these days. There are some
types of network that are using
Worldwide:
❑LAN - Local Area Network
❑WAN - Wide Area Network
❑WLAN - Wireless Local Area
Network
❑PAN - Personal Area Network
❑SAN - Storage Area Network
❑GAN - Global Area Network
❑MAN - Metropolitan Area
Network
❑CAN - Controller Area Network
❑DAN - Desk Area Network
❑VPN - Virtual Private Network
Local Area Network (LAN)
•LAN a type of computer
network that deals with
usually a small area and
mostly restricted to one place;
for instance, the networking of
a cyber cafe, a computer lab, or
just a building of an
organization.
• The networking of a home or a small
building is known as a SOHO LAN
(Meaning Small Home Office
Local Area Network).
• In this type of networking, there are
usually few computers and other
network devices, e.g., switches and
routers involved.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• MAN is a type of computer network
that is larger than a LAN but not
up to a WAN (Wide Area Network).
• It is an intermediary between LAN
and WAN.
• It spans across more areas than in
LAN and has a larger amount of
computers; it can also be seen as a
combination of more than one LANs.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• In this type, the use of routers are
well employed for network
segregation and integration, and
it requires more administrative
checks due to its size.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
• This is the largest form of
computer network spanning
across thousands of hectares of
land area. It can go across states
and countries; there is no limit to
the amount of computer and
networking devices or resources
involved.
• WAN employs the use of all
necessary networking devices like
switches, routers, hubs, bridges,
repeaters, etc. This type of
networking usually requires a full-
time administrative check, as its
failure can lead to massive data loss
or theft.
• An easily familiar example is the
Internet.
Distinguish Between LAN,WAN,MAN
Network Devices
1. ROUTER
2. SWITCH
3. HUB
4. BRIDGE
1. Router
• A router is used to connect
different networks together. I.e.,
for two or more LANs to be
interconnected, you need a
router.
• It is responsible for the path
determination of sent data.
2. Switch
• The switch is responsible for
connecting the computers
together.
• The switch is a major backbone of
LANs.
• As it provides an avenue for
different computers to be
interconnected.
Wireless Router
• You might have in your home.
• A wireless router helps to connect
multiple devices without wire.
• Commonly known as wi-fi
network and used to distribute
the Internet to multiple devices at
home, shop, or office.
Hub
• Hub is also known as a multi-port
repeater due to its similarity with the
repeater, though there are specific
devices called repeaters.
• The hub was also used to connect
computers and share data amongst
them, but it is now majorly used as a
repeater to repeat signals from long
distances.
Ethernet
• Ethernet to the cabling and ports
system involved in networking.
• The network cables are referred to as
Ethernet cables, and they are used to
connect a computer to all other
networking devices or for a computer
to computer connection.
• The most common of which is the
RJ45 connector.
IP address
• IP means Internet Protocol.
• The IP address is a 32-bit address
given to computers, switches, and
routers, so as for them to be easily
located by other devices on the
network.
• This exists in two versions currently,
which are IPv4 (IP version 4)
and IPv6 (IP version 6).
MAC
• MAC (Media Access Control) address is a
64-bit manufacturer’s address burnt on
the motherboards of computers, routers,
and switches.
• Every computer, switch, or router has a
MAC address that is unique to itself.
• This is a source of unique identity to
electronic devices for easy recognition.
• It is as unique as the fingerprint of human
beings.
Subnet mask
• Subnet mask helps to determine the class
of an IP address, as it is assigned to
computers, routers, or switches alongside
an IP address to clarify its class or
network.
• For class A IP address – subnet mask, is
written as 255.0.0.0
• For class B IP address – subnet mask is
written as 255.255.0.0
• For class C IP address – subnet mask is
written as 255.255.255.0
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
• VLAN is a method of logically
separating a LAN and making it
look like different networks in
one.
• Physically its one network, but
logically they are different
networks.
• This is done by a switch (only
when configured to do so).
WI-FI
• Wi-Fi is a method of connecting
computers to a network without
the use of cables, i.e. wireless
networking, which involves the
use of Wi-Fi-enabled computers,
access points, wireless routers,
etc.
Network Classification By Their Component Role
Peer To Peer Network
▪ In peer to peer network each computer is
responsible for making its own resources
available to other computers on the
network.
▪ Each computer is responsible for setting
up and maintaining its own security for
these resources.
▪ Also each computer is responsible for
accessing the required network resources
from peer to peer relationships.
Peer To Peer Network
▪ Peer to peer network is useful for a small
network containing less than 10
computers on a single LAN .
▪ In peer to peer network each computer
can function as both client and server.
▪ Peer to peer networks do not have a
central control system. There are no
servers in peer networks.
▪ Peer networks are amplified into home
group.
Advantages of Peer To Peer Network
Advantages:
▪ Use less expensive computer
hardware
▪ Easy to administer
▪ No NOS required
▪ More built in redundancy
▪ Easy setup & low cost
Disadvantages of Peer To Peer Network
Disadvantages:
▪ Not very secure
▪ No central point of storage or file
archiving
▪ Additional load on computer
because of resource sharing
▪ Hard to maintain version control
Client/Server Network
▪ In client-server network relationships,
certain computers act as server and other
act as clients. A server is simply a
computer, that available the network
resources and provides service to other
computers when they request it. A client
is the computer running a program that
requests the service from a server.
Client/Server Network
▪ Local area network(LAN) is based on client
server network relationship.
▪ A client-server network is one on which all
available network resources such as files,
directories, applications and shared devices,
are centrally managed and hosted and then
are accessed by client.
▪ Client serve network are defined by the
presence of servers on a network that
provide security and administration of the
network.
Advantages of Client/Server Network
Advantages:
• Very secure
• Better performance
• Centralized backup
• very reliable
Disadvantages of Client/Server Network
Disadvantages:
• Requires professional
administration
• More hardware intensive
• More software intensive
• Expensive dedicated software
Types of Servers
❑File server: These servers provide the
services for storing, retrieving and
moving the data. A user can read, write,
exchange and manage the files with the
help of file servers.
❑Printer server: The printer server is used
for controlling and managing printing
on the network. It also offers the fax
service to the network users.
❑Application server: The expensive software
and additional computing power can be
shared by the computers in a network with
he help of application servers.
❑Message server: It is used to co-ordinate
the interaction between users, documents
and applications. The data can be used in
the for of audio, video, binary, text or
graphics.
❑Database server: It is a type of application
server
Applications of Computer Network :
▪ Sharing of resources such as printers
▪ Sharing of expensive software's and
database
▪ Communication from one computer to
another computer
▪ Exchange of data and information
among users via network
▪ Sharing of information over
geographically wide areas.
Components of Computer Network
Two or more computers
Cables as links between the
computers
A network interfacing card(NIC) on
each computer
Switches
Software called operating system(OS)
Network Benefits
The network provided to the users
can be divided into two categories:
❑Sharing
❑Connectivity
Sharing Resources
Types of resources are:
▪ Hardware: A network allows users to
share many hardware devices such as
printers , modems, fax machines, CD
ROM, players, etc.
▪ Software: sharing software resources
reduces the cost of software installation,
saves space on hard disk.
Other Benefits of Computer Network
❑Increased speed
❑Reduced cost
❑Improved security
❑Centralized software managements
❑Electronic mail
❑Flexible access
Disadvantages of Computer
Networks
•High cost of installation
•Requires time for administration
•Failure of server
•Cable faults