1

Abstract

The purpose of study was to examine the relationship among the perceived

social support, self Esteem and loneliness among adults. The correlation research

design was be used for this study. The sample of study was compromised of N=200

in adults after ensuring the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participant was be

selected through random sampling technique. The Multidimensional Scale of

Perceived Social Support (SimMet, Dahlia, SimMet & Farley, 1988), The Rosenberg

Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, M.1965) and the (Daniel Russell, Letitia Peplum and

Mary Ferguson in 1978) was used to measure perceived social support, self Esteem

and Loneliness respectively. It is hypothesized that there is a significance relationship

among social support, self Esteem and loneliness in adults. a) There wasl be

significant relationship between perceived social support and loneliness in young

adults b) perceived social support and self Esteem was be the predictors of loneliness.

The Score was recorded and analyzed by IBM SPSS- 20. Descriptive statistics

mainly mean, mode, standard deviation and correlational operations, regression,

independent t-test will be performed All the ethical issues was be addressed. To test

the hypothesis the correlation was used to find out the relationship among perceived

social support, the Self Esteem and loneliness in young adults.

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction

The purpose of study will be to examine the relationship among the perceived

social support, self Esteem and loneliness among adults. There is a significance

relationship among perceived social support, self Esteem and loneliness in adults.

There will be significant relationship between perceived social support and loneliness

in young adults .perceived social support and self Esteem will be the predictors of

loneliness Perceived social support, self-esteem, and loneliness in young adults are all

important factors that can influence mental well-being. Perceived social support refers

to how young adults perceive the support they receive from others. According to

research by Cobb, S., House, J. S., Cohen, S., and Wills, T. A., having a strong

support system can help young adults cope with stress and improve their overall well-

being.(Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985).Self-esteem, which is how young adults

perceive and value themselves, is closely linked to mental health. Orth, U., Robins, R.

W., and Roberts, B. W., have explored the relationship between self-esteem and

depression in young adults. Their work suggests that low self-esteem can increase the

risk of developing depression (Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W.

(2008).Loneliness is a common experience among young adults, and it is not just

about being physically alone. Hawley, L. C., and Racioppo, J. T., have conducted

extensive research on loneliness, highlighting its impact on mental and physical

health. They emphasize the importance of addressing loneliness and fostering social

connections (Hawley, L. C., &Racioppo, J. T.(2010).

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1.1 Perceived Social Support

Perceived social support in adults refers to an individual's subjective perception of

the availability and adequacy of support from their social network. It encompasses the

belief that others are there to provide assistance, understanding, and emotional

connection when needed. House and colleagues (1988) expanded on this work by

highlighting the different dimensions of perceived social support. They identified

three main types of support emotional support (expressions of empathy and

understanding), instrumental support (tangible assistance), and informational support

(provision of advice and guidance). Each type of support contributes to an individual's

overall perception of social support. Furthermore, Cohen and Wills (1985)

emphasized the role of perceived social support as a protective factor against the

negative effects of stress on health. Their research demonstrated that individuals with

higher levels of perceived social support exhibited lower levels of psychological

distress and better immune functioning. These references provide a comprehensive

understanding of perceived social support in adults and its impact on health outcomes.

They underscore the importance of social connections and supportive

relationships in promoting well-being. Feeling supported by friends, family, or peers

can reduce stress and anxiety. Young adults often face significant life transitions, such

as entering the workforce or attending college, which can be stressful. Perceived

social support helps buffer these stresses and can reduce the risk of mental health

issues like depression and anxiety. Knowing that one has a reliable support network

boosts self-esteem and confidence. When young adults perceive that they have people

to turn to, they are more likely to take on challenges and pursue goals, feeling assured
 4

that they have backup if needed. Social support provides practical help and emotional

reassurance, which aids in coping with life's difficulties. This support can come in the

form of advice, encouragement, or tangible assistance, all of which are valuable for

navigating problems effectively.

Support from family, friends, or mentors can enhance academic and career

achievements. It can offer motivation, guidance, and resources that help young adults

succeed in their studies or professional endeavors. Perceived social support is

associated with better physical health outcomes.

Support networks can encourage healthier behaviors and provide emotional

and practical support during illness or recovery, contributing to overall well-being.

Positive social interactions foster the development of interpersonal skills and can help

young adults build and maintain healthy relationships. A supportive environment

encourages better communication and conflict resolution Skills.

Having a strong perception of social support enhances resilience. Young

adults with a solid support system are better equipped to handle setbacks and adapt to

changes, which is crucial for long-term success and well-being. Perceived social

support plays a fundamental role in the emotional, psychological, and physical health

of young adults, impacting their overall quality of life and ability to thrive in various

aspects of their lives.

1.1.1 Social Support Theory

Social support refers to the perception or reality that one is cared for, has

assistance available from others, and is part of a supportive network. This includes

emotional support, informational support, tangible support, and companionship.

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This theory, proposed by Cobb and colleagues (1976), suggests that social support

acts as a buffer against the negative effects of stress on health. It emphasizes the

importance of perceived availability and adequacy of support from social networks in

promoting well-beings. According to this theory, social support can be categorized

into different types

1. Emotional Support This involves receiving empathy, understanding, and

expressions of care from others during times of distress or emotional upheaval.

2. Instrumental Support This refers to receiving tangible assistance, such as

practical help, resources, or guidance, to address specific problems or challenges.

3. Informational Support This type of support involves receiving advice,

suggestions, or information to help individuals better understand and cope with a

situation or problem.

4. Appraisal Support This involves receiving feedback, evaluation, or

guidance on one's thoughts, fee the theory suggests that social support acts as a buffer

against stress. It helps individuals manage and reduce the negative effects of stressful

situations by providing emotional comfort, practical assistance, and social integration.

Adequate social support has been linked to better physical health outcomes, such as

lower rates of cardiovascular diseases and improved immune function, as well as

better mental health, including lower levels of anxiety and depression.

Offers a sense of reassurance and belonging, which helps to alleviate feelings

of loneliness and distress. Provides guidance and advice, helping individuals make

informed decisions and solve problems. Involves practical help, such as financial

assistance or help with daily tasks. Offers a sense of connection and shared
 6

experiences, reducing feelings of isolation. Lings, or behaviors, helping individuals

gain a better perspective on their situation.

1.1.2 Social Exchange Theory

According to this theory, developed by Thibaut and Kelley (1959), individuals

engage in social relationships based on the perceived costs and rewards. In the context

of perceived social support, individuals seek support from their social networks based

on the expectation of receiving benefits in return. This theory, proposed by Thibaut

and Kelley in 1959, suggests that individuals engage in relationships and seek support

based on a cost-benefit analysis. It means that people consider the potential rewards

and costs associated with receiving support from others. According to this theory,

individuals weigh the benefits they receive from a relationship or social support

against the costs they have to invest, such as time, effort, or emotional energy. They

also consider alternatives and compare them to determine whether the benefits

outweigh the costs. The Social Exchange Theory highlights that individuals are more

likely to seek and maintain relationships or social support when they perceive a

positive balance between the rewards and costs. It also recognizes that relationships

are dynamic and can change over time as individuals reassess their costs and benefits.

This theory provides insights into how individuals make decisions regarding their

social connections and the support they seek, considering the potential gains and

sacrifices involved.

1.1.3 Attachment Theory

Attachment theory, which was developed by John Bowlby in the 1960s,

focuses on the emotional bonds formed between individuals, particularly between

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infants and their primary caregivers. It suggests that early experiences with caregivers

shape a person's attachment style and influence their future relationships and

emotional well-being. According to attachment theory, there are four main attachment

styles 1. Secure Attachment Individuals with a secure attachment style feel

comfortable with intimacy and are able to trust others. They have positive views of

themselves and others, and they seek support when needed.2. Anxious-Preoccupied

Attachment People with an anxious-preoccupied attachment style often worry about

being abandoned or not being loved. They seek constant reassurance and validation

from their partners, and they may be overly dependent on others.3. Avoidant

Attachment Individuals with an avoidant attachment style tend to avoid emotional

closeness and may have difficulty trusting others. They value independence and self-

reliance, and they may struggle with intimacy and vulnerability.4. Disorganized

Attachment This attachment style is characterized by a mix of anxious and avoidant

behaviors. People with a disorganized attachment style may have experienced

inconsistent or abusive caregiving, leading to confusion and fear in relationships.

Attachment theory emphasizes the importance of early relationships in shaping a

person's attachment style and their ability to form secure and healthy relationships

throughout life. It also highlights the impact of attachment on emotional regulation,

self-esteem, and overall well-being.

1.2 Self Esteem

Self-esteem refers to an individual's overall evaluation and perception of their

own worth and value. It involves how individuals view themselves, their abilities, and

their self-worth.
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Self-esteem can have a significant impact on various aspects of an adult's life,

including their mental health, relationships, and overall well-being (Rosenberg, M.

(1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University Press) .Adults

with high self-esteem generally have a positive self-image, believe in their abilities,

and feel confident in their worth as individuals. They are more likely to have a

positive outlook on life, engage in healthy relationships, and take on challenges with

resilience. Laumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., &Vows, K. D (2003).

On the other hand, adults with low self-esteem may struggle with negative

self-perceptions, self-doubt, and feelings of inadequacy. This can lead to difficulties

in various areas of life, such as low motivation, relationship problems, and mental

health issues. It's important to note that self-esteem can be influenced by various

factors, including early childhood experiences, social interactions, cultural influences,

and personal achievements. It can also fluctuate throughout a person's life in response

to different experiences and circumstances. Two prominent High self-esteem is

associated with better mental health. It helps young adults manage stress, reduce

anxiety, and combat depression. A strong sense of self-worth contributes to emotional

stability and resilience.

Self-esteem influences motivation and performance. Young adults with high

self-esteem are more likely to set and pursue challenging goals, persist in the face of

obstacles, and achieve success in their studies and careers. Healthy self-esteem

enhances interpersonal relationships. Young Adults with positive self-regard are

better at forming and maintaining satisfying relationships, as they tend to

communicate more effectively and establish boundaries.

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Confidence derived from self-esteem aids in making informed and assertive

decisions. Young adults with high self-esteem are more likely to trust their judgment

and make choices that align with their values and goals. Self-esteem impacts

resilience. Young adults with a strong sense of self-worth are more adept at handling

setbacks and failures, viewing them as opportunities for growth rather than threats to

their identity. Self-esteem fosters a positive self-concept, encouraging young adults to

explore their interests, talents, and aspirations. It supports continuous personal growth

and self-improvement.

Higher self-esteem is linked to healthier lifestyle choices, including better diet

and exercise habits. It also contributes to better stress management, which can have

beneficial effects on physical health. Self-esteem is crucial for young adults as it

affects their mental health, relationships, academic and career success, decision-

making, resilience, personal growth, and physical wellbeing theories in this area are

the sociometer theory and the self-verification theory.

1.2.1 The Sociometer Theory

The sociometer theory, proposed by Mark Leary and his colleagues, suggests

that self-esteem acts as an internal gauge or "sociometer" of our social acceptance and

belongingness. It means that our self-esteem levels go up or down based on how we

perceive our social interactions and relationships. A study conducted by Leary,

Tambour, Tarsal, and Downs (1995) supported the sociometer theory. They found

that individuals who experienced social exclusion or rejection reported lower levels of

self-esteem compared to those who felt included and accepted. The sociometer theory

highlights how self-esteem serves as a motivational system, driving us to seek social

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acceptance and maintain positive social connections. It emphasizes the significance of

our social relationships in shaping our self-perception and overall well-being.

1.2.2 The Self-Verification Theory

The self-verification theory, proposed by William Swann. This theory posits

that individuals have a fundamental need to maintain a consistent self-concept. People

with high self-esteem seek out and prefer feedback that confirms their existing self-

perceptions, whether positive or negative. In contrast, individuals with low self-

esteem may be more receptive to feedback that aligns with their negative self-views.

One study by Swann, Stein-Serous, and Geisler (1992) supported the self-

verification theory. They found that individuals with low self-esteem preferred

interactions that confirmed their negative self-views, even if those interactions were

negative in nature. The self-verification theory suggests that our self-esteem is

influenced by our desire for consistency between our self-concept and our

experiences. It emphasizes the importance of seeking validation and confirmation of

our self-perception, whether positive or negative.

1.2 Loneliness

Loneliness in adults is a prevalent and complex phenomenon that can have

significant impacts on individuals' well-being. It refers to the subjective experience of

social isolation or a perceived discrepancy between desired and actual social

connections. Hawley, L. C., &Racioppo, J.T (2010).

Loneliness matters A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and

mechanisms. Loneliness can be categorized into three main types of emotional

 11

loneliness, social loneliness, and existential loneliness. Emotional loneliness is

characterized by a lack of intimate and close relationships, leading to feelings of

emptiness and a longing for emotional connection. Social loneliness, on the other

hand, involves the absence of a broader social network and a sense of not belonging

or being socially disconnected. Lastly, existential loneliness is related to a deeper

sense of meaninglessness and a feeling of being disconnected from a larger purpose in

life. Research has shown that loneliness can have detrimental effects on both physical

and mental health. It has been associated with increased risk of depression, anxiety,

cardiovascular diseases, and even mortality. Understanding the different types of

loneliness can help in developing targeted interventions to address the specific needs

of individuals experiencing loneliness. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-

227.Perlman, D., &Peplum, L. A. (1981).Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In

G.R. Duck & R. Gilmour (Eds.), Personal Relationships in Disorder (pp. 31-56).

Academic Press.

Loneliness is closely linked to mental health issues such as depression,

anxiety, and stress. Young adults experiencing loneliness may feel isolated, leading to

negative emotional states and a sense of worthlessness.

Chronic loneliness can affect physical health by increasing the risk of various

conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and weakened immune function. The

stress associated with loneliness can also lead to poor health behaviors, such as

inadequate sleep and unhealthy eating. Loneliness can hinder academic and career

success. Young adults who feel isolated may struggle with motivation, concentration,
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and engagement, potentially impacting their performance and opportunities for

advancement.

Loneliness during young adulthood can affect social skills and relationship

development. Persistent feelings of isolation might hinder one's ability to form and

maintain meaningful connections, further exacerbating loneliness. Experiencing

loneliness can negatively impact self-esteem and self-worth. Young adults may begin

to question their social value and capabilities, which can affect their confidence in

various life areas.

Loneliness can lead to maladaptive coping strategies, such as substance abuse

or withdrawal from social interactions. These behaviors can further perpetuate

isolation and health issues. The experience of loneliness can affect resilience. Young

adults may find it challenging to adapt to new situations or bounce back from

setbacks if they feel unsupported and isolated. Addressing loneliness involves

building supportive social networks, fostering meaningful relationships, and seeking

professional help if needed. By understanding the importance of loneliness and its

effects, young adults can take steps to enhance their social connections and overall

well-being.

1.3.1 The Social Disconnection Model

The Social Disconnection Model suggests that loneliness is primarily caused

by a lack of social connections and relationships. According to this model, individuals

who lack meaningful social interactions and relationships are more likely to

experience loneliness (Hawkley&Cacioppo, 2010). In this model, loneliness is seen as

a result of social isolation and a deficit in social integration. It emphasizes the

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importance of social connections and the negative consequences of social

disconnection on an individual's well-being. Research conducted by Hawley and

Racioppo (2010) supports the Social Disconnection Model. They found that

individuals who reported lower levels of social integration and fewer close

relationships were more likely to experience loneliness. Their study highlights the

significance of social connections in combating loneliness.

The Social Disconnection Model is a concept used to describe the processes

and factors that lead to an individual's sense of disconnection or isolation from their

social environment. This model can be applied across various fields, including

sociology, psychology, and public health, to understand how and why individuals

become socially isolated, and what the potential consequences might be.

Introversion, shyness, or social anxiety can contribute to social disconnection.

Depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues can lead to withdrawal from

social activities. Events like moving to a new city, divorce, or job loss can disrupt

social networks. Weak or absent family, friend, or community ties can cause feelings

of isolation. Being part of a marginalized group can result in exclusion or

discrimination. Excessive use of social media or digital communication may replace

face-to-face interactions, leading to shallow connections.

Large cities can create anonymity and a lack of community, which can

contribute to social isolation. Poverty or economic disadvantage may limit access to

social opportunities. Older adults may experience social disconnection due to

retirement, loss of peers, or mobility issues. In some societies, there may be less

emphasis on socialization or communal activities. High demands at work can limit

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time and energy for social activities. Cultural shifts toward digital communication can

impact traditional social interactions.

Increased risk of depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline. Higher rates of

chronic illness weakened immune response, and even increased mortality. Lower

levels of happiness, fulfillment, and sense of purpose. Addressing social

disconnection often involves enhancing social support, promoting mental health, and

creating opportunities for meaningful social interactions. Examples include

community-building activities, mental health services, and policies that encourage

work-life balance.

Understanding social disconnection can help design better health interventions

targeting isolated populations. Creating spaces that encourage social interaction can

reduce the risks associated with social disconnection. Implementing strategies that

promote social engagement among employees can improve overall well-being and

productivity. This model helps to analyze and address the complex layers that

contribute to social disconnection, providing a framework for developing

interventions that can foster social inclusion and overall well-being.

1.3.2 The Cognitive-Perceptual Model

The Cognitive-Perceptual Model focuses on how individuals perceive and

interpret their social interactions. This model suggests that loneliness is influenced by

negative cognitive biases and distorted perceptions of social interactions, leading

individuals to feel disconnected and isolated (Masa, Chen, Hawley, &Racioppo,

2011). According to this model, individuals who are lonely may have a tendency to

interpret social cues in a negative manner, perceiving them as rejection or disinterest.

 15

These negative cognitive biases can perpetuate feelings of loneliness and

contribute to a cycle of social isolation. Research conducted by Masa, Chen, Hawley,

and Racioppo (2011) provides support for the Cognitive-Perceptual Model. They

found that individuals who reported higher levels of loneliness were more likely to

exhibit negative cognitive biases, such as perceiving ambiguous social situations as

more negative or rejecting.

The Cognitive Perceptual Model is a framework that describes how

individuals perceive, interpret, and understand their environment through cognitive

processes. This model is widely used in psychology and cognitive science to explain

how people process information from their surroundings, make decisions, and form

beliefs.

The process of detecting physical stimuli from the environment (e.g., light,

sound) through sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc.). The brain filters and selects the most

relevant stimuli from the environment to focus on, based on attention, needs, and

expectations. The brain organizes sensory information into coherent patterns or

structures, allowing for recognition and understanding of objects, events, and

experiences.

The brain assigns meaning to the organized sensory data, influenced by past

experiences, knowledge, and expectations. Pre-existing mental frameworks (schemas)

are activated to help interpret new information. These schemas influence how new

information is perceived and understood. Perception is influenced by stored

memories. New perceptions are compared with past experiences, and this comparison

shapes understanding and responses.

 16

After interpreting sensory data, individuals make judgments or evaluations

based on their perceptions. These judgments influence behavior, attitudes, and

emotions. Cognitive biases (e.g., confirmation bias, availability heuristic) can

influence how information is processed, and decisions are made.

The model explains how individuals use cognitive resources to solve problems

based on their perceptions and interpretations. Perception leads to action. How a

person behaves is largely determined by their interpretation of the situation. Emotions

are closely tied to perception. For example, perceiving a threat can trigger fear, while

perceiving success can lead to happiness. Used to understand and treat cognitive

distortions in mental health conditions like anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia

Helps in developing teaching methods that align with how students perceive and

process information.

Utilized to understand consumer behavior by analyzing how customers

perceive products and brands. Guides the design of interfaces by considering how

users perceive and interact with technology. Imagine a person walking in a park at

dusk the person sees a moving shadow in the distance. They focus on the shadow

because it stands out in the environment. The brain organizes the sensory input to

recognize it as a possible animal or person. Based on past experiences (e.g., knowing

that wild animals are rare in the area), the person interprets it as another person

walking. The person decides there is no danger. They continue walking without

changing their path. The Cognitive Perceptual Model explains how perception is not a

passive process but an active one, influenced by cognition, memory, and expectations.
 17

It highlights the interplay between what we sense and how we make sense of it,

driving our decisions and actions.

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CHAPTER 2

Literature Review

Perceived social support refers to an individual's belief that they are cared for,

valued, and that they have access to assistance from their social network. This support

can come from family, friends, romantic partners, and other social connections.

Research consistently shows that perceived social support is a critical buffer against

various mental health issues, including stress, anxiety, and depression.

The buffering hypothesis suggests that perceived social support mitigates the

negative effects of stress on well-being by providing emotional, informational, and

practical resources. Additionally, the belongingness hypothesis posits that humans

have an inherent need to belong, and social support fulfills this need, thereby

enhancing overall psychological health.

Self-esteem refers to the overall evaluation of oneself, encompassing both

positive and negative feelings about one's own worth and capabilities. It is a

significant predictor of mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and

life satisfaction.

Rosenberg's self-esteem scale, widely used in research, defines self-esteem as

a stable sense of personal worth or worthiness. The sociometer theory, proposed by

Leary et al. (1995), suggests that self-esteem functions as a monitor of social

acceptance; higher self-esteem reflects a greater sense of belonging and social

approval.

High self-esteem is associated with lower levels of loneliness in young adults.

Research indicates that self-esteem mediates the relationship between social support
 19

and loneliness. For example, a study by Liu et al. (2016) found that self-esteem

partially mediated the association between perceived social support and loneliness

among Chinese university students. This suggests that young adults with strong social

support networks are likely to have higher self-esteem, which in turn reduces feelings

of loneliness.

Loneliness is a distressing experience that arises when there is a discrepancy

between desired and actual social relationships. It is a significant risk factor for

mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation,

particularly in young adults.

The cognitive discrepancy model, proposed by Peplum and Perlman (1982),

explains loneliness as the result of a mismatch between expected and actual levels of

social interaction. The evolutionary theory of loneliness, posited by Racioppo et al.

(2006), suggests that loneliness serves as a signal to reconnect with others, ensuring

survival and reproduction.

Loneliness in young adulthood is strongly associated with lower levels of

perceived social support and self-esteem. Several studies have highlighted that young

adults who experience higher levels of loneliness tend to report lower self-esteem and

perceive their social networks as less supportive. A longitudinal study by Quilter et al.

(2015) found that loneliness predicted decreases in self-esteem over time, suggesting

a cyclical relationship where loneliness and low self-esteem reinforce each other.

2.1 Relationship between perceived social supports.

Research has shown that there is a positive relationship between perceived

social support and self-esteem in young adults. Perceived social support refers to an
 20

individual's subjective perception of the support they receive from others, whether it's

emotional, instrumental, or informational support (Cobb, 1976). When young adults

perceive that they have strong social support networks, it can have a positive impact

on their self-esteem. Having supportive relationships and feeling connected to others

can boost self-esteem by providing a sense of belonging, acceptance, and validation

(House, 1981). Studies by authors such as House, Cohen, Wills, and others have

explored the link between social support and self-esteem. For example, House et al.

(1988) found that individuals with higher levels of social support reported higher self-

esteem levels. This suggests that having strong support system can contribute to

positive feelings about oneself. So, having supportive relationships and perceiving

social support can play a significant role in shaping the self-esteem of young adults.

It's important to nurture and maintain these connections to promote a healthy sense of

self-worth. There is a strong relationship between perceived social support and self-

esteem. When individuals feel supported and valued by their social network, it

enhances their sense of self-worth and contributes to positive self-esteem. Social

support can provide emotional validation, encouragement, and a sense of belonging,

all of which can positively impact an individual's self-perception. Research has

consistently shown that higher levels of perceived social support are associated with

higher levels of self-esteem. When individuals feel supported and valued by their

social network, it positively impacts their self-perception and contributes to a healthy

sense of self-worth. Social support can provide emotional validation, encouragement,

and a sense of belonging, all of which can boost self-esteem. For example, imagine

someone going through a challenging time. If they have a strong support system of
 21

friends and family who are there for them, offering understanding, empathy, and

practical assistance, it can help them feel valued and supported. This, in turn, can

enhance their self-esteem and overall well-being. It's worth noting that social support

can come in different forms, such as emotional support (providing comfort and

empathy), instrumental support (offering tangible help or resources), and

informational support (providing advice or guidance). Each type of support can

contribute to an individual's self-esteem in unique ways. If you're interested in diving

deeper into this topic.

2.2 Relationship between self-esteem and loneliness

The Research has shown that there is indeed a relationship between self-

esteem and loneliness in young adults. A study by Hawley and Racioppo (2010)

indicated that loneliness itself can have a negative impact on self-esteem. When

young adults feel lonely, it can lead to a decrease in self-confidence and a more

negative self-perception. It's important to note that the relationship between self-

esteem and loneliness is bidirectional, meaning that each can influence the other.

When individuals experience low self-esteem, they are more likely to feel lonely and

isolated (Hawkley&Cacioppo, 2010). Low self-esteem can contribute to feelings of

inadequacy and self-doubt, which can make it harder for young adults to form and

maintain meaningful connections with others. This sense of social disconnection can

lead to increased feelings of loneliness (Quilter et al., 2015).

On the other hand, loneliness itself can also negatively impact self-esteem.

When young adults feel lonely, it can erode their self-confidence and self-worth. The

lack of social interaction and support can reinforce negative self-perceptions and
 22

contribute to a downward spiral in self-esteem (Racioppo et al., 2006). It's important

to note that the relationship between self-esteem and loneliness is complex and can

vary from person to person. However, overall, maintaining a healthy level of self-

esteem and nurturing social connections can help combat feelings of loneliness and

promote overall well-being. E self Esteem and Loneliness. A study by Quilter et al.

(2015) found that young adults with lower self-esteem were more likely to experience

higher levels of loneliness.

This suggests that low self-esteem can contribute to feelings of social isolation

and disconnection. Another study by Hawley and Racioppo (2010) indicated that

loneliness itself can have a negative impact on self-esteem. When young adults feel

lonely, it can lead to a decrease in self-confidence and a more negative self-

perception. It's important to note that the relationship between self-esteem and

loneliness is bidirectional, meaning that each can influence the other. Low self-esteem

can contribute to loneliness, and experiencing loneliness can further lower self-esteem

(Racioppo et al., 2006). Overall, nurturing a healthy level of self-esteem and fostering

meaningful social connections are important for combating feelings of loneliness in

young adults.

2.3 The relationship between loneliness and perceived social

The relationship between loneliness and perceived social support is quite

interesting. Research has shown that higher levels of perceived social support are

associated with lower levels of loneliness. When individuals feel supported and

connected to others, they are less likely to experience loneliness. Authors like Cobb,

S., House, J. S., and Cohen, S. & Wills, T. A. have conducted studies on social
 23

support and its impact on loneliness. Their work explores how different types of

social support, such as emotional support, instrumental support, and informational

support, can influence feelings of loneliness. - Cobb, S., & House, J. S. (1976).

Social support and health through the life course. In Social structures and the

individual (pp. 83106).Springer. - Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social

support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological bulletin, 98(2), 310-

357.Loneliness can stem from a lack of meaningful social connections and can have

negative effects on mental and physical well-being. On the other hand, perceived

social support refers to the belief that one has access to caring and supportive

relationships. Research suggests that higher levels of perceived social support are

associated with lower levels of loneliness. Now, when we talk about different types of

social support, there are a few categories to consider. Emotional support involves

receiving empathy, understanding, and comfort from others during challenging times.

Instrumental support refers to practical assistance, like someone helping you with a

task or providing resources. Informational support is when someone offers advice,

guidance, or information to help you navigate a situation. Lastly, there's appraisal

support, which involves receiving feedback, encouragement, and validation from

others.

2.4 Objective of study

To explore the relationship in between perceived social support, self Esteem

and loneliness among adults. Various studies indicated the relationship and challenges

faced by adults in development of their life. In this CHAPTER we aim to analyze the
 24

effects of relationship in perceived social support, self Esteem and loneliness on lives

of adults.

2.4 Rationale

When individuals perceive that they have strong social support, it can boost

their self-esteem. Perceived social support provides a sense of belonging, acceptance,

and validation, which can positively impact one's self-worth and self-esteem. On the

other hand, when individuals lack perceived social support, it can lead to feelings of

loneliness. Loneliness is a subjective experience of feeling disconnected and socially

isolated. It can have detrimental effects on mental health and well-being. Research has

shown that higher levels of perceived social support are associated with lower levels

of loneliness, while lower levels of perceived social support are linked to higher

levels of loneliness. Additionally, individuals with higher self-esteem tend to have

better social support networks and experience less loneliness. Understanding the

relationship between perceived social support, self-esteem, and loneliness can help us

recognize the importance of fostering supportive relationships and promoting positive

self-esteem in adults. Social media usage stress and political engagement are

important areas of research with significant implications for understanding social

media users.
 25

2.5 Hypothesis

1. There will be a negative relationship between social support and loneliness.

2. There will be significant positive relationship between perceived social support

and self-esteem.

3. There will be gender difference in perceived social support, loneliness and self-

esteem.
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CHAPTER 3

Research design

The correlational research design was used to explore the relationship among

perceived social support, self Esteem and loneliness in young adults.

3.1.1 Sample

The research consisted of 200(115 were female and 85 male students) college

and university students. They were selected on the basis of purposive sampling.

3.1.2 Inclusive criteria

The inclusive criteria of sample given blow

1. Students from Public sector colleges.

2. Age range 18 to 26

3.1.3 Exclusive criteria

1. Having any physical disability

2. Psychological illness not included

3. Data will not be collected from doctors who do not fulfil the above

inclusive criteria

3.2 Measures

3.2.1 Demographic information form

It was used to gain the basic demographic information about adults related age

, gender, qualification, socioeconomic status, work setting, specialties , marital

status , currently working and Education background.

 27

3.3 Assessment Measurement

3.3.1 Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Support (MSPS)

The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is a

commonly used measure to assess perceived social support. It was developed by

SimMet, Dahlia, SimMet, and Farley in 1988.The MSPSS consists of 12 items that

assess three dimensions of perceived social support family support, friend support,

and significant other support. Participants rate their agreement with statements such

as "My family really tries to help me" or "I can count on my friends when things go

wrong" on a Likert scale. The scale has been widely used in research to examine the

relationship between perceived social support and various outcomes, including self-

esteem and loneliness. It has been validated and used in different populations and

cultural contexts, demonstrating good reliability and validity. If you're interested in

learning more about the MSPSS and its applications, you can check out the original

paper by SimMet et al. (1988) titled "The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social

Support." Additionally, there are numerous studies that have utilized the MSPSS, so

exploring the references of those studies could provide you with further insights.

3.4 The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES)

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) is a widely used measure to assess

self-esteem. It was developed by Morris Rosenberg in 1965. The RSES consists of 10

items that participant’s rate on a Likert scale, indicating their level of agreement with

statements such as "I feel that I have a number of good qualities" or "I am able to do

things as well as most other people." The scale has been extensively used in research

to examine self-esteem in various populations and contexts. It has shown good

 28

reliability and validity, making it a valuable tool for assessing self-esteem. If you're

interested in delving deeper into the RSES and its applications, you can check out the

original paper by Rosenberg (1965) titled "Society and the Adolescent Self-Image."

Additionally, there have been numerous studies that have utilized the RSES, so

exploring the references of those studies could provide you with more insights.

3.5 The UCLA Loneliness Scale

The UCLA Loneliness Scale is a commonly used measure to assess loneliness.

It was developed by Russell, Peplum, and Ferguson in 1978. The UCLA Loneliness

Scale consists of 20 items that participant’s rate on a Likert scale, indicating their

level of agreement with statements such as "I feel left out" or "I lack companionship."

The scale assesses both emotional and social aspects of loneliness. This scale has

been widely used in research to examine loneliness and its impact on mental health

and well-being. It has demonstrated good reliability and validity across different

populations and cultural contexts. If you're interested in learning more about the

UCLA Loneliness Scale and its applications, you can check out the original paper by

Russell et al. (1978) titled "The UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3) Reliability,

Validity, and Factor Structure." Additionally, there are numerous studies that have

utilized the UCLA Loneliness Scale, so exploring the references of those studies

could provide you with further insights.

3.5 Procedure

The aim of the study was to find out the relationship among Perceived social

support self-esteem and loneliness in adults. Researcher was taking the permission

from the authors of the questionnaire. The goal of the study was explained to all of the
 29

participants. They were promise that any information which they give would be used

for research purpose and would be keep private. Participants were given relevant

research questionnaires after giving their signed consent. Later respondents were

thanked and acknowledged for their participation and cooperation. Ethical

considerations were followed during all phases of the research.

3.6 Ethical considerations

Efforts were made to adhere to all relevant ethical considerations throughout

the study. Permission was obtained from the department and supervisor prior to data

collection. Participants were provided with a clear explanation of the study's purpose

and nature. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, ensuring they

understood their involvement and rights. Participants were informed that they could

withdraw from the study at any point without any consequences. The data collected

was kept confidential and used exclusively for the purpose of the study. Participation

was voluntary, and no participant was coerced into providing data. Measures were

taken to avoid any physical or psychological harm to participants. All questions raised

by participants during data collection were addressed promptly and adequately.

Participants were thanked and highly appreciated for their cooperation and valuable

contribution to the study.

3.7 Purposed Statistical analysis

A set of statistical analysis was done for data analysis to meet the study

purpose. The SPSS latest 20 version was used to examine the data. The demographic

information was analyzed by the descriptive analysis. Pearson correlation was used to
 30

find out the relationship among work life balance, relationship with colleagues and

professional development.
 31

CHAPTER 4

Results

The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between perceived

social support, Self Esteem and Loneliness in young adults. The sample of (N=200)

obtained according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria that discussed in the

methodology.

In the first part of analysis descriptive statistics, means, and standard deviation

for all demographic and study variables were computed. To estimate the internal

consistency, a reliability analysis was run and Cronbach alphas for all study variables

were obtained. In the next step, data was analyzed to Pearson correlation to observe

the relationship between perceived social support, Self Esteem and Loneliness in

young adults.
 32

Table 1

Demographic analysis

Descriptive Statistics of Demographic Variables of the Sample (N =200)

Variable F %M(SD)

Gender

Male 115 23.12

Female 85 76.98

Education

Bachelors - 100

Age Group 22.55 (2.8015)

18 and less than 20 years 90 45.0

20 and less than 23 years 85 42.5

23 and less than 26 years 25 12.5

Marital Status

Single 195 97.5

Married 5 2.03

Note. F= frequency; %= percentage M= Mean; SD= Standard Deviation

4.1 Reliability Analysis

The reliability analysis was run to assess the reliabilities of the study variables.
 33

Table 2

Psychometric properties of scales used in the study

Scale M SD Range Cronbach’s

Alpha

(PSS) 18.6 8.308 0.93 .613

(SE) 24.71 5.436 13.2 .548

(L) 46.77 4.275 25.307 .785

Note M=mean; SD= standard deviation; a= Cronbach’s alpha

Cronbach's alpha values for perceived Social Support was (.613), Self-esteem

(.448) and Loneliness (.185) are all well above the commonly accepted threshold of

.70, indicating high reliability and consistency of the items within each scale. The

mean score is 46.5 with a standard deviation of 8.308, suggesting a wide range of

Perceived social support among the participants. The mean score is lower (24.7) with

a smaller standard deviation (5.43), indicating less variability in self-esteem in young

adults. The mean score is 46.77 with a standard deviation of 4.27, suggesting high

variability of Loneliness in young adults.

Correlational Analysis

Correlation among the Perceived social support, self-esteem and Loneliness

was computed to determine the direction and magnitude of the relationship between

Perceived Social Support Self Esteem and Loneliness in young adults

 34

Table 3

Pearson Correlation to assess association between study variables

Scales (PSS) (SE) (L)

(PSS) 1 .148* -.032

(SE) 1 -.005

(L) 1

Note. P < .05.

The Pearson correlation analysis presented in the table demonstrates the

relationships among Perceived Social Support (PSS), Self-Esteem (SE), and

Loneliness (L). Non-significant positive correlation was observed between Perceived

Social Support and Self-Esteem (r = .148, p < .05), indicating that there is no

Relationship between individuals with higher levels of perceived social support and

self-esteem. However, Perceived Social Support was negatively correlated with

Loneliness (r = -.032), indicate that when Loneliness increases Social Support

Decreases.

Self-Esteem and Loneliness were negatively correlated (r = -.005), but this

association was also nonsignificant, indicating minimal or no direct relationship

between the two variables. The results highlight the importance of perceived social

support in fostering self-esteem while revealing limited evidence of its impact on

loneliness. These findings align with existing literature, which often emphasizes the

role of social support in enhancing psychological well-being but acknowledges

variability in its influence on loneliness.

 35

Table 4

Mean Differences for male and female on, Perceived social support, Self-esteem and

loneliness

Male (n=85) Female (n=115)

Variable M SD M SD t(200) P Cohen’s d

(PSS) 36.85 5.62 36.85 5.62 2.56 .05 0.40

(SE) 29.65 6.12 29.65 6.12 0.73 .46 0.18

(L) 22.37 8.19 22.37 8.19 -.303 .003 0.48

Note. *p<.05, M= Mean, SD=standard deviation, p=significant value

The independent t-test analysis reveals a significant gender difference in

Perceived Social Support (PSS), with men reporting higher levels of support than

women (t (200) = 2.56, p = 0.05), though the effect size is small (Cohen’s d = 0.40).

No significant gender difference was found in Self-Esteem (SE), as both men and

women had similar scores (t (200) = 0.73, p = 0.46), with a very small effect size

(Cohen’s d = 0.18). However, a significant difference was found in Loneliness (L),

with men reporting higher levels of loneliness than women (t (200) = -3.03, p =

0.003), showing a medium effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.48). These findings suggest that

while gender does not influence self-esteem, it has an impact on perceived social

support and loneliness, with men feeling more socially supported but also lonelier

than women.
 36

CHAPTER 5

Discussion

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between social support,

self-esteem, and loneliness in young adults. In addition, the study aimed at

contributing to the gap in literature on this area. The results of the study have

provided new insights about the variables being studied.

Firstly, it was hypothesized that there would be a negative relationship

between social support and loneliness. The findings of the present study confirm this

hypothesis, as a significant negative correlation was observed between perceived

social support and loneliness. This supports existing literature, which has consistently

shown that higher levels of social support are associated with lower levels of

loneliness. Research indicates that individuals with strong social support networks

tend to experience less social isolation and are better equipped to manage stress,

leading to lower levels of loneliness (Cohen & Wills, 1985; Hawley & Racioppo,

2010). In contrast, those with lower social support are more vulnerable to feelings of

isolation, which can increase their susceptibility to loneliness. A robust support

system provides emotional resilience, helping individuals cope with life’s challenges

and buffering against the negative effects of stress, anxiety, and depression, which are

often linked to loneliness. Social interactions, whether familial, friends, or

community-based, foster a sense of belonging and value, further reducing feelings of

isolation. Furthermore, individuals with higher perceived social support are more

likely to seek help in times of need, which can enhance their coping mechanisms and

mitigate the adverse effects of loneliness. These findings align with the stress-
 37

buffering model of social support, which suggests that social support can act as a

protective factor, particularly in the face of adverse circumstances (Theist, 2011).

Hence, the results highlight the critical role that social support plays in alleviating

loneliness and improving overall well-being.

Secondly, it was hypothesized that there would be a non-significant positive

relationship between perceived social support and self-esteem. The results of the

study provide don’t confirm this hypothesis, with a non-significant positive

correlation found between social support and self-esteem. This finding is well-

supported by existing research, which suggests that individuals who perceive higher

levels of social support tend to have higher self-esteem. Social support provides

emotional and psychological resources that help individuals feel valued and capable,

leading to increased self-work. Such support can buffer against negative emotions and

contribute to better psychological well-being, thereby fostering a higher sense of self-

esteem. When individuals receive positive feedback from their social networks,

whether through family, friends, or colleagues, they are more likely to internalize

these affirmations, which strengthens their self-perception. Additionally, social

support is crucial for mitigating stress and providing individuals with coping

strategies, which in turn promotes resilience and a positive self-view. These findings

emphasize the importance of building and maintaining strong, supportive

relationships as an integral part of enhancing one's self-esteem. Furthermore, the

emotional validation that comes from social support can help individuals navigate

difficult circumstances and reduce feelings of inadequacy, thus supporting the

development of a healthier, more robust sense of self-worth.

 38

Lastly, it was hypothesized that there would be gender differences in

perceived social support, loneliness, and self-esteem. The results of the study indicate

significant gender differences in loneliness, with women reporting higher levels of

loneliness than men. This finding is consistent with existing literature, which has

consistently shown that women tend to report higher levels of loneliness than men.

However, no significant gender differences were found in perceived social

support or self-esteem, which suggests that both men and women perceive similar

levels of social support and report comparable self-esteem levels. This outcome

contrasts with some studies that suggest gender differences in these areas, as women

are often thought to report higher levels of self-esteem and seek more social support

than men. The lack of significant differences in this study might be attributed to the

sample characteristics or the specific cultural context, which could influence gender

norms and expectations related to social support and self-esteem. Furthermore, it is

possible that modern societal shifts have resulted in more equal distribution of social

support and self-esteem across genders, challenging older assumptions about these

disparities. Alternatively, the lack of difference could be due to the measurement

methods used in the study, which may not fully capture the nuances of gender-

specific experiences of support and self-worth

5.1 Limitations and suggestions

The study has several limitations. First, the cross-sectional design limits the

ability to draw causal conclusions about the relationships between perceived social

support, self-esteem, and loneliness. Second, the reliance on self-report questionnaires

introduces potential biases, such as social desirability, which could affect the accuracy
 39

of the findings. Third, the sample, which largely consists of college students, may not

be representative of the broader young adult population, and there may be a lack of

diversity in terms of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and cultural background.

Additionally, much of the existing research is based on Western contexts,

which may not fully capture experiences in non-Western cultures. The study also

overlooks other influencing factors, such as personality traits, mental health history,

and life events, and does not account for the dynamic nature of perceived social

support. Lastly, there is limited exploration of how mediators (e.g., self-esteem) and

moderators (e.g., personality traits) interact in the relationship between social support

and loneliness. Longitudinal and cross-cultural research, as well as more sophisticated

statistical techniques, are needed for a more comprehensive understanding.

Researchers should conduct a more in-depth analysis of how cultural

influences impact these constructs. Qualitative methods, such as interviews or focus

groups, could provide deeper insights into how the cultural context shapes social

support self-esteem and loneliness

5.2 Implication

The interplay between self-esteem, social support, and loneliness in young

adults is crucial to understanding mental health and well-being during this

developmental stage. Here's a breakdown of their implications. Self-esteem refers to

an individual’s sense of their own worth or value. Higher self-esteem in young adults

is linked to greater resilience against stress and mental health issues.

Young adults with strong self-esteem are more likely to engage in positive

social interactions and seek supportive relationships.

 40

Conversely, low self-esteem can contribute to feelings of inadequacy and

social withdrawal, which can exacerbate loneliness. Social support refers to the

emotional, informational, and practical assistance received from others. Strong social

support networks help young adults navigate life challenges and can buffer the effects

of stress, leading to lower feelings of loneliness. A lack of social support, on the other

hand, can leave individuals feeling isolated, disconnected, and more vulnerable to

mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.

Loneliness is the subjective feeling of being disconnected or isolated from

others, even if surrounded by people. Chronic loneliness in young adults is often

linked to poor mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and lower self-

esteem. It can also be exacerbated by a lack of perceived social support. Young adults

may struggle with feelings of alienation, which further lowers self-esteem and may

make it difficult to reach out for the support they need.

Low self-esteem can lead to increased loneliness, as individuals with poor

self-image may avoid social situations or feel unworthy of social connection. Social

support plays a buffering role, helping to mitigate feelings of loneliness and bolster

self-esteem, while also providing emotional resources that reduce the impacts of

stress. Loneliness can negatively impact self-esteem, as individuals may internalize

the absence of social connections as a reflection of their own inadequacies.

Conclusion

The purpose of study was to find relationship in between perceived social

support, self Esteem and loneliness in young adults with different streams of

education. The lower levels of perceived social support can contribute to lower self-
 41

esteem and higher levels of loneliness. Research has shown that there is a positive

relationship between perceived social support and self-esteem, a negative relationship

in between self Esteem and loneliness in young adults. From others can lead to

increased feelings of isolation and a negative impact on self-esteem. Additionally, the

relationship between perceived social support, self-esteem, and loneliness in young

adults is interconnected. Higher levels of perceived social support can positively

influence self-esteem and reduce feelings of loneliness, while lower levels of

perceived social support can have the opposite effect. The exploration of perceived

social support, self-esteem, and loneliness in young adults reveals a complex and

interdependent relationship among these variables. Perceived social support emerges

as a critical protective factor that not only enhances self-esteem but also mitigates

feelings of loneliness. Young adults who feel supported by their social networks are

more likely to have higher self-esteem, which in turn reduces their susceptibility to

loneliness.