BYZANTINE buildings tradition before and after the

fall of the city of Rome in 476

CE.
Imperial patronage encourages the
Christian religion and the buildings of
new structure.

Orthodox Byzantine churches are domed

and centrally planned with distinctive
iconographic mosaics.

Remeber, that early christians used the

domus chu chu to worship. When they
became of citizens of roman through
Constantine, they were allowed to use the
very dignified Roman basilica.

ROMAN BASILICA became the model plan Early period from 330 AD
when building new churches was decreed
Iconoclastic Age (this age ung age na nag dedebat
by the emperor. ba whether agree or disagree paggamit ng mga santo)

BYZANTINE is all about domes, they Iconoclastic Age - A common theme in the history of
Byzantium of this period is the attempt to ban the
followed the rome influence but with
veneration of icons (the representation of saintly or
mixture of Christianity and mosaics. divine personages).

In byzantine, even though you have a This Iconoclastic Controversy raged for a century, from
the time Iconoclasm became an imperial policy under
square plan, you can still cover it up with
Leo III in 730 until icon veneration was officially
a circular dome. proclaimed as Orthodox belief in 843.

They still practice greek culture. There was reduced prosperity and churches continued
to be built, including the church of the Assumption at
Nicaea (now iznik, Turkey)
_____ and Ayía Sofía at Thessalonica (Thessaloníki).
The emperors were not necessarily opposed to all
Early Christian Byzantine Romanesque building and art, however

Byzantine Architecture
Period: 330-1453 CE Middle Byzantine

The Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire

maintains Roman culture and
 Cross in square plan:

This is basil I. with his buildings and

contributions, he marked a new influence
in byzantine architecture, making it a new
era.

Basil I (867–886). built in the area of the

Great Palace,his most interesting
contributions being two churches, the New
Church and the church of the Theotokos of
the Pharos. These set a fashion in church
buildings and decoration that was to
exercise an influence for many centuries.
Neither survives, but something is known
of them from written descriptions; it would These vaults rose above the roofs of the other portions
of the building, so that the church was
seem that both were typical of what was to cruciform at roof level. Excluding the exonarthex, the
be the mid-Byzantine style. churches were usually almost as broad as they were
long, making the basic plan virtually a square.
Occasionally, additional columns were used to extend
Broadly speaking, the churches of this age the nave westward, producing a type known as the
conform to a single type, usually termed domed basilica; sometimes the walls separating the
eastern ends of the side aisles from the central
the cross-in-square. It is made up of
presbytery were extended westward as substitutes for
three aisles, each one terminating in an the two eastern columns upholding the dome, but
apsidal chapel at the east, with a theessentials of the plan were always retained.
transverse nave, known as the
Subsidiary domes were sometimes added, either in
exonarthex, at the west. Invariably, there place of the vaults on the arms of the cross, producing
was a dome over the central aisle, a true five-domed type such as St.
supported on four columns, with four vaults Mark’s Cathedral at Venice, or placed above the
eastern and western extremities of the side aisles,
radiating from it to roof the central aisle to
the west, the sanctuary to the east, and
the central portions of the sideaisles to the
north and south
producing a type called the quincunx. THE Romanesque style evolve in those
countries in western europe under the
influence of rome like germany, france
and Spain.

Quincunx is ung may surrounded by apat tas dot sa

middle.
This season prepares them to the end of
These domes were usually comparatively small and
the world. Romanesque art is the
were set on drums, which tended to become narrower
and taller with the progress of time. The eastern response of man to the biblical human
extremities of the side aisles formed chapels which apocalypse.
played an important part in the liturgy, that to the north
being termed the prothesis and that to the south the
diakonikon.

Both the chapels and the main sanctuary were

separated from the body of the church by a screen,
which also became taller and heavier until it developed
into the massive iconostasis that constitutes such a
characteristic feature of Orthodox churches today. As
in earlier periods, the lower portions of the walls were,
in the richer churches, covered with marble slabs; and
there were elaborately carved cornices and capitals,
though ornament was always rather formal and in low
relief.

The main church at the monastery of St. Luke near

Delphi, in Greece (c. 1050), is the most complete
surviving example of the type.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
800- 1100 AD
FEUDAL OREDER WERE DIVIDED INTO
THREE:
-WORKS
-FIGHTS This is an abbey, not castle
-PRAYS
Each purpose was to help man on the
upcoming apocalypse. The workman,
soldier, or prietss.
According to roberto lopez, the small
villages then built up to ten churches in
their villages.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITETURAL FEATURES

Vigoro marquez, tawag sa church na ito.

Simple yet massive basilica in village in
france.
ROMAN BASILICA was the model for
every churches.
It follows the latin cross plan.

Pillasters un ung mga columns na naka

attach sa walls.
WALL ARCADING ung series or arches
doon sa wall.

Ito naman ung buttresses, naka attach

externally to support the walls .

ito namn ung corbels.

Wheel window began in Romanesque, it is
to allow more light to come in.

Tri-part facade. The side facades have

the lower roofs, those where we find the
aisle, then the nave is in the middle.

USUALLY, THE DOOR IS FACING THE WEST.

Corbel is solid masonry, sometimes iron.
Made of timber aswell. Kind of a bracket
but brackets are eithing the wall. It
carries another element like an arch. It
has a plain appearance but in chuches
they may be elaborately stylized as heads
of humans, animals, imaginary beasts or
imageries.

Example neto ung manila cathedral, but

its stye is now called neo romanesque,
not Romanesque.

corbel table, tawag if magkakadikit ang

corbels

Those drawing are the stone vaults, they

covered it with stones.
Pag pendentive derederetso ung pag
vault nyo sa arch ,
Sa squinch, retaining the square shape.
Many sided, instad of circular . with
squinch, ang ceiling ay nagiging
octagonal.
GOTHIC (known as light of Its a period distinguished by pointed arch
(lancet arch is a one kind of pointed arch)
architecture, because it allowed and geometric traceried window
more light to come in) -transition from romanesque
- began in Ile-de-France.
-pointed arch -They first build the Saint Denis.
-rib vaulting
Flying buttresses -They first used lancet arch, but later on
-stained glass window mas nagging sharp ung arches.

Stained glass windows are considered It has geometry traceried windows.

the poor man’s bible. Because not
everyone could read nor have a bible at
that time, so through images they can
understand and know the story of Jesus.

Gothic began in France. Characteristics

are, rib vault, pointed arches, flying
buttresses.

Gothic is Decorative and symbolic. It is made of stone. Ribs din daw ito. Used
decoratively. Pag sinabing tracery, means
decorative. Used in windows sometimes
in doors or any openings.

BLIND TRACERY
RELIEFS means naka angat sa wall.
Purely decorative ang blind tracery
sSymmetric ung paggamit ssa tracery,
even walang butas, nilalagyan pa ren daw
sya para pantay ung tacery decorations.
Refer to the image below, kahit wala nmn
12TH CENTURY: PRIMAIRE butas may decor pa ren na parang
window para pantay tignan.
This is blind tracery:
While ito naman ung tracery:
CUSP AND FOIL
Foil ung parang arches or petal. Then
where they meet, or the sharp part are
the cusp.:

Tracery is applicable to system window

decoration in europe.

THIS IS NOT LANCET ANYMORE:

Ung trefoil, quatrefoil, based on the
number of foils on the window.

TRANSOM IS PARANG LINTEL NG

WINDOWS

Putol putol yan, dinidikit nila llike puzzle

Transom ung pinakataas. Sya ung

horizontal. Mullions pa vertical. Sila ung
nagdidivide sa bintana.

Mullions divides sa panel.

 RAYONNANT reflects the radiating
character of this window. Since nag
raradiate ng ganyan and may patterns na
umuulit ulit. That is rayonnant/

maas naging intricate sila sa dertails.

Started as geometric, structural strength
of the building, making it stand firm. They
became so passionate about different
decorations on windows. Rayonnant was
so focus on that. Not only on windows, but
there are also spikes on roofs. Those are
ornaments.

SPIRE is different from pinnacle.

KENTISH CUSPS ung tawag sa cusps na PINNACLES are towers that has no many
pinaghiwalay ulett… purpose, intended only for decorations.
SPIRE is towers that have the bell, or
have windows, and can be entered.

RAYONNANT OR SECONDARY, HUNDERED

YEARS LATER. They used also the rose
wheel but with tracery.
 FLECHE OR ROOD TOWER. Is a type of
spire that sits above the roof, specifically
at the nave and trancept. Tower located in
intersection

Either spire or pinnacles, they are

crockets. They are the pointy things
around the towers.

Parang gulay mgs motifs ng corcket,

Finial, (clue word: finish) un ung
pinakapoint at the end ng crocket.

crocket is ung may texture na chuchu

then pinakatuktok is ung finial.
Flamboyant means maarte, macurvy,
bonga. It actually derived from flame, that RENNAISANCE
is why it lookf flame. Free flow. Gothic had no appeal to italy as they
always observe the classical traditions.
Maybe the flame like window symbolizes Renaissance then created the revolution
the fire tongue of the apostles. of classical.

-printing press was influential to

Renaissance because it retrieved the
ancient vitruivius works. So architects
that time became open about proportions,
aesthetics, theories, ruins in rome, and
they made their own theory. It is like a
rebirth.
Baroque here in philippines are
considered Renaissance. But baroque is
considered late renaissance.

-he introduced high renaissance to italy.

His eraly works in milan include :
-S. AMBROGIO
-italy was economically prosperous that
-CHURCH OF SANTA MARIA GRACIE,
time. The province in italy, called
MILAN
Florence, was prosperous and politically
- in rome he serve as a principal planner
stable because of influential family. The
of pope julius the II for rebuilding the city.
medicis. They were the ones who began
Because rome was in ruined at that time,
building beautiful buildings and
so they were rebuilding it.
commissioned architects to build
-pope julius got donato bramante to
churches and palaces.
rebuild the rome.
CONTINUATION

Happened in florence, italy.

-if you gonna use mathematics, this is
just 25 years. It was a brief period. Yet it
centered exclusively in city of rome. Many
buildings were built.
-it was very influential and admired as it
spread all throughout italy.
-This style really dictate what
renaissance is about
It was centralized in square. It was
bramante who was chief architect, and it
began in 1506.

-st peter’s basilica has its own story to

tell. It has own history. There was a
simple church before, and while they
renovating it, bramante thought of adding
dome to it, and that is how more
architects after got inspired, did the same Compare architectural elements in rome
until they built the st peter in vatican . and florence.

FLORENCE

This used to be a courtyard. And at the

center where st. peter was executed. It
was built for him.
-the temple of vesta in rome was built in
circular plan and surrouonded by
columns. Bramante used that type and
added a dome to his design. He chose the
doric order for the structure design. High
renaissance is re interpretation of
ROME
classical forms. And so the san pietro is
an example of high renaissance
architecture.

CONTINUATION
In 1527, there was a sack of Rome. And
there were siege of florence in 1529. It is
said that high renaissance was the period
of harmony and balance in all the arts.
The most definitive moment since Greece.
 OPENINGS

ARCADES- ung daanan na may columns

with arches, pag columns lang, that is
colonnade.

ROME they had more varied planning on a -Ung window nila is may architrave.
grand scale. The staircases were still
circular and elliptical with columnar
supports. Laging may column.

The arches in florence rest directly on

columns, while in Rome, arches are
supported in piers. With matching
pillasters.
 Similar sa florence and rome ung domes
on drums crowned with lanterns.

Venetian style or venetian renaissance is

also called to venice renaissance.

ROOFS
 - YOU CHAMFERED CORNERS,
AND BEVELLED EDGES. They
OTHER TERMINOLOGIES:
are verbs. Ung coner imbis na
square, nika cut sila diagonally.
Sila ung pag cut ng blocks..

Rustication is a type of masonry

treatment in which the blocks making up
a wall are articulated by exaggerated
joints rather than being flush with each
-make it look strengthen the building and
other
make it well defined.
Bigger blocks ginagamit para mag
empahiasize.
Piano Nobile:

Colonnade in france, this is the series of

Ito ung naka raised ung first floor nila. columns.
"Piano nobile" literally translates to While arcade is the series of columns
with arches
"noble floor" in Italian. In Renaissance
Belvedere- is ung extensive view on top
architecture, it refers to the main floor of
of the building.
a palace or building, usually situated

above the ground floor and reserved for

_________
the noble or aristocratic family's most

important rooms and functions. It often

showcases grand architectural features

and serves as the primary living and

entertaining space for the family.

Kapag florence - early renaissance
-brunelescis first building

BAROQUE

- NO CLEAR PERSPECTIVE
- -
- Fooling the eye

NEOCLASSICAL750 - 1800)
- With the flourishing extravagant
fantastic facades of the Baroque, there
were some countries who started
re-thinking this extravagance. They
thought it was too much. Architects
sought the meaning of architecture
going back to the basics of traditional
- classical lines- NOT as decorative or
styling vitruvian elements but actually
re-using the same elements of
architecture, this time with new
construction methods it was easier…
Neoclassical architecture, is the revival
of Classical architecture during the
18th and early 19th centuries.
-
- they wanted to go back to classical.

-
- There was a concern about the logic
about the entire classical volumes.
Instead of using classical part into
windows, they used the structure too
revive classical.
-
-
- One thing that pushed them is their
interest in archaeology.
- Pompeii was the city that was covered
by the lava of Mt. Vesuvius.
- And so this fueled architects to revive
classical architecture.
- Neoclassical is the term related to
classicism that began in France, in mid
18 century.

The architects above were both

advocates or proponents of
neoclassical style.
So many countries followed. other
nations wanted to imply that their
government would last just like the
Romans, so they were influenced to
use neoclassicism.

He was the one who wrote how

architecture should be and should not
be full of sculpture, he brought back
classical. He was considered an
The st petersburg, transformed it into a innovator at that time because of his
very unique and beautiful collection of daring move.
classical buildings. They were
advanced in building neoclassical -
buildings.
 - GOTHIC WAS CONSIDERED
MODERN.

-
- PEOPLE BECAME MORE OPTIONS
TO THINK AND CHANGE THE
WORLD.

1700s- US preferred using neoclassical

architecture, liked to make the analogy
of that young america will become
rome someday, like of becoming that INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE ARCHITECTURE
great too. -IS THE ROOT OF MODERN
ARCHITECTURE. : THE USE OF IRON AND
Then this styl spread to latin america, STEEL.
cuba, and other colonies. -THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE USE OF IRON
AND STEEL.
It tried to reach philippines, to help us
build like that too, and be independent.
they sent out pinoy students to
America to study different architectural
styles. Some were sent to london,
france, US. and Don thomas mapua
was sent to newyork to study
neoclassical. The de lassale and his
other works reflect neoclassicism.

BEGINNINGS OF MODERN
ARCHITECTURE: IT DOESNT HAVE
TIMELINE. (why optimization? Because prior to 1800s,
- ITS BEGINING IS NOT they already used metal or already used iron. It
DETERMINED. played extra role in architecture, specifically in
- SOME SAY MODERN WAS brunelleschi’s dome. They were used to
THE RESULT OF bonding masonry together. While in greek
INDUSTRIALIZATION. architecture they use dowels and clamps in
between )
 - IRON AND STEEL GAVE ROLE IN Prefabricated means: you make a
MODERN. mold, then you build this one, then you
- bring it on site, which is already done.
- Ikakabit kabit nalang sa site.

-this is the iron bridge in england. They

knew it was effective to use cast iron.
They thought of melting iron, molding
and cooling it.

- There are so many factories making

many things with use of metals. Since
they made bridges made of iron, they
also tried to make columns made of
This is the sketch of brunelsshci, they are cast irons. It worked naman. First done
made of woods but the red parts, believes to in bolton and watts steam machinery
be metal. It is also used in agriculture, that is factory. It solved the problem of
why they make tools in architecture but not in disastrous fires.
large amounts. - They made the first fireproof mill at
derby, england

The first time the public become aware of

potential of cst iron was 1837 to 1851

-it was in 1840s when plant conservatories

were built, like the green house. They used
glass and iron to build conservatories.
-

This is built with cast iron technology.

They had prefabricated factories.
 That is what glasses do, they insulate
and preservee. So paxton create
bigger like this.
He set the most glamorous stage in
cast iron architecture. He was thinking of plants not htinking
of creating big architecture.
-english gardener, like a landscape
architect. -he volunteerd to create exhibition for
all inventions during industrial
-he was commissioned to create a big revolution, and paxton was the one
conservatory who volunteered to build a large
structure with cast iron.
-he used cast iron and glass.

this is crystal palace. Made of cast and

On the left was what conservatory for glass.
plants at first look like, then on the right It was lightweight. And it was exciting
is what paxton designed for for everybody because they were just
conservatory. from neoclasscial but then something
like this appeared.
-they needed that because they were
travelling asai, and they explore
different plants, and they put it into this
little boxes to preserve them
Paxton building is the first Architecture looked similar to it, they
prefabricated building. have sweeping curves, they used this
kind of lines and details, like chrome or
Cast iron cannot be bend, because it is silver, they uesd in to their roofs and
already molded. Pang column lang decks. These all become the basic
sya. There is complex sterngth, di sya feature of buildings, implying speed.
malleable.

WROUGHT IRON

Mga fence and gates naten daw is

made of wrought /

MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN 20TH

CENTURY

Here is an example. It looks like an

POP ARCHITECTURE aeroplane. What ever building looked
Streamline moderne is a popular like a transportation is calles streamline
movement of modern arki inspired by architecture.
streamline train.

-geometrical with nature.

-female representation.
CHEVRON
Art deco named in 1960s.
They were looking back in 1920s. Bali
lumabas na tong style back in 1920s,
kasabay ni streamline pero nung 1960s
They are streamlined because of their nagkaroon ng exhibiton,tskaa lang sya
pointed shape. They are aerodynamic, napangalanang art deco.
they can move fast.
Willian van allen, art deco

under international style.it is simple

rectangle ,but it has style.

Entirely covered in chrome. Art deco

Waltet gropius and le corbusier, they

are also under purism because they
believe architecture dont need
ornaments.

Purism. Walang ornaments.

Minimalism

Open plan, you dont have walls inside.

BRUT
 If don sa purism no wall, ditu,
moveable ang walls.

Concrete. wALA pintura. Dominated

by raw concrete.

Buildings with engineering and

technology.