THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

rOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCVtFKLLBR

The Decennial Publications

PHYSIC AL CHAKACTERS OF INDIANS OF

SOUTHERN MEXICO
BV

FREDERICK STARR
uMn^Afirv Of *

tFOKMIA
.1 DitGO
J
The Dece^xMal Publications
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-•'••-iology.

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 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
FOUNDED BV JOHN D. ROCK E K EL IE K

TllK Df.CENNIAL Pi HLICATIO.NS

THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OE THE INDIANS

OE SOUTHERN MEXICO
BY

FREDEKICK STARR
ASSOCIATE PEOFESSOK OF ANTHROPOLOGY

PRINTED FROM VoI.U.MF. IV

CHICAGO
'I'll 10 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
1902
 Cop!/ri(ihf I !><'->

BY THE UNIVERSITY 01" CHICAGO

PRINTED AllilST 1. 1902

 THE I'lIYSlCAL (nARA(Ti:RS Ol IHi: INDIANS OF
SOITHEKN MEXICO
Frederick Starr

In tlu> suuiiiKT of iHD.'i, the casual iiicctiiiif with a group of Mixc Indians, at
Mitln. greatly aroused our interest. Having occasion, six months later, to visit Guate-
iiiiila. \vf (K'termined to make the jciuriicy fniiii ( )axaca to the city of (iuatcuuda tiy

horsi' tliroiigh tlie Mixe country, in order that we might see more of these intercHting,
l)ut litth' known, Indians. Passing, in that journey, through the territories of a (hi/.eii

diiferent tribes, we were ])i'ofoun(lly iniiircssed by the |iliysical ditl'erences which tln^

Indians of these tribes presented. Linguistic ditferences among the Indians of the
Istlimian group have long since been admitted. Our earliest field-study in Mexican
archeology had already impressed u|)on us the necessity of ditferentiating the ancient
cultures of Mexico —
not mie unif<irm Aztec art presents itself for study, imt a nundier
of distini-t cultures. In the physical types we now saw a third lint' of notable ditfer-
ences between Mexican p(jpulations and one which appeared to be as deserving of
study as either of the others. We believed that the three lines of variation — lin-

guistic, archaeological, somatic — should have a common explanation, that all were
related, and that all were important in questions of origin, develo|)ment, and rclation-
shi}). Accordingly, in the course of that journey, the plan of stmly of which this
paper is the report took form.
Three sorts of investigation have been pursued in order to define the physical
types of these tribes. Measurements have been made, photographs have been taken,
and plaster busts have been molded. Twenty-three^ tribes have been examined. It

was plaiMied to measure one Iniiidi'cd men and wi'Hl\-five women in ea<-li triiie. t

Fourteen measurements were taken upon each sul)|ect, tlu' list of measuri'Uients being
that used by Dr. Franz IJoas in his World's ('olund)ian Exjxisition inv(>stigation of the
tribes of the Unilid Stairs. 11' wi' had made tile niindier indii'aled. in evcrv trilx'. We
should have measured a total of 2,S75 persons; we actually measured 2,S47, One
hundred does not make a large series; it is, however, more than are contained in four-
tiftlis of tiie series accessible to anthropologists, an<l is a large enough nund)er to give
weight to the results secured. Drnikei-. in '/'Ac Hdcca af Man. (piotes series of Iweiitv-
(ive or nioic We have taken this nuud)er, as a nunimum of utility, as the limit for
our series of women. ai-e belter marked in men than in women;
Characters of race
women of all more alike than Ihe men; it is more diflicult to
tribes are, therefoi'e,
secure wiimen fur measurement than men; when secured, they are less easily measured,
on account of stubbornness, stupidity, or fear. Thesi' an' the reasons wliv a less
number of feuude than of male subjects was demanded.
53
4 PhYSKAI, ruABACTEKS OF INDIANS OF SOUTHERN MEXICO

Our second iiR'thod of investigation was by photography. As the 125 subjects

passed through our hands for measurement, we selected those which seemed to best
present the tribal type for jihotographing. Usually none were selected until enough
subjects had been uu'asured and examined for a clear idea of the type to be present in
our mind. Front and side views were made of each person photographed. Approxi-
mately six hundred negatives of this sort were taken. A considerable selection from
these has already been published, under the titleIndians of Soiifheru Mexico: on
Etinioj/vojihic Albnni. Besides portraits to show the physical types, this work con-
tains many views of villages, buildings, groups, industries, etc., etc. The second and
finalvolume of this album is now ready for the engraver. From among the portrait
negatives we have selected sixty of the most characteristic they represent twenty-three
;

males and seven females, front and side view of each ; the twenty-three males included
one representative of each tribe. From these negatives a series of life-size platinum-
paper prints has been made, of the exact size of life, for museum use. Only fifty sets
of these most life-like portraits are to be pu])lislied. The reduced half-tone engravings
with which this paper is illustrated were made from these same negatives.
Five busts were to be made in each tribe. jNIolds were made directly upon the

subject, and a first (pattern bust was run before we left the town where the investiga-
)

tion was going on. The mold was chipped away and the bust carried with us. After
returning home these busts were placed, together witli the ])hotogra]ihs of the same
subjects, in the hands of a competent and conscientious artist, wlio carefully repaired
breakages or imperfections, opened the eyes, and put on the hair. The series of busts
absolutely made overran one hundred, l)ut it has been reduced to exactly one hundred
by eliminating the less desirable. All the tribes are represented in this series by
from two to five subjects. Four sets only of these busts are to be run, and it is
expected that they will be located in as many different countries.'
The tribes visited live in the states of Mexico, Michoacan, Hidalgo, Puebla,
Tlaxcala, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Chiaj)as. and Yucatan. The list, iu the order visited, is:

1, (Jtomis; 2, Tarascans; 8, Tlaxcalans; 4, Aztecs; 5, Mixtecs; ti, Triquis; 7, Zapo-

tecs (Mitlaj ; 8, Mixes; 9, Zapotecs (Tehuantej)ecj ; 10, Juaves; 11, Chontals; 12,
Cuicatecs; 13, Chinantecs; 14, Chochos; 1"), Mazatecs; IB, Tepehuas: 17, Totonacs:
18, Huaxtecs; lit, Mayas; 20, Zot|ues; 21, Tzotzils; 22, Tzendals, 2:5, Clu.ls. T\w
location of these tribes is shown upon the accompanying map, their areas l)eing num-

bered to coiTespond with those in the list.

The only basis of classification of Mexican Indians has been the linguistic. We
have naturally been interested in seeing how far the relationships indicated by language
harmonized with the evidence of physical characters. The agreement was liardly so
strong as was anticipated. Where lesults of interest seem to lie brought out, we tabu-

lOur expeditions were limitod to about three months Godinez, plaster-workers in tlie field: .Vug. Hubert, mod-
In each of four years: 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901. My helpers eler: Alvin (i. Synnberg, enfrnver Manuel Gonzales, field-
:

were Bedros Tatarian, Charles B. Laui^, and Louis Grabic, helper; William L. Koehne. plu)to^'rapher in tlie studio,
photojjraphors in the field: Anselmo Pacheco and Hamun To all our thanks are duo and hereby fjiveu.
54
 Fbedebick Starr 5

late the data regarding linguistically related tribes. It may lie well tn indicate here
the linguistic affinities of our tribes. The latest important work u|>(in tju' Mexican
languages is Dr. Nic-holas Leon's Liiir/iii.ttic F(iiiiih'cf< of Mexico. According to it,

the twenty-three tribes in question are grouped as follows:

Xahuatlan Family: Aztecs, Tlaxcalans, Chontals(?).
Tarascau Family: Tarascaus.
ZtKjueau Family: Zoqu(!s, Mixes.
Totouaciin Family: Totonacs.
Zaix)tecau Family: Zapotecs, Cuicatecs, Chochos, Mazjitecs, Triepiis, Chontals(?), Tehuan-
tepecaiuis, Mixtccs.
()tliomi;iii Family: Otomis.
Mayau Family: Alayas, Huaxtecs. Tzeudal.s, Tzotzils, t^hol.s.
Huarian Family: Juaves.
Chiuaiitecaii Family: Chinaiitecs.
The Tepcluias, whom Orozco y Berra leaves unclassified, are not mentioned l)y Dr. Leon.
They live in several villages in the region where the states of Hidalgo and Vera Cruz come
together. Some data relative to them may be found in our Notes on the, Ethnogvaithy of
Southern Mexiro. pp. 83-6 (reprintetl from the Proceedings Davenport Acadeni;/ of Sciences.
Vol. \'TII. ]9(M)i. They present much of interest, and we hope to print further regarding them.

Before presenting the actual results of our study sonu' brief statements of method
and generalizations are necessary. Stature, shoulder-lu'iglit. and height of second
finger-tip (the arms hanging at the sides, witli the hands upcnl were taken in rapid
succession, to prevent change of p(jsition on the part of the subject. When, as hap-
pened rarejv. the subject was not barefoot, the height of the her! (if the shoe was
measured and subtracted from all the measures into which it entere(l. Tlic shoulder-
width was the lii-acinmiiil measure. Two face-heights were taken: oncwasfnini the
line of hair and forehead to the chin, the other from the nasioii or the external
point corres]>onding to it —to the chin.
In South Mexican Indians tlie hair is usually coai'se, straight, and black. This
6 Physical Characters of Indians op Southern Mexico

is ti'ue of all tuibes. There is. hdwevcr, a little individual variation in form and color
in some tribes ; such are mentioned in the descriptions of tribes. Tlie graying of
liair, with advancing age. varies considerably with tribes ; in some it is rare, in others
rather common. Thinning of hair on the to]) of the head, as age advances, occurs in
few tribes. A slight degree of waviness or curliness is sometimes to be seen, but only
in one tribe, the Chontals, was it strikingly frequent. All these variations in hair
growth or color are interesting, and show racial differences or indicate mixture of
bloods. The growth and distribution of the beard is strikingly constant, though
occasional tribal differences can be made out. Usuall}-. the growth on the upper
cheeks is scanty, scattered, and well forward ; on the lower cheeks, none ; on the
chin, it varies from scanty to medium, but is apt to be localized upon the tip of the
chin the moustache is the heaviest part of the beard, and the first to appear.
; To
economize space we summarize the descriptions of beard growth, in the tribal accounts,
after a sort of formula, which ap])lies to upper cheeks, lower cheeks, chin moustache. ;

The beard, but more [)articularly the moustache, is often lighter than the head-hair.
being brown, or light brown, while the head-hair is black ; the beard also, especially
the moustache, grays relatively early, and may be gray, or even white, V)efore there is

even a sprinkling of gray hairs upon the head.

The eyes of Mexican Indians, like those of our own Indians, are generally of
a brown so dark as to be almost black. In the matter of eye color there is little
variation. Sometimes a little fading takes place with age, and brown or light brown
eyes are more common in old persons than in others. Apparently "oblicjue'" eyes,
like those of the Chinese, are frequent in some tribes, but are not universal in any ; a
less degree of obliquity, which in our records is designated as J.-mongoloid, or ;^-nion-
goloid, occurs quite commonly in some tribes where no true cases of obliquity were
noted ; in one or two tribes there was (jbserved a tendency to the opposite condition —
/'.
c, a slight obliquity, in which the outer corner of the eye seemed lower than the
inner : in several tribes the eyes appear horizontal, and no cases, even of slight
obliquity, occurred. In nearly all the tribes the eyes are widely separated, and in
none were they notably close together.
We need not comment at length upon tlie descriptive characters of the nose, lip,

and ear. We may merely remark that the ears are of medium
and rather uniform, size
anil that they rarely present those stigmata of degeneracy of which so much study

has been made. They are usually well shaped and project but little from the head.
The lobe is usually of fair size and well formed, though it is usuallv more or less
attached.
In recording skin color we used the little book pre|)ared bv Dr. Boas in 1S'.12.
This was withdrawn before his investigation ended, but having no better series we
have continued to employ it. Only seven of its colors occur, with any frequency,
among our Mexican ti'ibes, and these we have reproduced in the accompanying color-
chart, where their original reference numbers are retained. Of course, no Indian ever
r)(5
Decennial PrBLicATioxs, IV Plate I

13 15 16 23

COLOR-CHART FOR SO U T H M E X
- I CAN INDIANS
 : . .

Frederick Starr

presents a single, simple, dead eoior, such as are liere j^iveii : these ai-e f(iiiii(hiti(iii

colors, wliich are livened u|i with tints of red or yellow. There is a nutahlc varietv
of color among these triix's.

The records regarding the number of children iKjrne are below the reality.

Records were made for all women who have had children, even for young mothers who
had their tirst infant in their arms. Unmarried women below t\ventv-fi\-e are not
recorded ; women above twenty-tive. but uiimarrii-d. are so recorded : marrie(l women
without children, more than twenty-five years of age. are recorded as barn-n.
No serious attem|)t was niad<' to secure information regarding kinds of diseases
or their frequency. Such diseases, however, as yj////o, goitre, cataract, and such results
of disease as pock-marking were generally recorded. In regard to pinfo and goitre
the records probably give some idea of their actual frequency.
We may tirst examine some general tables, wherein measurements or indices from
the ditferent tribes are compared, and tlun wr may consider the data regarding eaidi
tribe in detail
TABLE I. STATfRE

Tribe

100 Mazatecs
99 Triquis
100 Mayas
100 Tzendals
100 Chols
100 Tzotzils
100 Tcpehuas
100 Mi-ttecs
100 Chochos
100 Cuicatecs
100 Huaxtecs
la) Totonacs
100 Mixes
100 Chinantecs .

100 Otomis
100 Zapotecs (Mitla)
100 Aztecs
80 Chontals
100 Jiiavps
1(N) Zoijues
1(10 Tarascans
KXJ Tlasi'alans
99 Zapotecs (Teh.)
8 Physical Characters of Indians of Sulthern Mexico

tallest tribes of all, tlio Zapotecs of Tehuantepec, are only in the lowest part of this
group. No tribe, as a tribe, presents a mean stature "above mean," and the greatest
nuin])er of "tall" individuals in any tribe is only four. The two shortest tribes.
Mazatecs and Triquis, are linguistic relations ; they are, however, linguistically related
to the Tehuantepecanos, who are the tallest of the whole list. The actual differences
in these statures is considerable, ")3.7mm.. or something like 2^ inches. The sex
difference in stature is notable. Deniker. suppf)rting himself upon Topiuard, states
the usual sexual difference for mankind to be 12 cm., with a range of 7 cm. to 13 cm.
Taking our tribes in the order of the table we find the difference in mean statures for
the two sexes to be as follows: IIS.G, 12().l. 137.2. 118.7, 144.!». 117.7. 124.3, 93.4, 128.8,
112.3, 5t7.(), 142.U, IIB.O, 177.0, 124.0, 107.0, 128.4, 117.4, ISli.fi. 125.2, 118.(). 11SI.8.
95. T). The average of these differences is 122.09, showing that the women in these
tribes are really shorter than the men in an unusual degree. The (ictiuil difference is

small, but even small differences in means are significant. It will also be noticed that
no case nearly approaches Topinard's minimum difference of 7 em. (70 mm.), the
smallest difference in our list being 93.4 ; there are also five cases — 137.2, 144.9.
142.9, 177.0, and 130.6 — which surpass his maximum difference of 13 cm. (130 mm. ).
A final observation of interest in regard to stature is that children, in most of the
tribes, are often larger than their parents ; this may indicate a recent improvement in

food-supply or mode of life.

table II. AR.M index

ss
 ..

Frederick Stabb

The mean of iiulit-fs t)f five French series •^ivcn ]<\ 'rii|iiiianl is 45.0" ; white soldiers,
measured in tlie United States War, gave 43.-4 Iroquois
at the time of tlic Civil ;

Indians, measured at the same time, gave 45.1 American negroes gave 45.2. A ;

recent exaniinafion uf West Soudan negroes gave Girard 4().8^ Shoshonean tribes
give 44.(5'. These results are not clear on the whole they indicate that our Mexican ;

Indians have long arms as compared with wjiites, American negroes, and some United
States Indians, liut sliorf as runiparcd with Stnidauese negroes.

TABLE III. FINGER-REACH INDEX

EXTBEHES Extremes
Tribe Mean Range Tribe Mean Range
2:0 Max. Min. Max. Min

100 Mixtecs .... 102.1 108.0 94.4 13.7 99 Tlaxcalans . ia3.2 110.6 95.8 14.9
100 Zapotecs (Mit.) 102.3 107.4 96.6 10.9 99 Mixes 103.3 108.6 99.9 8.8
100 Cuicatecs . 102.4 109.4 94.3 15.2 100 Tzendals .... 103.4 109.3 97 11.7
98 Triquis 102.6 108.0 97.3 10.8 100 Aztecs 103.6 110.2 98 11.6
100 Juavcs 102.7 107.2 96.3 11.0 100 Huaxtecs 103.7 109.0 99 9.6
98 Tzotzils .... 102.7 106.7 96.7 10.1 99 Zapotecs(Teh.) 103.8 110.2 94 15.8
100 Tarasonns . 102.8 108.4 9.-1.5 13.0 100 Chols 103.8 109.4 98 11.3
99 Chinantecs. 102.8 109.9 93.6 16.4 100 Mazatecs 104.1 110.1 99.7 10.5
99 Chochos . . ia3.o 111.7 97.2 14.6 100 Totonacs 104.1 110.0 99.4 10.7
100 Otomi ia3.o 110.1 97.3 12.9 100 Tepehuas ... 104.5 109.7 99.8 10.0
80 Chontals . . 103.1 110.0 98.4 11.7 100 Mayas 105.6 111.7 100.2 11.6
100 Zoques 103.2 108.6 96.6 12.1

The tinger-reacii, or the measure along the hoii/oiitally outstretched arms from
the tip of the middle finger of one hand to the tip of tlir iniddlc tinger of the other,
is a])])roximately the same as the stature. The finger-reach index is ohtainetl by
com[)aring this measure with the stature, taken at 100. For series of South Europi'ans
this index ranges from ItO.'.l to 104.4 ; among Livouians and Esthonians it is lOfi.O
and lliT. 1. Ill negroes and Iroquois Indians it rises to Ids and more. Among these
Mexican tribes it ranges from 102.1 to 105.0, which cannot l)e considered very large.
This index de])ends upon two elements, the shoulder-width anil the arm-length. It is
always less than the sum of the shoulder index and twice the arm index. This
reduction is due to the fact that, when the arms are extended, a jiart of their length

is by the sinking of the head of the humerus into tlic socket at the shoulder-
lost

joint. As the arms are rather long, and the shouldei-widt rather great, we should li

expect a more notable fingiT-rcach.

Comiiaraf ively ft'w investigators have calculated the sitting height index, and we
have U)o little material regarding it, at hand, for satisfactory comjiarison. No doubt

2T0PINARD. Elcmint* gen., p. 1,078. Thcso means, il.'Anthropoloiiic, Vol. XIII, p. 178.
calculatcii witii r(isp<^ct to tlie actual numbers of cases in * Boas, American Authropoloniat, Vol. I. p. 7."i7,
tho series, are: French, 4.'».1 ; Mexican Indians, 4.")..19.

59
10 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

TABLE IV. HEIGHT-SITTING IXDE.V

O o
 3

Fredebick Stabk 11

])()iiil('cl. It is tiiu' tliat till' Mayas, ami Jiiavos, who live

C'hoiitiils, Tfhuiiiitt'|)feaii()S,

in places near sea level, are short in sitting height, thusseeming to sustain our suppo-
sition but the Huaxtecs (linguistically related to the Mayas), who also live at a slight
;

elevation, have a long trunk. Aztecs and Otomis live on the high plateau. l)ut are
near the lowland tribes in sitting-heiirht index.
\Vc were constantly impressed by the appareiil fine development of cliest in many
individuals, and expected to find tlie shoulder-index large and varying with altitude.
Tiie actual figures hardly meet our expectations. Compared with the indices given in
Topinard {loc. cil.. p. 1()S2) they are rather large. The measurements taken at the
time of our Civil War give white Americans Is.'.t and I'.M): Tnxiuois Indians, 1.S.8, and
American negroes 2\M. All of these fall below our uiininium. the Otomis. at 21..").
Boas"s SliosJK means /oc. cH.) gave 2.'].2, which agrees with our maximum for the
(

Chochos. We do not understand Imw tlic C'liorhos have so small a finger-reach index;
with the greatest slujulder wiilth index and next to thf maxiinnni arm index they
ought to be close to the maximum. We suspect some (>rror here, hut have sought in
vain to locate it.

The cephalic index. uiKpiestioiiahly tlii' must ipiuled datum in ant lii-npology,

TAtil.i: VI. CErHALIC INDEX

EXTREMU^
a Tribe Mean Ranf^o
Mas. Miri. a=i

100 Tzendals 76.8 86.4 68.0 18.5 2

100 TzotziLs 76.9 82.7 68.5 14.3 1
100 Otomis 77.6 85.1 69.5 15.7 1
100 Aztecs 78.9 86.5 69.0 17.6 1
100 Tarascans 79.4 88.3 71.3 17.1
100 Zoques 80.2 89.5 69.4 20.2 1
99 Triquis 80.3 92.4 72.6 19.9
100 Tlaxcalans 80.5 87.2 70.9 16.4
100 Chochos 80.5 93.6 74.0 19.7
1(X) Chols 80.8 95.7 72.4 23.4
1(X) Zapotccs (Mitla), 81.0 89.2 73.5 15.8
!«) Zapotccs (Teh.).. 81.1 89.5 73.3 16.3
100 Cuicatocs 81.. 90.1 72.5 17.7
100 Mixes. 81.8 97.5 71.7 25.9
100 Mixtecs 81.9 96.1 74.5 21.7
80 Chontals a3.2 93.5 75.6 18.0
100 Mazatecs a3.2 93.9 74.8 19.2
100 Chinantecs 83.7 96.4 74.0 22.5
100 Tepehuas 84.0 92.4 75.2 17.3
100 Huaxtecs 84.4 95.7 75,7 20.1
1(«) Juaves 84.5 93.7 74.3 19.5
lf)0 Mayas SJ.O 94.6 75.2 19.5
100 Totonacs R').« !)."). 8 76.5 19.4
 . ;

12 Physical Ch.ar.actebs of Indians of Southern Mexico

ranches in these tribes from 7B.8 to 85.9. Adopting Topinard's nomenclature, we find
no dolichoceplialie or sub-dolichocej)lialic- tribes, five mesatice[)lialif, seventeen sub-
brachycephalic, and one supra-brachycephalic. Here we have no laek of material
from other parts of the country for comparison, as cephalic indices of North American
Indians have been published by many observers. Deniker may profitably be consulted.
The Eskimo of the far North and the Botocudo of Brazil are true dolichocephals the ;

Indians of the Ignited States are mostly sub-dolichocephalic and mesaticephalic

among some of the southern tribes the index rises. Our series, however, probably
give the highest indices recorded, and the Mayas and Totonacs no doubt are the
most brachycephalic of North American tribes. It will be noticed that there is no

TABLE VII. FACIAL INDEX

Extremes
O a)
Tribe Mean Range O k3
Tribe
Max. Min.

100 Aztecs 77.0 86.5 67.5 19.1 100 Mixes

99 Tlaxcalans . . . 78.0 91.3 68.7 22.7 100 Zapotecs (Mitla)
100 Tarascans 78.1 87.9 69.3 18.7 99 Triquis
99 Zapotecs (Teh.) 78.7 88.0 70.5 17.6 100 Otomis
100 Huaxtecs 79.1 96.7 72.6 24.2 100 Totonacs
100 Cuicatecs 79.3 96.8 68.9 28.0 99 Juaves
100 Chochos 79.8 95.7 69.5 26.3 100 Tzendals
100 Zoques 79.9 92.2 69.5 22.8 100 Mazatecs
80 Chontals 79.9 93.7 70.4 23.4 100 Tepehuas
1(K) Mixtecs 80.0 92.0 70.0 22.1 100 Chinantecs
100 Chols 80.4 90.7 71.2 19.6 100 Mayas
100 Tzotzils 80.6 93.4 69.0 24.5
 Frederick Starr 13

agreement in this respect between tribes of the same linguistic family. Mayas and
Huaxtecs stand near the upper end, while Tzendals and Tzotzils, their linguistic
relatives, are at the lower end.

We shall make no conmieiits regarding the facial indices. The first is found by
taking the height, from hair-line to chin, at lUU, and computing tlie proportion of the
maximum — bizygomatic — breadth. - In the second the height, from the nasiou to the
chin, is taken at 100 and compared with the same breadth.

TABLE IX. NASAL INDEX

Tribe

100 Juaves
100 Chols
80 Chontals
100 Zoques
100 Mayas
100 Huaxtecs
100 Mixes
100 Totonacs
100 Chinantecs
99 Zapotecs (Teh.) .

100 Cuicatecs
KJO Aztecs
100 Tepchuas
100 Mazatecs ,

100 Tlaxcalans
100 Zapotecs (Mitla)
100 Tarascans
100 Chochos
100 Mixtecs
100 Otomis
100 Tzendals
100 Tzotzils
Triquis
14 Physical Characteks of Indians of Southebn Mexico

1 Ui. 1. uTu.Ml; IlllXQL'lLUKAN. STATK OF .Mi:\I(i)

are all niesorhiiiian. Boas's Sliushoiifaiis at S;l.l (•(lincidc willi (lie ilixtecs. aTiil cdiiic

between the Clioelios and Otoiiiis.

We now turn to tlie data relative to each tribe: thi» tribes are taken n\> in the
order in which thev were visited, and iuwliicli they ar<' innnbcrcMl upon tlie skftch-nui]).

THE OTOMIS
The Otomis are of little stature, only one subject deservin^j the characterization
"tall;" they are mesaticephalic, and have absolutely the longest heads of all the tribes
visited; the nasal index, at fS;5.(), marks them as mesorliinian, althonnh many indi-
vidual cases are platyrhinian ; the shoulder-width index is the least observed.
To the eye there appear to l)e two well-marki'd types of males. The first is taller.

lighter, broader-nosed than the other, and has eyes that are widely sej)arated and
often ol)lique. The broad nose may be wide and flat at the tip, or it may be what we
have tU'signated '•
beaked "-- with the ridge extending down beyond the ahe as a

central, hooked, body, from wliich the alas o|)en out rather broadly. While the nose
is wide and low, it is often aijuiline; at tin' root it is fiat-convex or squarisli. The
beai'd on the upper cheeks is scanty, lacking altogether on the lower dieeks, is scanty
on th(> cliin. and medium on the upper lip. As is frequently the case among ^Mexican
t;4
 Frederick Starr 15

|i, L OTO.MI WOMW HllXi^ril.rK \N sT\TKOI' .MKMIO

T.\BLE X. OTO.MIi-
16 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FIG, .;. TAKASCAN iVUU.NU TYPE:: .SANTA FE DE LA LAGUNA. STATE OF MICUOACAN

tribes, tho l)eard among the Otomis shows greater variation in form or texture, in
color, and in turning gray, than the hair of the head. Both, however, show much
variation: in more than 30 per cent, of the subjects the beard varies from tlie normal
straight and black condition; in something over 20 per cent, of subjects the hair of
the head varies. The head is long. The skin is a light yellow or whitish, curiously
ruddy, and blotched with red, purple, or blue. The face is flat and broad. —
The other
type is little, dark brown (16), and has a much more agreeable facial expression; the
eyes are less widely-spaced, and the eyebrows often meet; the root of the nose is flat,

depressed, and often squarish ; the nose is narrower and better-shaped than in the
previous type. The individual represented in the cut belongs to this little type.
Women are more uniform, and, on the whole, are darker than the men. They
more resemble the second than the first male type. They are little; from yellow-
brovra to dark brown (16) the face is flat, the nose broad and flat, the cheek-bones wide,
;

and tlie heads absolutely long. The head-hair grows low upnn tlie forehead, and the
forehead itself is frequently gnnvn with a fine black down; the eyebrows often meet.
The heads of the women, anil of the little m(>n. are peculiarly high as well as long —
— though this appearance is increased in iiieii hy the inndc of cutting the liair. (The
hair on the upper third of the head is left uncut while the rest is trimuuHl. I Eighteen
women who had l)een mothers had had one liundred and twenty-one children.
GO
 Frederick Starr 17

KIU. I. TARASCAN GIUL: .s\NT\ 1I-: UK L\ LM.l \ \. ST\TI-; OK MICHOACAN

THE TARASCANS
The Tarascans are amon<ij tlir taller of these tribes, less tliaii half, forty-nine, being
of little stature: only two suhjccts, however, were tall. Though taller than their neigh-
bors, the Otoniis. their heads are shorter. Among the men we may distinguish a well-
defined youthful, and an (Miualls- di'liiiite nldrr. tyjic. In llie ynutlit'id ty|ii', which
holds until thirty or thiity-tive years, and which iiuijj persist through life, the skin is

of ft tine, dark. i)rown [W>); the face is large; the nose is bi'oad, with round nostrils,
which open to the sides, and which are separated from the face level, behind, by a
wcll-dclincd ridge of tlesh the e\('s arc often mongoloid; the
: lijis arc thick and
protrude somewhat; there is little of the tine, black, forehead dnwu. even in children.

Tn the older tvpi' the face lengthens; tlie nos(> becomes narrower; the nostrils face
diiwnwai'il, and the ridge of flesh behind llicm disappears; llic eyes straighten.
The hair is straight and black, but two cases showing any degnn' of graying; one-
fourth of the c-nses show a slight tendency to waviness. The eyes are generally well
separated. TIk' beard distribution is remarkably unil'Drm. It is scanty and of
moderate length njinn the nppc'r cheeks; there is none or little on the h>wer cheeks,
and when there is an\- it is well fi)rward; on the tip <il' the chin there is a mediinn or

scanty short growth; the moustache is scanty <ir medium, and of moderate h'ugth.
07
18 Phy.sical Char.\cters of Indians of Southern Mexico

The ear is well-shaped, and stands off somewhat from tlie head; the border of the
helix is thin and, above, is rolled inward, below is flat; the lobe is rather large,
attached, and round-triangular.
Twenty-one women have had one hundred and fifty-two children, of whom one
hundred and one have died. Families are quite frequently large; the largest included
in this enumeration consisted of thirteen children. Women are frequently fat.

Goitre occurs to a considerable extent. In Uruapan only those living in the ward of
San Juan We examined six cases there, of whom three were males and
are affected.
thi-ee Three of these cases were deaf and two were imbecile; one female
females.
examined, who was sixty years of age and unmarried, has two brothers whom we did —
not see —
of whom one is a deaf-mute, the other is goitrous. At Cap^cuaro, a quite
purely Tarascan town, the disease is common. It seemed as if every man we met was
more or less affected; some of the cases wei-e notably developed.

TABLE XI. TARASCAN

 Frederick Starr 19

FIU. TLAXCALAN: TLAXC.U.A, STATi; OF TLAXCALA

subjects — only six — were distinctly gray and only one of these was white; seven-
teen showed a slight tendency to waviness oi- curliness; middle-aged men rather
frequently showed thinning of hair on top of head and some degree of temporal bald-
ness. Tlie beard formula none or scanty and W(>11 forward on the
is none (or scanty I.

cheeks, medium and central line of chin; moustaclie ratlier full and
(or scanty) on tip
often of fair lenijth. The beard on the chin is first t(j turn gray, then that on the
lower cheeks: these may be quite gray before the moustache begins to turn; the beard
as a whole mav be gray or even white, before the hair of the head is sprinkled with
gray. While the hair itself is usually straight, the beard hair is often inclined to
become curly. The eyes are dark brown, but moderately spaced, and rarfli/ mon-
goloid; there is unusually fre(iucncy of lighter brown eyes, Ki ])er cent. Tiie line of
union between the nose and the forehead is rather high and from narrow to medium;
the root of the nose is little depressed; the nose itself is aquiline, frequently; the
beaked nose, already described, is rather common. The lips are thin or of medium
thickness and are nearly vertical. The ears rarely project to a notable degree from
the head, and are, often, (juite close to the lu-ad they are round; the ujiper border of
;

the iielix is tliin and rnllcd in: tlie lower part of tln' border is flat and of medium
tlnckness; the lobe is of f.air size, round, an<l attai-hed.
Women present little that calls for comment. Their eyes, like those of tin- men.
20 Physuwl Ch.\k.acters of Indi.^ns of Southern Mexico

f -^
FIG. 6. AZTEC: rU.MllTLAXTZJXCO, ST.VTE OF Pl'EBLA

TABLE XII. TLAXCALANS

 Frederick Stakk 21

1
FIO. 1. AZTKC WOMAN: CllAl'llTLANTZINCO, STATK OF riKUI.l

and not almost l)lack; tins occurred in 20 ]>er cent, of cases.

are rather often V)ro\vn,
Nineteen mf)t]iers had home one hundred and sixteen children, of whom just half had
'riic largest fan n tlic series was of ei<rhteen children. Two women were Imri'en.
1 1 1 \- 1

THE AZTECS
Tlie A/.tecs e.\amine(l were, unfortunately, from close hy Tiaxeala. ( 'iiaulil lant-

zinco is a "made town," of j)ost-con(iuest origin. Its |i(i|jidat ion was dinwii I'loin

Cholula and Tiaxeala. There should then he little diiference hi'tween our Tlaxcalan
and Aztec series; real differences would point to a ti'ue Aztec tyjx'. lying on the other
side of the ohservation from the Tlaxcalan.
.Stiituri' .\rm FinK<;r-rt'acli Sittin(7-t"'i(;tit Slumliicr ('pi't'Jilit' ('.) Niisiil

Aztec 15iK).2 45.7 1(l.'?.(! 51 .8 21. i» 80.5 ll'.t.5 80.5

Tiaxeala l(i()8.4 45.4 l(i:i.-J 52.7 21.8 78.9 78. 120.5 81.6

The siginticani \ariations are in stature, sitting-height index, cephalic index, ami
nasal index. The Tlaxcalans are talU'r, mori' d(ilichocej>halic, and hroader-nosed tiiari
the ("lioinltec-'i'laxcalans of ("uauhtiantzinco. Presumal>iy a purer Aztec ty[)e woukl
he slioi'ler. more liriK'hycepiiuiic-, iind nuiTower-nosed.
The same remarks cimrerning hair color, form, and distrihution — already nnide
regarding Tlaxcalans appiv tn the ..Vztecs. I'^ifteen per cent, of eyes among men were
71
 —

22 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

lighter than normal, 8 per cent, amoiii^ women. One case of straliismus and ono of
t'atarai't occurred among the hundred suljjects. The line of union between the nose
and forehead was high and of medium hreadth: the tip of the nose was ratlu'r thick.
The lips were often thick and somewhat projecting. Ears rarely j)roject notably, but
the lower part of the ear often stands off somewhat. The helix border is thin and
rolled-in above, thick and tlat below; the lobe is rather large, attached, and round
tending to square or triangular.
To twenty-four mothers one hundred and forty children were born, of whom only
sixty had survived; one woman was barren. Three women out of the twenty-five
were stout.
TABLE XIIL AZTECS
 Frederick Starr 23

nil,--. MIXTKi, \(11M|( DNO, .STAT?; OF OAXACA

24 Physical Characters of Indians of Rocthern Mexico

% FIG. 9.
}
TRIQUI; CHICAHITAXTLA, STATE OF OAXACA

between the nose and the forehead varies from high to medium and is of medium
width; while the nose is frequently aquiline, tlie tip is wide and flat. The lips are

moderately thick and project somewhat. The ears are round and close to the head,
though they tend to stand off considerably below. Tin- helix border is thin and
slightly turned-in above, rather thick and flat below; the lobe is large, round, and
attached. The face is often absolutely lai-ge and is broad and heavy below. The
color of the skin is dark brown — from 13 to 1(k
Inwomen there is, quite often, a growth of fine, black down upon the forehead.
Twenty-two women had had one hundred and twenty-two children, of whom seventy-
seven still lived. Two women were unmarried and one was barren.

THE TRIQUIS
The Triquis present one of the best Southern Mexico. They are
marked types of
next to the shorti'st among the tribes examined, are mesati- to sub-brachycephalic and
have the highest nasal index oliserved -Sf).5. They are well-l)uilt and finely niuscli'd.
The liair is black and straight, only fifteen persons showing graying or light color and
but showing any tendency to waviness or curling. The beard a])pears late, men
five

of thirty often having almost none. On the upi)ei- cheeks there is none or scanty, on
7i
 Frederick 8t.\kr 25

Kid, m. TKIyUl W(JM.\N: rillCVHf-VXTL A ST\rK OF O.VX.UW

TABLE XV. TBiyUIS

26 Physical Characters op Indians of Sotthern Mexico

FIG. U. ZAPOTEC: TLACOLULA. STATE OF OAXACA

the lower cheeks none in seventy-one cases, on the chin it is scanty to medium; the
moustache is of medium growth. The eyes are dark Iji-own and are truly mongoloid
in one-half the subjects. The nose varies little; it is finely aquiline, but is low and. at
the tip, flat and wide; the line of junction with the forehead is rather high. The
lips are frequently thick, but do not project much, as the thickness is largely vertical.
The forehead is quite high, and in women is likely to be covered with fine black
down. The legs of men are apt to be notably hairy. The skin is dark brown ( !(')),
and is smooth and soft. The ol)lique eyes and some degree of projection of the lips
are more marked in young than in older subjects. The round ears are quite closely
set to the liead: the border of the helix above is thin and roUed-in or flat, below it is

flat and thick to thin; the lobe is relatively large, attached, and round — varying to
square or triangular.
In women the nose is less frequently aquiline and is often short and fat at the
tip. The lips are thick and, often, project. in part due to large front
Prognathism,
teeth, appears rather commonly among them. Twenty-two mothers had borne one
hundred and eleven children, of whom sixty-five have died. One woman was
barren.
The hair rarely turns gray or grows thin before the age of fifty years. Old
persons app<>ar fairly preserved. This is the more sur])rising as the tribe is tt'rribly
7tJ
 Frederick Starr 27

FKi. IL'. y.Al'OTKC WOMW: MITLA. STATK OF OAXACV

addicted tf) druiikeiiiifss. We incline to attribute this abuse of intoxicants to climatic

coiulitions. Cold and heavy fogs sweep u]) the mountains from the coast daily and
Iheir chill penetrates to the very bone. Wherever, in the lii^cli mountains, fogs are
abundant and precipitation occurs almost constantly, we tind the same conditions.
The Mixes and the Chinantecs, in their magnificent, forest-clad, abundantly-watered
mountains, are almost equally addicted to drink.

THE ZAPOTECS
The population of Mitia is oi-dinai'ily coiisidind Mixtec-Zapotec, rather than
truly Zapotec. If the Zapotecs of Tehuantepec are typical, these of Mitla certainly
occupy an intermediate position between them and the Mixtecs. The t|)ye is not well-
defined. The average stature, 15*^0.4, places them in the category of " little statures;"
the iinger-reach is i-ather low; the ccplialic index is snb-bracliycephalic ; the nose is

me.sorhinian. The hair is black, but it varies in form toward wavy or curly in one
case out of four. There is no Ijeard on the up])er clu'cks in (lO per cent., none on the
lower in O'J per cent., of cases; there is a medium bi-ard gi-owth on the tip of the
chin; the moustache is heavier at the ends, l)eing short and scanty at the middle.
.\fter fortv vears the beard grnwtli is h(>avier. but inerelv eui|)hasizes this distribution.
28 Physical Ch.\racteks of Indians of Socthern Mexico

In twenty subjects the eyes were brown instead of dark brown. Oblique eyes are
unconunoii; only six cases presented any degree of obliquity. The nose is large, but

is seldom aquiline; rather, the bridge is long and straight or slightly sinuous; the line
of junction with the forehead is to medium.
from high Lips are of moderate thick-
ness, and project but little. Ears are round, and vary much in their relation to the
head; the upper border of the helix is thin and rolled in, the lower border is flat and
varies from thick to thin; the lobe is large, attached, and round to triangular.
Cheek-bones are, not rarely, prominent, and broad lower faces are conmion. One case
of cataract was observed.
The male subject illustrated on the preceding page (Fig. 11, p. '26j was exhibited
at the eleventh session of the Congress of Americanists as a type, reproducing, as it

does, in many ways that .shown in ancient works of art. He is hardly a good example
of the type, as we have defined it, as his aquiline nose and rather heavy beard are
excepti(jnal.
The women of the tribe present no special features for detailed comment. Twenty
mothers had borne one hundred and twenty-five children, of whom fifty-eight were still
living. Two women were unmarried, and one was childless. These Zapotec women
present a notable frankness and gayety, as compared with the W(jmen in the preceding
tribes, and are only equaled (and surpassed) in this regard by their sisters in the

Tehuantepec district.

TABLE XVI. ZAPOTECS

 Frederick Stakr 29

FKJ. l.i. MIXK: COATLAN, STA'I'K <)l' DAXACA

THE MIXES
The Mixes arc of liitlr statui-c'. :iml an' cxccptioiially strongly luiill ; their musi-lea
are well dcvclupcd. and tlicir imii are famous as carriers; the chest di'veh){)meiit is

good. The arms are the shortest observed (44.()), but their finger-reach (103.3)
is fairly high. The hair is black and straight: there were fifteen cases of gray,
or gray-spriiikliil hair,and sixteen with a tendency to wavy and curly. Twelve
subjects had really gray, anti iniie gray-sprinkled beards; there were eight cases of
l)!ack-i)rown, brown, or red-brown beards. The bcai-d on llie upper cheeks is scanty,
on till' lower cheeks there isnone or it is scanty, on the cinu it is meilium or scanty;
the moustache is medium. The moustache appears first, the chin beard next when ;
—
as is common in older sul)jects — there is a medium, or even full, growth on th<' upper
and lower cheeks, there is a clear sj)acc between. The eyes are dark I)rown, with S jier
cent, of lighter occurrences: tliey are larely oblique — in about ')
percent.; they are
widely separated. The line of union of the nose and forehead is high and of medium
width; the nose is fat, fiat, and brcjad, with nostrils soiiiewliat transversely spread.
The mouth is large and lips are thick and projecting; the nmulli is rar<dy kept closed.
Prognatliism is cipninmn. Tlie lines from llie sides of the nose to tlu' ends of the lips
are dei'pjy creased. Ivus are ol'leii ii-i-egiilar and are usnallv close to the head: the
7'J
30 Phvsical Charaoters of Indians of Soithern Mexico

upper helix border is rolled in and border is flat and thick; the
thin, while the lower

lobe islarge, attached, and round. The and

face is low
is broad across the cheeks.
The skin is dark brown, (13) being most common and (16) next.
The female ty[)e was noted as "wide face above; lower face wide; nose broad and
flat; nostrils ncjuly circidar and close to the face." This description applies as well
to the youthful male type. To twenty -three mothers, one hundred and sixty children
were born of whom eighty-four still lived; the largest family contained sixteen children.
The occurrence of erythrism at Ixcuintepec famous through the Mixe country.
is

In one family are several red-heads; we saw two males of this family. The hair was
a rich and handsome blackish red —
in the shade, in a dull light, it would pass for
black; in good light the red was evident. Among our hundi'ed males four had cata-
ract (one, an old man, had both eyes affected). One woman was goitrous. Goitre is
not infrequent in this region of fine mountain brooks. At Camotlan, with a popula-
tion of 143 persons, there were six cases of goitre —
four females and two males; there
were three deaf-mutes, who were not children of goitrous parents and there was one
;

case of congenital deformation, with no legs and with deformed arms and hands. Our
measurements, taken at Ajutla, Juquila, Ixcuintepec, and Coatlan. no doubt represent
the type adequately, l)ut we regret that the work was not done at Ocotepec, where
the jseople appear to be exceptionally pure and the type finely niarkeil.

TABLE XVII. MIXES

 Frkdekick Starr ;u

KKi. It. TKIU \\l'i:i'i;c /.AI'OTKC: SAN ULAS. STATK OF OAXAr.V

THE ZAPOTECS OF TEHUANTEPEC

The Zapotecs of Tehuantcpec probably present the finest Zapotec type, although
they probably have some admixture of Spanish blood. They are the tallest tribe
visited, having a mean stature of KU)"); in ce[)halic index they are close to the Mixtec-
Zapotecs of Mitla; fhey are mesorhiniaii. The hair was gray, or turning to gray, in
seventeen cases, and was brown in three; the usual formula — "black, straight" —
fails in 43 per cent, of cases. The disti'ibution of beard is iimch as usual: less Ihaii
half had any beard on the u|i|ii'i- cheek.s, three-fourths had umir mi tlic lower clu'ek.s,

forty-six had a medinm, and tbirty-six a scanty, growth on llic cliin. while three-
fourths had a medium moustache growth 37 percent, of ; the subjects have lii,dit or
gray beard. Eyes are usually dark brown, but there were seventeen cases of brown,
light brown, or gray; few are obli(pie in any degree. The line of union between the
nose and forehead is from high tn nuiliuni and rather narrow; though thr nose is

long and high, it is often Hat and thick at the end. The lips vary from medium to
thick and project somewhat. The ears are, rather freijuently. irregular, and project
from the head; the edge of the helix is thin and rolled in abo\'e. thick I
or thin) and
flat beldw: the lobe is large, attarhcd, ;ind variabli- in form. A certain narrow, large-
featured. hat<-hct face is rather cumnion. and is representi'tl in the cnt. The skin color
Si
32 Physical Ch.^racters of Indians of Southern Mexico

TABLE XVIII. ZAPOTECS (tEHUANTEPECANOS)

 Frederick St.^rr 33

Tin-: .TUAVES
These sea-side, lagoon-frcciin'iitinj^ Indians jirescnt a well-marked <y|u'. Their
average stature falls just short of "below uicaii; '
the (cphalii' index is just shoit of
supra-hraehycephaly ; their nasal index, while the least observed, is still uiesorhinian.
The hair is hlac-k; there were nine cases of gray hair, and twenty-eight
straight and
that wiTc more or wavy or eurly. The beai'd |)resents greater variation: tlu're
less
were fifteen cases which were somewhat gray and thirty-two which were l)rown or
black-brown. There was total lack of t)eard on the upper cheeks in sixty-nine cases,
and straggling hairs in Iwiiity-two; there was no beard on (lie lower cheeks; on the
chin the growth varied from medium to scanty, but was confined to the ti]) and a
vertical median line. Out of nine cases that present a medium growth on the u])per
cheeks, eight were gray or brown; in tiie few cases where there was a scanty growth
on the lowi'r ciieeks, all were gray or brown. These facts raise the suspicion of
l)eai'tl growth.
mixture of l)loods in cases of notable The eyes are dark lirown; in the
t'ight caseswhere brown eyes were observed, the hair or beard was gray, bi-own, or
black-brown, straight-wavy, or straight-curly; the eyes show no tendency to obliquity.
The uose is enormous, prominent and aquiline; this is true even in women and boys;
among the latter, however, it is lower and somewhat flat. The line at the junction of
nose and forehead is high and from narrow to medium; the bridge is often narrow; the
tip is rarely thick and is, sometimes, even hooked. The mouth is large, the li[)s tliick,

T.\BLE XIX. .lUAVES

34 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FIG. 1.-). JUAVE: SAN MATEO DEL MAH, STATE OF OAXACA

and the upper lip often projects. The cheek-hones are high: the lower face varies and
may be ])road or narrow. Ears vary little and are not large; the upjjer part of the
car frequently stands well off from the head —
the lower part rarely does: the upper
|)art of the border of the helix folds over, sometimes closely and flattened: the lower
part is flat and thin, though the very edge may be thickened and slightly raised; the
lobe is large, attached, and triangular. The skin color is commonest at (^16), then
at (18).

The women show more variation than the men: they are lighter in
rather
color, there being twice as many
at (13) as there are at (10). As regards fecundity,
twenty-four women had borne one hundred and fift)'-seven children, of whom more
than lialf (eighty-six) were dead. Two women out of twenty-five had cataract of
the eyes.
Es])ecial interest attaches to this tribe df Indians. Their inanner of lite is

peculiar; they have a language whose affinity with nther Mexican languages is

unknown, and they are believed to have come from somewhere farther .south from —
Central America or South America.
Francisco Belmar has recently published a study of t]\e language of tlie Jnave
tribe, and Nicolas Leon has pre])ared a summary of what has heretofore been written
about them.
Si
 Frederick 8ta rr 35

FKi. Hi. jrAVK WOMAN: S\N M \Tl:i) DHL M\K, ST\TK OF OAXACA

THE CHONTALS
A first <;laiirc <rivc.s the impression that the Choiitals arc sadly mixed. Their
frequt'iitiy c-ui'ly iiair, iif^lit skin, and li^lit eyes suggest bkiod mixture. As their
chief 1i)\vn lii-s upon a much traveled liigh-road, the pu.ssibility of such a mixture, is

admitted l>ut it' it has taken [)hice thi ik has been thorougli. and tiie resulting
type is quite as uniform as many of those in southern Mexico. Usually the nnujc
in character and indii'es is considered indicative of purity or mixture. In our nine
general tables the range in stature is the (July lud.vltutim shown by the Chontals; in

four indices the range is consideralile, though not a niaximuin: in lour the range is

less than tliat (jf one-half of the tribi^s, and in two of these (one of them the nasal
index) it is relatively small. The bad one. If there is notable
type, then, is not a
mixture, pi-obai)ly negio blood, as widl as white, is present. The Chontals, with
a stature of 1, oils. nun., are near near the taller end of oni- ril)es; they are sub-brachy-
t

ceplmlic; the nasal index is low. The hair is black and straight, but in thirty-five

cases out of eighty showed variation in form and in sixteen out of eighty cases
it

showed variation in Ten cases were dislinetU' curly, while tlii-i'c were brown or
eoloi-.

dark brown. The i)eard was gray, or sprinkled with gray, in thirty suiijects; it was
curlv in sevei-al. Many subjects had no beaid on (he upper cheeks, but thiily-one
36 Physical Char.\cteks of Indians of Southern Mexico

V
ii
FIG. 17. CHOXTAL: TEQITXTSTLAX, ST.\TE OF 0\\\t\

TABLE XX. CHONTALS

 Fkedekick Stakk 37

h'IG. IS, fHONTAL WOMAN: TEQUIXISTLAN. STATE OF OAXACA

subjects showed a scanty to iiii'diuiii i^rowth; ciiil\' a lliii'd had any at all nii tlic lowci'

cheeks; more than half liad a uu'diinn ijrowth uikui the chin; ti\ c-ci^hths liad a
medium and almost all the others a full moustache. This remarkahle predominance
of the moustache over the rest of the beai-d appears real, and imt tin- i-esult of sliaviii<x.

The eyi's are dark brown; only seven vaiied (one of these was l)UH'-<rray) ; they are
widely spaced and arc horizontal. and rather lon<^, often somewhat
The nose is large
convex alonir the rid<fe: the root is hijih and narrow, and often i)resents a broad
plateau, pinched u|> inlo a narrow ridge just where it joins the forclHiid. Tlir lips

are thin to nietUum: the upper lip is vertical or slightly projecting. Tlir lar is round,
stands offfrom the head, and is thin anil rather open: the nppei' horchr of the helix
is thiti and rolled inward, the lower border is (hick to thin and tlat : the lobe varies in
size and attaclinicnt. hut is usually round. The coloi' of the skin varies somewhat
in individuals, iiut the <-onnnoner shades ai-e re|)resented by (1-5), |2;3),and (Ki) in
our color-[)late.

Women fairly jiresent the sanx' type. More than one-half of them gave skin
color at ( IBj. Their lips are more fre(piently thick and they are sonietiuies prog-
nathic. Two of (he women whom we examined had ne\ci- borne children; but

twenty-two mothers had given birth to one hundred and thirteen children, of whom
sixty-seven had died.
87
38 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FIG. la CUICATEC: PAPALO, STATE OF OAXACA

THE CUICATECS
The Cuicatecs present less uniformity of type than any other tribe examined.
After having examined the whole series of subjects there was no satisfactory type-
picture in mind. They are of littli> stature, sub-brachycephalic ( with many mesati-
cephalic individuals), and mesorhiuiau. The hair is black and straight twelve :

subjects were somewhat gray, one was brown, and one blackish red some degree of ;

waviness or curliness was observed in fourteen cases. The common beard formula
was: none (or scanty), none, scanty to medium; medium to full; where beard
occurred on the cheeks it was well forward. The eyes are dark-brown, wiilely si)aced,
and horizontal. Two nose forms were rather common these, notwithstanding their
;

differences, might be combined in one person (a) long, not aquiline, sinuous, with
:

the bridge often curiously broadened in the up|)er third of its length \^h) crest or ;

ridge concave, wide and fat at bottom, with round, quite widely separated, nostrils.
With the latter type of nose tliere was usually associated a fat and broad lower face.
Not infrequently, at the root, the nose is })inc]u'd u|) into a narrow ridge upon a wider
plateau, which widely separates the eyes. The lips are thick and often project. The
ears are rather close to the head ; the upper border of the helix is rolled in and thin ;

the lower border is thicker and flat : the lobe is large, attached, and round (triangular).
88
 Frederick Starr 39

The color of tlie skin is most frequently come (13) and (23-13).
at (28) : Hftcr this
Of all Mexican Indians visited by us these were the least agreeal)Ie, the least
intelligent, and thi' most stubborn. We had hoped this bad impression was peculiar
to ourselves, but lind that they bear much the same reputation among others who have
come into coulai-t witli tlicin.

In four casi's there was some degree of lialdness. One cataract was noticed. One
subject presented a curious disease alFecting the linger nails: these were enormous,
thick, and sniootli. The subjtM-t attributed the condition to his woiking constantly in
cold water. Two other cases were observed, but they were not developed in anytiiiiig
like the same degree.
Eight women were more or less gray, and two presented some curliness of hair;
four had brown eves. The long sinuous nose above described is rather eoninion anionjir
them. Twenty-four mothers had borne one hundred and fourteen cliildren. of whom
seventy still lived ; one woman was unmarried.

T.\BLE XXI. CflCATECS

40 Physic.\l C'h.\k.\ct eks of Indi.ws of Southern Mexico

FIU. 3). CHINANTKt ; S.V.S .Jl.V.N Z.AL TL.\, ST.VTK OF OA\A( A

TABLE XXII. CHINANTECS

 Fredebick Stakb 41

the face is flat, ami wide at tlie is dark (Hi I.

cheek-bones; the skin With age this
changes to the mature tvjie. becomes
Tlie nose
finely aquiline and moderately wide,
or narrow, at the root; the upper lij) becomes less projecting; the skin lightens up to
a certain age, after which it again darkens, becoming finally fixed at ^^I'^-^).
The hair is straight and black; in three cases it was gray, in nine somewhat
sj)rinkled with gray, and in two sonu'what brown; seven cases were slightly wavy or
curly. The beard was gray, or gray sprinkled, in fourteen, and brownish in seven,

cases. The commonest beard formula was: medium (or none), none, scanty; medium.
The scanty chin beard is almost confined to the point and a middle vertical line.

Several subjects, particularly among the youthful type, showed a fine, black, downy
growth upon the forehead. Eyes are dark brown, often widely separated, and rather
frequently there were nineteen cases) oblique.
I
Eyebrows are frequently continuous.
While the nose in the mature type is finely a(iuiliue, it is not large and is often low.
The lips are moderately thick and somewhat projecting. The ear is round and close
to the head; the border of the uj)per part of th(^ helix is roiled inward and thin; that
of the lower part isflat and thick (thin); the lobe is large, attached and mund.

Fifty years apjiears to he a considerable age, and those claiming to be so old

usually were wrinkled and had |)rominent lower, and shrunken upper, jaws. Several

were pock-marked; two had cataract. The fourth and fifth toes are frequently of the

same length; this peculiarity is also common among Triquis and Mixtecs. At San
Juan Zautla, where there are but eighty coiifribiiciifcs (there were formerly one
hundred and nine), im})ecility is common and we saw one deaf-mute. At San Pedro
Zoochiapa conditions appear better.
Women present u<> noteworthy features. In our series, two women were barren;
the other twenty-three had borne one hundred and nine children, of whom thirty-six
had died.

THE CHOCHOS
The Chochos are of sub-hrachycephalic, and mesui liinian. Tlieir arms
little stature,

are moderately long and their shoulder-width surpasses that of all the .)lher tribes.
The face tends to become low and rnuiiil. with the maxiniuni brcadtli. at the cheek-
bones, larger than the uuiximum cranial breadth. The hair is iilack and straight:
there were twelve cases gray, nine sprinkled with gray, and one brown; a
tendency to
head, noticeable; tliinning of the hair on lop ot
curling, especially on top of the is

the head is rather common. The beard commonly follows the formula: medium (or

nonel, none (or medium |. medium: medium. Fully one-half the subjects conformed
to this formula, showing
that the tribe is, relatively, heavily bearded. The beard was
gray in seventeen, gray sprinkled in thirteen, and brown in seven, cases. The eyes
are dark brown and well separated; in thirty-eight subjects they were oljlicpie. The
nose is broad, witli a fat, flattened tip; it tends, however, to become longer, and even
aquiline, with age. The lips are thick and projecting. Ears are round and close to
91
42 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FIO. :;i. rilOCHO; COlXTL.VHr.VfW, 8T.VTE OF 0\\M\

TABLE XXIII. chochos

 Fbedekick Stabe 43

tlie head; tlio lii'lix liordcr is rolled in <uk1 thick above and Hat below; tlie lube is

large, slightly attached, and round. The lower face is often heavy and projecting.
The ccjIoi- nf the- skin is ipute constant at (23). Overgrown examples of the youthfid

ty[)e occ-ur; big. babyish fellows. A coarse, light tyjie is also found.

The Chochos gav(> us the impression of being extremely cowardly.

Women present the same lendcncy to i]bli([uity of the eyes, broadness of nose,
and thickness and projection of lips that the men do; they present the same
uniforuuty in color, at the same shade. Twenty mothers in our series had borne
ninety-one children, of whom forty-six had died; one woman was unmarried.

THE MAZATECS
The Mazatecs, with mm., are the shortest of the tribes
a stature of Lo.'Sl.S

examined, 'i'hey are The head is frequently

suli-brachycephalic and niesorhinian.
flattened behind, giving great apparent height. The hair is black and straight; only
threi' cases were gray and five sprinkled with gray; liiirteen subjects i)resented slight

ilegrees of waviness or curliness; the hair was occasionally lliin mi top of the head.
The beard was gray in four, sprinkled with gray in six, and brownish in seven, cases.
The beard growth on the ujjper cheeks was medium, on tlii' lower cheeks none, on the
chin medium to scanty; the mou.stache was medium. The beard ajjpears late, and
subjects from twenty-six to twenty-eight years of age often have none at all, or a
scanty growth u])on the chin point aiid the upiier Hi). The face, at the cheek-bones.
iswide, often as wide as the maximum cranial width. The nose is generally aquiline,
though neither large nor prominent; the line of junction of the uosc and forehead is
high medium and of medium width; the tij) of the nose is often broad and flat.
t(_>

The eyes are dark brown and widely separated; in twenty-eight subjects they were
more or less obli<pie. The lips range from medium to thick and there is some progna-
thism. The lowi-i- jaw is frecjuently wide and heavy-angled. The ear is round, and
stands well ofl' from llie head; the border of the u])per ]iart nf the helix is thin and
rolled in. wliile that .if the |..wer ])art is thick (-thin) and flat; the lobe is large,

attached, and ro\iiid-t riangulai'. The skin color is most frecpieiit ly at \

'IH \ : next in
IVeipK'ney is ( 1;5 28j ; seventy-tive of the cases fail within these two shades.
Women present much the same type, but are more fre(pienlly |)rognathic. They
tend to stoutness, and miildle-aged women are sometimes fat. Tn our series were three
barren wouumi and one uninaiiied woman; seveiili'en mothers had iicirne ninety
children, of whom forty-seven still survived.
Three or four casi'S were pock-marked. About the same nund)ir of persons were
affected l)y i)urple jiiiilo. The disease of piiifo is little significaid at Huauhtla, l)iit

we were told that at Chicliotla. which is at a <-onsidei-alile lower altitude, "almost

everyone" had it. In disposition Mazatec mi'ii are timid; women are less so and far
nioi'c frank.
44 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FIG. MAZ.VTEC: HUAUHTL.V, ST.VTE OF OAXACA

TABLE XXIV. MAZATECS

 Frederick Starr 45

IKi I'loi'KiirA; iiri;iiii;i I, A. .w »ii; ok hidalgo

THE TEPEHUAS
TlieTepehuas arc of littli» stature, suli-liraehycephalic, and mesorhinian. Their
arms arc loii<^ and tlicir tini;cr-rcacli index nears the n])|)er limit in our list. The hair
is straight and black; only four cases of thc^ least s[)rinkling of gray wtTO observed.

There were twenty cases where the beard was more or less grayed. The formula of
beard growth is: medium, none, scanty t(j medium; medium. The eyes are moderately
separated, dark brown and, in a dozen cases only, slightly oblique. The nose is
usually aquiline, but is neither large nor high; the line of union between nose and
forehead is of medium height and ln-iadtli: the ridge of the n<)S(> is occasionally
sinuous; the ti]) is thick. The upper lip is often notably thick and projecting. The
ear is variable in respect of standing otf from the head; the border of the upper
section of the helix is rolled in and thick, that of the lower section flat and thick; the
lobe is large, mostly attached, and round. The color is constant at (24) in fifty per
cent, of cases.
Women present niucii the same type. Twenty-one women had borne one hundred
and nine children, of wlioni lifty-two had died; oni' woman was childless. Almost
everyone of this tril)e had lost one or more incisor teeth; this loss was generally
attributed to the eating of ixinrhi. lirowTi cake sugar, of which tliey are inordinately fond.
95
46 Physic.\l ('h.\k.\cters of Indi.^n.'! of Southern Mexico

TABLE XXV. TEPEHUAS

 Fbedebick Stabr 47

Klli. :;). TOTONVI : I' ANTKI'EC. .ST.\TE OK PUEBL.V

48 Physical Charactebs of Indians of Southern Mexico

amono; the Totonacs. The color of the skin is at f24) in more tlian two-thirds of the

subjects.
Women are notably small ; many are prognathic. The hair nf women, who
all

have reached the age of thirty years, is tij)})ed with brown or r(>ddish-brown. Twenty-
three mothers had borne one hundred and thirty-one children, of whom sixty-tive had
survived; two women were barren.

THE HUAXTECS
The Huaxtecs, of Tancoco, Vera Cruz, present
marked type presumably
a well —
that of the tribe as a whole. They and truly brachycephalic.
are of little stature,
The head is short and broad, but it is also notably flat behind. The hair is straight and
black, but subjects, from thirty years of age upward, often show a sprinkling of gray.
There is often no beard upon the lower cheeks, and that of the upper cheeks is sparse
and straggling until middle life; the chin beard is usually confined to the tip and central
line, but grows to a considerable length the moustache is permitted to grow long,
;

but is rarely heavy. The eyes are dark brown, rather widely spaced, and often
mongoloid; occasionally they are oblique, but dipping slightly at the outer instead of
the inner corners; the eye-slit is often narrow. The nose, in younger subjects, is flat,
wide, and with broad nostrils; beyond forty years of age it may become aquiline.
The mouth is large, and the lips are thick; this thickness is in a vertical direction,

and the lips project little, if at all. The face, as a whole, is flat, broad, and even
square. The ear is well shaped, but usually stands quite off from the head; the
helix border is thick, and the rather large lobe is round and attached. Tlie skin color
is light; the ground tint is (23), or (23) to (24), but there is always a mixture of gray
— (7) or (8) — with it.

Women present much the same type, but their color lacks the gray tint so notice-
able in the men, and is constant at (23) to (24). Fifteen women had borne fifty-five
children, of whom twenty-two were dead. This series of women was unusually young,
and this number is probably too small; we doubt, however, whether the fertility is

great, as the Huaxtecs are clearly losing ground.

The Huaxtec language belongs to the Maya family, and the tribe is considered a
northward migrant from that great group. We here place the indices and stature of
the Huaxtecs and Mayas side by side:

Arm FiuBer-roacli Sitting-heinht .Shoulder Ciiphalic Facial (fc) Nasal Stature

Huaxtecs
 Frederick St.\rr 49

FiO. 2.-I. HIWXTEC: T.VNCOCO, ST.VTE OF VER.V (RfZ

T.\BLE XXVII. HUAXTECS

TA) Physical Characters or Indians of Sotthern Mexico

FIG.26. MAYA: TEKAX, STATE OF YICATAN

THE MAYAS
The Mayas are of little stature, with not one tall subject in the series. Their
arms are the longest observed, and the finger-reach is the maximum, at 1(I5.(). They
are next to the maximum in shoulder-breadth index. Their facial indices are the
largest of our and their cephalic index next to the maximum. They have been
list,

characterized elsewhere as "short, dark, ami brachycephalic." Short and brachy-

cephalic they certainly are, but hardly dark. There are no cases at (Ki), so com-
monly reached by some of our tribes; the most frequent color is (23) or (28) to (2-t).
The hair is black and straight in six cases the color was lighter or gray, and in fifteen
;

cases it showed a tendency toward wavy or curly. The beard was lighter in nineteen
cases. The growth of the beard is moderately strong, and its distribution much as
usual — scanty to medium on the upper cheeks, absent from the lower cheeks, scanty
or medium upon the chin, and medium to full in the moustache. The eyes are dark-
brown and widely separated; one-half the subjects presented a notable obliquity,
though the character tends to disappear with age; in children it is almost universal
and well marked. The nose is aquiline, though low, flat, and wide; the bridge is
long, sometimes sinuous, and often projects as a c(>ntral beak beyond the ahe. Lips
are of moderate thickness and do not project much. The ear is well shajjcd and
100
 Frederick Starb 51

stands well off from the head; the helix border is thick, and is rolled in above antl fiat

below; the lobe is of fair size, and is attached in about one-half the cases. While the
heads are brachycephalic, they are rarely flat behind.
The subjeet represented in the cut on the preceding r^S^ (^^n- 2^) presents a
well marked sub-ty[)e which is rather common. In tliis type the large round eyes are
widely spaced, and almost stand off from the sides of the face; the nose projects but
little, and the chin still le.ss, so that the profile presents an almost continuous simple
curve.
It is claimed that pure Mayas have a purple spot in the sacral region, on the
back, which is called by the native name nils. If such a spot exists it is probably an
infantile character like the similar spots wliieh have been described among Japanese,
Eskimo, and utlier mongoloitl peoples. We
examined three subjects expressly to find
this spot and fnuiid no trace of it tlie youngest of our subjects, however, was ten years
;

old, and it is not unlikely that babies may be marked in this fashion. Among the
hundred subjects examined by us we noticed that the little toe is often extremely
shoit.
The women of tliis tribe [)resent no features which call for special comment.

Twenty-three mothers out of the twenty-five of our listhad borne a total of one
hundred and thirty-three childi'en, of whom fifty-five had died; one woman was
unmarried.

TABLE XXVin. MAYAS

52 Physical Characters of Ikdians of Southern Mexico

FIG. 'JT. ZOQl'E: TUXTLA (il'TIEKK i:/„ STATE OF CHIAPAS

THE ZOQUES
Tlie type of the Zoques is not clearly defined. They are amonij the taller tribes,
haviiiij; a mean stature of l,r>0()mm., and only forty-nine of the hundred subjects fall-

ing within the group of little statures. In regard to all other measurements they
occupy an intermediate position. The skin color is light : ( 28 ) is the most common
tint, and (23-13) is next in fre(juency: women are a little lighter than men. The
hair grays rather readily, and cases where it is slightly wavy or I'urly are not rare.
The beard is sc-anty and straggling, or is entirely at)si>nt, although the moustache is
fairly abundant. The eyes are dark brown and widely spaced; even a slight amount
of oljliquity is uncommon, and when it occurs is mostly in young subjects. The root
of the nose is seldom depressed, but it is never really high : the bridge is straight,
with a suggestion of concavity in young subjects, but becomes Iwldly aquiline and
prominent The upper lip is often notably, the lower feebly, developed;
in old persons.
the lips project little, and when they are thick the thickness is vertical. The chin is
often weak. The lower face is frequently broad, even as much so as the face at the
level of the cheek-bones. The rather low forehead is frequently retreating, anil, when
this character is combined with wide cheek-bones and a slight occipital flatness, gives
an impression of acroce[)haly. This combination is not rare. The I'ar stands well off

102
Frederick Stabb 53

TABLE XXIX. ZOQUES

u Physic.vl Ch.\r.\cter.s of In'di.\ns of Southern Mexico

On account of their linguistic relationsliij) <i comparison of the indices of the

Zoques and Mixes becomes interesting. When we place the indices side by side we
find a fair amount of agreement.

Arm KiiiBcr-reaeli SittiiiK-heitiht Shoulder Cephalic Facial (()) Nasal

Zoque 45.4 103.2 52.5 22.2 80.2 79.9 123.2 77.4

Mixe 44.6 104.3 52.1 22.6 81.8 81.8 122.9 78.8

THE TZOTZILS
In most respects the Tzotzils occupy an intermediate position. They have a great
sitting height, short arms, and noses that are next to the broadest observed. They
give the impression of having long heads, and in reality are only surpassed in actual
head-length by the Otomis; as their stature is twenty-two millimeters less than that of
the Otomis, this impression is really justified. The head is, however, relatively
narrow. More than half of the suVjjects more than half the
have the color ('2;ij ;

remainder are at (23-13) they are notably lighter than their neighbors and linguistic
;

relatives, the Tzendals. There were fourteen cases where the hair was more or less
gray, but only one where was anything but straight. The beard is rather abundant;
it

upon the upper cheeks there is a medium growth, the lower cheeks are generally bare,
the chin beard is medium or even full the moustache growth is medium. The eyes
are widely separated and often olilique. While the f(jrm of the nose is quite uniform,

the line of its junction with the forehead varies; on the whole it is of medium height

TABLE XXX. TZOTZILS

 Frederick Starr 00

KKi. -.'h. TZOTZIl.: ( llAMTLA, STATE OF CHIAPAS

and width, hut clearly tends to high and medium or even high and narrow; the nose
itself is low antl Hat, with a short and thick tip. The lips are thick, and the U|)per lip
often [)rojects notably. There is little prognathism. The ear, which lies clo.se to the
head, and well shaped; the border of the helix is thick, and is rolled inward
is little

above, tiat is large, attached, and round.

below; the lobe
Women show few points which need consideration. Their ni>se is lower and
thicker at the tip: their lips are more projecting; they present greater prognathism;
and their ears stand nil' more. The answei's secured regarding families are entitled to
no consideration.

THK TZENDALS
In stature at looT.l the Tzentlals are among the shorter of our tribes; only one
case in the hundred was tall, while 75 per cent, were of "little stature." Their
sittintr-height is onlv surpassed bv that of the Chinantecs. The arms are lonir and
the finger-reach is great. The color is a tine dark-brown; it more uniform than in
is

most tribes; more than one-half the subjects were at (1<>) ^"^ ^ eonsiderable part of
the others were at (13). The hair is straight and black; in ten cases it was slightly
wavy or curly and in six of these it was gray or s{)rinkled with gray. Little or no
beard a|)pears liefore twenty-five years; at its first appearand' it is scanty and nnlv on
105
56 Physical Characters of Indians of Southern Mexico

FIG. 2». TZENDAL: TENE.IAPA, STATE OF CHIAPAS

the upper cheeks and on the upper lip; at from thirty to thirty-five, there is a medium
growth on the upper cheeks, none on the lower, scanty and short on the chin, while
the moustache is from scanty to medium and short. The beard grays earlier than
the hair of the head; a single subject only approached baldness. The head is actually
long, but the cephalic index, 76.8, is the minimum observed; only l-t per cent, reach
brachycephaly. The maximum face-breadth and head-breadth are much the same and
were, in many The face is generally prognathic and the lips are
cases, identical.
thick and protruding. The nose is medium or short, and thick at the tip; the line at
the junction of the nose and forehead is moderately high and the nose is there of
medium width. The eyes are widely separated and about one-fifth of the subjects
showed a slight degree of obliquity. Out of one hundred subjetts three had lost one
eye by intlninmations. The ear is round, of medium size, and close to the head; the
border of the ujiper portion of the helix is roUed-in and thick: that of the lower part
is thick and flat; from large to medium, attached and round.
the lobe is

In women the color runs close to (23) with some cases tending to (13) or (15).
Out of twenty-five women three were unmarried and four were barren, the remaining
eiffhteen had borne seventy-four children, of whom thirtv-two liad died. The eves of
women were notably spaced and in four cases were slightly oblinuc The nose is
rather wide, and of medium lu-iglit between the eyes, with short and thick tip. The
106
 ..

Frederick Starr 57

lips are ratlit'r tliick and tin- uj)j)cr projects. The ears are round, of iiiediiiin size and
well-shaped; tlu' Imrder of tlu' helix is thick and its u])per part rolled-in, the lower
part flat; the lohe is iiirdium or iar^'e. aftached, and -generally — round.
The type of tlu> T/.i'ndals. on the whole, presents considerable resemblance to
that of the Tzotzils, their close neighbors, geographically and linguistically. Their
heads, though large, are slightly smaller than those of the Tzotzils; the impression
made to the eye is considerably in favor of the latter. A greater vaiiation in the
Tzeudals. in ten out of fourteen measurements, suggests that the T/,endals have mixed
more with other tribes than the Tzotzils have — or. at least, that th(> ])eo])le of Tene-
japa have mixed more than those of C'luunula. In liotli of the facial indices the
Tzendals are superior; this greater face-breadth, associated with a slightlv less cephalic
index, is curious. The tribes are quite close together in sitting-height, which is rather
large. Though the Tzendals are a little shorter, they have longer arms and a greater
finger-reach than the Tzotzils. There is a greater difference in slujulder-width than
we should expect.
TABLE XXXI. TZENDALS

Stature
Ilfifjht of shoulder .

of second tinker.
'Pill
FintiiT reach
Height, sitting
Width (jf shoulders.
Lentrth of head
Breadth of head . . . .

Height of face(fi). ..
Hei<;ht of face (6). ..
Hreadth of face
Heitrlil of no.se
Breadth of nose . . .

Ear length

.'\rmindex
Finger reaeli inde.t .

Sitting height index

Shoulder index
Cephalic index
Facial index ui\ . . .

Facial index (/i)

Nasal index
Physical C'har.\ctek.s of Ixd-ians of Southekn Mexico

FIG. :«i. CHOL: TUMHALA. .ST.\T?: OF CHIAPAS

TABLE XXXII. CUOLS

 :

Fkederick Stakr 59

tives. The fuiulampiitnl coloring is (23), darkening in individual cases to ('28-liJj.

These two shailfs occur in two-thinls of the subjects, and no case varied far from them.
There were luit three cases in which the hair showed any tendrncy t(j wavy or curly;
there was no baldness, and oidy one case of gray ami one of gray-s[)rinkled hair. The
heard on the upper cheeks is medium, on the lower cheeks none, on the chin scanty;
the moustache is of medium (juantity and rarely attains to any length; shaving is
quite geneial: tive hcaids were more or less gray, and two weie of a brownish color.
The eves are dark brown and widely separated; while twenty-tive cases showed a slight
oblicjuity, not one was truly mongoloid. There was one case of strabismus. The nose
is quite large and prominent ; it is acjuiline, sometimes extremely so; its index is the
lowest but one in the list ; the line at the junction of the nose and the forehead varies
from hieh to medium and from narrow to medium; when it becomes lower it also
becomes wider; l)ut there is no tendency to low, wide form.s. The lips are of medium
thickness or even thin, and project little or not at all. The ears are round and well
formed, and stand fairly otf from the heail; the upjjcr border of the helix is rolled

inward, but opens downward and is flat in the lower part — it is everywhere thick
the lobe is of iiicirmm size and attached — varying in form fimn triangular to rmind-
triangular.
The stature of the females is about 5K) per cent, of that of the nuiles; their arm
index is the same, but their tinger-reach index is less. Their color is a little lighter

at (23) and (23) to (15); it has more of a reddish tinge. Among our twi'iity-tive
W(mien was an undue |)ro[)ortion of old women —
showing thre(^ cases of gray hair.
There were no unnuirried women in our series. Twenty-four mothers had borne one
hundred and two children, of whom fifty-uine had died.

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