Directorate: Curriculum FET

SUBJECT and GRADE PHYSICAL SCIENCES Grade 10

TERM 1 Week 1
TOPIC Matter and Materials
Revision of Matter and Classification
RESOURCES Paper based resources Digital resources
Learner textbooks: School based www.wcedeportal.co.za
• Answer series – Page 1.1 – 1.9 https://www.slideshare.net/GLADWELLKAMANGA/grade-10-
• ScienceClinic – Page 26 - 29 matter-and-materials

AIMS OF LESSON At the end of the lesson you must be able to:
• Can distinguish between the different particles that matter consists of
• Identify and classify the physical properties of materials
• Understand the composition of chemical formulae and be able to write it
INTRODUCTION • This chapter requires you to thoroughly understand matter from previous grades in Natural Sciences.
• The earth and everything on earth that has mass and volume, consists of matter.
• Matter is formed through constant chemical composition of particles.
• The properties of the particles determine the noticeable properties of the matter as well as the reaction of it with
other substances.
• “Substance” refers to one specific type of matter with a constant composition and specific properties.
CONCEPTS AND CORE CONCEPTS
SKILLS The material(s) of which an object is composed; Mixtures: heterogeneous and homogeneous; Pure substances:
elements
and compounds; Names and formulae of substances; Metals, metalloids and non-metals; Electrical conductors,
semiconductors and insulators; Thermal conductors and insulators; Magnetic and nonmagnetic
ON

Pure Substance A substance that cannot be separated into simpler components by Pure copper, O2
physical methods
Element Pure substance consisting of only one type of atom Argon, mercury, silicon, gold
Compound Pure substance consisting of two or more elements chemically Water, carbon dioxide,
bonded in a fixed ratio sodium chloride
Mixture Consists of different particles mixed together, but not chemically Milk, air, salt water
joined.
Homogenous A mixture of uniform composition and in which all components are Air, brine, steel
mixture in the same phase
Heterogeneous A mixture of non-uniform composition and of which the components Sand and rock mixture,
mixture can be easily identified Pizza toppings
Metals A substance which is normally a shiny solid, a good conductor of Zn, Cu, Na
heat and electric current. They are malleable and ductile. Some
metals have magnetic properties. Metals always form positive ions.
Conductors A substance which has a good ability to move heat through it. A Metals
material through which electrons can flow.
Non-metals Dull substances which do not conduct electricity or heat. Non- Carbon, oxygen
metals are generally liquids and gases or weak solids. Non-metals
always form negative ions.
Insulators Insulators: A material which allows no or very few electrons to pass Wood
through it. The electrons are held very tightly in the atoms.
Semi-metals A class of elements intermediate in properties between metals and Boron and Silicon
(Metalloids) non-metals.
Physical Properties of materials

Strength: the ability of a material to resist stress and strain

Thermal conductivity: the ability of material to conduct heat
Electrical conductivity: the ability of a material to conduct electricity
Brittle: hard but likely to break
Malleable: Ability to be hammered or pressed into shape without breaking or cracking
Ductile: the ability to be stretched into a wire
Magnetic: a material which can be attracted or repelled by a magnet (its domains are aligned)
Non-magnetic: a material which is not attracted or repelled by a magnet (its domains are misaligned)
Density: the mass per unit volume of a substance
Melting point: The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.
Boiling point: the temperature of a liquid at which its vapour pressure equals the external (atmospheric) pressure

WRITING OF CHEMICAL FORMULAE

NOTE 1 NOTE 2 NOTE 3

1. Write symbol for the positive ion 3. “Cross multiply” the numbers When potassium (K) bonds with oxygen
first, then for the negative ion. The so that the total charge of the (O), it takes place in the following ratio:
ions can be monoatomic or compound is equal to 0.
polyatomic ions. 4. Write the final compound – if Potassium (K) has a valency of 1, oxygen
2. Write the ionic charges on top of it ends in –ide → monoatomic has a valency of 2.
the symbols to the right using ion e.g. Hydrogen sulphide is
numbers. H2S. The name will end in – ate Cross multiply the valencies to get the
Monoatomic ion → the ion of a or –ite if it includes oxygen. correct ratio.
single element, where you can use 5. Roman numbers (II) →
the periodic table to determine its indicate ionic charge of the Valency will correspond with the ion
charge metal charge of the atom.
Polyatomic ion→these charges
you have to memorise.
 NOTE 4 NOTE 5 NOTE 6
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: The compound’s name will always contain
1 2 the names of the element that it consists of.
Aluminium Oksied In a compound, the element that occurs
Aℓ3+ O2- on the left hand side of the Periodic table,
will be said first.
(“cross multiply the numbers” )
The symbols of the elements are used to
Aℓ2O3 represent the compounds.
(the total charge should be They are called chemical formulae.
equal to 0) A compound may contain ions (an ion is
an atom that either gained or lost
2x(3+) + 3x(2-) = 0 electrons). These ions can be single (consist
+6 + -6 = 0 of only one element) or polyatomic (consist
of more than one element).
ACTIVITY Complete the activity below to consolidate the work covered above.

1. Refer to the table of information shown below, and answer the questions that follow.

1.1 Select a material which is suitable to use as ceiling insulation that keeps a home cool in summer and warm in winter.
1.2 Select a material that is suitable for making magnets for an electric motor.
1.3 Steel is neither an element nor a compound. What type of material is it? Explain your answer.
1.4 Select the material which lies between the two panes of glass in double glazed windows.
1.5 Select a material which would be suitable to make electrical wiring. Explain your answer.
1.6 Explain why wood is a thermal insulator.
1.7 Explain why steel is such an important material in today’s world and give three instances where steel is used.

2. Tabulate three differences between a mixture and a compound.

3.1 What is meant by the density of a material?

3.2 Why do metals generally have high densities?

4. Which of the following is/are heterogeneous mixtures?

4.1 Iodine and water
4.2 Iodine and ethanol
4.3 Sugar and water
5. How would you identify a heterogeneous mixture?

6. Describe how you would test a material for each of the following properties?
6.1 Electrical conductivity
6.2 Thermal conductivity
6.3Whether it is magnetic

7. What happens to the electrical conductivity of each of the following materials as its temperature increases?
7.1 Metals
7.2 Metalloids

Answers

1.1 Glass fibre is often used as thermal insulator above the ceilings in buildings. The structure of glass fibre is
such that are lots of pockets of air within the material and this serves to make it a good insulator.

1.2 Steel is the only material that is magnetic. It makes strong magnets.

1.3 Steel is an alloy of a number of metals, it can be an alloy of iron, vanadium, and other metals, depending
on the type of steel. Metals do not react chemically with each other. They form a mixture called an alloy.

1.4 Air. The outside layer of glass, which is in contact with the air outside is cold. The layer of glass on the inside is in
contact with the warm air indoors and is at the same temperature. The air that is in contact with this second pane,
is a good insulator and prevents energy from the inside from passing to the outer pane, thus retaining warm air.

1.5 Copper. Besides being a very good electrical conductor, copper is also ductile i.e. it can be drawn out into
thin wire.

1.6 The structure of wood is such that there is a lot of air trapped in the structure. Air is a good thermal insulator.

1.7 Steel is strong and can be shaped into many different types of material such as thin sheets and car
panels. It also does not corrode easily. Steel is used in structural engineering such as buildings, bridges,
cranes etc. It is also used in making panels for car bodies. It can be used for making specialised tools
which require hardness and durability.
2.

3.1 The density of a material is the mass per unit volume.

3.2 Metals have atoms that are packed very closely together. This means that there is a large amount of
Matter packed in every unit of volume.

4.1 Only iodine and water. Iodine crystals sink to the bottom of a test tube of water and are clearly visible.
4.2 Iodine dissolves in ethanol to form a homogeneous solution which is pinkish in color.
4.3 Sugar dissolves in water to form a clear homogeneous solution.

5. A heterogeneous mixture is one in which two phases of matter can be clearly observed.

6.1 Set up an electric circuit with a battery, two leads connected to the terminals of the battery and a light
bulb. Connect the free ends of the leads to either end of a piece of the material to be tested. If the light
bulb glows, the substance is an electric conductor.

6.2 Take a long narrow piece of the substance to be tested. Smear molten candle wax on one end and let the
wax cool so that it is solid. Heat the other end gently with a candle flame. The quicker the wax melts, the
better the substance serves as a thermal conductor. If the wax doesn’t melt, it is a thermal insulator.

6.3 If the material is attracted to a permanent magnet it is magnetic. If not, it is nonmagnetic.

7.1 Metals become poorer conductors the warmer they get.

7.2 Metalloids become better conductors as their temperature increases.
CONSOLIDATION By the end of this lesson you should be able to:
• Define the different concepts covered.
• Write chemical formulae.
• Content learned apply in everyday contexts

VALUES • Realize the importance of accurate descriptions in the applying the classification of matter.
• Realize the importance of the memorizing of tables containing positive and negative ions in the writing of
chemical formulae.