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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
until Your Lordship directs me as to what I ought to do. We have
great need of pasture, and you should know, also, that among all
those who are here there is not one pound of raisins, nor sugar, nor
oil, nor wine, except barely half a quart, which is saved to say mass,
since everything is consumed, and part was lost on the way. Now,
you can provide us with what appears best; but if you are thinking
of sending us cattle, you should know that it will be necessary for
them to spend at least a year on the road, because they can not
come in any other way, nor any quicker. I would have liked to send
to Your Lordship, with this dispatch, many samples of the things
which they have in this country, but the trip is so long and rough
that it is difficult for me to do so. However, I send you twelve small
mantles, such as the people of this country ordinarily wear, and a
garment which seems to me to be very well made. I kept it because
it seemed to me to be of very good workmanship, and because I do
not think that anyone has ever seen in these Indies any work done
with a needle, unless it were done since the Spaniards settled here.
And I also send two cloths painted with the animals which they have
in this country, although, as I said, the painting is very poorly done,
because the artist did not spend more than one day in painting it. I
have seen other paintings on the walls of these houses which have
much better proportion and are done much better.
LXX. Ruins of Spanish Church Above Jemez
 I send you a cow skin, some turquoises, and two earrings of the
same, and fifteen of the Indian combs,334 and some plates
decorated with these turquoises, and two baskets made of wicker, of
which the Indians have a large supply. I also send two rolls, such as
the women usually wear on their heads when they bring water from
the spring, the p563 same way that they do in Spain. One of these
Indian women, with one of these rolls on her head, will carry a jar of
water up a ladder without touching it with her hands. And, lastly, I
send you samples of the weapons with which the natives of this
country fight, a shield, a hammer, and a bow with some arrows,
among which there are two with bone points, the like of which have
never been seen, according to what these conquerors say. As far as
I can judge, it does not appear to me that there is any hope of
getting gold or silver, but I trust in God that, if there is any, we shall
get our share of it, and it shall not escape us through any lack of
diligence in the search.335 I am unable to give Your Lordship any
certain information about the dress of the women, because the
Indians keep them guarded so carefully that I have not seen any,
except two old women. These had on two long skirts reaching down
to their feet and open in front, and a girdle, and they are tied
together with some cotton strings. I asked the Indians to give me
one of those which they wore, to send to you, since they were not
willing to show me the women. They brought me two mantles,
which are these that I send, almost painted over. They have two
tassels, like the women of Spain, which hang somewhat over their
shoulders. The death of the negro is perfectly certain, because many
of the things which he wore have been found, and the Indians say
that they killed him here because the Indians of Chichilticale said
that he was a bad man, and not like the Christians, because the
Christians never kill women, and he killed them, and because he
assaulted their women, whom the Indians love better than
themselves. Therefore they determined to kill him, but they did not
do it in the way that was reported, because they did not kill any of
the others who came with him, nor did they kill the lad from the
province of Petatlan, who was with him, but they took him and kept
him in safe custody until now. When I tried to secure him, they
made excuses for not giving him to me, for two or three days,
saving that he was dead, and at other times that the Indians of
Acucu had taken him away. But when I finally told them that I
should be very angry if they did not give him to me, they gave him
to me. He is an interpreter; for although he can not talk much, he
understands very well. Some gold and silver has been found in this
place, which those who know about minerals say is not bad. I have
not yet been able to learn from these people where they got it. I
perceive that they refuse to tell me the truth in everything, because
they think that I shall have to depart from here in a short time, as I
have said. But I trust in God that they will not be able to avoid
answering much longer. I beg Your Lordship to make a report of the
success of this expedition to His Majesty, because there is nothing
more than what I have already said. I shall not do so until it shall
please God to grant that we find what we desire. Our Lord God
protect and keep your most illustrious Lordship. From the
province of Cevola, and this city of Granada, the 3d of August, 1540.
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado kisses the hand of your most
illustrious Lordship.
 p564

TRANSLATION OF THE TRASLADO DE LAS

NUEVAS 336
COPY OF THE REPORTS AND DESCRIPTIONS
THAT HAVE BEEN RECEIVED REGARDING THE
DISCOVERY OF A CITY WHICH IS CALLED
CIBOLA, SITUATED IN THE NEW COUNTRY.
His grace left the larger part of his army in the valley of Culiacan,
and with only 75 companions on horseback and 30 footmen, he set
out for here Thursday, April 22. The army which remained there was
to start about the end of the month of May, because they could not
find any sort of sustenance for the whole of the way that they had to
go, as far as this province of Cibola, which is 350 long leagues, and
on this account he did not dare to put the whole army on the road.
As for the men he took with him, he ordered them to make provision
for eighty days, which was carried on horses, each having one for
himself and his followers. With very great danger of suffering
hunger, and not less labor, since they had to open the way, and
every day discovered waterways and rivers with bad crossings, they
stood it after a fashion, and on the whole journey as far as this
province there was not a peck of corn.337 He reached this province
on Wednesday, the 7th of July last, with all the men whom he led
from the valley very well, praise be to Our Lord, except one Spaniard
who died of hunger four days from here and some negroes and
Indians who also died of hunger and thirst. The Spaniard was one of
those on foot, and was named Espinosa. In this way his grace spent
seventy-seven days on the road before reaching here, during which
God knows in what sort of a way we lived, and whether we could
have eaten much more than we ate the day that his grace reached
this city of Granada, for so it has been named out of regard for the
viceroy, and because they say it resembles the Albaicin.338 The force
he led was not received the way it should have been, because they
all arrived very tired from the great labor of the journey. This, and
the loading and unloading like so many muleteers, and not eating as
much as they should have, left them more in need of resting several
days than of fighting, although there was not a man in the army
who would not have done his best in everything if the horses, who
suffered the same as their masters, could have helped them.
The city was deserted by men over sixty years and under twenty,
and by women and children. All who were there were the fighting
p565 men who remained to defend the city, and many of them came
out, about a crossbow shot, uttering loud threats. The general
himself went forward with two priests and the army-master, to urge
them to surrender, as is the custom in new countries. The reply that
he received was from many arrows which they let fly, and they
wounded Hernando Bermejo’s horse and pierced the loose flap of
the frock of father Friar Luis, the former companion of the Lord
Bishop of Mexico. When this was seen, taking as their advocate the
Holy Saint James,339 he rushed upon them with all his force, which
he had kept in very good order, and although the Indians turned
their backs and tried to reach the city, they were overtaken and
many of them killed before they could reach it. They killed three
horses and wounded seven or eight.
When my lord the general reached the city, he saw that it was
surrounded by stone walls, and the houses very high, four and five
and even six stories apiece, with their flat roofs and balconies. As
the Indians had made themselves secure within it, and would not let
anyone come near without shooting arrows at him, and as we could
not obtain anything to eat unless we captured it, his grace decided
to enter the city on foot and to surround it by men on horseback, so
that the Indians who were inside could not get away. As he was
distinguished among them all by his gilt arms and a plume on his
headpiece, all the Indians aimed at him, because he was noticeable
among all, and they knocked him down to the ground twice by
chance stones thrown from the flat roofs, and stunned him in spite
of his headpiece, and if this had not been so good, I doubt if he
would have come out alive from that enterprise, and besides all this
—praised be Our Lord that he came out on his own feet—they hit
him many times with stones on his head and shoulders and legs,
and he received two small wounds on his face and an arrow wound
in the right foot; but despite all this his grace is as sound and well as
the day he left that city. And you340 may assure my lord of all this,
and also that on the 19th of July last he went 4 leagues from this
city to see a rock where they told him that the Indians of this
province had fortified themselves,341 and he returned the same day,
so that he went 8 leagues in going and returning. I think I have
given you an account of everything, for it is right that I should be
the authority for you and his lordship, to assure you that everything
is going well with the general my lord, and without any hesitation I
can assure you that he is as well and sound as the day he left the
city. He is located within the city, for when the Indians saw that his
grace was determined to enter the city, then they abandoned it,
since they let them go with their lives. We found in it what we
needed more than gold and silver, and that was much corn and
beans and fowls, better than those of New Spain, and salt, the best
and whitest that I have seen in all my life.
 p566

RELACIÓN POSTRERA DE SIVOLA 342

ESTA ES LA RELACIÓN POSTRERA DE SIVOLA, Y
DE MÁS DE CUATRO-CIENTAS LEGUAS
ADELANTE.
Desde Culhuacán á Sívola hay más de trescientas leguas; poco del
camino poblado: hay muy poca gente: es tierra estéril: hay muy
malos caminos: la gente anda del todo desnuda, salvo las mujeres,
que de la cintura abajo traen cueros de venados adobados, blancos,
á manera de faldíllas hasta los pies. Las casas que tienen son de
petlatles hechos de cañas: son las casas redondas y pequeñas, que
apenas cabe un hombre en pie dentro. Donde están congregados y
donde siembran es tierra arenosa: cogen maiz, aunque poco, y
frisoles y calabazas, y también se mantienen de caza, conejos,
liebres y venados. No tienen sacrificios. Esto es desde Culhuacan á
Síbola.
Sívola es un pueblo de hasta ducientas casas: son á dos y tres y
cuatro y cinco sobrados: tienen las paredes de un palmo de ancho:
los palos de la maderación son tan gruesos como por la muñeca, y
redondos; por tablazón tienen cañas muy menudas con sus hojas, y
encima tierra presada: las paredes son de tierra y barro: las puertas
de las casas son de la manera de escotillones de navíos: están las
casas juntas, asidas unas con otras: tienen delante de las casas unas
estufas de barro de tierra donde se guarecen en el invierno del frio,
porque le hace muy grande, que nieva seis meses del año. De esta
gente algunos traen mantas de algodón y de maguey, y cueros de
venados adobados, y traen zapatos de los mismos cueros, hasta
encima de las rodillas. También hacen mantas de pellejos de liebres
y de conejos, con que se cubren. Andan las mujeres vestidas de
mantas de maguey hasta los pies: andan ceñidas: traen los cabellos
cogidos encima de las orejas, como rodajas: cogen maíz y frisoles y
calabazas, lo que les basta para su mantenimiento, porque es poca
gente. La tierra donde siembran es toda arena; son las aguas
salobres: es tierra muy seca: tienen algunas gallinas, aunque pocas;
no saben qué cosa es pescado. Son siete pueblos en esta provincia
de Sivola en espacio de cinco leguas: el mayor será de ducientas
casas, y otros dos, de á ducientas, y los otros á sesenta y á
cincuenta y á treinta casas.
Desde Sívola al rio y provincia de Tibex hay sesenta leguas: el
primer pueblo es cuarenta leguas de Sivola: llámase Acuco. Este
pueblo está encima de un peñol muy fuerte: será de duzientas
casas, asentado á la p567 manera de Sívola que es otra lengua.
Desde allí al rio de Tiguex hay veinte leguas. El rio es cuasi tan
ancho como el de Sevilla, aunque no es tan hondo: va por tierra
llana: es buen agua: tiene algún pescado: nace al norte. El que esto
dice vió doce pueblos en cierto compás del río: otros vieron más:
dicen el río arriba: abajo todos son pueblos pequeños, salvo dos que
ternán á ducientas casas: estas casas con las paredes como á
manera de tapías de tierra é arena, muy recias: son tan anchas
como un palmo de una mano. Son las casas de á dos y tres
terrados: tienen la maderación como en Sivola. Es tierra muy fria:
tiene sus estufas como en Sivola; y hiélase tanto el río, que pasan
bestias cargadas por él, y pudieran pasar carretas. Cogen maiz lo
que han menester, y frisoles y calabazas: tienen algunas gallinas, las
cuales guardan para hacer mantas de la pluma. Cogen algodón,
aunque poco: traen mantas de ello, y zapatos de cuero como en
Sívola. Es gente que defiende bien su capa, y desde sus casas, que
no curan de salir fuera. Es tierra toda arenosa.
Desde la provincia y río de Tiguex, á cuatro jornadas toparon
cuatro pueblos. El primero terná treinta casas. El segundo es pueblo
grande destruido de sus guerras: tenía hasta treinta y cinco casas
pobladas: el tercero [sic ] hasta. Estos tres son de la manera de los
del río en todo. El cuarto es un pueblo grande, el cual está entre
unos montes: llámase Cicuic: tenía hasta cincuenta casas con tantos
terrados como los de Sívola: son las paredes de tierra y barro como
las de Sívola. Tienen harto maiz y frisoles y calabazas y algunas
gallinas. A cuatro jornadas de este pueblo toparon una tierra llana
como la mar, en los cuales llanos hay tanta multitud de vacas, que
no tienen número. Estas vacas son como las de Castilla, y algunas
mayores que tienen en la cruz una corva pequeña, y son más
bermejas, que tiran á negro: cuélgales una lana más larga que un
palmo entre los cuernos y orejas y barba, y por la papada abajo y
por las espaldas, como crines, y de las rodillas abajo todo lo más es
de lana muy pequeñita, á manera de merino: tienen muy buena
carne y tierna, y mucho sebo. Andando muchos dias por estos
llanos, toparon con una ranchería de hasta duzientas casas con
gente: eran las casas de los cueros de las vacas adobados, blancas,
á manera de pabellones ó tiendas de campo. El mantenimiento ó
sustentamiento de estos indios es todo de las vacas, porque ni
siembran ni cogen maiz: de los cueros hacen sus casas, de los
cueros visten y calzan, de los cueros hacen sogas y también de la
lana: de los niervos hacen hilo con que cosen sus vestiduras y
también las casas: de los huesos hacen alesnas: las boñigas les
sirven de leña; porque no hay otra en aquella tierra: los buches les
sirven de jarros y vasijas con que beben: de la carne se mantienen:
cómenla medio asada é un poco caliente encima de las boñigas, la
otra cruda, y tomándola con los dientes, tiran con la una mano, y en
la otra tienen un navajon de pedernal y cortan el bocado; ansi lo
tragan como aves medio mascado: comen el sebo crudo, sin
calentallo: beben la sangre, ansi como p568 sale de las vacas, y otras
veces después de salida, fria y cruda: no tienen otro mantenimiento.
Esta gente tiene perros como los de esta tierra, salvo que son algo
mayores, los cuales perros cargan como á bestias, y las hacen sus
enjalmas como albardillas, y las cinchan con sus correas, y andan
matados como bestias, en las cruces. Cuando van á caza cárganlos
de mantenimientos; y cuando se mueven estos indios, porque no
están de asiento en una parte, que se andan donde andan las vacas
para se mantener, estos perros les llevan las casas, y llevan los palos
de las casas arrastrando, atados á las albardillas, allende de la carga
que llevan encima: podrá ser la carga, según el perro, arroba y
media y dos. Hay de este Síbola á estos llanos adonde llegaron,
treinta leguas, y aun más. Los llanos proceden adelante, ni se sabe
qué tanto. El capitán Francisco Vázquez fué por los llanos adelante
con treinta de á caballo, y Fr. Juan de Padilla con él: toda la demás
gente se volvieron á la población del río, para esperar á Francisco
Vázquez, porque ansi se lo mandó: no se sabe sí es vuelto &c.
Es la tierra tan llana, que se pierden los hombres apartándose
media legua, como se perdió uno á caballo, que nunca más pareció,
y dos caballos ensillados y enfrenados que nunca más parecieron.
No queda rastro ninguno por donde van, y á esta causa tenían
necesidad de amojonar el camino por donde iban, para volver, con
boñigas de vacas, que no había piedras ni otra cosa.
Marco Polo, veneciano, en su tratado, en el cap. xv, trata y díce
que [ha visto?] las mesmas vacas, y de la mesma manera en la
corcova; y en el mesmo capitulo dice que también hay carneros
tamaños como caballos.
Nicolás, veneciano, dió relación á Micer Pogio, florentino, en el
libro segundo, cerca del fin, dice como en la Etiopia hay bueyes con
corcova, como camellos, y tienen los cuernos largos de tres codos, y
echan los cuernos encima sobre el espinazo, y hace un cuerno de
estos un cántaro de vino.
 Marco Polo, en el capítulo ciento y treinta y cuatro dice que en la
tierra de los tártaros, hácia el norte, se hallan canes tan grandes ó
poco menos que asnos; á los cuales echan uno como carro y entran
con ellos en una tierra muy lodosa, toda cenagales, que otros
animales no podrian entrar ni salir sin se anegar, y por eso llevan
perros.
[Scripsi et contuli, México, Marzo 11, 1893.
Joaqn. Garcia Icazbalceta. ]
TRANSLATION

THIS IS THE LATEST ACCOUNT OF CIBOLA,

AND OF MORE THAN FOUR HUNDRED LEAGUES
BEYOND.
It is more than 300 leagues from Culiacan to Cibola, uninhabited
most of the way. There are very few people there; the country is
sterile; the roads are very bad. The people go around entirely naked,
p569 except the women, who wear white tanned deer skins from the
waist down, something like little skirts, reaching to the feet. Their
houses are of mats made of reeds; the houses are round and small,
so that there is hardly room inside for a man on his feet. The
country is sandy where they live near together and where they
plant. They raise corn, but not very much, and beans and melons,
and they also live on game—rabbits, hares, and deer. They do not
have sacrifices. This is between Culiacan and Cibola.
LXXI. The Keres Pueblo of Sia
 Cibola is a village of about 200 houses. They have two and three
and four and five stories. The walls are about a handbreadth thick;
the sticks of timber are as large as the wrist, and round; for boards,
they have very small bushes, with their leaves on, covered with a
sort of greenish-colored mud; the walls are of dirt and mud, the
doors of the houses are like the hatchways of ships. The houses are
close together, each joined to the others. Outside of the houses they
have some hothouses (or estufas) of dirt mud, where they take
refuge from the cold in the winter—because this is very great, since
it snows six months in the year. Some of these people wear cloaks of
cotton and of the maguey (or Mexican aloe) and of tanned deer
skin, and they wear shoes made of these skins, reaching up to the
knees. They also make cloaks of the skins of hares and rabbits, with
which they cover themselves. The women wear cloaks of the
maguey, reaching down to the feet, with girdles; they wear their hair
gathered about the ears like little wheels. They raise corn and beans
and melons, which is all they need to live on, because it is a small
tribe. The land where they plant is entirely sandy; the water is
brackish; the country is very dry. They have some fowls, although
not many. They do not know what sort of a thing fish is. There are
seven villages in this province of Cibola within a space of 5 leagues;
the largest may have about 200 houses and two others about 200,
and the others somewhere between 60 or 50 and 30 houses.
It is 60 leagues from Cibola to the river and province of Tibex
[Tiguex]. The first village is 40 leagues from Cibola, and is called
Acuco. This village is on top of a very strong rock; it has about 200
houses, built in the same way as at Cibola, where they speak
another language. It is 20 leagues from here to the river of Tiguex.
The river is almost as wide as that of Seville, although not so deep;
it flows through a level country; the water is good; it contains some
fish; it rises in the north. He who relates this, saw twelve villages
within a certain distance of the river; others saw more, they say, up
the river. Below, all the villages are small, except two that have
about 200 houses. The walls of these houses are something like
mud walls of dirt and sand, very rough; they are as thick as the
breadth of a hand. The houses have two and three stories; the
construction is like those at Cibola. The country is very cold. They
have hot-houses, as in Cibola, and the river freezes so thick that
loaded animals cross it, and it would be possible for carts to do so.
They raise as much corn as they need, p570 and beans and melons.
They have some fowls, which they keep so as to make cloaks of
their feathers. They raise cotton, although not much; they wear
cloaks made of this, and shoes of hide, as at Cibola. These people
defend themselves very well, and from within their houses, since
they do not care to come out. The country is all sandy.
Four days’ journey from the province and river of Tiguex four
villages are found. The first has 30 houses; the second is a large
village destroyed in their wars, and has about 35 houses occupied;
the third about These three are like those at the river in every way.
The fourth is a large village which is among some mountains. It is
called Cicuic, and has about 50 houses, with as many stories as
those at Cibola. The walls are of dirt and mud like those at Cibola. It
has plenty of corn, beans and melons, and some fowls. Four days
from this village they came to a country as level as the sea, and in
these plains there was such a multitude of cows that they are
numberless. These cows are like those of Castile, and somewhat
larger, as they have a little hump on the withers, and they are more
reddish, approaching black; their hair, more than a span long, hangs
down around their horns and ears and chin, and along the neck and
shoulders like manes, and down from the knees; all the rest is a very
fine wool, like merino; they have very good, tender meat, and much
fat. Having proceeded many days through these plains, they came to
a settlement of about 200 inhabited houses. The houses were made
of the skins of the cows, tanned white, like pavilions or army tents.
The maintenance or sustenance of these Indians comes entirely
from the cows, because they neither sow nor reap corn. With the
skins they make their houses, with the skins they clothe and shoe
themselves, of the skins they make rope, and also of the wool; from
the sinews they make thread, with which they sew their clothes and
also their houses; from the bones they make awls; the dung serves
them for wood, because there is nothing else in that country; the
stomachs serve them for pitchers and vessels from which they drink;
they live on the flesh; they sometimes eat it half roasted and
warmed over the dung, at other times raw; seizing it with their
fingers, they pull it out with one hand and with a flint knife in the
other they cut off mouthfuls, and thus swallow it half chewed; they
eat the fat raw, without warming it; they drink the blood just as it
leaves the cows, and at other times after it has run out, cold and
raw; they have no other means of livelihood. These people have
dogs like those in this country, except that they are somewhat larger,
and they load these dogs like beasts of burden, and make saddles
for them like our pack saddles, and they fasten them with their
leather thongs, and these make their backs sore on the withers like
pack animals. When they go hunting, they load these with their
necessities, and when they move—for these Indians are not settled
in one place, since they travel wherever the cows move, to support
themselves—these dogs carry their houses, and they have the sticks
of their houses dragging along tied on to the p571 pack-saddles,
besides the load which they carry on top, and the load may be,
according to the dog, from 35 to 50 pounds. It is 30 leagues, or
even more, from Cibola to these plains where they went. The plains
stretch away beyond, nobody knows how far. The captain, Francisco
Vazquez, went farther across the plains, with 30 horsemen, and Friar
Juan de Padilla with him; all the rest of the force returned to the
settlement at the river to wait for Francisco Vazquez, because this
was his command. It is not known whether he has returned.
LXXII. The Keres Pueblo of Cochiti
 The country is so level that men became lost when they went off
half a league. One horseman was lost, who never reappeared, and
two horses, all saddled and bridled, which they never saw again. No
track was left of where they went, and on this account it was
necessary to mark the road by which they went with cow dung, so
as to return, since there were no stones or anything else.
Marco Polo, the Venetian, in his treatise, in chapter 15, relates and
says that (he saw) the same cows, with the same sort of hump; and
in the same chapter he says that there are sheep as big as horses.
Nicholas, the Venetian, gave an account to Micer Pogio, the
Florentine, in his second book, toward the end, which says that in
Ethiopia there are oxen with a hump, like camels, and they have
horns 3 cubits long, and they carry their horns up over their backs,
and one of these horns makes a wine pitcher.
Marco Polo, in chapter 134, says that in the country of the Tartars,
toward the north, they have dogs as large or little smaller than
asses. They harness these into a sort of cart and with these enter a
very miry country, all a quagmire, where other animals can not enter
and come out without getting submerged, and on this account they
take dogs.
 p572

TRANSLATION OF THE RELACION DEL

SUCESO 343
ACCOUNT OF WHAT HAPPENED ON THE
JOURNEY WHICH FRANCISCO VAZQUEZ MADE
TO DISCOVER CIBOLA.
When the army reached the valley of Culiacan, Francisco Vazquez
divided the army on account of the bad news which was received
regarding Cibola, and because the food supply along the way was
small, according to the report of Melchor Diaz, who had just come
back from seeing it. He himself took 80 horsemen and 25 foot
soldiers, and a small part of the artillery, and set out from Culiacan,
leaving Don Tristan de Arellano with the rest of the force, with
orders to set out twenty days later, and when he reached the Valley
of Hearts (Corazones) to wait there for a letter from him, which
would be sent after he had reached Cibola, and had seen what was
there; and this was done. The Valley of Hearts is 150 leagues from
the valley of Culiacan, and the same distance from Cibola.344
This whole distance, up to about 50 leagues before reaching
Cibola, is inhabited, although it is away from the road in some
places. The population is all of the same sort of people, since the
houses are all of palm mats, and some of them have low lofts. They
all have corn, although not much, and in some places very little.
They have melons and beans. The best settlement of all is a valley
called Señora, which is 10 leagues beyond the Hearts, where a town
was afterward settled. There is some cotton among these, but deer
skins are what most of them use for clothes.
Francisco Vazquez passed by all these on account of the small
crops. There was no corn the whole way, except at this valley of
Señora, where they collected a little, and besides this he had what
he took from Culiacan, where he provided himself for eighty days. In
seventy-three days we reached Cibola, although after hard labor and
the loss of many horses and the death of several Indians, and after
we saw it these were all doubled, although we did find corn enough.
We found the natives peaceful for the whole way. p573
LXXIII. the Tewa Pueblo of Nambe
 The day we reached the first village part of them came out to fight
us, and the rest stayed in the village and fortified themselves. It was
not possible to make peace with these, although we tried hard
enough, so it was necessary to attack them and kill some of them.
The rest then drew back to the village, which was then surrounded
and attacked. We had to withdraw, on account of the great damage
they did us from the flat roofs, and we began to assault them from a
distance with the artillery and muskets, and that afternoon they
surrendered. Francisco Vazquez came out of it badly hurt by some
stones, and I am certain, indeed, that he would have been there yet
if it had not been for the army-master, D. Garcia Lopez de Cardenas,
who rescued him. When the Indians surrendered, they abandoned
the village and went to the other villages, and as they left the
houses we made ourselves at home in them.
Father Friar Marcos understood, or gave to understand, that the
region and neighborhood in which there are seven villages was a
single village which he called Cibola, but the whole of this settled
region is called Cibola. The villages have from 150 to 200 and 300
houses; some have the houses of the village all together, although in
some villages they are divided into two or three sections, but for the
most part they are all together, and their courtyards are within, and
in these are their hot rooms for winter, and they have their summer
ones outside the villages. The houses have two or three stories, the
walls of stone and mud, and some have mud walls. The villages
have for the most part the walls of the houses; the houses are too
good for Indians, especially for these, since they are brutish and
have no decency in anything except in their houses.
For food they have much corn and beans and melons, and some
fowls, like those of Mexico, and they keep these more for their
feathers than to eat, because they make long robes of them, since
they do not have any cotton; and they wear cloaks of heniquen (a
fibrous plant), and of the skins of deer, and sometimes of cows.
 Their rites and sacrifices are somewhat idolatrous, but water is
what they worship most, to which they offer small painted sticks and
feathers and yellow powder made of flowers, and usually this
offering is made to springs. Sometimes, also, they offer such
turquoises as they have, although poor ones.
From the valley of Culiacan to Cibola it is 240 leagues in two
directions. It is north to about the thirty-fourth-and-a-half degree,
and from there to Cibola, which is nearly the thirty-seventh degree,
toward the northeast.
Having talked with the natives of Cibola about what was beyond,
they said that there were settlements toward the west. Francisco
Vazquez then sent Don Pedro de Tobar to investigate, who found
seven other villages, which were called the province of Tuzan;345 this
is p574 35 leagues to the west. The villages are somewhat larger
than those of Cibola, and in other respects, in food and everything,
they are of the same sort, except that these raise cotton. While Don
Pedro de Tobar had gone to see these, Francisco Vazquez dispatched
messengers to the viceroy, with an account of what had happened
up to this point.346 He also prepared instructions for these to take to
Don Tristan, who as I have said, was at Hearts, for him to proceed
to Cibola, and to leave a town established in the valley of Señora,
which he did, and in it he left 80 horsemen of the men who had but
one horse and the weakest men, and Melchor Diaz with them as
captain and leader, because Francisco Vazquez had so arranged for
it. He ordered him to go from there with half the force to explore
toward the west; and he did so, and traveled 150 leagues, to the
river which Hernando de Alarcon entered from the sea, which he
called the Buenaguia. The settlements and people that are in this
direction are mostly like those at the Hearts, except at the river and
around it, where the people have much better figures and have
more corn, although the houses in which they live are hovels, like
pig pens, almost under ground, with a covering of straw, and made
without any skill whatever. This river is reported to be large. They
reached it 30 leagues from the coast, where, and as far again above,
Alarcon had come up with his boats two months before they reached
it. This river runs north and south there. Melchor Diaz passed on
toward the west five or six days, from which he returned for the
reason that he did not find any water or vegetation, but only many
stretches of sand; and he had some fighting on his return to the
river and its vicinity, because they wanted to take advantage of him
while crossing the river. While returning Melchor Diaz died from an
accident, by which he killed himself, throwing a lance at a dog.
After Don Pedro de Tobar returned and had given an account of
those villages, he then dispatched Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas,
the army-master, by the same road Don Pedro had followed, to go
beyond that province of Tuzan to the west, and he allowed him
eighty days in which to go and return, for the journey and to make
the discoveries. He was conducted beyond Tuzan by native guides,
who said there were settlements beyond, although at a distance.
Having gone 50 leagues west of Tuzan, and 80 from Cibola, he
found the edge of a river down which it was impossible to find a
path for a horse in any direction, or even for a man on foot, except
in one very difficult place, where there was a descent for almost 2
leagues. The sides were such, a steep rocky precipice that it was
scarcely possible to see the river, which looks like a brook from
above, although it is half as large again as that of Seville, according
to what they say, so that although they sought for a passage with
great diligence, none was found for a long distance, during which
they were for several days in great need of water, which could not
be found, and they could not approach that of the river, although
they p575 could see it, and on this account Don Garcia Lopez was
forced to return. This river comes from the northeast and turns
toward the south-southwest at the place where they found it, so that
it is without any doubt the one that Melchor Diaz reached.
Four days after Francisco Vazquez had dispatched Don Garcia
Lopez to make this discovery, he dispatched Hernando de Alvarado
to explore the route toward the east. He started off, and 30 leagues
from Cibola found a rock with a village on top, the strongest position
that ever was seen in the world, which was called Acuco347 in their
language, and father Friar Marcos called it the kingdom of Hacus.
They came out to meet us peacefully, although it would have been
easy to decline to do this and to have stayed on their rock, where
we would not have been able to trouble them. They gave us cloaks
of cotton, skins of deer and of cows, and turquoises, and fowls and
other food which they had, which is the same as in Cibola.
Twenty leagues to the east of this rock we found a river which
runs north and south,348 well settled; there are in all, small and
large, 70 villages near it, a few more or less, the same sort as those
at Cibola, except that they are almost all of well-made mud walls.
The food is neither more nor less. They raise cotton—I mean those
who live near the river—the others not. There is much corn here.
These people do not have markets. They are settled for 50 leagues
along this river, north and south, and some villages are 15 or 20
leagues distant, in one direction and the other. This river rises where
these settlements end at the north, on the slope of the mountains
there, where there is a larger village different from the others, called
Yuraba.349 It is settled in this fashion: It has 18 divisions; each one
has a situation as if for two ground plots;350 the houses are very
close together, and have five or six stories, three of them with mud
walls and two or three with thin wooden walls, which become
smaller as they go up, and each one has its little balcony outside of
the mud walls, one above the other, all around, of wood. In this
village, as it is in the mountains, they do not raise cotton nor breed
fowls; they wear the skins of deer and cows entirely. It is the most
populous village of all that country; we estimated there were 15,000
souls in it. There is one of the other kind of villages larger than all
the rest, and very strong, which is called Cicuique.351 It has four and
five stories, has eight large courtyards, each one with its balcony,
and there are fine houses in it. They do not raise cotton nor keep
fowls, because it is 15 leagues away from the river to the east,
toward the plains where the cows are. After Alvarado had sent an
account of this p576 river to Francisco Vazquez, he proceeded
forward to these plains, and at the borders of these he found a little
river which flows to the southwest, and after four days’ march he
found the cows, which are the most monstrous thing in the way of
animals which has ever been seen or read about. He followed this
river for 100 leagues, finding more cows every day. We provided
ourselves with some of these, although at first, until we had had
experience, at the risk of the horses. There is such a quantity of
them that I do not know what to compare them with, except with
the fish in the sea, because on this journey, as also on that which
the whole army afterward made when it was going to Quivira, there
were so many that many times when we started to pass through the
midst of them and wanted to go through to the other side of them,
we were not able to, because the country was covered with them.
The flesh of these is as good as that of Castile, and some said it was
even better.
The bulls are large and brave, although they do not attack very
much; but they have wicked horns, and in a fight use them well,
attacking fiercely; they killed several of our horses and wounded
many. We found the pike to be the best weapon to use against
them, and the musket for use when this misses.
When Hernando de Alvarado returned from these plains to the
river which was called Tiguex, he found the army-master Don Garcia
Lopez de Cardenas getting ready for the whole army, which was
coming there. When it arrived, although all these people had met
Hernando de Alvarado peacefully, part of them rebelled when all the
force came. There were 12 villages near together, and one night
they killed 40 of our horses and mules which were loose in the
camp. They fortified themselves in their villages, and war was then
declared against them. Don Garcia Lopez went to the first and took
it and executed justice on many of them. When the rest saw this,
they abandoned all except two of the villages, one of these the
strongest one of all, around which the army was kept for two
months. And although after we invested it, we entered it one day
and occupied a part of the flat roof, we were forced to abandon this
on account of the many wounds that were received and because it
was so dangerous to maintain ourselves there, and although we
again entered it soon afterward, in the end it was not possible to get
it all, and so it was surrounded all this time. We finally captured it
because of their thirst, and they held out so long because it snowed
twice when they were just about to give themselves up. In the end
we captured it, and many of them were killed because they tried to
get away at night.
LXXIV. A Nambe Indian in War Costume
 Francisco Vazquez obtained an account from some Indians who
were found in this village of Cicuique, which, if it had been true, was
of the richest thing that has been found in the Indies. The Indian
who gave the news and the account came from a village called
Harale, 300 leagues east of this river. He gave such a clear account
of what he told, as if it was true and he had seen it, that it seemed
plain afterward that it was the devil who was speaking in him.
Francisco Vazquez and all of p577 us placed much confidence in him,
although he was advised by several gentlemen not to move the
whole army, but rather to send a captain to find out what was there.
He did not wish to do this, but wanted to take every one, and even
to send Don Pedro de Tobar to the Hearts for half the men who were
in that village. So he started with the whole army, and proceeded
150 leagues, 100 to the east and 50 to the south,352 and the Indian
failing to make good what he had said about there being a
settlement there, and corn, with which to proceed farther, the other
two guides were asked how that was, and one confessed that what
the Indian said was a lie, except that there was a province which
was called Quivira, and that there was corn and houses of straw
there, but that they were very far off, because we had been led
astray a distance from the road. Considering this, and the small
supply of food that was left, Francisco Vazquez, after consulting with
the captains, determined to proceed with 30 of the best men who
were well equipped, and that the army should return to the river;
and this was done at once. Two days before this, Don Garcia Lopez’
horse had happened to fall with him, and he threw his arm out of
joint, from which he suffered much, and so Don Tristan de Arellano
returned to the river with the army. On this journey they had a very
hard time, because almost all of them had nothing to eat except
meat, and many suffered on this account. They killed a world of
bulls and cows, for there were days when they brought 60 and 70
head into camp, and it was necessary to go hunting every day, and
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