os “B Oo ? [a> i LY? SESSION: 2025-2026 BIOLOGY INVESTI Harmful Effect of Mobile Radiation Submitted to: Submitted by: Teacher Name Student Name Class: XII Roll No: 01 1[Page Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.inaw eS ABC INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL iw XYZ Road civil Lines, Detht- 112233 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Student Name has successfully. completed his/her-Biology project titled HARMFUL EFFECT OF MOBILE RADIATION under-the supervision and guidance of in the partial fulfillment of the Biology practical assessment conducted during the academic year 2025-2026. EXTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN CHARGE 2[Page Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.inACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my immense gratitude to my Biology teacher Teacher Name for the help and guidance he/she provided for completing this project. I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in making this project. Most of all I thank our school management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity to do this project. Lastly, I would like to thanks, my classmates who have done this project along with me. Their support made this project fruitful. - Student Name 3|Page Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.inINDEX 7 el 08-09 Common Features of Mobile Phone What is Mobile Radiation? What is Base Station? Health Hazards of Base Station Effect of Mobile Radiation on Living 12-15 Tissue Tips to Reduce Harmful effects of Mobile Radiation oes | os | 4|Page Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.inTOPIC Harmful Effects of Mobile Radiation 5[Page Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.inSTRACT ‘A mobile phone is a portable telecommunications device that can send and receive calls over a radio link while moving within a wide geographic area. It achieves this by connecting to a celluler network provided by a mobile phone operator, which grants access to the public telephone network. In contrast, a cordless telephone can only be used within the limited range of a single private base station. The first hand-held cell phone was demonstrated in 1973 by John F Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola, weighing approximately 4.4 pounds (2 kg). The DynaTAC 8000x became Commeitially-ayailable in 1983 as the first mobile phone on the market. From 1983 to 2023, worldwide subscriptions for mobile phones havegrown from zero to over 8.6 billion, now reaching 100% of the global population and eyen expanding.into lower-income markets. As of 2022, top manuifacturers in the’mobile phone industry include Apple, Samsung, Motorola, Redmi, Realme, Oppo, Vivo, and Nokia. The initial/ purpose of cell phones was sdlely for:making calls, bubover time, additional features such as voicemail were incorporated. However, the primary function remained focused on communication. As technology advanced, cell phone companies recognized the potential for integration with other technologies, leading to the developmentof Smartphones. Early versions of smartphones allowed users to access email and utilize their device as a fax machine, pager, and address(b0Ok. In recent years, there has been a shift towards larger andysimpler cell phone designssinjorder to accommodate bigger screens and reduce the number of buttons, With the evolution of phones into multifunctional media devices, a key factor in desirability is now a spacious and high-quality)screen for dptinial Web browisirig. In addition, physical keyboards-areybeing replaced by toucli screens that only appear when needed This advancement further streamlines the design and enhances user experience) ii aoa ee Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.in 6[PageSome Common Features of all Mobile Phones Y Sereen/Display: Every mobile phone has some kind of screen, whether it’s a basic LCD for feature phones or a high-resolution OLED for smartphones. Y Keypad/Touchscreen: Earlier mobile phones mainly had physical keypads, but most modern smartphones are equipped with touchscreens, Some may also have a combination of both. Y Battery: All mobile phones need a power Source, typically in the form of a rechargeable battery. Y Microphone and Speaker: Essential for making calls, every phone will have at least one microphone and one speaker. Y Antenna: Either externally visible in older phones or internally placed in modern smartphones, this allows the device to connect to cellular networks. Y Operating System (OS): While the specific OS might vary (e.g., iOS, Android, KaiOS), all phones have some sort of software platform that manages the phone's operations, Y Connectivity Options: Almost all phones offer some means of connectivity, whether it's cellular (like 4G or 5G), Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi. ¥ SIM Card Slot: For mobile phones that connect to cellular networks, a slot for a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card is standard. ¥ Camera: While eatlier basic phones might have lacked this feature, most modern phones (including,even budget options), come with at least one camera, Y Access to Networks: Whether it's 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, or even just Wi-Fi, mobile phones have the ability to connect to a network for data transfer. 7[Page Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.inWhat is Mobile Radiation? Mobile radiation, more commonly referred to as "cell phone radiation" or “mobile phone radiation," pertains to the electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones and their base stations. To understand this in detail, it’s essential to start with the basics of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR): Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is energy that moves in waves and spans a broad spectrum, from very long Tadio waves 10 Very short gamma rays. This spectrum is often divided into two main types: 1. Non-ionizing radiation: ‘This is the type of radiation emitted by mobile phones. It's found at the low-energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum and is less likely to damage DNA or cells directly. Other examples include radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation,/and visible light. 2. Ionizing radiation: Found at the high-energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum, it has enough energy toyremove tightly bound electrons from atoms, which can damage .or kill cells and DNA directly. X-rays and gamma rays are examples. Mobile Phone Radiation: Mobile phones communicate by transmitting radio frequency (RF) waves, which is a type of non-ionizing radiation. There are two main sources of RE waves from mobile phones: Antennas: The tmidin source of RF waves. The closer the antenna is (o the user's head, the more the user is exposed to RF waves. Base stations: These are fixed structures that communicate with the mobile phones and can result in RF exposure, albeit typically at levels far lower than those from mobile phones. BI Page Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.in9|Page Potential Side Effects of Exposure to Electromagnetic Radiation Blurry Vision Headaches ‘Nausea Fatigue Neck Pain Memory Loss Leukaemia Rate Brain Cancers Enzyme Changes That Affect DNA Birth Defects Changes in Metabolism Increased Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease Increased Risk for Heart Conditions Neurological Hormone Changes Linked Impaired Brain Function VVVVVVV VV VY VV Long Term Exposure to EMF Radiation Leads to Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.inWhat is Base Station? A base station, also known as a cell tower or cell site, is a key component of a cellular network. It's a fixed radio transmitter and receiver that provides wireless communication between mobile devices, such as smartphones, and the network infrastructure. Base stations are typically mounted on tall structures, like towers or rooftops, to cover a specific geographic area known as a cell. Here's how a base station works: Signal Transmission: The base station transmits and receives radio signals over a specific range of frequencies. These signals carry voice, data, and other intormation to and tom mobile devices within its coverage area. Coverage Area: Each base Station serves a defined Coverage area or cell. When a mobile device is within this cell's range, it can connect to the base station. Handoff: As a mobile device moves, it may transition from one cell to another. To maintain a continuous connection, the network System performs a handoff, transferring the connection seamlessly from one base station to another. Multiple Base Stations: To provide widespread coverage, cellular networks consist of numerous base stations’ Strategically placed to ensure overlapping coverage and minimal signal dropouts. Base stations play a crucial role:in. enabling mobile communication by creating a network of cells that collectively cover a large geographic area. They are a fundamental component of modern, telecommunications systems, allowing people to make calls, send texts. access: the-internet. and use various mobile services while on the move. 10|Page Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.inHealth Hazards of Base Stations Another area of concern is the radiation emitted by the fixed infrastructure used in mobile telephony, such as base stations (Mobile Tower) and their antennas, which provide the link to and from mobile phones. This is because, in contrast to mobile handsets, it is emitted continuously and is more powerful at close quarters. On the other hand, field intensities drop rapidly with distance away from the base of transmitters because of the attenuation of power with the square of distance. One popular design of mobile phone antennayis the scctor antenna, whose coverage is 120 degrees horizontally and about $5 degrees from the vertical. Because base stations operate at less than 100 watts, the radiation at ground level is much weaker than a cell phone due to the power relationship appropriate for that design of antenna. Base station emissions must comply with safety guidelines. Some countriess/however (such as South"Africa, for example), have no health regulations governing the placement of base stations. Cellular A 7 y Mobile Tower J @ ¢ he — S TSO Cellular B Mobile Tower 11] Page Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.inRadiation Absorption Part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset are absorbed by the body. The radio waves emitted by a GSM handset are typically below a watt. The maximum power output from a mobile phone is regulated by the mobile phone standard and by the regulatory agencies in each country. In most systems the cell phone andstheybase,station check reception quality and signal strength and the power level is increased Ordecreased automatically, within a certain spany to accommodate different situations, such as inside or outside of buildings and vehicles. The rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body is measured by the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and its maximumlevels for modern handsets have been set by governmental regulating agencies in many countries. In the India, the Department of Telecom has set a SAR limit of 1.6 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 1 gram ofttissueyfor the head. In Europe, the limit is 2 Wikg, averaged over a volume of 10 grams of tissue. SAR data for specific mobile phones, along with other uséful information, can be found directly on manufacturers’ websites, as welllasion third partyWeb sites. It is worth noting that thermal radiation is not comparable to ionizing radiation:in that it only increases the temperature in normal matter, if d6es'fot break molecular bonds or release electrons fromtheir atoms. Head SAR, 1.6 Wikg (1.9) Torso SAR. 1.6 Wika (1.@) 12| Page Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.inThermal Effects One well-understood effect of microwave radiation is dielectric heating, in which any dielectric material (such as living tissue) is heated by rotations of polar molecules induced by the electromagnetic field. In the case of a person using a cell phone, most of the heating effect will occur at the surface of the head, causing its temperature to increase by a fraction of a degree. In this case, the level of temperature increase is an order of magnitude less than that obtained during the exposure of the head to direct sunlight. The brain's blood circulation is capable of disposing of excess heat by increasing local blood flow. However, the cornea of the eye does not have this temperature regulation. mechanism and expasure af 2 — 3 hours duration has been feported to produce catatacts in rabbits’ eyes at SAR values from 100 — 140 W/kg, which produced lenticular temperatures of 41°C. This has known 16 eause premature catafactin humans. An image viathermal scans showing heating of the facial skin after 4 hours of phone usage. * Thermal effects have also/khown to cause hari tear drum and impair hearing in the long term, Blood—Brain Barrier Effects, Swedish researchers fromylundUniversity haye,studied the effects of mobile radiation on the brain. They found a leakage of albumin into the brain via a permeated blood-brain barrier, This confirms earlier work on the blood-brain barrier by Allan Frey, Oscat NCERT Textbook > https://www.wikipedia.com > https://sciencedirects.com > https://YouTube.com > https://ehtrust.org/ 18|Page Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.inIMPORTANT NOTICE If You Want a Copy of This Project Without Any Watermark Which Is Chargeable, Scan Below QR for more details For any Queries Contact us on: ge +91 7355621860 © [email protected] 19|Pace Downloaded From: www.knowledgecycle.in