INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER 

dEI;wVj ‘kCn dh mRifÙk “dEI;wV” ls gqbZ gSA ftldk vFkZ gS

x.kuk djuk vr% cksypky dh Hkk”kk esa bls Calculating Device. dg ldrs gSaA tks dh
Airthmatical and logical operation. dks cgqr rsth ls ,d lkFk dj ldrk gSA ijUrq
vkt bldh ifjHkk”kk gh cny xbZ gSA D;ksafd vc Computer dk mi;ksx flQZ x.kuk rd
lhfer ugha gSaA vktdy bldk mi;ksx Music , Graphics , Internet vkfn dbZ vU;
{ks=ks esa fd;k tk jgk gSA vr% vc ge bls ,d Electronic Device Hkh dg ldrs gSaA tks
Data dks Input ls Ouput esa cny nsrk gSA

WHAT IS THE COMPUTER

dEI;wVj ,d ,slk Electronic Device gS ;wtlZ }kjk buiqV fd;s MkVk dks izkslsl djds
lwpukvksa dks vkmViqV ¼fjtYV½ ds :i esa Ánku djrk gSA vFkkZr dEI;wVj ;wtj }kjk fn;s
x;s funsZ’kksa dk ikyu djrk gSA“ dEI;wVj ;wtj }kjk buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk dks Ákslsl
djds fjtYV dks vkmViqV ds :i esa Ánku djrk gSA
INPUT
Mouse, keyboard, Scanner, joystick, webcam

Process
CPU Or Processer

OUTPUT
Monitor, Printer

Quality of Computer -

1. Speed – dEI;wVj dh igyh fo’ks”krk mldh rhoz xrh gSA

2. Accuracy - dEI;wVj vR;Ur ‘kq) :i esa lHkh x.kuk,¡ djrk gSA
3. Storage Capacity - dEI;wVj dh vuUr lap; ‘kfDr gS bldh lap; {kerk
eSeksjh dgykrh gS ftls ckbV~l esa ekirs gSaA
4. Diligence-¼yxu”khy½ ;g fcuk Fkds leku xfr ls lHkh dk;Z djrk gS
bldh {kerk ij dksbZ vUrj ugha vkrk gSA
5. Versatility- dEI;wVj gh ,d ek= ,slk ;a= gS tks ,d gh le; esa fofHkUu
dk;ksZ dks dj ldrk gSA
6. Automation - ,d ckj funsZ’k nsus ij fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks dEiyhV djuk
gSA
Full Name of Computer 

C– COMMON (lkekU;)
O– OPERATOR (pkyd)
M– MACHINE (;U=)
P – PURPOSE (mn~ns’;)
U – USER (Á;ksxdrkZ)
T- TRADE (O;olk;)
E – EDUCATION (f’k{kk)
R – RESEARCH ([kkst)

TYPES OF COMPUTER  Computer rhu Ádkj ds gksrs gS 

1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer

TYPES OF COMPUTER

ANALOG COMPUTER DIGITAL COMPUTER HYBRID COMPUTER

A. Micro Computer

B. Mini Computer

C. Main frame Computer

D. Super Computer

1. Analog Computer – Analog Computer esa MkVk

Vªkalfe’ku ,d lh/kh js[kk esa gksrk gSA tSls & rkieku + ikjs+
nkc + ,oa vU; HkkSfrd lwpukvksa dks ÁkIr djus ds fy, bl
Ádkj ds dEI;wVlZ dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA
2. Digital Computer – bl dEI;wVj ds }kjk fMftVy rduhfd dks Ánf’Zkr djrs gSaA tSls&
fMftVy ?kM+h
Parts of Digital Computer- Digital Computer ds fuEu ikVZ gksrs gS &

PARTS OF DIGITAL
COMPUTER

C. Main frame
A. Micro Computer B. Mini Computer D. Super Computer
Computer

A. Micro Computer - ;g lcls NksVk dEI;wVj gksrk gSA

B. Mini Computer - ;g ekbØksdEI;wVj ls vf/kd {kerkoku gksrk gSA
C. Main frame Computer - ;g ekbØks rFkk dEI;wVj ls vf/kd {kerkoku cMs vkdkj
dk dEI;wVj gksrk gSA ;g cSadks cMh dEifu;ksa ,oa ljdkjh foHkkxksa esa Á;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
D.Super Computer - ;g lcls rst xfr okyk dEI;wVj gksrk gS bldk vkdkj dkQh
cMk gksrk gSA Hkkjr dk igyk lqij dEI;wVj ¼ije & 10000½ gSA
3. HYBRID COMPUTER –
Computer dk ,slk Ádkj ftlesa ,ukykWx rFkk fMftVy dk feJ.k
gks mls Hybrid Computer dgrs gSaA bldk mi;ksx HOSPITAL esa
fd;k tkrk gSA Ex. ECG MACHINE

UNITS Of COMPUTER

COMPUTER dh rhu bZdkb;k¡ gksrh gS&

UNITS OF
COMPUTER

(1.) HARDWARE  Computer ds os HkkSfrd midj.k ftls ge LilZ dj ldrs gSaA

HARDWARE SOFTWARE USER
mUgsa HARDWARE dgrs gSaA
For Example – Moniter, Printer , Sound , Cabinet ,Mouse , Keyboard ,
Joystic , etc…
(2.) SOFTWARE  Computer midj.k pyus okys Áksxzke dks ge SOFTWARE
dgrs gSaA
For Example – Micro soft word , Micro soft Excel , Micro soft Power Point,
Tally , Typing Master , VLC , Notepad , etc….
(3.) USER  Hardware rFkk Software dks tks Operate djrk gSA User dgykrk
gSA
For Example – I , We , You , etc……

CLASSIFICATION OF HARDWARE
Hardware- dks rhu Hkkxks esa ck¡Vk x;k gS :-

CLASSIFICATION OF
(HARDWARE)

INPUT DEVICE OUTPUT DEVICE STORAGE DEVICE

(1.) INPUT DEVICE  Computer esa ftu midj.kksa ds }kjk MkVk buiqV fd;k
tkrk gS mu midj.kksa dks ge Input dgrs gSaA
A. (KEYBOARD)  Keyboard ls MkVk nsus dh izfØ;k dks Input dgrs gSaA ;g ,d
Typerighter ds leku ;U= gksrk gS ftldk iz;ksx Computer esa MkVk dks ek= buiqV nsus ds
fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Keyboard esa fuEu Keys ik;h tkrh gSaA
(1.) A TO Z (Main parts of keyboard) bls ge Alphabet keys Hkh dgrs gSa ftlesa
A ls yxkdj Z rd 26 Keys ik;h tkrh gSaA
(2.) NUMERIC KEYS (0-9) Keyboard esa Right side ij 0 ls 9 rd rFkk blesa
+, -, *, / , keys ik;h tkrh gSaA
(3.) FUNCTION KEYS (F1 ls F12 rd)—
(4.) SPECIAL KEYS  blds vUrxZr Esc, ctrl, window key, Alt, Space,
Enter, Backspace, Delete, Print screen etc…….
(5.) CURSER CONTROL KEYS  blds vUrxZr Home Button, End button,
Page up, Page down etc.
Notic  >< , +, -, “” , , etc bu lHkh keys dks Logical keys Hkh dgrs gSaA

B. (MOUSE)  Keyboard dh rjg Mouse Hkh ,d buiqV fMokbl gksrk gS ftldk iz;ksx
LØhu ij iznf”kZr gksus Pointer dks Control djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ekml esa nks
Buttons left and right rFkk ,d Scroll wheel ftldk ;wt ist esa fy[ks gq, Matter dks
Åij uhps djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Mouse nkss izdkj ds gksrs gS%&

(1.) Optical Mouse (2.) Digital Mouse.  Mouse dk vfo’dkj

Mxyl ,atsycVZ lu~ 1977 esa cuk;k FkkA

(OTHER INPUT DEVICE)

(1.) Scanner  Scanner dk mi;ksx Computer memory
esa lh/ks lwpuk baVj djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ;g e”khu
thjkWDl e”khu dh rjg dke djrh Gsa
(2.) Track Ball  Track ball Mouse ds myVs fMtkbu
ds leku gSA ;wtj xsan dks lh/ks LFkkukuUrfjr djrk gS tcfd
fMokbl Loa; fLFkj jgrk gSA

(3.) Joystick  Joystick ,d buiqV fMokbl gksrk gS tks Computer system esa buiqV
nsus ds fy, gksrk gS ;g T;knkrj xse Application esa mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA \

(4.) Light pen  ;g ,d rjg dk buiqV fMokbl gS ftldk

mi;ksx Computer screen ij ykbUl ;k fQxj Mªk djus ds
fy, gksrk gS ;g C.R.T Screen dks Nwrk gS tgk¡ ;g ikl
gksrs oDr LØhu ij jkLVj dks fMVsDV dj ldrk gSA

(5.) OCR (Optical character Reader)  gLrfyf[kr

Type fd;s gq, ;k fizUV fd;s gq, ikB ¼VsDLkV½ Nfo dk Computer
}kjk i<s tkus ;ksX; Text :i esa ifjorZu OCR dh igpku dgykrh gSA

(6.) MICRO PHONE  ;g ,d rjg dk Input device

gS ftldk bLrseky Input ds :i esa Sound ysus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSSA ge bls Computer system ds ihNs iSuy
ds tSd iksVZ ls tksMrs gSa vkSj bldk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

(7.) BIOMETRIC SENSOR  Biometric system ,d

,slk system gS ftlds }kjk O;fDr dh igpku dh tk ldrh gSA
Biometric e”khu dh en~n ls O;fDr dks psgjs, vk¡[kks,
vkokt, vaxqyh ;k vaxwBs ls igpkuk tk ldrk gSA

(8.) BAR CODE READER  Bar code reader Computer

dh ,d ,slh buiqV fMokbl gksrh gS tks fdlh oLrq leku ;k
fdlh leku esa fy[ks x;s ckj dksM dks LdSu djrh gS vkSj mls
jhM djrh gSSA ;g ,d izdkj dk LdSuj fMokbl gksrk gSA

(9.) MICR (Magnetic ink character reader) ;g ,d

Input Device gS Magnetic ink ls Nis ;k fizUV fd;s x;s v{kjksa
;k Documents dks ftl LdSUkj }kjk Recognize (igpkuk½ ;k
Read fd;k tkrk gS mls MICR dgrs gSaA bldk iz;ksx cSafdax {ks=ksa esa lcls T;knk fd;k tkrk
gSA

(10.) TOUCH SCREEN Touch screen ,d Output device

gS fMlIys ,d L.C.D ;k L.E.D Display gksrk gS tcfd system
vkerkSj ij Computer, Laptop, Tablet , ;k Smart phone gksrk gSA

(11.) WEB CAMERA  Web Camera ,d Digital camera gS

tks Computer ls tqMk gksrk gS ;g tgk¡ Hkh yxk gksrk gS ogka ls
Internal ds ek/;e ls fdlh vU; LFkku ij ykbo fp= Hkst ldrk
gS dqN osc dSejk USB Port ds ek/;e ls Computer esa Iyx fd;s
tkrs gSa ysfdu vU; ok;jysl Wi-Fi gksrs gSA

(12.) OMR (OPTICAL MARK READING)  OMR ,d fo”ks’k

izdkj dk Optical LdSuj gS ftldk mi;ksx isu ;k isfUly }kjk cuk,¡
x, fpUg ds izdkj dks igpkuus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

(2.) OUTPUT DEVICE Output Device Hard ;k Soft :i esa ifj.kke nsrk gSA
ftu midj.kksa dk mi;ksx User dks Hard Copy ;k Soft copy ds :i esa Data dks iznf”kZr
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS bl izdkj ds Device dks Output Device dgrs gSa ftuds
mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa&

(1.) MONITOR  Monitor dk dk;Z Input }kjk fn;s x;s funsZ”kksa dks
Display djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS bls ge VDU- (Visual display unit)
dgrs gSaA Monitor nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA
PARTS OF MONITOR-
 (A) CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
(B) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
(A.) CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) ;g ,d Vsyhfotu tSlh LØhu gksrh gS ftldk dk;Z
Computer ds dk;ksZ dkss iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Parts Of CRT Monitor 
(A) Monochrome (Black&white Monitor)
(B) Color Monitor

Monochrome
Monitor

r
it o
on
l orM
Co
(B) LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY ;g Monitor iryk rFkk Flat monitor
gksrk gS ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS%&
Parts of LCD Monitor
(A)TFT (Thin Film Transistor)
(B) LED (Light Emitting Diode)

TFT Monitor

(A.)TFT (Thin Film Transistor) TFT Matrix ls cuk;k tkrk gSA blesa Self
lighting ugha gksrh gSA

(B.) LED (Light Emitting Diode) LED esa Self Backlight gksus ds dkj.k bldh
Picture Quality vkSj csgrj gks tkrh gSSA

(2.) PRINTER Printer ,d Output Device gksrk gS ftldh Help

ls ge fdlh Hkh Soft copy dks vklkuh ls Hard copy ds :i esa Text,
Document, Image, vkfn dks Print dj ldrs gSa Printer
dh xq.koÙkk dks DPI (Dots per inch) esa ukik tkrk gSA
;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS%&
(A.) IMPACT PRINTER
 (B.) NON- IMPACT PRINTER

Impact Printer

(A.) IMPACT PRINTER bl izdkj ds fizaVj L;kgh okys Rivan ij Streak djrs gSa
vkSj dkxt ij Nki NksMrs gSaA blesa ,d /kkrq ;k Plastic dk gsM gksrk gS ftlesa 24 fiu gksrh gSaA
ftlds }kjk dkxt ij ftl v{kj dks Soft copy vFkkZr~ Printer esa Blank Page ij Strike
djds mls Nki nsrk gSA blds vykok mlesa vkSj Symbol Hkh ik;s tkrs gSa blds pyus ij fo”ks’k
izdkj dh vkokt vkrh gSA
mnkgj.k& Dot matrix Printer

(B.) NON- IMPACT PRINTER blds pyus ij fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vkokt ugha vkrh
D;ksafd ;g dkxt dks fcuk Touch fd;s Print out djrk gSA
Mnkgj.k& Laser Printer, Inkjet Printer

*OTHER OUTPUT DEVICE *

(C) Multimedia Projector (D) Plotter (E) Speaker (F) Headphone

(3.) STORAGE DEVICE  Computer esa Data dks Store djus ds fy, ge Storage
Device dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
tSls& Hard disk , Pen drive, SSD (Solid State drive) Memory card , CD,
DVD.
MEMORY

SKCC COMPUTER MEMORY UNIT BANDA

4 BIT 1 NIBBLE
8 BIT 1 BYTE
1024 BYTE 1 KB (KILO BYTE)
1024 KB 1 MB (MEGA BYTE)
1024 MB 1 GB (GEGA BYTE)
 1024 GB 1 TB (TERA BYTE)
1024 TB 1 PB (PETA BYTE)
1024 PB 1 HB (HEXA BYTE)
1024 HB 1 ZB (ZETTA BYTE)
1024 ZB 1 YB (YOTTA BYTE)

PARTS OF MEMORY:- Memory nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa%&

(A) PRIMARY MEMORY (B) SECONDARY MEMORY

COMPUTER
Memory

Cache
Primary Secondary
Memory
Memory Memory

Ram Floppy disk, HDD,SSD

Rom PD, CD, DVD, Mem
(Random access
memory) (Read only memory) Card

S-Ram (Static PROM

(Programmable Read
Random Access …..) Only …)

D-Ram (Dynamic EPROM

(Erasable Programmable
Random Access ….) Read Only …)

(A) PRIMARY MEMORY (Internal memory)

;g Memory Computer system dh Main EEPmemory
ROM
(Electrically Erasable
gksrh gS tks System ds izkFkfed
dk;Z djrh gSA tSls& Ram vkSj Rom Programmable Read Only..)
(a) Ram (Random Access Memory) ;g CPU }kjk mi;ksx fd;s tkus okyk
vLFkk;h Storage Area gSA Program pyus ls igys Program dks eseksjh esa yksM fd;k
tkrk gS tks CPU dks Program rd igq¡pus dh vuqerh nsrk gS Ram nks izdkj dk gksrk gS%&
(i) S-Ram (Static Random access memory)
(ii) D-Ram (Dynamic Random access memory)
(b) Rom (Read Only Memory) Computer esa ges”kk FkksMh ek=k es a Read only
memory gksrh gS tks Computer dks izkjEHk djus ds fy, funsZ”k j[krh gSA ;g Memory
LFkk;h gksrh gSA
tSls & Dell laptop on djus ij gesa Dell dk Logo rFkk lektoknh laptop dks on djus ij
iwjs gksrs okns rFkk lektoknh dk Logo fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g rhu izdkj dk gksrk gS%&
(i) P-Rom (programmable Read only memory)
(ii)EP-Rom (Erasable programmable Read only memory)
(iii)EEP-Rom (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only memory)

(B) SECONDARY MEMORY (External Memory)

;g Memory LFkk;h Memory dgykrh gS ftldk Use Computer off gksus ds ckn Hkh
fd;k tkrk gSA bldk Use Data dks Store djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
PARTS OF SECONDARY MEMORY =
(1) FLOPPY DISK bldk Use vk/kqfud ;qx esa ugha fd;k tkrk gS ;g Pen Drive dh
rjg ,d Device gksrk Fkk ftldk iz;ksx ,d Computer ls Data copy djds nwljs
Computer esa Data dks Transfer djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk Floppy Disk dk vkdkj
3.5 inch gksrk FkkA bldk Hk.Mkj.k {kerk 2.88mb gksrh FkhA
(2) HDD- (Hard Disk Drive) Hard Disk ,d Magnetic Disk gS tks /kkrq ls cuh
gksrh gS bldks ekius ds fy, ge GB, TB, PB Unit dk iz;ksx djrs gS a ftles a ge vf/kd ls
vf/kd Data dks Store dj ldrs gSaA
Hard Disk fuEUkfyf[kr ?kVd ls cuh gksrh gS%&
1. Plotter 3. Tracks 5. Cluster
2. Heads 4. Sector 6. Cylinder

(3) PD- (Pen Drive)

(4) CD- (Compact Disk)
(5) DVD- (Digital Video Disk)
(6) Memory card 
(7) SSD- (Solid State drive) 

BAND GENERATION OF COMPUTER SKCC

A

(1.) FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER- (1945-1955)

Computer dh igyh ih<h esa Vacuum Tube Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftlus
Computer dks lkdkj dj x.kuk djuk lEHko fd;k bl ih<h esa Computer dk mi;ksx oSKkfud
Application dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k bls ge 1G dgrs gSaA

(2.) SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER- (1955-1964)

Second generation esa Transistor Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k bls ge 2G dgrs gSaA
bl ih<+h esa Computer dk mi;ksx oSKkfud vkSj okf.kT; Application ds fy, fd;k x;k bldk
vkdkj First generation ds Computer ds vkdkj ls NksVk ,oa xfr esa rst dj fn;k x;kA

(3.) THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER- (1964-1974)

bl Generation esa IC (Integrated circuits) Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftls ge 3G
dgrs gSaA ftlls ;g igys dh vis{kk HkjkslseUn rFkk rst le>k x;k bldk iz;ksx oSKkfud
Application okf.kT; Application rFkk Online Application ds fy, fd;k x;kA

(4.) FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER- (1975-1989)

bl generation esa Micro processor Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftlls ;g igys ls
T;knk fo”oluh; rFkk vkdkj es a cgqr de dj fn;k x;k bl generation ds Computer dk
mi;ksx igys ds vykok Networking Application ds fy, Use fd;k x;kA ftls ge 4G dgrs
gSaA

(5.) FIFTH GENETATION OF COMPUTER- (1989- TILL DATE)

bl generation esa Artificial Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k tgk¡ ij Computer Loa;
vius IQ dk iz;ksx djds vius leL;k dk lek/kku dj ldrk gS bl generation esa Computer
dk mi;ksx igys ds vykok Multimedia , Networking Application, High level
programming ds fy, fd;k x;kA ftls ge 5G dgrs gSaA

CPU
CPU dk vFkZ Calculation comparisons vkSj decision CPU ,d
Processing device gS ftls Computer dk fnekx rFkk Micro Processor
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tks Computer esa ,d NksVh lh fpi gksrh gS tks input unit ls input izkIr
djrk gSA vkSj Input dks Process djrk gS fQj Output iznku djrk gSA
CPU ds dk;Z
(1.) ;g Computer ds lHkh Part dks Control djrk gSA
(2.) ;g input rFkk output dks Control djrk gSA
(3.) ;g input ls Calculation ysdj output ij Result iznf”kZr djrk gSA
NOTICE  CPU flfydkWu ls cuk gksrk gS blesa yk[kks Transistor gksrs gSaA tSls fd isfUV;e
Dual core, Core-2 Duo, Corei3, Corei5 vkfn Micro processor gSaA bles a ALU, CU,
MU, Memory “kkfey gksrh gSaA

ALU (ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT)

bldk mi;ksx Arithmetic vkSj Logical operation gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls& +, - , *, /, rFkk >,<, = bl izdkj ds dk;ksZ dks djrk gSA
;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS%&
(a) AU (Arithmetic Unit) (b) LU (Logical Unit)

CU (CONTROL UNIT) 
;g eq[; Boss ds rjg ds dk;Z djrk gSA

MU (MEMORY UNIT) 
bldk mi;ksx processing ds igys rFkk processing ds ckn MkVk dks Store djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA

IT GADGETS TOOLS
1. Smart watch 2. Google glass 3. Drone camera 4. Laptop 5. Pen with
camera 6.Desktop PC 7. Notebook 8. Google lens 9. Smart phone