Review Article

Climate Change and Vector-Borne Diseases: A Scoping Review on

the Ecological and Public Health Impacts.
Nor Faiza Mohd. Tohit 1, Edre Mohammad Aidid 2, Mainul Haque 3, 4

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
Climate change is increasingly recognized as a significant driver of Climate change is one of the most significant
ecological and public health changes, particularly concerning vector- global environmental challenges of the 21st
borne diseases. This scoping review aims to systematically map the century, with profound implications for public
current research on the impact of climate change on vector ecology and health, mainly through its impact on vector-
the subsequent effects on disease transmission dynamics. We conducted borne diseases. The Intergovernmental Panel on
a comprehensive literature review across multiple databases to identify
Climate Change (IPCC) has reported that rising
critical vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. We examined how
temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and
climate variables like temperature, precipitation, and humidity affect
their populations, behaviors, and life cycles. Additionally, we explored increased frequency of extreme weather events
the shifting geographic distributions of these vectors, investigating how already affect the distribution and abundance of
climate change influences their spread and the emergence of diseases disease vectors 1, 2. These changes are expected to
such as malaria, dengue, and Lyme disease in new regions. exacerbate the burden of vector-borne diseases,
The review highlights the complex and multifaceted interactions
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 04 October’24

between climate change and vector-borne diseases, emphasizing the

necessity of understanding these relationships to inform effective public 1. Unit of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
health strategies. Our findings indicate considerable variability in the and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional
impacts of climate change across different regions and vector species, Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia),
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
underscoring the need for localized studies and tailored interventions.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v23i4.76500
2. Department of Community Medicine, Kulliyyah
Moreover, significant research gaps were identified, particularly in (Faculty) of Medicine, International Islamic University
predictive modeling, long-term surveillance, and the socio-economic Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera
impacts of vector-borne diseases exacerbated by climate change. We Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia.
suggest directions for future research, including the development of 3. Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and
Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional
integrated climate-health models and enhanced disease surveillance
Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia),
systems, to better anticipate and mitigate the effects of climate change Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
on vector-borne disease transmission. This review underscores the 4. Department of Research, Karnavati Scientific Research
urgency of addressing climate change as a critical component of global Center (KSRC) Karnavati School of Dentistry,
health initiatives and the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
tackling this complex issue.

Keywords Correspondence
Mainul Haque. Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine
Zoonotic diseases, vector adaptation, epidemiology, vector control, and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional
environmental health, disease emergence, climate variability, public Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem
health strategies, predictive modeling, disease surveillance., Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Email: [email protected], [email protected]. Cell
Phone: +60109265543

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particularly in low- and middle-income countries where thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission 9,10.
health systems are often less resilient 3, 4. Furthermore, socio-economic factors such as poverty
Vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas are and lack of access to healthcare can exacerbate the
susceptible to climatic conditions, influencing their life vulnerability of populations to vector-borne diseases
cycles, breeding habitats, and geographic distribution.
11,12
.
For instance, the Aedes aegypti mosquito, a primary Despite the growing body of evidence, significant
vector for dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, research gaps remain, particularly in understanding
thrives in warm and humid conditions. Studies have the regional variations in the impact of climate change
shown increased temperatures can accelerate the on vector-borne diseases. There is a need for more
development time from larva to adult, potentially localized studies that consider specific ecological and
increasing transmission rates 5, 6. Similarly, the socio-economic contexts 13,14. Predictive modeling
geographic range of the Ixodes scapularis tick, and long-term surveillance are crucial for anticipating
responsible for transmitting Lyme disease, is expanding future trends and informing public health interventions
northward in North America due to milder winters and 15, 16
. Addressing these gaps is essential for developing
extended growing seasons 7, 8. effective strategies to mitigate the impact of climate
The relationship between climate change and vector- change on vector-borne diseases and protect public
borne diseases is complex and influenced by multiple health.
factors, including human behavior, land use changes, To comprehensively understand the multifaceted
and socio-economic conditions. Urbanization and interactions between climate change and vector-borne
deforestation can create new breeding sites for diseases, this review systematically maps the current
vectors and bring humans closer to these vectors, research landscape, identifying key vectors and the

Figure 1: Objectives of the scoping review.

Image Credit: Nor Faiza Mohd. Tohit1

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diseases they transmit, examining the influence of full-text review. Discrepancies between reviewers were
climate variables on vector ecology, and exploring the resolved through discussion, and a third reviewer was
shifting geographic distributions of these vectors. By consulted when necessary. After a full-text review,
highlighting the complexity of these interactions and 90 articles were deemed eligible for inclusion in the
identifying critical research gaps, this review aims to scoping review.
inform future research directions and public health Data extraction and synthesis
strategies, ultimately contributing to a more robust
response to the challenges posed by climate change in Data were extracted from the included studies using
the context of vector-borne diseases. a standardized extraction form. The extracted data
included: (1) study characteristics (author, year,
This scoping review aims to assess the impact of climate country), (2) vector species studied, (3) climate variables
variables on vector ecology, evaluate geographic shifts, examined (temperature, precipitation, humidity), (4)
understand disease transmission dynamics, identify critical findings on the impact of climate change on
public health implications, and highlight research gaps vector populations and disease transmission, (5) public
for future study (Figure 1). health implications, and (6) identified research gaps.
The extracted data were synthesized qualitatively to
MATERIALS AND METHODS
provide a comprehensive overview of the current state
Search strategy of research on the impact of climate change on vector-
A systematic search followed the PRISMA (Preferred borne diseases.
Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Quality assessment and bias control
Analyses) guidelines 17 (Figure 2). The search aimed to
Although not mandatory for scoping reviews, a quality
identify studies examining the impact of climate change
assessment of the included studies was conducted to
on vector ecology and vector-borne diseases. Databases
provide context for interpreting the findings 18. The
searched included PubMed, with the search restricted to
assessment criteria included study design, sample size,
articles published in the last 10 years (2013-2023). The
methodology, and the robustness of the conclusions.
search terms used included combinations of keywords
Studies were categorized as high, medium, or low
such as “climate change,” AND “vector-borne diseases,”
quality based on these criteria. Several strategies
AND “mosquitoes,” AND “ticks,” AND “fleas,” AND
were implemented to control for potential bias. First,
“temperature,” AND “precipitation,” AND “public
the comprehensive search strategy included multiple
health.”
databases to ensure a wide range of studies were
Inclusion and exclusion criteria considered. Second, the inclusion and exclusion
Studies were included if they met the following criteria: criteria were clearly defined and consistently applied.
(1) published in peer-reviewed journals, (2) focused on Third, two reviewers performed data extraction
the impact of climate change on vectors (mosquitoes, independently to minimize selection and extraction
ticks, fleas) and vector-borne diseases, (3) provided bias, with discrepancies resolved through discussion or
empirical data or modeling studies, and (4) published in consultation with a third reviewer. Fourth, the quality
English. Exclusion criteria included (1) studies focusing assessment helped identify biases in individual studies,
solely on non-climatic factors influencing vectors, (2) allowing for a more nuanced interpretation of the
reviews or meta-analyses without new empirical data, findings. By implementing these measures, we aimed
and (3) articles not accessible in full text. to minimize bias and ensure the reliability and validity
of the scoping review’s findings.
Study selection
Literature Review
The initial search yielded a total of 1,500 articles. After
the initial screening (removing duplicates, unrelated Introduction to Climate Change and Vector Ecology
articles, insufficient methodological details, and Climate change, characterized by rising global
inaccessible full texts), 200 articles remained. Titles and temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and
abstracts of these articles were screened independently increased frequency of extreme weather events,
by two reviewers. Articles not meeting the inclusion profoundly impacts ecosystems worldwide 19. These
criteria were excluded, resulting in 300 articles for changes influence biodiversity, habitat distribution,

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 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Volume 23 No. 04 October 2024 ©The Ibn Sina Trust

Figure 2: Prisma-Scr (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for
Scoping Reviews) flow chart regarding methods of this sopping review.
Image Credit: Nor Faiza Mohd. Tohit

and the functioning of ecosystems, often leading to and pathogen transmission dynamics are also vital
disruptions in the delicate balance of natural processes aspects. Insights from vector ecology are crucial for
20,21
. Vector ecology studies the interactions between developing effective strategies to predict, prevent, and
vectors, their environment, and the pathogens they control vector-borne diseases, safeguarding public
transmit. It encompasses understanding habitat health. One of the critical areas of concern is the
preferences, life cycles, reproductive behaviors, and effect of climate change on vector ecology, which has
host-feeding patterns (Figure 3). Seasonal activity significant implications for the transmission of vector-

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Figure 3: Core Elements of Vector Ecology.

Image Credit: Nor Faiza Mohd. Tohit.

borne diseases. Vectors like mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas growing seasons in temperate regions can enable vectors
are susceptible to climatic conditions. Temperature, such as ticks to expand their geographic range, leading
humidity, and precipitation are critical determinants of to diseases like Lyme disease in previously unaffected
their life cycles, population dynamics, and geographic areas 30,31. Human activities, including urbanization and
distribution 22,23. For instance, warmer temperatures land use changes, interact with climatic factors to further
can accelerate the development of mosquito larvae influence vector ecology. Urban environments can
into adults, increase biting rates, and shorten the provide breeding sites for vectors and facilitate human-
incubation period of pathogens within vectors, thereby vector contact, while deforestation can alter habitats and
enhancing the potential for disease transmission 24,25. force vectors closer to human populations 32,33. These
Similarly, changes in precipitation patterns can create interactions underscore the complexity of predicting
new breeding sites for mosquitoes, as standing water is and managing the impacts of climate change on vector-
essential for their reproduction 26,27. borne diseases. Understanding the intricate relationship
The impact of climate change on vector ecology is not between climate change and vector ecology is essential
uniform across different regions and vector species. In for developing effective public health strategies
tropical and subtropical areas, increased temperatures to mitigate the risks associated with vector-borne
and altered precipitation patterns can exacerbate the diseases. This requires an interdisciplinary approach,
prevalence of diseases such as malaria, dengue, and integrating climate science, ecology, epidemiology, and
chikungunya by creating optimal conditions for vector public health to anticipate future trends and implement
proliferation 28, 29. Conversely, milder winters and longer adaptive measures 34,35.

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Key vectors and diseases and humidity, which are affected by climate change 45.
Climate change significantly impacts the ecology of Blackflies transmit onchocerciasis, also known as river
primary vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas, blindness, caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca
which are responsible for transmitting various infectious volvulus. The breeding sites of blackflies are often
diseases to humans. Understanding these vectors and fast-flowing rivers and streams, which can be altered
the diseases they transmit is crucial for developing by changes in precipitation and water flow patterns
effective public health strategies. resulting from climate change 46,47.
i) Mosquitoes Impact of climate variables
Mosquitoes are among the most well-known vectors Climate variables such as temperature, precipitation,
because they transmit numerous diseases. The and humidity play crucial roles in influencing vector
Anopheles mosquito is the primary vector for malaria, a populations and their behaviors. These climatic factors
disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, which remains can directly affect vectors’ life cycles, reproduction
a significant public health challenge in many parts of rates, and geographical distribution, subsequently
the world 36. Another critical mosquito species is Aedes impacting the transmission dynamics of vector-borne
aegypti, which transmits dengue, chikungunya, Zika, diseases.
and yellow fever viruses 37. Dengue has seen a dramatic i) Temperature
increase in incidence, with climate change contributing
Temperature is a primary factor affecting vector biology.
to its spread by creating favorable conditions for Aedes
Higher temperatures can accelerate the development
mosquitoes 38.
rates of vectors from larval to adult stages. For instance,
ii) Ticks increased temperatures have been shown to shorten the
Ticks are another significant group of vectors known development time of Anopheles mosquitoes, the primary
for transmitting diseases such as Lyme, caused by malaria vectors, potentially increasing their population
the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. The black-legged density and malaria transmission rates 48,49. Similarly,
tick Ixodes scapularis) is the primary vector in North for Aedes mosquitoes, which transmit dengue and
America, and its range is expanding due to milder winter Zika viruses, warmer temperatures can enhance virus
temperatures and longer growing seasons, thanks to replication within the mosquito, reducing the extrinsic
climate change 39. Ticks also transmit other pathogens, incubation period and increasing the likelihood of
including the causative agents of anaplasmosis, transmission to humans 50-52.
babesiosis, and tick-borne encephalitis 40,41. ii) Precipitation
iii) Fleas Precipitation influences the availability of breeding sites
Fleas, mainly the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis), are for many vector species 10 Mosquitoes, for example,
well-known vectors of plague, a disease caused by require standing water for egg-laying and larval
the bacterium Yersinia pestis. While plague is less development. Increased rainfall can create numerous
common today, it remains endemic in some regions, breeding sites, leading to higher mosquito populations
and climate variations can influence flea populations and a greater risk of disease outbreaks 53. Conversely,
and the prevalence of plague outbreaks 42,43. Fleas also drought conditions can also impact vector populations
transmit murine typhus, caused by Rickettsia typhi, by concentrating them in remaining water sources,
which can be influenced by climatic factors affecting potentially increasing human-vector contact 10,54,55. The
rodent populations and flea activity 44. abundance of ticks, such as those that transmit Lyme
iv) Other Vectors disease, can also be influenced by precipitation, as
humidity levels in the environment affect tick survival
In addition to mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas, other and questing behavior 56.
arthropods, such as sandflies and blackflies, also play
significant roles in disease transmission. Sandflies are iii) Humidity
vectors for leishmaniasis, a disease caused by protozoan Humidity affects vector longevity and activity levels.
parasites of the genus Leishmania. The distribution and High humidity is generally favorable for mosquito
activity of sandflies are highly influenced by temperature survival, reducing desiccation rates. Anopheles and

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Aedes mosquitoes, for instance, thrive in humid regions previously too cool for survival 25. Studies have
environments, which support their survival and biting shown that areas in North America and Europe that
activity 57,58. On the other hand, low humidity can reduce were once free of these mosquitoes now face increased
the survival and activity of these vectors, potentially risks of vector-borne diseases 67,68.
lowering disease transmission rates 10,57. Ticks also ii) Ticks
depend on humid microclimates to prevent desiccation
while questing for hosts. Changes in humidity levels Ticks, such as the Ixodes scapularis, which transmits
can thus influence their behavior and the likelihood of Lyme disease, are also experiencing significant range
human-tick encounters 31,59,60. The interactions between shifts. Warmer temperatures and milder winters
these climate variables and vector ecology are complex allow these ticks to survive and thrive in previously
and often non-linear 61. For example, while higher inhospitable regions 59,69. As a result, the geographic
temperatures may increase vector populations in some range of Ixodes scapularis is expanding northward in
regions, they can also reach thresholds beyond which North America and into higher altitudes, leading to
vector survival and reproductive rates decline 1,62. an increased incidence of Lyme disease in previously
Similarly, changes in precipitation patterns, such as the unaffected areas 70,71. This northward expansion is
increased frequency of intense rainfall events, can create expected to continue as climate change progresses,
and destroy breeding habitats, leading to unpredictable increasing the risk of tick-borne diseases 72.
effects on vector populations 63. Understanding how iii) Fleas
these specific climate variables influence vector
populations and behaviors is critical for predicting and Fleas, vectors for diseases such as plague and murine
mitigating the impacts of climate change on vector- typhus, are also impacted by climate change 73. Changes
borne diseases 1. Integrating climate data with vector in temperature and humidity can influence rat flea
surveillance and disease incidence reports can help populations and their interactions with rodent hosts,
develop predictive models and targeted interventions to leading to shifts in their geographic distribution 74,75.
protect public health 1,64. Warmer temperatures can enhance flea survival and
reproduction, potentially increasing the risk of plague
Geographic Distribution and Range Shifts outbreaks in regions previously under control 74,76,77.
Climate change is significantly altering many vector iv) Other Vectors
species’ geographic distribution and range. These
shifts are primarily driven by changes in temperature, Other vectors, including sandflies and blackflies, are
precipitation patterns, and humidity, which affect the similarly affected by climate change 78. Sandflies,
habitats and survival rates of vectors such as mosquitoes, which transmit leishmaniasis, expand their range into
ticks, and fleas. Understanding geographic distribution new areas as temperatures rise and habitats become
(Figure 4) and range shifts (Figure 5) is essential for suitable for survival 79. Blackflies, which transmit
comprehending their impacts on vector populations onchocerciasis (river blindness), are also experiencing
and dynamics. This knowledge helps inform strategies changes in their distribution due to altered precipitation
for managing vector-borne diseases and adapting to patterns and water flow in rivers and streams, which
ecological changes, ultimately contributing to better are their breeding sites 80,81. These vectors’ geographic
public health outcomes and biodiversity conservation. distribution and range shifts have significant public
health implications. As vectors move into new
i) Mosquitoes
areas, populations previously unexposed to certain
Mosquitoes, particularly those in the genera Anopheles vector-borne diseases may face increased risks. This
and Aedes, are experiencing shifts in their geographic necessitates enhanced surveillance, public health
ranges due to climate change 65. For instance, the preparedness, and targeted interventions to mitigate the
distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes, which transmit impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases 82,83.
malaria, is expanding into higher altitudes and latitudes
as temperatures rise, making new regions susceptible Disease Transmission Dynamics
to malaria transmission 66. Similarly, the Aedes aegypti Changes in vector behavior and distribution due to
mosquito, responsible for transmitting dengue, Zika, climate change profoundly affect the transmission
and chikungunya, is expanding its range into temperate dynamics of vector-borne diseases. These changes

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 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Volume 23 No. 04 October 2024 ©The Ibn Sina Trust

Figure 4: Geographic Distribution of Vector Populations.

Image Credit: Nor Faiza Mohd. Tohit.

Figure 5: Range Shift of Vector Populations.

Image Credit: Nor Faiza Mohd. Tohit.

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can alter disease incidence, geographic spread, and Ixodes scapularis ticks in North America increases
seasonality, posing significant challenges for public Lyme disease in previously unaffected regions 65,70,84,85.
health management. This expansion is driven by milder winters and longer
i) Incidence and Transmission Rates growing seasons, which enhance tick survival and
reproduction 39. Similarly, spreading Aedes mosquitoes
Climate change can increase vector-borne disease into temperate regions increases the risk of dengue,
incidence and transmission rates by creating favorable chikungunya, and Zika virus outbreaks in previously
conditions for vectors. For instance, higher temperatures considered low-risk areas 65.
can enhance the replication rates of pathogens within
iii Seasonality
vectors, reducing the extrinsic incubation period
and increasing the likelihood of transmission 1. Climate change can also affect the seasonality of
For example, the transmission of dengue by Aedes vector-borne diseases, altering the timing and duration
mosquitoes is susceptible to temperature, with warmer of transmission seasons. Warmer temperatures can
conditions accelerating virus replication and increasing extend the transmission season of diseases such as
vector competence 25. Similarly, malaria transmission malaria and dengue by allowing vectors to remain
by Anopheles mosquitoes can intensify as rising active for extended periods 1,66,86. In temperate regions,
temperatures and increased humidity boost mosquito the earlier onset of spring and the delayed onset of
survival and biting rates 49. winter can prolong the activity period of vectors like
ticks, increasing the risk window for diseases like Lyme
ii Geographic Spread disease 87,88. Changes in precipitation patterns can also
The geographic spread of vector-borne diseases influence the seasonality of vector-borne diseases by
expands as vectors move into new areas with suitable creating or eliminating breeding sites for mosquitoes,
climatic conditions. The northward expansion of thereby affecting the timing of disease outbreaks 1,63,89.

Figure 6: Human-vector interactions in everyday environments significantly influence disease transmission dynamics.
Image Credit: Nor Faiza Mohd. Tohit.

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iv) Human-Vector Interactions borne diseases may become hotspots. This can
lead to delayed diagnosis, inadequate treatment,
Human-vector interactions in everyday environments
and ineffective control measures, exacerbating the
significantly influence disease transmission dynamics
public health impact 1,82,100,101.
90
(Figure 5). Behavioral practices, environmental
modifications, and agricultural activities create c. Economic Impact: The economic burden of vector-
conditions that affect vector populations 4,33,91. Public borne diseases includes direct healthcare costs and
health interventions and personal hygiene also play indirect costs such as loss of productivity. Increased
crucial roles in managing these interactions, ultimately disease prevalence can lead to significant financial
shaping the risk of vector-borne diseases in communities losses, particularly in low- and middle-income
92
. Changes in vector behavior and distribution due to countries where resources are constrained 102.
climate change can alter human-vector interactions, d. Social and Environmental Disruption: Vector-
impacting disease transmission dynamics 93. borne diseases can disrupt social structures and
Urbanization, deforestation, and climate change can livelihoods, particularly in communities reliant
bring humans closer to vectors, increasing the risk of on agriculture and tourism, which can be severely
disease transmission 94. For instance, increased rainfall affected by disease outbreaks 100,103. Climate-
and flooding can increase mosquito populations in induced vector behavior and distribution changes
urban areas, raising the risk of diseases like dengue and can also alter ecosystems, affecting biodiversity
chikungunya 95,96. Additionally, agricultural practices and ecosystem services 104,105.
and land use changes can influence vector habitats ii) Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
and human exposure to vectors, further complicating
disease transmission dynamics 97. Understanding these a. Enhanced Surveillance and Monitoring:
changes in disease transmission dynamics is crucial Implementing robust surveillance systems to
for developing effective public health strategies to monitor vector populations and disease incidence
mitigate the impact of climate change on vector- is crucial. Early detection of changes in vector
borne diseases 98. This includes enhancing vector distribution and disease patterns can facilitate
surveillance, implementing targeted control measures, timely public health responses 64,106,107. Utilizing
and developing predictive models to anticipate future geographic information systems (GIS) and remote
trends and inform public health interventions 15,64,99. sensing technology can improve the accuracy and
efficiency of vector surveillance efforts 108,109.
Public health implications and strategies
b. Integrated Vector Management (IVM): Adopting
Climate change’s impact on vector-borne diseases poses an integrated approach to vector management that
significant global challenges for public health systems. combines chemical, biological, environmental,
The shifting distribution and behavior of vectors, and personal protective measures can effectively
coupled with the increased incidence and spread of reduce vector populations and disease transmission
diseases, necessitate comprehensive strategies for 110
. Community participation and education are
mitigation and adaptation. essential to IVM, ensuring public cooperation and
i) Public Health Implications sustainable outcomes 111,112.
a. Increased Disease Burden: The expansion of c. Climate-Resilient Health Systems: Strengthening
vector ranges and increased transmission rates health systems to be resilient to climate change
can lead to higher incidences of diseases such as involves improving infrastructure, training
malaria, dengue, Lyme disease, and chikungunya, healthcare workers, and ensuring adequate
placing additional strain on healthcare systems 73,100. resources and supplies. Health systems must be
Regions previously unaffected by these diseases prepared to handle increased disease burdens and
may experience outbreaks, leading to increased potential outbreaks 113,114.
morbidity and mortality. d. Public Health Education and Communication:
b. Emergence of New Disease Hotspots: As Educating communities about the risks of vector-
vectors move into new areas, regions with limited borne diseases and preventive measures is vital
experience and infrastructure to deal with vector- 82,115
. Public health campaigns should focus on

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behavioral changes, such as using bed nets, This includes understanding how temperature,
eliminating standing water, and seeking timely humidity, and precipitation influence pathogen
medical attention for vector control management replication and transmission dynamics within
116,117
. vectors 124.
e. Research and Innovation: Investing in research d. Impact of Extreme Weather Events: While gradual
to understand the complex interactions between changes in climate variables are well-studied, the
climate change and vector-borne diseases is effect of extreme weather events such as hurricanes,
essential. Developing new tools and technologies, floods, and droughts on vector-borne diseases is less
such as vaccines, diagnostics, and vector control understood 125. These events can immediately and
methods, can enhance public health responses profoundly impact vector populations and disease
118
. Additionally, predictive modeling can help transmission 1,126.
anticipate future trends and inform policy and
e. Human Behavior and Adaptation: There is limited
planning for vector control strategy 15.
research on how human behavior and adaptation
f. International Collaboration: Vector-borne diseases strategies influence the spread of vector-borne
do not respect borders; hence, international diseases. Understanding how communities perceive
collaboration is necessary for effective control and respond to climate change and vector-borne
and prevention. Sharing data, resources, and best disease risks can inform more effective public
practices can strengthen global efforts to combat the health interventions 82,119.
impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases
f. Multisectoral Approaches: Research often focuses
100
.
on health impacts in isolation. There is a need
By implementing these strategies, public health systems for studies that integrate health, environmental,
can better mitigate and adapt to the challenges posed by and socio-economic data to provide a holistic
climate change, ultimately protecting populations from understanding of the impacts of climate change on
the increasing threat of vector-borne diseases. vector-borne diseases 82,127.
Research gaps and future directions ii) Future Directions
Despite significant advancements in understanding the a. Localized Climate and Health Models: Developing
impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases, localized models that integrate climate data, vector
several research gaps remain. Addressing these gaps surveillance, and socio-economic factors can
is crucial for developing comprehensive strategies to improve predictions of disease outbreaks and guide
mitigate the effects of climate change on public health. targeted interventions 1,64,128.
i) Research Gaps b. Innovative Vector Control Technologies:
a. Regional Variability: Much of the current research Investing in research to develop new vector
focuses on global trends in vector-originated control technologies, such as genetically modified
disease management, but there is a need for more mosquitoes, novel insecticides, and biological
localized studies that consider regional climatic, control agents, can provide more effective and
ecological, and socio-economic contexts. These sustainable solutions 129,130.
studies can help identify specific vulnerabilities and c. Community-Based Interventions: Research should
tailor intervention strategies 119,120. focus on designing and evaluating community-
b. Long-term Data: There is a lack of long-term, based interventions that leverage local knowledge
high-resolution data on vector populations, disease and practices to control vector populations and
incidence, and climate variables. Such data is reduce disease transmission 131,132.
essential for understanding temporal trends and d. Interdisciplinary Research: Encouraging
developing predictive models 121. multidisciplinary research that brings together
c. Vector-Pathogen Interactions: More research climatologists, ecologists, epidemiologists, and
is needed on how climate change affects the social scientists can provide a more comprehensive
interactions between vectors and pathogens 122,123. understanding of the complex interactions between

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climate change and vector-borne diseases 35,126. and public health. This interdisciplinary approach
e. Global Surveillance Networks: Establishing and provides a holistic understanding of the complex
strengthening global surveillance networks can interactions between climate change and vector-
facilitate data sharing and best practices, enhancing borne diseases.
the ability to detect and respond to emerging vector- c. Identification of Research Gaps: By highlighting
borne disease threats 133-136. current gaps and suggesting future directions, the
f. Policy and Governance Research: Investigating review provides valuable insights for researchers
the effectiveness of different policy approaches and policymakers to prioritize areas requiring
and governance structures in managing the impacts further investigation and resources.
of climate change on vector-borne diseases can d. Focus on Public Health Implications: The review
inform more effective and equitable public health emphasizes the practical implications of climate
strategies 1,91,122. change on public health and suggests actionable
strategies for mitigation and adaptation. This focus
By addressing these research gaps and pursuing these
ensures that the findings are relevant and valuable
future directions, the scientific community can
for public health practitioners and policymakers.
better understand and mitigate the impacts of
climate change on vector-borne diseases, ultimately e. Inclusion of Diverse Vectors and Diseases: The
protecting public health. review covers a wide range of vectors (mosquitoes,
ticks, fleas) and the diseases they transmit (malaria,
Strengths and Limitations of the Review
dengue, Lyme disease), providing a comprehensive
This review provides a comprehensive examination overview of the impact of climate change on various
of the current state of knowledge regarding the vector-borne diseases.
impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases.
Limitations
Synthesizing findings from various disciplines
offers valuable insights into the complex a. Language and Database Restrictions: The review
interactions between climate variables and vector only included studies published in English and
ecology, emphasizing the practical implications sourced from PubMed. This may have excluded
for public health. However, like any systematic relevant studies published in other languages or
review, it has inherent strengths and limitations. indexed in other databases, potentially limiting the
The following sections outline the key strengths breadth of the review.
of the review, highlighting its comprehensive and b. Variability in Study Quality: The included studies
interdisciplinary approach and its focus on public varied in design, methodology, and quality. Although
health strategies. Additionally, the limitations are a quality assessment was conducted, the variability
discussed, including potential biases and gaps that in study quality may affect the consistency and
may affect the generalizability and applicability reliability of the synthesized findings.
of the findings. Understanding these strengths and
c. Focus on Recent Studies: By restricting the search
limitations is crucial for interpreting the results and
to studies published in the past decade, the review
identifying areas for future research and policy
may have overlooked earlier foundational research
development. that could provide meaningful context and historical
Strengths perspectives.
a. Comprehensive Literature Review: This review d. Limited Regional Specificity: While the review
utilized a systematic approach to comprehensively discusses general trends and implications, it may
search and include relevant studies from the past lack detailed regional analyses considering local
decade, ensuring that the most recent and pertinent climatic, ecological, and socio-economic factors.
research findings were considered. This limitation could affect the applicability of the
b. Multi-Disciplinary Perspective: The review findings to specific regions or communities.
integrates findings from various disciplines, e. Potential Publication Bias: The review may be
including climatology, vector ecology, epidemiology, subject to publication bias, where studies with

926
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Volume 23 No. 04 October 2024 ©The Ibn Sina Trust

Figure 7: Key findings from the scoping review impacts of climate change on vector-borne diseases.
Image Credit: Nor Faiza Mohd. Tohit.

significant or positive findings are more likely to be development by integrating climatology, vector ecology,
published and included in the review. In contrast, epidemiology, and public health findings. The identified
studies with negative or non-significant results are research gaps, particularly in regional variability, long-
underrepresented. term data, vector-pathogen interactions, and the impact
of extreme weather events, indicate critical areas
f. Dynamic Nature of Climate Change: Climate change where further investigation is necessary. Additionally,
rapidly evolves, and new data and insights are understanding human behavior and adaptation
continually emerging. The findings of this review strategies and the development of innovative vector
represent a snapshot in time and may need to be updated control technologies are essential for building climate-
regularly to reflect the latest research and trends. resilient health systems.
Despite these limitations, the review provides a valuable The review also highlights the importance of
synthesis of current knowledge on the impact of climate interdisciplinary collaboration and international
change on vector-borne diseases and offers practical cooperation in addressing the global challenge of
recommendations for public health strategies. vector-borne diseases in the context of climate change.
By enhancing surveillance, adopting integrated vector
CONCLUSION
management, and investing in research and innovation,
This scoping review has highlighted the significant public health systems can better mitigate and adapt
impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases, to the evolving threat of vector-borne diseases. In
emphasizing the complex interplay between climatic conclusion, while significant progress has been made in
variables, vector ecology, and disease transmission understanding the impact of climate change on vector-
dynamics. The key findings are summarized in borne diseases, ongoing research and adaptive strategies
Figure 7. The review underscores the urgent need for are crucial to protect public health in an increasingly
comprehensive and localized research to understand changing climate. This review provides a foundation
these relationships better and inform effective public for such efforts, aiming to inform and inspire future
health interventions. The review provides a holistic research and policy actions that can effectively address
perspective that can guide future research and policy this pressing global health issue.

Available at: http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJMS 927

 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Volume 23 No. 04 October 2024 ©The Ibn Sina Trust

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION Data Availability

The author reviewed and approved the final version and Information is taken from freely available sources for
has agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work, this editorial.
including any accuracy or integrity issues.
AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION
DISCLOSURE All authors contributed significantly to the work,
whether in the conception, design, utilization, collection,
The author declares that they do not have any financial
analysis, and interpretation of data or all these areas.
involvement or affiliations with any organization, They also participated in the paper’s drafting, revision,
association, or entity directly or indirectly related to the or critical review, gave their final approval for the
subject matter or materials presented in this editorial. version that would be published, decided on the journal
This includes honoraria, expert testimony, employment, to which the article would be submitted, and made
ownership of stocks or options, patents, or grants the responsible decision to be held accountable for all
received or pending royalties. aspects of the work.

M, Dasandi N, Davies M, Depledge M, Depoux A, Dominguez-Salas

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