UNIT-1 are CHRS OM eke acaba hed study of Pre-historie rock paintings are equivalent to the journey back to Stone A: T Pre historic paintings really exhibit the earliest fife style of human beings. The places associate with these paintings have witnessed a cultural sequence of human development right from the Stone Age to early historie period because they lived here for hundred millenium and had created their own rock shelters and eaves, Here they had left behind tools like hand axes, clea tz. In such shelters we find a number of interesting scrapers, sharp needles ete, made from hard q paintings which depict the lives and times of the people who lived in the caves. From the study pre-historic paintings it reveals that the art is an inherent character of human being and is always present in one firm ar the other right from the development in human life. These cave paintings are found mainly in Asia, Europe and Africa. eat ‘The Bhimbetka rock shelters are an archeological world heritage site. Itis the biggest repository of pre-historic art in India. The name of the place Bimbetka is supposed to be associated with character of the longest epic of the world, the Mahabharata. It is believed that when Pandavas were banished from their kingdom, they stayed in these caves. The word Bhimbetka is said to be derived from Bhimbaithka meaning seating place of second Pandava Bhima. Bhimbetka caves present a real proof of development of humanity. These caves are of great importance because here cave houses used by pre historic men, paintings made by them, tools and weapons used by them are still intact which exhibit a long and undisturbed history of civilization, In Bhimbetka, we can see the world’s oldest wall and floors also. These rock paintings are ranging from Upper Paleolithic (40,000 - 10,000 B.C.), Mesolithic age (10,000 ~ 4.000 B.C.), to proto historic (4,000 - 2,500 B.C.). Early historic (2,500 - 1,500 B.C.) and Medival period (1,500 - 700 B.C.). There are more than 700 caves which spread over an area of about ten square kilometres, Most of them are painted caves. These painted caves are of Mesolithic age Bhimbetka caves are situated in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh and 45 km south of Bhopal at the southern edge of Vindhyachal hills. The entire area is covered by dense vegetation and has abundant natural water sources which made these caves a favorite place for dwelling of pre-historic men. This place has proximity to famous world’s rock art sites such as Kakadu National Park, Australia, Upper Paleolithic Lascaux caves paintings in France and Altramira, Spain. Bhimbetka caves were discovered in 1957. The credit of this excavation goes to Dr. Vishnu Wakankar, HOD. Archeological museum and excavations, Vikram University, Ujjain. A broad chronology proves that these rock shelters are the oldest known petroglyphs of world, It is a marvel that these paintings have not faded even after thousand of years. The natural dense forestdestroyed till date. From yh. Indus Valley Civilization from being d vegetation has protected these rock painting ee t ne cave walls were used bY many artist superimposition on paintings. it reveals that the san Vy atists ay 1 senerally made deep inside niche, on inner different times as canvas. These paint are general the ceiling of the caves. Generally Geru, Chalk and Charcoal have by : and even on the ceiling of the caves. Ger Hy € colours. Green and yellow colours had been occasionally used. Th 1 nat and pigments. Before using colours were mixed with animal fat ymiginal t hi 1 th paintings used bamboo and fibrous wood for making brushes, The shant rider from the everyday events like hunting, dancing, music, horse and elephant rid honey collection, animals such as tigers, lions, wild bear, elephants. dogs. 174 peacocks cy had also painted disguises and masking, popular religious and 7 The painted human figure and hunting scene gives a clear picture of weapons used Py the Narawine md used barbed spear. pointed sticks, bows and arrows. We can see the aboriginal drawing sunal dances, musical instruments. men carrying dead animal ete. It of pre historic men was to kill and eat animals them to dance collectively other places associated with Pre-historic paintings in India are Mirzapur. shi, Hoshangabad. Bhopal ete. WIZARD’S DANCE Wizerd’s Dance is a Pre-historic painting drawn on one of the cave walls of Bh this painting a special dance celebration of aboriginal people is painted. All the three shown in full of rhythm and movement. In the left of the painting, there is a full standin in a lively dancing pose. A lady figure wearing a mask with horns on her head is si dancing mood while a male having mask with horn is dancing with full rhythm This painting is the earliest evidence of development of music and dance in which used. The human figures drawn in paintings are geometric, linear, schematic, bold and lyric The colours used are prepared from different mineral stones and wood charcoal. We find a gradual development of primitive art in this painting.—— ; Pye ead aera UL nid 3000 B.C. Its ¢ The Indus valley civilization showed its emerge be ra Lene aal es sical discoveries. The first such discovery et came to light through the arehacological discover The ge ale iv ley of Indus River, thus, ¢ also Found in P\ 1 the bank of the river R ning the ‘Mound be is made in the Vi : alien runjab, Mainly this civilization Slourijeg Later the remains of this civilization wer eee fat Harappa and Mohenjo-dare, Harappa is situated on on Sind word meal district of West Punjab and Mohenjo-daro, a Mode pa dea’ lies in Larkana district of Sind, A third city was diseovered at C ies are now in Pakistan). anhu-daro a from Mohenjo-caro (These Harappa was discovered by Shri R.B.Dayaram S: excavated by Shri Rakhal Das Banerjee in 1922. Later, Mi Harappa and Sir John Marshal excavated Mohenjo-daro. Initial valley civilization was confined to Punjab and Sind only but the latest excavate the extent of Harappa Empire may have been widely spread throughout the country. Some of the other major sites in India where the ruins of the Indus valley civilization have been uneartied an Rangpur and Ropar in Punjab, Lothal and Dhaula-Veera at the Gulf of Combay ‘Alamgirpur in Uttar Pradesh, Kalibangan in Rajsthan and Banawali in Haryana, Th blossomings of this civilization may be placed between 2500 and 1500 B.C. ahni in 192] and Mohenjo-< jadho Swaroop Vats also ly it was thought that 1 ns cont The Indus valley civilization was basically an urban civilization in which people enjoyed « well- advanced and well-developed social life. They lived in well-planned and well-built tow: which were also the centres of trade, having wide roads and well-developed draina: ‘The residential houses lining on both sides of the roads were made of baked bricks and v wo or more storeys. The farming and trade were made main occupations. People are believed \ be the worshippers of their Supreme God Pipal and Shiva Pasupati. It seems that they also worshiped Mother Goddess, animals, stones and trees. The people of Indus valley civilization were highly skilled in the field of art and architecture also. The great bath of Mohenjo-daro is a testimony of their architecture as it has a strong s and beautiful design, The Indus Valley seals too are examples of their highly advanced paintings on the earthen wares and beautiful sculptures of stone, metals and terracottas ar proof of their highly developed art. DANCING GI Dancing Girl is an excellent world famous bronze statue of the protohistorie phase {i Mohenjo-daro. Iti full of lively forceful expressions resting in dancing pose Her eh hands on her waist as if she were relaxing after a long dance, which signifies its n, a Da cin ail On her right arm she wears only three bracelets between her wrist and elbow: Her le hand, dangling freely is fully covered with the peculiar shape of bangles from wrist up a det eld ve Portion of her legs is broken. Flat nose, big lower lip and curly haith 2 heii ‘ok Her hair lock is tilled on right side. The necklace adds Wo het ittihexaene ge ee and half closed which really depict a trained and pertoct dancins ear a of National Museum, New Delhi. iit uly. Her eyes are large Structure. Now it is a collectionGIRL (Mohenjo-daro) 10.5 x5 x 25 emMHarappa, Mohenj ed from the sites taglio technique. In this technique, pictv d substance like stone. The seals ar sper, agate, faience and terracotta. These are gene wut 1.4 cm in thicknes. The seals are sof animal figures whose head and body are ete. Most of them have legend in pictographic sc ch has not been deciphered yet. These se s belief, dresses, ornaments and scripts of people of *ne 1 is a beautiful and artistic achievement of craftsmen of Mo! ite stone. The relief Bull seal is square in size. It is highly The perfection and anatomical balance in cutting the bull seal is ar motif of the neck, express the youthful energy of the animal It re ver, and vigour of a bull. The horns, massive body and hump of the t ere are some writings on the part of the seal, which are not yet dec 1 of National Museum, New DelhiIndus Valley Ciutization EARTHEN WARES/UTENSILS The people of Indus valley civilization knew the use of potter's wheel and with it they produced articles of regular shape and form. The pottery of the clay was baked to harden the surface. They also used (0 make ornamental, decorated earthen wares, They usually decora imal figures, birds, leaves, flowers and with some geometrical patter’ appa, Lothal and Chanhu-daro, These earther n help them with human figures, ‘Such utensils have been found in Mohenjo-daro, Ha nooth and shining till now, even after thousands of years. Many of them can be ce of these utensils is red and designs have b world wares in the National Museum, New Delhi. The surf made with black colour. These earthen wares are the ealiest example of its kind in the eeu ahi atu) xd painted earthen ware of Mohenjo-daro is in the collection of National ains A large Museum, New Delhi. It is supposed to have been used for storing domestic items, storing & burying the dead. This red colour jar is made on potters wheel & then baked to harden its terracotta process. It is beautifully decorated with black colour on its red background. tists is still a query. surface by Its polish is very shining till date. The type of base or varnish used by thos: EARTHEN WARES / UTENSILSQUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Select the correct ancwer from the given options. Rach question will carry T mark LM hs il 1 Ams. 6) Bhimbert 2. To which State ‘Bhimbetka’ hy Bee Rajsthan Madhya Pradesh (yy Tamit Nadu Ams. 17) Madhya Pradesh the ‘Dancing Girl’ of Mohenjo-daro is made ? Clay (if) Brass (iv) Copper. Ams, (11) Bronze 4. Which of the following location is famous for bronze statue “Dan Mohenjo-daro (i) Harappa (iv) Alamgirpur. Ans. (i) Mobenjo-daro. 5. Mention the shape of ‘Bull Seal’ of Indus valley civilization. Circle (ii) Square iii) Octagonal (iv) Rectangular. Ams. (1) Square. 6. Who discovered *Harappa’ ? Anand Kumar Swamy (ii) (iti) Madho Swaroop Vats (wv) Ams. (6) RB. Dayaram Sahni. 7. Famous city of Indus valley civilization ‘Mohenjo-daro” situated in (i) Sind (i) Lahore (iti) Punjab (iv) Haryana Ams. (1) Sind 8. Where was “The Great Bath’ found? (i) Mohenjo-daro (i) Alamgirpur (i) Kalibagan (wv) Larkana Ans. (1) Mohenjo-daro. 9. What is the location of the famous terracotta ‘Mother Goddess? (i) Mohenjo-daro GH) Marappa (ii) Mintgumri (iv) Chanudaro. Ans. (i) Mohenjo-daro.Questions for Practice Short Answer Type Questions Answers for these questions a 2 marks. n will carry tind 100 words. Bach ques expected 1. Give a brief description of Pre-historic rock painting Ans. See the deseription of *Pre-historie rock painting Write a short note on the Bhimbetha Rock Shelters of India. Ans, See the description of *Bhimbetha tion on the Pre-historic rock painting “Wizard's Dance’ of Bi Write an appree Ans, Sce the description of ‘Wizard's Dance” 4, Waite a general introduetion of Indus Valley Civilization in brie Ans. See the description of ‘Indus Valley Civilization ean appreciation of any one of the following of Indus Valley Civilization in one #) Dancing girl ii) Mother Goddess. Ans. See the description of ‘Dancing girl’ or “Mother Goddess’ of Indus valley civilization. 6. Explain the typical features of the ‘Male torso’ of Indus Valley Civilization. “Ans, See the description of ‘Male torso’ of Indus Valley Civilization 7. Appreciate any art of Indus Valley Civilization, included in your course of study. based on its (a) Title, (b) Name of artist, (c) Subject-matter and (d) Composition. ‘Ans, See the description of any art of ‘Indus Valley Civilization’. 8. How are the legends expressed on the Seals? What are the themes of the Seals ? Ans, See the description of ‘Seal’ of Indus Valley Civilization. 9, Write a short note on the compositional-arrangements of “Bull seal’ of Indus Valley Civilization. Ans. See the description of ‘Bull Seal’ of Indus Valley Civilization, 10. Write descriptions of the ‘Painted earthen ware’ of Indus Valley Civilization. Ans. See the description of ‘Painted earthen ware’ of Indus Valley Civilization. SECTION Long Answer Type Questions : Answers for these questions are expected around 200 words. Each question will carry 6 marks. 1, Write an essay on the Bhimbetka Rock Shelters of India. Ans. See the description of ‘Bhimbetka’, 2. Write an appreciation on the famous Pre-historie rock painting “Wizard's Dance’ of Bhimbetka. Ans. See the description of ‘Wii Write a general introduction of Indus Valley Civilization Ans. See the description of “Indus Valley Civilization’ d's Dance’enn ral descripuon ae he civilization _ 4. Give (a) The approximate dates of tp) Te name of 100 CITES hee archasogial eXSHAONS Nve ee = vans, See the description of ‘Indus Valley Civ ization a 5, What do you vinderstand by the Indus Valley Civilization ? Point out : . (a) City life (b) Arts and (c) Religion. its main alley Civilization’ i. | Discuss about the pic . How are the legends expres |. Write the compositional-arr |. Write descriptions of the ‘P’ of ‘Indus Vi the famous bror of ‘Dancing git Terial element of “Mother Goddess’ of Indus Valley ¢ of ‘Mother Goddess’ of Indus Valley Civili oe ced on the Seals ? What are the themes of fae f ‘Seal’ of Indus Valley Civilization © Seals ements of “Bull seal” of Indus Valley Ciyit alley Civilization nze sculpture “Dancing girl’ of \4 1" of Indus Valle ization us Valley Civilization, ‘Ans. See the description WVilizay ‘Ans. See the description Ans. See the description o! rans “Bull Seal’ of Indus sinted earthen ware’ of Indus Valley Ci oft : s Valley Civiliza aa See tne description of “Pintd earthen ware’ of Indus Valley Cae Apri any at ar Indus Valley Civilization, included in your cou vtcue ants Tile (b) Name of ars, (c) Subject-matter and (d) Cony mi oF stad. See the description any art of ‘Indus Valley Civilization’ tee ‘Ans. See the description of