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The document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks and their applications, including cellular and satellite communication, environmental monitoring, and IoT applications. It discusses challenges such as user mobility, quality of service, and cost efficiency, and outlines various multiple access techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Additionally, it presents specific applications like smart home fire alerts and weather prediction systems, highlighting the use of different sensors and technologies.

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Diya Manth
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16 views19 pages

wsn lec1

The document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks and their applications, including cellular and satellite communication, environmental monitoring, and IoT applications. It discusses challenges such as user mobility, quality of service, and cost efficiency, and outlines various multiple access techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Additionally, it presents specific applications like smart home fire alerts and weather prediction systems, highlighting the use of different sensors and technologies.

Uploaded by

Diya Manth
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Wireless Sensor

Networks

Dr. Sunandita Debnath


Introduction to Wireless Communication

“Stay Connected Anywhere Anytime”

Dr. Sunandita Debnath, VITCC


Application includes:
• Cellular communication (i.e. Voice and data communication)
• Satellite Communication (GPS, Television Broadcasting and Radio Broadcasting,
Internet etc.)
• Monitoring different environmental phenomenon (e.g. temperature, humidity,
underwater environment)
• Body area networks (i.e. implanted devices on patient body )
• RFIDs
• IoT applications (e.g. smart Home and Offices)

Challenges:
• Network support for user mobility
• Maintaining QoS (quality of service) over unreliable links
• Connectivity and Coverage
• Cost efficiency
IoT Based Smart Home and
Office Fire Notification Alert
• Sensors used:
➢ AHT 11/21
➢ MQ2
➢ MQ7
➢ Water Sprinkler
➢ OLed Display
• Arduino Module
• AWS Application and Cloud
App Notification

Accepted in IEEE IATMSI-2024, ABV-


IIITM Gwalior, India, 14–16 March, 2024.
Weather Prediction System for
Travel and Tourism
• Sensors used:
➢ AHT 11/21
➢ MQ2
➢ MQ7
➢ BMP 180
• ESP8266 Module
• ML Algorithm SARIMAX and
ARIMA
Application includes:
• Cellular communication (i.e. Voice and data communication)
• Satellite Communication (GPS, Television Broadcasting and Radio Broadcasting,
Internet etc.)
• Monitoring different environmental phenomenon (e.g. temperature, humidity,
underwater environment)
• Body area networks (i.e. implanted devices on patient body )
• RFIDs
• IoT applications (e.g. smart Home and Offices)

Challenges:
• Network support for user mobility
• Maintaining QoS (quality of service) over unreliable links
• Connectivity and Coverage
• Cost efficiency
Introduction to wireless sensor networks

Aim / Goal
1. Coverage
2. Connectivity

A typical sensor node consists of :


➢Sensing unit (consist of many sensors)
➢Processing unit
➢Transceiver unit
➢Power supply unit
➢Memory unit
➢Location finding unit (optional)
Basic block diagram of a typical sensor node ➢Mobilizer (optional)
Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs)

Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Underground Wireless Underwater Wireless


Networks Sensor Networks Sensor Networks

7 February 2025 ECE DEPARTMENT 10


Multiple Access Techniques
Multiple access techniques are used to allow a large number of mobile users to share the
allocated spectrum in the most efficient manner. As the spectrum is limited, so the sharing is
required to increase the capacity of cell or over a geographical area by allowing the available
bandwidth to be used at the same time by different users.
1) Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)
2) Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
3) Code division multiple-access (CDMA)

FDMA enables multiple users to share the same physical channel for concurrent
communication. It gives users an individual allocation of one or several frequency bands,
or channels. If an FDMA channel is not in use, then it sits idle and it cannot be used by other
users to increase share capacity.

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12
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Application of FDMA
Mobile communication systems and Satellite communication
Disadvantage
➢ Crosstalk may cause interference among frequencies and disrupt the
➢ transmission.
➢Guard bands lead to a waste of capacity.

Difference between FDMA and FDM (Frequency division multiplexing)

1. FDM is a physical layer multiplexing technique, while FDMA is a data link layer access method.
2. Using FDM to allow multiple users to utilize the same bandwidth is called FDMA.
3. FDM uses a physical multiplexer, while FDMA does not.

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TDMA
In digital systems, continuous transmission is not required because users do not use the
allotted bandwidth all the time. In such cases, TDMA is a complimentary access
technique to FDMA. Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM) uses the
TDMA technique. In TDMA, the entire bandwidth is available to the user but only for
a finite period of time. TDMA requires careful time synchronization since users share
the bandwidth in the frequency domain. The number of channels are less, inter channel
interference is almost negligible. TDMA uses different time slots for transmission and
reception. This type of duplexing is referred to as Time division duplexing (TDD).

Application of TDMA
GSM, passive optical networks and Satellite systems
Disadvantage
• The high data rates of broadband systems require complex equalization.
• Due to the burst mode, a large number of additional bits for synchronization and
supervision are needed.
• Complex signal processing is required to synchronize within short slot.
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CDMA
In CDMA, the same bandwidth is occupied by all the users, however they
are all assigned separate codes, which differentiates them from each other
CDMA utilize a spread spectrum technique in which a spreading signal
(which is uncorrelated to the signal and has a large bandwidth) is used to
spread the narrow band message signal. The principle of Spread Spectrum is
used to work with CDMA. Spread signal is below the noise level and noise
has no effect on the signal. CDMA is not a frequency specific to each user,
instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum.

Types of CDMA
DS-CDMA (Direct sequence)
FH-CDMA (Frequency Hoping)
Application of CDMA
GSM, passive optical networks and Satellite systems
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CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) In CDMA, the same bandwidth is occupied by all the
users, however they are all assigned separate codes,
which differentiates them from each other CDMA utilize
a spread spectrum technique.

7 February 2025 ECE DEPARTMENT 18


Thank You!!!

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