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ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research

Vol. 07, Issue, 10, pp.16224-16230, October, 2017

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION FOR 5

IMPROVED VARIETIES OF ZIZYPHUSMAURITIANA IN NIGER
1TOUGIANI Abasse, 2RABIOU Habou, 3DAN GUIMBO Iro, 4WEBER John, C., 3DADE Hamza,
1KATKORE Boubacar, 1MOUSSA Boureima and 2,3Mahamane Ali

1InstitutNational de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger, Niger

2Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université de Diffa, Niger
3Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Niger
4World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Lima, Perou

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: This study aims to establish the phenological performance of five (5) improved cultivars of the
Received 29th July, 2017 jujube tree Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Introduced in Niger. Leaf growth, opening and abortion of
Received in revised form flowers and fruit dynamics were monitored under an experimental design consisting of two lines
14th August, 2017 of each variety and each line is consisting of 19 tree plants an overall of 38 plants tree per variety
Accepted 07th September, 2017
and 190 plants tree in total. Results showed that Umran cultivars recorded the highest leaf
Published online 30th October, 2017
appearance with a mean of 6.2, while Ben Gurion and Kaitheli had the lowest mean value of 4.2
leaves. The highest number of flowers per flower bud was observed in the Umran variety with an
Keywords: average of 22 flowers per flower bud and the lowest number of flowers was recorded by Gola
Phenology, variety with an average of 18 flowers. Kaitheli variety showed the highest mean value of 20
Improved varieties, fruits, while Seb variety recorded the lowest number of fruit with value of 8 fruits set up per
Ziziphus mauritiana, Niger. week. The average length of flower opening differs from one variety to another with a probability,
p = <0.001. Analysis of variance on the data of daily observations of aborted flowers by variety
revealed no statistically significant difference with p = 0.742. Kaitheli variety showed the highest
mean value of fruit, with 20 fruits on 20 flower buds bearing fruit per week. Umran variety has
the largest mean diameter of 5.2 ± 0.01 cm and the highest average fruit weight of 44.10 ± 0.04 g.
22 fruits weighted 1kg at harvest. In fact, the cultivars with early leaves appearance at apical
branch, are those which have a high rate of aborted flowers. As well as those that have large
leaves are those that also have large fruit and high dry matter content.
Corresponding author

Copyright ©2017, TOUGIANI Abasse et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Citation: TOUGIANI Abasse, RABIOU Habou, DAN GUIMBO Iro, WEBER John, C., DADE Hamza, KATKORE Boubacar, MOUSSA Boureima
and Mahamane Ali, 2017. “Morphological and phenological characterization for 5 improved varieties of zizyphusmauritiana in Niger”, International
Journal of Development Research, 7, (10), 16224-16230.

INTRODUCTION Phenology may explain varietal variability depending on the

variety of ecological conditions and / or considerations
Phenology studies the relationships between climatic concerning the genetic variability of the species. Phenological
phenomena and external features of the annual development of observations provide a database which explore relationships
plants (Ismail and Almarshadi, 2013). It reflects adaptation of between changes in various factors (climate essentially) and
plants to the changing seasons, including the changes in development of plants (Eklundh et al. 2011; Fisher and
thermal regime. Phenology studies the periodic phenomena of Mustard, 2007). Phenological study is essential to the
plants. It seeks to understand the temporal progression, spatial introduction of exotic species useful for local community.
and stational (GrizS. and Machado, 2001, Christian et al., Ziziphus mauritiana is a small tree from the Rhamnaceae
2000). The study of phenological changes may be a choice family with a wide geographical spread (Pasternak et al.,
factor for species and provenances best suited to a particular 2016). It grows in most semi-arid Africa in areas with rainfall
climatic context (Ibrahim A. et al., 2015). ranging from 200-1,200 mm per year. It produces small edible
16225 TOUGIANI Abasse et al. Morphological and phenological characterization for 5 improved varieties
of zizyphusmauritiana in Niger

fruit that are consumed by rural people and sold in markets. 190 plants tree were planted and each variety was allocated 38
The fruit of Z. mauritiana are highly nutritious. They contain plants tree.
approximately fifteen times more iron and vitamin C than
apples, ten times more β-carotene, and four times more Sampling
calcium and double the phosphorus content (Morton, 1987).
The Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) a multipurpose species The experiment involved a sample of nine Trees per variety
has an economic perspective in the Sahel region and can serve selected randomly after numbering one to n Trees. In each
as candidate species for agroforestry in Niger. The species is block a sample of plants was chosen according to the type of
native to northern China, but today its geographic range parameters to be studied. For example:
occupied the arid and semi-arid. It was introduced in West
Asia, Africa and in the West in the Mediterranean region Leaf growth, maximum size, fresh and dry weight, and dry
where it would be naturalized (Brehima et al., 2009). Many matter content are tested on five leaves of five trees of each
cultivars have been developed (Saran et al., 2006a, b; variety with one leaf per tree. Leaf appearance dynamics were
Pasternak, et al. 2016). Most of these cultivars have been estimated at the apical top of a branch in vegetation at the level
named after the region of origin. The tree was domesticated in of three trees of each variety; Flower opening and flower
India, where it is called ber (Pasternak, et al.2016). Improved abortion were observed in thirty flower buds of a tree of each
varieties of this species were successfully introduced in Niger. variety, while the evaluation of their number by flower bud
Some of these varieties are famous for fruit production in was estimated at five flower buds of the five trees in each
quantity and quality can serve food bases while other varieties variety with one flower bud per tree; Fruit dynamics
have significant vegetative development and can be used as appearances were monitored in a sample of twenty flower buds
forage species (Vashishtha and Pareek, 1989; Ghosh et al., fructified at three trees of each variety and an assessment was
2002; Lal and Dhaka, 2007; Ismail and Almarshadi, 2013).The made of the average weight and diameter of the harvested
choice of these varieties in agroforestry will necessarily go fruit.
through the study of phenology (Ibrahim et al., 2015). This
study aims to establish phenological performance of five Experimental method
improved varieties of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.)
successfully introduced in Niger. Leaf appearance dynamics were measured weekly at the apical
top of a Tree branch which leaves were counted during the
MATERIALS AND METHODS first week and were delineated using a plastic wire. Leaf
growth was assessed by measurement of their size (length and
Experimental site width) at weekly interval, using a 30 cm rule, one week after
their appearance until their maximum growth. Flowers
The experiment was conducted at INRAN / Maradi research opening and abortion were monitored daily in thirty flower
Station; located at 13 ° 27'81.6” of North latitude, 007 ° 06 buds framed by two plastic threads. Fruiting was evaluated
'48.9” 'East longitude and at an altitude of 357 m; with an weekly in twenty flower buds bearing fruits, these flower buds
average annual temperature of 32 ° C and precipitation of 498 are also framed by two plastic wires. The diameter of the fruit
mm (16). This experimental site consists of an area of 0,65ha is measured with a compass graduated in centimeter and fresh
plot where varieties are planted at a distance of six meters and dry fruits and leaves are weighed using an electric scale.
between plants and between varieties. Water and dry matter content of the leaves were also assessed
after their complete dehydration in an oven at laboratory.
Rootstock

The study focused on five varieties of jujube improved Evaluation of phenological performance
Seedlings of Z. mauritiana were grafted with Indian strains the
site of INRAN / Maradi and there's three years after planting. Phenological assessment for five improved varieties of
The cultivars were constituted with a variety selected by Ziziphus mauritiana focused mainly on the dynamics of leaf
scientists from the Institute for Agriculture and Applied appearance at the apical top of a Tree branch, growth, dry
Biology of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) matter content and average weight of fresh and dry fruit, the
and characterized by leaf is oblong, the end of the style is dynamics of flowers open and abortion of flowers in thirty
crooked and oblique; and four cultivars from India (Nerd, et flower bud as well as the average number of flowers per
al., 1990; Brehima et al., 2009), namely: flower bud of different varieties. Monitoring also focuses on
the dynamics of fruit appearance in twenty fruit buds and their
 Gola’s fruit is round, oblong or the hickory leaf. In mean weights and diameter at harvest time.
condition of irrigation, the tree does not seem to stop
grow during the year. Data analysis
 Kaitheli has a elongate leaves, the tip style is round, the
MINITAB 16 software was used for the analysis of variance
end of the leaf may also be acute.
and for comparison of means. It is General Linear Model for a
 While Seb has a straight Tree shape, a round fruit and
two-factor and One-Way (Unstacked) analysis of variance for
oval leaf. The end of style is as flat as the depression of
a single factor.
an apple. In the Sudan region, the fruit has cracks.
 Umran has an oval leaf, end of round style, end of sub
acute leaf.
RESULTS
Experimental Design Dynamics of leaf appearance at the apical top of a branch
in vegetation: The analysis of variance on dynamic of leaf
The experimental design was consisted of 19 plants tree of appearance on apical top of a branch in vegetation for five
each variety per row and two rows per block. An overall of improved varieties revealed that there are no significant
16226 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 07, Issue, 10, pp.16224-16230, October, 2017

differences between weeks of observation and between Mean number of flowers per flower bud: Analysis of
varieties (Table 1). Although analysis of variance revealed no variance showed that there are no significant differences
statistically significant differences, p = 0.38, however, Umran between varieties p = 0.436 nevertheless, the highest number
and Gola cultivars recorded a weekly leaf onset dynamics with of flowers per flower bud is found in Umran variety with an
a mean of 6.2 and 6 leaves per week followed by Seb variety average of 22 flowers per flower bud. For Seb and Ben Gurion
(Table 1). Table 1 revealed also that there are no significant recorded respectively a mean value of 21 and 20 flowers;
differences between the first and second week for varieties while, Kaitheli and Gola had mean of 19 and 18 flowers per
with P = 0.193. However, the period between first and second flower bud.
week seems to be optimal for Kaitheli, which has a mean of
8.33 leaves per bud, and this mean continues to decline during Dynamics of flowers opening: Mean length of a flower
the other two weeks (Figure 1). The Seb variety is the only one opening after the maximum filling of a flower bud, differs
that exhibits a constant increase in leaf appearance during the from one variety to another p <0.001. This duration was of
three weeks. 11.8 days in Ben Gurion variety.
Table 1. Dynamics of leaf appearance at the apical top of a branch in vegetation

1er-2eWeek 2e-3eWeek 3e-4eWeek Average/W eek

Ben Gurion 2,33 5,67 4,67 4,22
Gola. 6,33 6,67 5,00 6,00
Kaithli 8,33 0,33 4,00 4,22
Seb 4,33 4,67 5,67 4,89
Umran 2,67 8,33 7,67 6,22
Probabilité 0,193 0,074 0,777 0,38

Figure 1. Dynamics of leaf appearance atop apical

Table 2. Variance analysis result of foliar growth

Variété Longer of leaf Largerof leaf

Average StDev P Average StDev P
Ben Gurion 82,20b 1,924 0,018* 53,20 6,57 0,433
Gola 83,20b 5,54 52,20 6,61
Kaithli 95,40a 14,22 58,60 15,37
Seb 86,80b 4,82 57,40 11,48
Umran 77,60a 5,55 47,60 5,50

Table 3. Evolution of the average number of flowers per bud; σ: Standard Deviation

Varieties Average number of flowers σ Probability

Ben Gurion 20,00a 2,45 0,436
Gola. 18,40a 2,19
Kaithli 18,60a 3,21
Seb 21,00a 3,24
Umran 22,00a 5,34

Foliar growth
Varieties Seb, Gola and Kaitheli have average durations of
The synthetic results recorded in Table 2 are referred to the 12.8; 13, 16 and 14.6 days. This duration is longer at Umran
analysis of variance on lengths and widths of five improved with up to 16.6 days on average (Table 4). The Tukey test
varieties of Ziziphus measured at the end of the eighth week, revealed statistically significant differences between Umran
the maximum leaf size stage. The study revealed that there is a and all other varieties. The same test showed that between Ben
significant difference (P= 0.018) in length between the five Gurion, Gola and Seb the difference is not significant.
varieties. On the other hand, there are no significant
differences in width. The highest Leaf growth was observed at Dynamics of abortion and flowers opening
the end of the eighth week after their appearance with
variations according to the varieties. Kaitheli variety recorded The mean number of flowers that open per day was 20 flowers
the highest leaf length with a mean of 9.54 cm. The smallest per day in the Kaitheli variety followed by the Ben Gurion
mean length was observed in Umran variety. The difference in variety with a mean of 16 open flowers per day with a large
mean lengths is statistically significant only between Umran dispersion around the mean. The lowest number of open
and Kaitheli. flowers per day is observed in Seb and Umran varieties.
 16227 TOUGIANI Abasse et al. Morphological and phenological characterization for 5 improved varieties
of zizyphusmauritiana in Niger

Table 4. Results of the analysis of variance on the opening dynamics of

thirty flowers in bud in five varieties

Varieties Average σ F P
Ben Gurion 11,8a 0,40 11,26 <0,001*
Gola 13,1b 0,98
Kaithli 14,6a 2,33
Seb 12,8c 1,32
Umran 16,6abc 1,03
Variables with the same letters are significantly different (a, b, c); * Significant difference

Table 5. Dynamics of abortion and open flowers; σ: standard deviation

Varieties Number of open flowers (day) Number of aborted flowers (day)

Average σ Average σ
Ben Gurion 16,00a 17,52 5,28a 4,82
Gola 14,68a 13,45 7,14a 7,70
Kaithli 20,82a 23,19 6,09a 7,18
Seb 12,64a 11,96 5,45a 6,06
a a
Umran 13,05 15,96 7,95 9,64
Probability 0,674 0,742

Figure 2. Dynamic appearance of fruit buds in twenty fruiting in five varieties

Table 6. ANOVA results of diameter and mean weight of fruit

Varieties Average diameter of fruit (cm) Average weight of fruit (g)

Average σ Average σ
Ben Gurion 2,84a 0,04 13,35c 1,06
Gola. 3,12a 0,00 20,00a 0,00
Kaithli 3,46a 0,19 22,98a 3,09
Seb 3,30a 0,28 19,85b 5,16
Umran 5,20b 0,01 44,10d 0,04
Probability <0,001 <0,001

Figure 3. Correlation between varieties and variables; N_fruits / S: Number of fruit per week; N_flr_ouv / J: Number of open flowers
per day; Long /-Sheet: leaf length; Larg /-Sheet: Width of sheet; Duree_ouv_fleur: length of flower opening; Diam_frui: fruit diameter;
Pds_fruit: fruit weight; N_flr_avt / d: number of flowers per day aborted; Ap_feuil / S: number of leaves appeared a week; % Aborts:
frequency of flowers miscarrying day; N_fleur / end: Number of flowers per bud
16228 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 07, Issue, 10, pp.16224-16230, October, 2017

Nevertheless, the analysis of variance revealed no significant DISCUSSION

difference (P = 0.674) (Table 5). As far as the abortion of
flowers is concerned, an inverse classification was obtained. Follow-up of the main stages of development of the cultivars
The lowest fallen down of flowers was observed in Ben of Ziziphus mauritiana made it possible to identify and
Gurion and Seb with respective mean of 5.28 and 5.28 falling prioritize the varieties with good phenological performances.
flowers per day either by wind action, drought, and diseases or Indeed, cultivars with early apical appearance are those with a
by the threat of floricultural insects. Gola and Kaitheli high rate of aborted flowers. As well as those that have large
recorded a mean falls of 7.14 and 6.09 flowers. The highest leaves are those that also have berries and high dry matter
flower fallen was observed in Umran with an average of 7.95 content. Fruit yield varies greatly between varieties. Umran
flowers that abort every day. The analysis of variance on daily variety produced the highest yield while the Seb variety had
observations of aborted flowers by variety showed no the lowest yield. The same results were observed in the
statistically significant difference with p = 0.742. The ratio western part of the Niger (Gill et al., 2015). Z. mauritiana is
between open flowers and aborted flowers is very large indeed not only useful for diversifying farmers’ incomes especially in
at the level of the Umran variety of which 60.9% of the open rural areas, but also contributes remarkably to the struggle
flowers are aborted, followed by the Gola and Seb varieties against food insecurity. Varieties studied by their phenological
with 48.6% and 43.1%, respectively. The low percentage is and morphological characteristics can respond to populations
observed in the Kaitheli variety although it has the highest need according to their fields of activity. Varieties such as Seb
number of flowers that open per day (Table 5). and Gola are known for the production of large leaves. These
two varieties could be candidate as forage species for feeding
Dynamics of appearance of fruits livestock, especially in a country like Niger where breeding is
one of the most important activities. Several authors have
Analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant shown that the choice of varieties is a function of the
difference p = 0.085. Kaitheli and Umran varieties showed the objectives and that the varieties differ because of their
highest mean values respectively of 20 and 14 fruits appearing phenological characteristics, which is itself a result of the
per week in twenty fruit buds. While, cultivars Seb, Ben allocation of resources (Ghosh and Mathew, 2002; Garrity et
Gurion and Gola recorded a mean occurrence of 8; 13 and 10 al., 2011; and Bailey, 2016). Varieties with high productive
fruits. However, the rate of fruit onset is significant between potential have a certain peculiarity during their phenological
the second and third week in Kaitheli and between the first and cycles as well as a strong resistance to natural calamities.
second week for Umran and during the third and fourth week Thus, earlier and more productive varieties do not experience
for Ben Gurion (Figure 2). an important fall in flowers due to attacks by floricultural
insects, diseases, wind and drought.
Diameter and mean weight of fruit
These varieties benefit on the one hand from a very short
Fruits are wider at harvest in Umran with an average diameter opening time of flowers and on the other hand from a high
of 5.2 ± 0.01 cm, followed by Ben Gurion, Gola, Seb and number of flowers per floral button. They are also generally
Kaitheli respectively with values of 2.84 ± 0.04 cm; 3.12 ± those with a high survival rate. According to some authors,
0.12 cm; 3.3 ± 0.28 cm and 3.46 ± 0.19 cm. The highest fruit phenological phenomena are mainly related to climatic factors.
weight was also recorded in Umran with value of 44.10 ± 0.04 Factors such as day length and daily and annual temperature
g (22 fruits / kg). The Ben Gurion, Gola, Seb and Kaitheli variation do not affect species in the same way (Badeck et al.,
varieties recorded respectively 13.35 ± 1.06 g (75 fruits / kg); 2004; Beaubien and Freeland, 2000; D'Odorico et al., 2015).
20 ± 0.0 g (50 fruits / kg); 19.85 ± 5.16 g (51 fruits / kg) and The influence of these factors is observed in these study
22.98 ± 3.09 g (43 fruits / kg) (Table 6). varieties of the same species. The Ben Gurion variety, the
earliest harvested, with a survival rate of 81.57% with an
Correlation between varieties and variables average opening time of only 12 days after maximal floral
budding, a drop of five flowers per day and one average of 20
Variable and varieties table data subjected to a Principal flowers per flower bud. Kaitheli, which is the most successful
Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two and harvested 3 days after the first, showing a drop of 5
concentrate 85% of the information. Axis1 concentrated more flowers per day and an average duration of opening flowers 15
information with 61% while the second concentrated 24%. days after their maximum filling. Thus for her, 25 flowers
Varieties that have a high number of abortive flowers per day open each day on average in a batch of 30 flower buds in
are those that are characterized by large fruit and delayed in opening. As for the later and less productive varieties, on the
flowers opening per day. This referred to Umran variety and is contrary, there is a high drop of flowers, a long duration for
also characterized by its small leaves and also does not the opening of the flowers after their maximum filling and a
produce much fruit. Kaitheli variety is the one that produces low survival rate. These are the Umran and Gola varieties.
fruits in large numbers, but fruits of small sizes; it also Low fruiting and fruit maturation delay could be linked to the
presents certain precocity of the opening of flowers in delay in opening of 17 and 13-day flowers respectively, and
quantity. The Ben Gurion variety seemed to be famous for its large flower drops with average values of 8 and 7 flowers per
large leaves. It also seemed to present a high number of day. The high flower fall and low fruit productivity observed
flowers that open daily. Gola and Seb varieties are in Umran could explain the high mean weight of its fruits.
characterized by a high number of flowers per flower bud but
of which a large quantity of these flowers abort. These latter This fall could reduce competition for resources and induce a
varieties produced little fruit but also small fruit. Seb variety concentration of matter at the level of fruit at the time of
appeared to be also close to Ben Gurion variety by its leaf growth. The gap between the earlier varieties (Ben Gurion and
morphological characteristics (Figure 3). Kaitheli) is neglected (3 days) and also between the later
(Umran and Gola) having only one day difference. Moreover,
16229 TOUGIANI Abasse et al. Morphological and phenological characterization for 5 improved varieties
of zizyphusmauritiana in Niger

the difference between these two groups is very important (25 phenology data sources for estimating seasonal transitions
days) on fruiting; these results are close to those obtained in deciduous forest carbon exchange. Agric. For. Meteorol.
(Adamou, 2009) in Mali in a study of adaptability of the six 151 (12), 1741–1752.http://doi.org/10.1016/ j.agrformet.
cultivars of jujube to the edaphic conditions of Katibougou 2011.07.008.
where Kaitheli is always distinguished. Thus, this variety was Ghosh S.N., Mathew B. 2002. Performance of nine ber
characterized by a dynamic appearance of 205 fruits / plant (Ziziphusmauritiana Lam.) cultivars on topworking in the
Tree / month, followed up in August, September and October semi-arid region of West Bengal. Journal of Applied
two years after planting. Horticulture 4(1): 49-51.
Gill A.L., Gallinat A.S., Sanders-DeMott R., Rigden A.J.,
Conclusion Gianotti D.J.S., Mantooth J.A., Templer P.H., 2015.
Changes in autumn senescence in northern hemisphere
The delay in flowers opening is associated with their abortion deciduous trees: a meta-analysis of autumn phenology
in large quantities and the production of large fruits. Early studies. Ann. Bot. mcv055. http://doi.org/10.1093/aob/
varieties in the production of leaves at the apical top produce mcv055.
many flowers per flower bud, but the majority of which Griz L.M.S. and Machado I.C.S. 2001. Fruiting phenology and
aborted in large quantities. Varieties with large leaves seed dispersal syndromes in caatinga, a tropical dry forest
produced many fruits but in small sizes. Varieties that open in the northeast of Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17:
many flowers per day also produced many fruits. 303-321.
Ibrahim A., Pasternak D., Dan Guimbo I., Saidou A.S.,
Acknowledgement Amadou M., 2015. Rain-fed plantations of the
domesticated Ziziphusmauritiana in the Sahel: effects of
We are very grateful to World Agro forestry Center (ICRAF) varieties And rootstocks on yields and fruit quality. Journal
for funding this research, under IFAD/Grant 1225. of Horticultural Research, 23(1): 33-38.
Ismail S.M., Almarshadi M.H.S. 2013. Effect of water
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