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41)) Designation: D 2924 O1 - An American National Standard

Standard Test Method for

External Pressure Resistance of “Fiberglass”
(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe‘
f i s standard is issued under the ked designation D 2924; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or,in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (E) indicates an editoriai change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. scope * ments for gradation shall not apply.

1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance 3.2.2 bucklingfailure pressure- the external gage pressure
of fiberglass pipe to external pressure. It classifies failures as at which buckling occurs. Buckling is characterized by a sharp
buckling, compressive, and leaking. Both glass-fiber- discontinuity in the pressure-volume change graph and subse-
reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRF’) and glass-fiber- quent fracture in the test specimen appearing as an axially
reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPh4P) are fiberglass pipes. oriented crack. Buckling is an elastic instability type of failure
and is normally associated with thin-wall pipe.
NUTE 1-For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include 3.2.3 compressivefailure pressure-the maximum external
naturai polymers.
gage pressure that the specimen will resist without transmis-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded sion of the testing fluid through the wall. Compressive failure
as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for informa- pressure will not be associated with a sharp discontinuity in the
tion only. pressure-volume change graph nor lead to a fracture appearing
N m 2-There is no similar or equivalent IS0 standard. as a sharp axially oriented crack. It will appear as a fracture
which is the result of reaching the compressive strength limits
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the of the material and is normally associated with thick-wall pipe.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Failure is usually identified by a sudden drop in pressure.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.2.4 fiberglass pipe, n-a tubular product containing glass
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- fiber reinforcements embedded in or surrounded by cured
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. thermosetting resin; the composite structure may contain
2. Referenced Documents aggregate, granular, or platelet fillers, thixotropic agents, pig-
ments, or dyes; thermoplastic or thermosetting liners or coat-
2.1 ASTM Standards: ings may be included.
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates2 3.2.5 leaking pressure-the external gage pressure at which
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing3 the test fluid is transmitted through the pipe wall. It is
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics3 characterized in this test by continuous volume change indica-
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to tions with no pressure increase.
Plastics3 3.2.6 reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP), n-a fiber-
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems4 glass pipe with aggregate.
3. Terminology 3.2.7 reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), n-a
fiberglass pipe without aggregate.
3.1 Dejnitions:
3.1.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology D 883 4. Summary of Test Method
or F 412 and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology 4.1 This test method consists of loading a specimen to
D 1600, unless otherwise indicated. failure in a short time interval by means of continuously
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specijîc to This Standard: increasing extemal fluid pressure at a controlled constant
3.2.1 aggregate, n-a siliceous sand conforming to the temperature. Fluid is also maintained inside the pipe, and
requirements of Specification C 33, except that the require- changes in the inside volume are monitored with a bleed hole
and fluid level tube. On Cartesian coordinates, pressure versus
’ This test method is under the juridiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics, change in volume is plotted and the failure pressure selected as
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Plastic indicated by the graph. Scaling constants are presented for
Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.
Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published August 2001.. Originally extending the results to other diameters.
published as D 2924 - 70. Last previous edition D 2924 - 99.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. 5. Significance and Use
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. 5.1 The values obtained by this test method are applicable
“Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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 d Y 3 conditions that specifically duplicate the procedures
I used. Bourdon Tube Graduated Scale IProc. Ai
5.2 After a scaling constant is determined for one diameter, or Tube Directed to Catch Basin
this may be used for calculating the external failure pressures
of other diameters as long as the resin and reinforcement (if
used), the wall thickness-to-diameter ratio, and the reinforce-
ment pattern (if reinforcement is used) are the same.
NOTE3-Based upon tests conducted on one size of pipe, a scaling U
constant is calculated according to 11.1 or 11.2. The appropriate constant
is used to calculate failure pressure for other pipe diameters, but it can
only be appiied if the same resin and reinforcement are used, the wall
thickness to diameter ratios are similar, and the reinforcement pattern is
constant.
5.3 in the application of the foilowing test requirements and
recommendations, care must be exercised to ensure that the
specimens tested are truly representative of the group being
studied.
6. Apparatus (see Figs. 1 and 2)
6.1 Test Chamber-An external chamber capable of with-
standing pressures to be encountered. It may be either the type
that applies both hoop and axial loads as shown in Fig. 1 or the
type that applies hoop load only as shown in Fig. 2. in either
event, the report shall state which type loading was used for
test.
6.2 Volume or Weight Change Indicator-The specimen
shall be instnimented to measure changes in volume or weight. I B e t w e e n Pressure
One of the following two devices shall be used. Chamber and Specimen
O.D. Both Ends
FIG. 2 Apparatus Showing Specimen Loading with Hoop Load

I I1
Transparent Tube Attached to

-
Bourdon Tube
Pressure Gauge
Graduated Scale (Proc.Al
or Tube Directed to Catch Basin
Only

t IProc. Bi 6.2. I Transparent Tube-connected to the test specimen so

that the volume changes of the specimen result in changes in
the level of fluid in the tube. A scale shall be aftïxed to the tube
so variations in fluid level can be recorded. Absolute measure-
ment of volume change is not required.
6.2.2 Scale-A balance accurate to within 20.1 g.
6.3 Pressurizing System-A device capable of exerting
extemal fluid pressure to the specimen at a specified constant
rate. A Bourdon-tube pressure gage or recording gage with an
accuracy of+ 1 % of full scale should be used, and the
anticipated failure pressure should be in the middle two thirds
of the gage range. Care should be exercised so the gage is
placed where it will give a true reading of the external pressure
on the test specimen.
6.4 Test Fluid-Water or hydraulic oil.
6.5 'limer-Any time-measuring device that can measure
the duration of test with accuracy of 1 s.
6.6 Temperature Regulator-When temperatures other than
ambient are being studied, a temperature-regulating system
will be employed that will maintain the temperature of the
testing fluid and specimen at a specified amount 12°C.
7. Test Specimens
7.1 Number of Specimens-A minimum of five specimens
shall be used for determining the external pressure resistance.
FIG. 1 Apparatus Showing Specimen Loading with Both Hoop Any specimens that are tested and fall outside the specified
and Axial Loads time limits shall be discounted and replaced with equivalent

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 specimens, so that a minimum of five valid specimens are expel all air from the inside of the specimen as any gaseous
tested. fluid escaping through the measuring tube during the test will
7.2 Specimen Size-The inside and outside diameters of the disqualify the test. Fit the specimen with a tube to direct the
pipe specimens shall be as fabricated, with the permissible fluid into a suitable basin for collecting and weighing. Condi-
exception of that portion of the pipe within 2 in. (50 mm) of the tion the system at a temperature in accordance with Section 8.
end closures. The minimum specimen length exposed to 10.2 Increase the pressure at an incremental rate. The
external pressure shall be the greater of: increment shall be chosen to allow at least 10 readings before
L = lo@) failure. After the fluid has stopped flowing from the tube,
record the pressure and weight of the fluid displaced. Rapidly
or Roark's formula for long tube length:' increasing weight of displaced fluid with a small increase in
r
pressure indicates failure. Continue the test until the specimen
L = 4.9ûrJ
fractures, if possible. Record the time to failure.
10.3 After the specimen has failed, remove it from the
where: external pressure chamber and observe and record appearance.
L = length of test specimen exposed to external pressure, 10.4 Make a graph showing external pressure versus weight
in. (or mm), of fluid displaced. A sharp change in slope indicates either a
D = average outside diameter of pipe, in. (or mm), buckling pressure or a pressure at which the pipe wall
r = mean wall radius (do not include unreinforced liner), transmitted fluid. Either condition is classified as failure.
in. (or mm), and 11. Calculation
t = minimum wall thickness (do not include unreinforced '

liner), in. (or mm). 11.1 For specimens that failed by buckling, calculate a
buckling scaling constaiit as follows:

8. Conditioning K =PB
8.1 All samples shall be conditioned for a minimum of 2 h
where:
in the fluid in which they will be tested. The temperature of the K = buckling scaling constant,
fluid shall be uniform and stabilized to within I2"C of the test P = external collapse pressure, psi (or m a ) ,
temperature during conditioning. E = circumferentialmodulus of elasticity,
r = mean wall radius (do not include unreinforced liner in
9. ProcedureA reinforced wall), in. (or mm), and
9.1 Mount the specimen in the test chamber and fit the t = minimum wall thickness (do not include unreinforced
specimen with the volume change measuring tube with both liner in reinforced wall), in. (or mm).
external and internal volumes filled with the test fluid. Take
care to expel all air from the inside of the specimen as any 11.2 For specimens that failed by collapse, calculate a
gaseous fluid escaping through the measuring tube during.test compressive failure scaling constant as follows:
will disqualify the test. c = P (D- r)/2r
9.2 Condition the system at a temperature in accordance
with Section 8. where:
9.3 Increase the pressure at a constant rate so failure occurs C = compressive failure scaling constant,
in not less than 1 min nor greater than 5 min. As the pressure P, = pressure at failure, psi (or m a ) ,
is being increased, take readings of the pressure and associated D = the average outside diameter of the specimen, in. (or
volume change so a buckling pressure, if present, can be mm), and
ascertained. Rapidly increasing volume change indications t = minimum pipe wall thickness (do not include liner in
with a reduction in the pressurizing rates constitutes failure. filament reinforced wall), in. (or mm).
Continue the test until the specimen fractures, if possible.
9.4 After the specimen has failed, remove it from the 11.3 Calculate the average failure pressure for all five
external pressure chamber and observe and record appearance. specimens tested.
9.5 Make a graph showing extemal pressure versus volume 11.4 Calculate the average scaling constant for all five
change. A sharp change in slope indicates either a buckling specimens tested.
pressure or a pressure at which the pipe wall transmitted fluid. 12. Report
Either condition is classified as failure.
12.1 Report the following information:
10. Procedure B 12.1.1 Complete identification of the specimens, including
10.1 Mount the specimen in the test chamber and fill both material type, source, manufacturer's name, pipe trade name,
internal and external volumes with the test fluid. Take care to and previous history,
12.1.2 Pipe Dimensions-Record dimensions of each speci-
men including nominal size, length exposed to external pres-
Roa& Raymond J., Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain, McGraw-W sure, minimum wall thickness, and average outside diameter.
Book Company, New York NY,Sixth Edition, 1989, p. 690. The wall thickness and outside diameter shall be reinforced

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 dimensions only. Urninforced thickness shall also be re- were conditioned at 23 I 2" (73.4 2 3.6F) and 50 I 5 % relative
corded. humidity for not less than 40 h prior to test in accordance with procedure
A of Practice D 618.
12.1.3 Test temperature and test fluid, (water or oil),
12.1.4 Type of loading used (hoop only or both hoop and The critical differences indicate the maximum deviation of
axial), and procedure used (A or B), results beyond which measured values should be considered
12.1.5 Failure pressures for each specimen tested and the suspect at a probability level of 0.95. They are expressed as
average, percentages of the mean value.
12.1.6 Type of failure (buckling, compressive, or leaking), 13.2.1 Hoop Load Method-For individual values within a
12.1.7 Time to failure of each specimen tested, set of five, the precision is 18.4 %. Between averages of five
12.1.8 Scaiing constant (see 11.1 for buckling failures, 11.2 determinations, the precision is k4.9 %.
for compressive failures, no scaling permitted for leaking
13.2.2 Axial and Hoop Load Metbd-For individual val-
failures), and
12.1.9 Date of test. ues within a set of five, the precision is 213.1 %. Between
averages of five determinations, the precision is 27.6 %.
13. Precision and Bias 13.3 There are presently no definite means of establishing a
13.1 The precision of this test method was determined from true value, so no bias statement can be made.
the results of one laboratory performing one set of tests by each
loading method on each of six pipe sizes and conditions. 14. Keywords
13.2 The following values of precision have been calculated 14.1 external pressure resistance; fiberglass pipe; pipe; re-
from the above test program. inforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP); reinforced
NOTE&These values were developed using ProcedureA. The samples thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRF')

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, D 2924-99,
that may impact the use of this standard.

(1)Changed acronym, RPMP, definition form reinforced plas-

tic mortar pipe to reinforced polymer mortar pipe.

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