T H E LO EB CL A SSIC A L L I B RA RY

FO UN D E D BY J A ME S LO E B , LL . D .

E D IT E D BY

TT E P AGE 0 1L , LI TT D .

mm mm
. . , . .

t E CAP PS
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L A P S T,
. . O E . H . WARMI N GTO N , M . A .
,

P L U T A R CH S
’

MO RA L I A

IX
T he P res id e nt a nd Fell ows of H a rvard C ollege 19 6 1

Q
Bull 1 6 13 8 6

1 1 53 6 9 0

P ri nle d i n Gr eat B ritai n

 C O N T E N T S O F VO L U M E I X
P AG B

P RE F A TO R Y N OT E

THE T R A D I T I O NAL O R D E R O F T HE BO O KS O F

Tu naTAL K
-
BOO K VI I

Te xt an d Tr ans l a ti on

TAB L E TAL K
-

: BOO K V I I I
Introducti on
Text an d Tr ansl a ti on

TAB L E TALK -
: BOO K IX

Intr od ucti on
Te xt an d Tr an s l a ti o n

T mD
: I AL O GU E O N L O VE
In troducti on
T e xt an d Tr ansl a ti on

I N D EX 443-
 P R E FA T O RY N O TE

B OO KS VI I an d V I I I of the Table Talk ar e tr a nsl a ted

-

by Edwi n L Nfin ar J r Book IX i s by F H S a nd

W m
. . . .
,

b ac h
. The Di a logue on Love is by C He l b o ld
. . .

There is n o j oi nt respo ns i bili ty

.

vi i
THE TRADITIO N AL ORDER or T H E BO O K S of
the Mor a li a a s they a pp e a r s i nce the edi t i on o f
Ste p h a nu s a n d t h e i r di vi s i o n i nt o v o l umes

i n thi s e di t i o n .

I D e lib e ris ed uca nd is ( Hepi Zv a yw

yfig)
Quom
. fra

od o a d olesc en s
p e a au i e d eb ea tots dr
m '

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r ct r t on d i en di ( Hepi T O U dxovew )
fi '

om mo
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s m tr
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poovws )
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 THE TR A D ITIO NA L ORDER

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xa xoq ea a s )
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1i b 1 i v -

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m
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und o» s oe Aq

D e p ri mo frigi do (H ep1 r o v 1rparrw5 l v

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fix po v 9 45 2
-
 THE TRADITI O N A L ORDER
P AG E
Aq u a n e a n i gni si t us t ilior ( Hep1 1 0 6 F 67€p0v
v8 10
p 1) 1rup xp1) 0 11u 01 ep0 v) 9 551)
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ppovqwn epa 1 d xepo a m
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I
’

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XIII i
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m m
.

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ml ibri g im p
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s s
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K M ; e1 1 0 1 1 0 MB6 B wu oas)

De ms
ui c a He 1110 00 11117 9)
F r gmnts
a e an I ndex
 T ABL E T AL K
-

(QU A E ST I O N E S C O N VI VA L E S)
BO O K V II

VO L . I X
 I NTRODUCTIO N

T H E Ta ble T a lk i s
-
c ollect i o n of di a lo gue s p urp o rt i ng
a

to re pr o duce the after di nn e r conv ers a ti o n o f Plu

-

t a rch a n d h i s fri ends a n d rel a t i v es on vari ou s o cc a

s i o n s They di ffe r wi de ly i n dra m a t i c li v el i n e s s a n d

m
i n the degree to wh i ch they s ee mto be b a s ed o n
.
,

rec o l l ect i o n or o n m e o r a nda of a ct ual c o nv er s a

ti o ns The i r subj ect m a tter r a nges fr o msc i enti fic or
, ,

m
.

h i l o s o h i c al qu est i o ns o re o r le s s s er i ous to a nt i

s om
p p , ,

q ua ri a n hi st o ri c al a n d eth i c a l t o p i c s e de a l
wi th the sym m
, ,

os i u or d i nner a rty i t s el f
p p .

In Bo o k VI I the scene of tw o or three o f the di a

,

logu rob a bly 3

) s l a i d i n Plut arc h s
’

( 7 8 and i
h om
es , , p
e i n C h a er o ne a tha t o f 2 a n d 5 a t Del p hi an d th a t
, ,

o f 9 a n d 10 a t Athens the o ther s g i ve n o c l ue a s to

loc a ti o n The s e v enth a n d e i ghth dia l ogues a r e con
n e c t e d dr a m
.

a t i c ally a s ar e the ni nth a n d tenth

,
.A
p e cul i a r p hra s e a t t h e beg i nni ng of 10 suggest s t h a t
so m e re vi s i o n or r e a rra nge m ent has t a ken p l a ce The
l a ck o f dram
.

a t i c det a i l c a u s e s Qu esti o n s 3 a n d 6 t o
se e mless li ke re p orts of a ct ua l c o nv ers a ti o n t h a n the
rest a n d th e r a th e r form al o rg a ni z a t i o n o f Qu e s t i on

6 he i ghten s th i s i m p r e s si o n .

N o fe wer th a n si x of the ten di al o gues i n thi s bo o k

h av e s ubj ects rel a ted to the o rga ni z a ti o n a n d conduct
o f the s ymp o s i um i t s elf ; the others ar e sci enti fic
a n d a nt i qu a ri a n Plut a rch s custo m
.
’
a ry i ntere s t i n the

2
 TABLE TA LK VI I
-

ethi ca l i m pli ca ti ons of customs a n d i d e a s i s strongly

e vi d e nt es p ec i ally i n the lo ng Questi ons 5 6 a n d
, , ,

8 a n d not le a st i n hi s s p iri ted de fence of the u s e of

,

wi ne i n 10 .

The text a n d cri ti c a l notes o f thi s edi ti o n ar e b a sed

on K Hubert s T e ub n e r edi ti o n (Mora li a v ol i v
’

m
. .
, ,

Le i pz i g The n o tes a r e i ntended t o record i

p orta nt v a ri a t ons fro m manu s cri pt re a di ngs Book VI I
,
i

i ncl ude s the p a ss a ge ( 704 F —709 A) who s e loss from

MS T (Vi n dob on e n si s 148 ) e n a b l e d s ch ol a rs to s h o w
.

tha t i n i t s o ri gi na l fo rm thi s w a s the so urce o f a ll

o ther m a nusc ri ts of the Qu
p ae sti on es Con vi va l
es .

E DWI N L M INA R
.
, JR .
 ETMII O Z IAKQN

BIBA IO N E BAO MO N

Xa p iev ro s d p ds 03 2 150 0 16 E evek fw v K a i (161A

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D Hafiz/1 0 9 13 7 p ev0 1 110 9

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K a i o ZK e i o v 1 0 2 9 A e woMof/s
‘ ’

“m
e o ev
'

y p g y
fla p oIvov dS e o xla L Anpo vi fla s ed / o v
3 ' ’
‘

The Ro mn
f iend o f P u r
tarc t w is d ed i ca te d l h o ho m
mb
a
ea c h b ok of t h e Ta b le Ta lk as we as a nu er of t er ll oh
m
o ,

Plu t arc h ea n w orks

H e wa s a friend of t h e e p e r r T ra an ,
. o j
a n d c n u in 9 9 , 102 , and 107
o s l AD
. .

o s o
N te n a ll t h e character i n t e e dia ’gue are t b’e s h s lo s o
f u
o nd in ecti n 8 , P utarc
s o reunde rei , of K Z i er
l hs F sk s l s
l W
.

lo l
ng arti c e, P luta rc h os Pauy— iss owa , al

4
 ’
PLUTAR C H S M ORALIA

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p0 0 3 1a 0 1 'p 6 160 v a 1v 96 V 62
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e e , , Pluta rc hus, conv iv a
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K ronenbe rg : 0vp18 a s
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Also c ited I ns t i t ut a L a con i ca , 2 3 6 F ; Life of 1 310111 9 18 1 1 ,

46 D
b T h is Q uesti on i c it d nd d isc uss ed b y G lli us N o t
.

A t t ic e x vi i 11 n d i m
s e a e , c es

itated b y Mac rob i us S t urn li i i

hi m Cf
a , .
, a , a a a, v .

15 who pp a r ntl y lso had G elli u

, a s b efor
e a lso e . . a

6
 TAB LE TALK VI I -
. 1, 6 97—6 98

to wa rp the cha racter Therefore subj ects of di scours e

m
.
,

li ke fr i ends s hould be a d i tted to di nners only if they

,

are of In s p ir i t an d i n s p eech we
p ro v e d qu ali ty
m
.

should be j us t the o pp os te o the L ce d e on ns

i f a i “

Wh en they i n vi te a y o ung m
a a .

a n o r a fo re i gn vi s i to r to

the i r co m mo n me al they po”i nt to the door a n d sa y

No ta l k g o es out th a t w a y Le t us ra the r m
, ,

a ke a

p ra cti ce of s p e a ki ng o nly s uch words as m

.

y be di
m
a

vu lg e d by any o n e to a nyone as they a y if the t o p i cs

i nv ol v e n o li cence no p rofa n i ty n o m
,

ali ce and no

Perm
, , ,

v ulg a ri ty i s s i on is gi v e n to u s e a s cri te ri a the

e x a ml e s wh o se se v enth set of ten thi s book c om

.

p
p ri s es .

Q U E ST I O N 1
Aga inst those who find fa ult with Plat o for sa ying
th t d r nk p asses th ro gh t e l un gs
a i u h ” .

S peak ers N ic ias P rotogenes Flo rus P luta rch a n unnam

, ed , , ,

gu est

1 . ER TA I N di nner gu est o n a summ e r e v eni ng

A C -

, ,

w as i ns p ir e d to qu o te the fa mi li a r t a g ,

D r nc h yo ur l u
e ngs with win e for t h e D og sta r re turns ,
-

an N i ci a s o f Ni co poli s the p hysi ci a n flco m

d me nte d ,

th a t i t w a s n o w o nder i f Alca e us a poet w as i gnora nt

o f a po i nt wh i ch e v en the p hi los o pher Pl a to m
, ,

i ssed .

And yet ( h e sa i d) Alca eus co uld be defended a fter a ,

Hip p ocr tes 0 t he H r t 2 Ari stotl e D P rt A n i m al

iii 3 ( 664 b 4—19 ) ( wh r th ose who hold this i w p res u m
a , 11 ea , , , e a . .

. e e abl y v e ,

i ncl udi n g P l to cri ti ci z ed ) Co h n nd D r bk in S our e

a , a re , e a a , c
B ook G r k S i en ce ( N w Y o rk
0 ee c p 479 e , . .

A cae u fr g 3 9 B rgk 9 4 Di hl Z 9 3 L obe l P age

mLes b ior umF gm
s, a . e , e ,
-

( P oet ara ant ) l in 1 ra a , e .

A follower of t h e sc hool of E r s istratus as ap pea rs be low a , .

7
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

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ap w oy e1rw 9
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. a .

3
a
y p add ed b y T u rn e b us
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1ro1 a Tur n eb us 1roAAa
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u
d vvew B as e l ed ition : dy Aw ew .

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‘
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3 1rdp11 0v T : 6 13 1ra p 11) 0 1 ytt e n b ac h ,
'

Hube rt .

l utarch uses t he wo rd md/ x fo both oesop h agus and

P
sto m h The tr nsl tion ri s ord ing to t h c ontext
La os r

Ti m p p os ed P l to to m n th t
ac . a a va e ac c e .

aeu 7 0c 91A G l n su
s, , . a e a ea a

onl y p rt of t h l iq uid d runk p asse s through t h l ungs ( Hipp

f Cornford P l t o s Cosm
a e e .

at P la t 7 ology p 2 8 4 n
’
9 2 if . . c . , a , .
, .

8
 TAB LE TALK VI I -
. 1 , 6 98

fashi on si nce i t is a p la usi ble Vi ew tha t the lungs

m
, ,

be i ng ne ighbo urs t o the sto ach do benefit by t h e 0

,

moisture of the body an d that i n thi s w ay they are ,

”
dr e nche d The phi losopher howe v er h e con
.
, ,

t in u ed wr o te so pl ai nly tha t wha t is d runk p asses

,

t hrough the l ungs th a t he left no pl a us i ble li ne of

a rgument i n hi s beha lf e v en for those m os t z e al o us
to de fend hi mfi Hi s error is a bl a ta nt one i n the
,

first pl a ce bec a use s i nce our li qui d nouri shment

,

mus t necessa ri ly be mi xed wi t h the dry i t sta nds to ,

re a s o n th a t the stom a ch s erv es as a rece p ta cle the ,

sa me for both an d p ass es the fo od on s oft a n d mo ist

, , ,

i nto the lower be lly In the sec o nd p la ce si nce t h e

.
,

lung is not a ltogether smooth a n d clos e textured -

how does the b a rley dr unk i n a Icy/( eon p a ss thro ugh 0

wi tho ut getti ng stuck Thi s is th e obj ecti on whi ch

E ra s istra tus j us ti fi a bly r ai sed a g a i ns t Pl at o .

Moreo v er s i nce for mo s t of the p a rts o f the body

,

Pl at o t akes a ccount of the i r p urp ose i n th e cour s e

of his di scu s s i on wishi n g as a p hil osop her s h o uld t o
, , ,

unders ta nd the funct i on for whi ch n a ture ha s ma d e

e a ch o ne i t i s wrong for hi to i g o re the servi ce
n m
p e rfo rm
,

ed by the e pi gl o tt i s whi ch is p ut there fo r ,

thi s v ery p urp ose of stoppi ng the wi ndp i p e wh i le

,

th is would b e c o ns istent wi th so m
an d e P l a to ni c p assag es

( Ti mae u
s 7 0 c 72 E 78 A B )
, , I n 9 1 A howev er he see m
, , s to
.
, ,

spea k uneq ui voca ll y of t he cond uit of our drin k

thr ough t he lungs ( Co rnford ) .

A d r ink conta ini ng ba rl ey gro ats a n d grated ch ee se in -

d
nati ve of Ce os p h ysici an an d sc hol a r at Al ex andria i n
A ,

t h e fir st h a lf of t he t hi rd centu ry B C H e es ta blish ed a n in
fl ue n ti al sc hool wh ich was sti ll activ e in P l uta rch s ti m
. .

Wellmann RE
’
e Cf . .

( on this p assage co l H Fu c hs
Her m
, , . .
, ,
”
De E ras is t rat o Ca p ita S e l ecta es xxi x pp , , .

171 2 03
-
.

9
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORA LIA

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?06 11 a 1 e n b ac h : 06 1
1
1)
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2
dp a Madv ig : 1 )v
'
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ap a . dded b y Turn eb us
a .

E ra i t ratu e p
ss s x ress ion is a lso c ited a bov e v i 6 9 0
’

s m as t he Protogene s of t h e A m
, . A

ob bl
Pr a y t h e a a t or z u
’

e s
 TAB LE TALK V I I -
. 1 , 69 8

food is be i ng sw a llowed thus p re v enti ng a n y of i t

fr oma cc i denta lly falli n g i nto the lungs for the
,

l a tter a re b a dly r as p e d a n d scra tched by c o ughi ng

when a nyt hi ng sli p s p a st duri ng re s p i ra ti o n The e pi .

gl o tti s li ke the i nn er doo r o f a c o urtya rd ca n be set

, ,

e i ther w ay When we s p e ak i t fa lls o v er the o e s o

.

ph agu s a n d when we e a t or drin k i t fa ll s o v er the

,

wi ndp i p e thu s kee p i ng the route cl e a r for t h e bre a th

,

when we i nh a l e a g ai n .

Further he c o nti nued we know th a t p eo pl e

wh o dri nk sl o wl y h av e m ore m
, ,

o i sture i n the i r a bd o
me n th an th os e who gul p thei r dri nk In the l atter
c ase i t i s thrus t by the m om
.

entum straight t o t h e
bla dde r whil e i n the fo rm
,

, er i t li ngers wi t h t h e food , ,

a n d s often s i t u thus c o mb i ni ng a n d sta yi ng wi th

p ,

it Thi s w o uld not be the ca se i f a n y li q ui ds wer e

se pa ra ted o ut a t the v ery mo m
.

en t of swal l owi ng .

They mus t be i n one p a cka ge wi th the food h e l pi ng ,

to s p e e d i t on i t s wa y a n d se rvi n i t as a v e hi c l e i n g
,

Er a si stratus w o rds
’ "
a
.

2 After thi s ex pos i ti o n by Ni ci as the sch oolma ster

Pr o to genes re m a rked th a t Ho m
.
,

b
er w a s the first to
h a v e o b s erv e d th a t the rec e p ta cle for our nouri s hment
is the o eso ph agus a n d fo r br e a th the wi ndp i p e whi ch
, ,

the a nc i ents ca lled asp ha r agu a so th a t the e p i t het for

(
loud—v oi ced p ers ons w as When Ho m er
sa ys th a t Achi ll es struck H ect o r s thr o a t
where li fe 15 qui ckest to p eri sh but the bronz e hea vy ,
-

a s h e n s e a r cut not h is wi nd i e th at
p p p ( as ha r a os
p g )
he m ght S pe k a d x ch nge w o rds wi t h hi m he
,

4
i a n e a ,

(b e lo w ) a g,u es t —fri end o f P l uta rch fro mT arsus Cf a lso . .

viii . 4, ix 9
O
, 12 13
onl y found how r in t h Homr i m
. .
,

T his wo rd Hy
t o Her m ( 18 7 of P ose idon)
15 , eve , e e c n
es n d once in Pind r
, , a a .

I liad xxii 3 9 5 3 2 8 3 2 9
, .
2
,
-
.

11
 PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA ’

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1 9 a ,

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.

er s s p elli ng a n d
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t he m
3
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e tre .

l2
 P LUTARCH S MO ’
RA L I A

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mdm
E . e li q pp .

3 , 100 fr 92 5 P
. ow ll ( Colle t
e c a n ea A le n
’

na , p .

14
 TAB LE TAL K VI I -
. l , 6 99

Di s rega rd the eleg a nt Er a tosthenes too a n d hi s , ,

exp ressi on ,

D renc h ing hi s l u n gs d ee p do n with u

w m
n x ed ne
i w i “
.

But when Euri p i de s sp e a ks i n p l a i n term s of

Wine trave rs ing t he ch anne ls of t h e l ungs ’
, ,

he shows th a t he ha s ke ener ey e s tha n Er a s i str a tu s .

For he has p erce i v ed th a t the l ung ha s c avi ti es a n d

i s p i erc e d wi th ch a n nels through wh i ch i t tr a nsmi ts
li qui d T h e bre ath ha s no nee d of s p eci a l p a ss a ges
.

t hrough whi ch to esca p e i t i s for t h e s a ke o f the

li qui ds a n d the sol i ds th a t sli p i n wi th them th a t the ,

lun g i s cre a te d i n the p att e rn of a s i e v e a n d is w e ll

Wh a t i s more m
,

ro vi ded wi th ch a nnel s
p .
y good ,

fri end i t i s no l e s s the p a rt of the l ung tha n of the

,

st o ma ch to p a s s a long the b a rley groa ts or me al y o u

s p e ak of Our st o m a ch i s not s m ooth o r s li pp ery a s
s om
.
,

e supp ose but i t ha s i rregula ri t i es i nt o w hi ch i t

i s li ke l y that l i ght a n d s m
, ,

al l a rti cles fa ll a n d l o d e g
p
a n d s o e s c a e getti ng sw allowed further
p .

Bu t ne i ther thi s a cco u nt n o r the o ther i s q ui te

s a t is fa ctory the i ngeni o us org a ni z a ti on of Na ture s
’

a cti vi t i es i s bey o nd the r a nge of words a n d i t i s im ,

oss i b l e to e x la i n a de qu a t e ly the ex a ct worki ng o f

the a genc i e s i t e m
p p
p lo y s — tha t i s bre a th a n d wa rm t h .

N ow t h e further wi tne ss es for Plat o whom I

,

sha ll c all a r e Phi li s t i on of Locri a v ery a nc i ent ,

°

a uthori ty a n d one emi nent i n y o ur

p r o fe ss i o n an d ,

Hi pp ocrate s wi th hi s fo llowe r D i o xi p p u s
“ These .

men te a ch us th a t wh a t we dri nk fo llows no other

’

route but Pl a to s Your prec i ous e pi glotti s di d not

.

b F rag 9 8 3 N auck Frag 7 Wellm a nn

c o rr ct o rmof t h e n m
. . . .

e i s p roba bl y De xi p p u
d
Th e f s ( f
Well m
'

e a c .

ann in RE , D exi pp os ( 7)
15
 P L U TA R C H S MOR A LIA
’

(69 9 ) 6111yA101 1 19
6Aa 06 1 13V
. 01 K3 dAAa
11 6 1 1 a v1 1 v
p ) 1 0 13
yp 13v 6 11 1 1
) K a 1 a 11 150 6 1 8 1a
K 1vc51 6 v0 v 6 19 1 1 11 a 1 1 1a v 611 1 0 8 6 0 11 10 v
p 3 3 p )p pp 6 1v 1 ,

6 19 1 13V 0 1 15 0 11 6111K vA1v8 6 10 0a 1 11 0 1 1 1) 31 611

a
'

dp1 1) p 1a 1 13 V 68 10 8 131 10 11 31 1) 8 6v 11 ap6 31 11 1f111 6 1v 1 13V 8 6

'

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p 611 1yAw1 1 18 a
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3 ap1 1) p 1a 9 11p0 11 6 10 9a 1
8 1a ¢pa y31 a K a 1 1 a 31 16 10 v 0 11 10 9 a 1 p 6 1a K a 1 K a 1
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’
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’

,
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a 11 6 a 10 v 1 o u 0 1 0 1 a o v
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p 3 x 3 e1re 11 a 11a v1 e s .

10 1 6 V 11 6 111 A 6 v 1 0 vu < 0 19 11a 0 60 1 8 1110 9

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15 6 § 1v 6 1 110 10 v 0 1 9
3 0 8 6 1 0 v1 0 v 31 6 1 15
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3 )
°

p 3
11A 11 6 v1< 6 1 10 11 { 10 10 11 1
0 10 11
3 0 0 0 19
,
6 v 1 10 v 0 13K
3 631 ¢ )
a 15 158 1 1K 139 6 1 11 615 0 13 8 6 11 a 1 110 1 0 v 1 13
3 p 3 a
p 3 3 v 11 6 1 0 01 ,

6 1 a 1 8 1a 1 13 1 10 V 31 0 p 110 v 611 0 0 1 10
’ ' '
11a a 11a v 0 138
p p y
0 6 ,

6 11 19v 1 1a v
a
0 v 1 1fi v1 0 v 1311a pX6 1v 1 1) v 11p139 1 0 vpyo v 3
3 ,

1
8 1110 9 S t e h anus 8
'

mi i r i umMac rob ius

:

eis k e , Doe ( 18 )
3
1 0 1 py0 v n er n s te ,

3 13yp13v
11 .

16
 TABLE TAL K VI I-
. 1, 699

esca p e Di oxi ppus noti c e ; h e sa ys tha t i n t he ac t

’

of swa llowi ng t he li qui d p art is s e pa ra te d out i n thi s

,

org a n s n eighbo urhood an d flows i nto t h e wi n dp i p e

’

m
,

while t h e soli d foo d g oe s t u bli ng i nto t h e oesop ha

gu s
. N o so li d food sli ps i nto t h e wi n dp i pe b ut t h e
o e sopha g us along wi th t h e dr y p a rt of t he no urish
m oist co m m
,

e nt a lso r e c e i v e s a porti on of t h e bine d

m
,

wi th i t Thi s s e e s a li k el y i nt e rpre ta ti on ; t he e pi
.

glotti s yous e e is sta ti on e d be fore t h e wi n dpi pe li k e

m
, ,

a ba rri e r or r e g u la to r so tha t w h a t w e d ri nk
m
a
, y
filt e r thro ugh gra dually a li tt l e a t a ti e a n d not
, , ,

b y be i ng forc e d d o wn s u dde nl y or all a t onc e do ,

vi ol e nc e to t h e brea th a n d i nte rfe r e wi th i t s r e g u

lari t y Thi s i s why b i r ds ha v e not b e e n pro vi de d wi th

.

a n e p i glo t ti s Th ey do not d ri nk b y s ucki ng or lap

.

pi ng b ut b y g ulps b y ta ki ng i n a li ttl e a t a w e
m
,

th e y gr a dua lly oi st e n or w e t th e i r wi n dp i pe .

Eno ugh of a uthori ti e s Pl a to s a cco un t has i t s

’

m
pri a ry corroborati on fro mordi nary ob s e rva ti on
.

wh e n t h e wi n dp i pe i s wo u n de d li q ui ds a re not ,

s wallowed Th e y ar e obs e rv e d e sca pi ng a n d gus hi ng

t as fro ma bro k e n w a t e r p i pe t ho u
.

ou h t h
s rem
e o es o
g ,

h a u ai ns whol e a n d u ni nj u r ed In t h e s e con d
p g .

plac e w e all k now tha t i n dis ea s e s i nv ol vi ng a n i n

fl am mati on of t h e l ungs th e re develops an e xc e s i ve
,

s
,

b urni ng thi rst b e ca us e of t h e dryn e ss or t h e h ea t or

m
, ,

so e oth e r ca us e th a t i n d uc es t h e cr avi ng for li q ui d

a long wi th t h e fe v e r Bu t a proof e v e n s trong e r t ha n
m
.

thi s is tha t t h e cr ea tur e s to who natu r e ha s not

g i ve n a l u ng or h as gi v e n onl
, y a ve r
y s m a ll on e do ,

not n e e d to d ri nk at all an d fee l no desi r e for i t

be ca us e a na t ural concom
, ,

i ta nt of ea ch org a n is t h e
de si r e di r e ct e d to wa r d fu lfil e nt of i ts fu m
ncti on a n d ,

17
 PLUTARCH S M OR ALIA ’

(699 )
’
8 0 13K 50 6p La “ 73 6 mu
7 xpa a v 7ra pe i va L “ 7156
,
'

wpo O vLLLa v 7fi9 5L

F
"
O h s 8 6 3 6§€ L m 77 7 7
1» 7 K U O T LS
yeyoveva L 7O LS M ’
’
‘

e ovo w d o 0 7 61L a o s a a 7 w 0 L7 Lw 7 6 7 0 7 61)

x eL
y p x 7
‘

p ,

a va A K O LA
pB o v eev
'
a a SL w o w
a a ve L Ka L 7
fi Lq w p ,

ZSLo v 776po v 8 e2 7 a L 7 6 TTGPLT T w/L a 7 fi5 fiyp d s 7po ¢fig

' '
‘ ‘

e fg (i K e Z K a i K a n/ 6g cfi o we 6 68 La i o g 6 5 0 76
p p 44
o Lg 6 29 7 a 67 6 5L6 7 a 67 0 i3 o v veLa K o LC
J '

p p op e VO Ls vfiv
'
.

56 xwp ls p év 7} K v0 7 Ls yeyo vev xwp lg 3 3 7 6 éw epov

' ' '
‘ '

fl
, .
,

67 L 7 6 p ev 3 K 70 8 wke vp o vo g a SLCe L 7 6 8 3 K 70 6
‘ ' ' ’

m
,
‘
700 op d o v 3 La K LV6/L evov 6 13969 we l 77 / K a 7 of7ro a w
x p p p
m
.
,

a LL/ eflu 7 L
’ '
13 / d} 7 0 6 f
'
606 V 0 68 e qfi ? p ) n p o v we L77a3
p
0 0 6 0 LK 69 0 17 6
' ’

p a 7o s 0 5 7 6
xp q p
o 77 7 6 o
pfi 7

m
.

' “
wa p dfla w K a L70 L q o w e fxev Li va p Ly fp e l/ ov e v 737
' ’
'

m m
m
K O LA
' ’ ’ ’ '
K ci v3 v 6 evo v aofi
’
Lq .
p ow a
p w k e K e Lvov

§
770 L0 77 7 w v K a i ? K a 9a 6v 0 57 w s é w O ei o O a L K a i
) p n
6M 0 68 6 Alfio g e v K 0 L/\ Lq wa o7 e m
m
' ‘ ’ ' '
dxpa w o v
’
.

K a L7 0 L A éyov e fxev ” 5
'
7 3 6 12
o v ve o
7 1 77 0 11 1
7 ev

K v 0 7e L o v v w 7 a 0 9a L K a L wr vv o O a L 7 6 é
ry
'

yp ov e
”
e
p , m
e Lg K O LA La v e afi eL 3 La o 7o a o v wa u7 6 7 e 6 L€ vo v
x p p x L .

JAN gO LK E V 6 p e v 0 76a 0 9 e x 7fig dpr qpfa g 6 6969

‘ ’

8 v“ 7 o u wa po SGJO V7o g éyp o fi 7 6 {K a 1/ 61) K a i 7 6

p e 7p Lo v dwoxpfio H p dAa v K a i xvAw a Lv 7719

' '
a L 7r 6g
p
7po ¢fi g 8 L6 a eu éypo v wep L77 wp a 770 L€ LV 6 56
,
°

wkevy w v w o ws p a 76 w e vy a K a L 76 6yp 6v e f
-

76 R /761) e K K
'
a v7 0 v 5La v e w v 7 0 Ls ow
p v eLv
6 29 7 9 V K v o 7 Lv
'

7
Wm
.

E ZK 67a ydp y a xpap 7 043 7 0 “

’ '
! e K e Lvw v 76 . .

1
avvew xo
a
xdvavo evov
p
m '
gop evms D oe h n er
'

H ube rt : xa i
:
’
e Lo xoLLL op

dva Sevép eL/ov

C é ow /

.
.
 TAB LE TA LK VI I -
. 1 , 6 99—700

crea tures th a t do not ha ve c e rtai n p a rts ha v e n e i th e r

a n e e d for th e m
nor a n y e a g e rn e ss for t he a cti vi ty
tha t e m ploys th e m
m
.

Th e bl a dde r too will b y yo u

, r a c co unt s e e to
,

h a v e b e e n gi ve n to t h e cr ea t ur e s th a t ha v e i t q ui t e
i n v ai n m
for i f t h e sto ach ta k e s i n dri n k a long wi th
food a n d p ass e s i t a long to t h e lowe r a b do e n t h e m
ri sh m
, ,

r e s i due of l i q u i d no u e nt h a s no n e e d for a p as

s ag e of i t s own a s i ngl e on e w o ul d s uffic e sha r e d li k e , ,

a b ilg e hol e b both s i nc e t he wo u l d b e born e t o t h e

sa m e pl a c e o v e r t h e sa m
y y
-

, ,

e ro u t e In fact howe v e r
t h e bl a dd e r a n d t h e bo w e l h av e b e e n m
.
, ,

a de s e p a r a t e

an d d i sti nct b e ca u s e on e t yp e of wa st e co es fro m m

t he l u ng a n d t h e oth e r fro t h e sto ach s e p a ra ti on
, m m ,

ta ki ng pla c e a t t h e v e ry sta rt w h e n w e swa llow

m
.

Thi s is wh y i n t h e li q ui d e xcre ti on no r e n ant of dry

m
, ,

food i s s e e n nor an y a pproxi a ti on ei th e r i n colo ur

,

or i n o d o ur a n d ye t t h e na t ura l thi ng w o ul d b e i f
m
,

t h e li q ui d w e re i x e d i n t h e b ell y wi th t h e soli d so
a s to p e rm
,

e a t e i t th a t i t sho u
, l d b e i n fe ct ed wi th i t s
prope rti e s i nst ea d of be in g filt e re d out s o cl e a r a n d
unconta m i n a ted N or i n fa ct has a ston e e v e r b e e n
m
for e d i n t h e a bd om tho ugh i t w o ul d m
.

en ,
a k e as

good s e ns e for li qui d to b e co n c e ntra t e d a n d soli di fi e d

h e r e a s i n t h e bl a dde r if e v e ryt hi ng dr unk w e nt
m m m
,

thro ugh t h e sto a ch i nto t h e a bd o e n Wh at s e e

m m
. s

lik e ly is tha t t h e sto a ch d ra ws di r ec tly fro t h e

wi n dpi p e a s uffic i e nt a n d m od e rat e qua nti ty of m oi s
t ur e as i t p ass e s b y a n d us e s i t to soft e n an d li q ue fy
,

t h e food a n d for th a t r ea son pro du

, c e s no li q ui d
r e s i due An d t h e l ung distri b uti ng ai r a n d li q u id
m m
.
,

fro i ts e lf so to sp e a k to t h e p a rts tha t n e e d th e

e xcre t e s t h e re m
, , ,

ai n d e r to t h e bla d de r

m
.

Thi s is fa r or e prob abl e th a n t h e

19
 PLUTARCH S M OR ALIA
’

’
3 to w s 61 11777 0 1) 6v 76 70 670 Lg K a L O U K 6 S6 L
'

I I
m
,
I
7r o s
p ¢Moo o¢ov 8 0 53776 K Suva p e L 7rpw70 v ov7w g
m
m
'
dn a v fia SLo a o O a L wep i wp dyp a s 63 7} o K a i 70
'
v 6w dlo fa v 6xow o s
l
aav
y .

II P O B AHMA

m
B
'
o wa pd 7a)
T L9 6 a v ww xepa o B6/\o s, KaL 8 L6 7l m
v owe
pp d mw
m m umfi w
7
'
.

C 676 p6p o va yLyV6 7aL 7 6 wpo c hrrow a

'
xépa 7 o v;

C o lloc unt ur Eut h yd e mu s, Pa t roc lea s , Fl o r us , P lut a rc h us,

a l ii
mZ fl
m
HAa n
’
Ev ’ Q
o
'

7a i s Ov a g a v va va
yva o eo w

A6 y6p 6 vos
' ‘
K6
a B6/\o s Ka i 6L7 6 p<i p L6 V Cfi ow

mix 6 m
.

wa p ei xe w 0 g Sfiko v y6p fi v 671 76311

p wfm
.

py d7w v 6 W B 6
'‘ '

0 776 7 oo o v ra 7o Ls 7 JO V o oi v K
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.

6V K a p7r6v 6 c v 6 Lv voy LCo w e g

'

p a o Lv 67 6 p diLo va
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. 7

0 57 00 9 7 6V a 6968 7 K a i c
) np6v 6v9p w 7ro v 6K p 6 7 a
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'

W p p
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6 wep L a 67fig 3 L77

’

1 a L7 La s K a 9 71V
7To 6 L7o 71 9
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p
D 7o v70 wdo xa 7 a 77p oo 7rL7r70 w a 7 O Lg K epa o L 7 v
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mm
K a i 77o
B 6 p
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o d w o we La 7a 176 L7
'

pL s . . .

LA
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b a 9 6 0 5 a 0 7ov 56 8 L77 o 6 vo v
a
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9p p 7 6V

m
.
,

A 6yo u ev o fs 77o ,
o vva o e v K a L L0 7 6 7 1< 6 v 7 u
yn x p7
Lv 6 6V7 w V 6 60 7W 6
fip
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x
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7u a A 6 K 7o L8 w v o7 a u7 6K w o L we LK a q
p p p SLo L 6g
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77 6 ,

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' '

m
.

Fi rs fou tr word s ran sfe rred fro e n d t of Q uest ion I by

W e n b ac h .

56 8 L770 p 6 vo v K rone n e rg : a ZVLfl op évov b

'
.

L a ws , ix 8 53 . D .

2 0
 PLUTARCH S M OR ALIA
’

(700) K a 7a 7rLvo v o a
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m
u
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fl tok o
p ém ,
‘
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K a 7o
pv o a 6p 6 vo v 6776 7 v
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npt in ov , 0
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ovo 9 a n a v
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6650 7a 7a L 7 6 ev 70 67 0 L9 y6p K m 7 6 .

p fi
K e a o 6ha 7 u m WP/ O G L GXTO J V 7T o7 L96 7 a L,
p
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5 6xov 67 L yLyve 7a L 76V 8 (1 2761 1) 6xo v 6770 po v

' ’ '
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E 1
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' ’ ' '

m
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7
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p p 6vov m '

ya mp og \
7T/ 6 L7 9
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q v . Ka i .
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770 L0 6V7 0 9 , 6§ LO GV76 9 ifle i v wep t Wpofikfi

‘

e 7L 70 6

W 70 9

2 . E fxov ov u 6pvovp e vo 9 o u ¢a uko v9 c u) m

y6po v9 , E v 0v8 77 6
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p o v 7 V O U VLe
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fl 6/\ L" a
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6V ya p p6v 0 6K
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Kai v / La 9 w o be o w a S f 65 6 K6 L 7 6 7rep i
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p g p o o

dk a la v
6 6776 xa Aa Cog
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x e va L 7l V 7631! c v a ly a fl
I Qa K L I
F Aa K o 9
I I 3
a wa
7p yv va LK 6 L0 L9 a 770 7p 6 7roy 6 v r1v
7
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K m A
76 7u
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dyp fw v ep we w v , a 7 a L9 ni LepO Ls wep L
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p flO
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1 mf f r av 6ALo K oiLe vL
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7vv Li va
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A e lia n , D e N a ta mA i mi n . iii . 19 A risto tl e , r

f ag 3 70 .

R os e ; Ps A ri s
.
-
totle , De Mi r . Ausc . 835 b 3 1 Pl i n y, N a t .

H is t . xx v i ii 77 . .

2 2
 TAB LE TA LK VI I -
. 2 , 700

t he s ea l s s wallo wi n g i t s r e nne t w h e n ca ptur e d “ t h e

’

,
”
st a g s b uryi ng i t s ca st horns a n d t h e s e a holly (if on e
’

go a t t a k e s a b i t of thi s i n i t s m
-

o uth t h e w hol e h e rd
co m It is i n thi s con t e xt tha t h e m
,

e s to a en

t i on s t h e m a tt e r of t h e h orn ca s t s e e ds a ph e no m e non

m
,

w hos e occ u rr e nc e is a tt e st e d b ut w hos e ca us e i s i ,

po ss i bl e or v e ry di ffic ult to di sco v e r At a di nn e r i n

D e lphi ho w e v e r so m e of m co m
.

p a ni ons s e t upo n
me pr e ss in g for a di sc ussi on of thi s probl emon t he
, y ,

, ,

gro un d not only th a t

Co unsel a nd Wisd o m a re be tter h w en bell y is ful ,
“ l
b ut th a t wi n e m ak e s a m an m uch m ore z e alo us i n i n
qui ry a n d s e lf c on fide n t i n sta ti ng his vi e ws
I r e fus e d t h e r e q ue st a n d got no m
-
.

2 ean su pport
fro mE ut hyde m m
.
,

us coll ea u e i n pri e sthoo d

” and

Pa t r oc le a s m mbe r
y g , ,

son —i n law f wh o c i t e d a good n u

m
of s i i l ar ph e n o m
y
-

e na o u t of th e i r e xpe ri e nc e i n
fa rm i ng a n d h u nti ng for e x am pl e t h e s tory of h ai l ,

b e ing av e rt e d b y h ai l —wiz a r ds thro ugh t h e us e of

t h e bloo d of a ol e or a w o m a n s r a gs ?m
g
or th a t
’

a bo u t wi l d figs w hi ch w h e n a tta ch e d to d om e s t i ca t e d

fro m m
,

fig tr e e s pr e v e n t th e
-
dropp i ng th e i r fr u i t an d ,

A ri s tot le H is t or i c A n i a l 6 11 a 2 9 ; frag 3 70 R ose ; m

m
. .
,

Aelia n D e N at ur a A n i a l iii 17 P lin y N at H is t vii i 1 15

m m m
. . . . . .
, ,

Cf D e S er a N u i n is Vi nd icta 558 E Max i o cu

m
. .
, ,

P ri nc 776 r A r is t ot le H is tor ic: A n i a l 6 10 b 2 9

m
. . .

g e n t o f a n un kn own poet
,
“ F ra
mu
.

Eut h yd e s a p pea s a so 111 r l P ro b ably h e w as a ii i 10

. .

1 10 P luta rc h th oug h ap p are ntly n ot a c lose

£
c i t iz e n of
n e n2
6 ,

m r l ti m
.

This es i n Pl u
r ta rc h s d ialogues ’
a n app ea s se v e a .

S in ce t he wri ter s only d au h ie r di ed i n c h i ld h ood i t is c o n

’

j ectu red th a t b y y a pfipé g P u ta rc h ea ns m t he h us b

,

a n d of a
ni ec e ( RE Plu t a rc h os
, co l .

Cf Pli n y N a t H is t xxv ii i 77
.
, . . . .

2 3
 ’
P LUTARCH S M ORALIA

6 7 69 6Ad6o u
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557 b 2 9 e
. Th e op hr tus
as , De Caus i s P la n t ii 9 5 . . . ; Pl i n y .
N at . His t xv . . 8 1 .

2 4
 TAB LE TALK VI I -
. 2 , 700—701

m
pro ot e i t s ri pe ni ng or t h e fact that d e e r wh e n
ca ptur e d sh e d sa lty tea rs w hi l e bo ars sh ed s w e e t
t if yo ugo i nto th e s e m
.
,

sai d E ut hy
”
Bu a tt e rs

de m
,

us ouwill str ai ghtw a h a v e to e xplai n a bo u t

y y
m
,

c e l e ry a n d c u i n t oo ; t h e first of th e s e p e opl e
m
, ,

thin k gro ws b e tt e r if th e y tr a pl e an d crush i t as i t

,

gro ws t h e oth e r i f th ey s ow t h e s ee d wi th c urs e s

an d m
” b
,

al e di cti ons .

3 S i nc e Floru s tho ught all thi s l as t was chi l di sh

m
.

nons e ns e b ut th a t non e of t h e for e r q ue sti ons

,

sho ul d b e gi v e n up as i nsol ubl e I sai d I h ave c

fo un d a poti on th a t wi ll m
, ,

a ke
youl ea p i nto t h e a rgu
me nt against us so tha t youto o ay l e nd a h a n d i n m
m m m
,

s ol vi ng so e of t h e probl e s propos e d It s e e s to
me to b e c old tha t prod uc e s obd ur acy in both wh e a t
.

a n d l e gu e s m
i t sq u e e z es a n d fr e e z e s th e m i nto s u ch
a sta t e th a t th e
y ar e u n i e l di n g
y wh e r ea s wa r th , m
prod uc e s a t e xt ur e tha t i s soft a n d e a si l y loos e n e d .

Th us i t is wrong to c i t e t h e pro v e rb t h e s e ason

m
, ,

not t h e fi e l d bea rs t h e crop ag ai nst Ho e r “ For

’

loca li ti e s tha t a r e na t ur ally w ar w h e re t h e cli m m

.
, ,

ate

a fior ds a bla n d t e m
,

pe ra t ur e prod uc e grai n tha t is ,

soft e r Ho w e v e r w hil e s e e ds th a t si nk i nto t h e so i l

str aight fro mt h e h a n d th a t so w s th e mn e stl e d own
.
,

a n d be co m e em
,

b e dde d s o th a t co ve re d up as th e y
y ge t m or e good of t h e wa r th a n d m m
, ,

a r e th e
, oi st ur e
of t h e s oil tho s e whi ch stri k e t h e horns of ox e n do not
m
,

r e c e i ve t he b e st pl ac e e nt as H e s i od ca lls i t b ut ,
’
c
,

Cf . Th eop hras tus , H is t . P la nt . ii . 4 . 3 ; Pli n y, N at .

His t . xi x . 19 0, 158 .

M uc h llowin g p as sag e an d in p a rtic ular t he

of t h e fo
e nce of cold is bo rro w ed fro m
,

i d ea o f t h e in fl u Theo p h ras tus , ,

De Ca u s i s P la n t i v 12 1 9 . . .
-
.

Cf eop ras u
Th De h t Ca ns is P la n t iii 9 3 4 ; H is t
W
. s , . . . .

P la nt v iii 7 6
. . . . or ks an d Da ys , 471 .

25
 P LUTARCH ’
S M OR A LIA

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m7
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ow o
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676 pa p o ve g B er n ard ak is
' '
1 '
: a pfl yJJO t S .
 TAB LE TA LK V I I -
. 2 —3 , 701

as they a re b afl le d an d gl a nce off ar e more li ke se ed ,

thrown aw ay th a n so wn So the cold i mp i ngi ng upo n .

,

the ir n aked c o a ts e i th e r destroys them a ltogether

or m
,

a ke s them unyi eldi ng a n d j ui celess a n d woody .

Y ouobs erv e too tha t thos e p a rt s of stone s whi ch

, ,

ar e under r o und a n d qui cks et a r e ke p t softer by the

wa rm
g
th th a n t h e p a rts o n the surfa ce This is why .

a rt i sa ns i n fa ct b u ry st o n e s tha t a r e to be w o rked a s ,

th o ugh they were to be ri pe ned by the hea t where as ,

th os e th a t li e n a ked i n the o pen a i r ar e by rea son of

c old i m enetr a ble a n d ri gi d a n d p ro v e to be di fficult
p ,

to work They sa y tha t e v en such gra i n as li es n a ked

to the sky on the thre s hi ng fl
.

oo r fo r a good whi le

be com es m ore o bdur a te th a n an y th a t is re m

-

o v ed at
once In s o m e pl a ces a wi nd tha t comes up duri ng
wi nn owi ng will m a ke the m
.

obd ura te by cooli ng (thi s

is re po rted fro mPhi li pp i i n M a cedoni a) wherea s ,

wh a t h as be en p ut a wa y i s p r o tected by the c haff

We need not be s urp ri s ed when we he a r fa rm
.

ers sa y
tha t e v en o f tw o fur rows s i de by si d e o ne wi ll p roduc e
unyi eldi ng an d o n e yi eldi ng grai n or e v en wh a t is
mor e th at some pods h av e o ne lan d of bea ns an d
, , ,

others a n o th e r cl e ar l y beca us e s ome a r e m

,

ore e x
m
,
”
p os ed so ,e le ss to the c,o ld ons et o f wi nd a n d r ai n .

QU E S T I O N 3

Why it i th at i n wine t h e m i ddl e p a rt i s bes t i n oli ve

oil t he t op a n d i n hone y t h e bo tto m
“

s ,
“ .
,

S pea k e rs Al exi o P l uta rch oth ers

: , ,

I . AL EX I O m y fa th e r
,
-

Hes ii n —la w
od for ,
” ri di culed
Mac rob i us im ita tes th is d i sc uss ion S at ur nal ia vii 12
b T he only m , , . .

enti o n of P l u ta rc h s fath er in law ’

- -

586 pép 1 g added b y B e rna rda k is

f e ova .

27
 PLUTARCH S M OR A L I A ’

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'
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m
,
no s

lna LLi v o d
fip veap0770LeL, are d elet ed b y H u ert as a b ar

g i nal n te o .

30
 TABLE TA LK VI I -
. 3 , 702

em p ty For
. if the ai r c o mes strea mi ng i n t o a n

emp ti ed v ess el i t is more li kely to p r o d uce a n a l tera

,

ti o n o f qu a li ty where a s in full conta i n e rs the wi ne i s

,

self e nclosed a n d d o es n o t p ermi t much o f the de

struct i v e ele m ent to p enetra te fro mouts i de
-

3 . Oli v e —o il p ro vi ded us a n i nterest i ng to pi c Some .

one e xp ress e d the o pi ni o n tha t the lower p a rt of the

oi l i s less good beca us e i t is a dultera te d by the w a tery

e x uda t e fro mthe o li v e s a n d th a t the u pp e r p a rt is

,

not a ctually better but se e ms s o beca us e it i s fart h est

from thi s so urce of cont a m
, ,

i n a t i on Someone els e .

found a ca u s e i n the dens i ty of o li v e o il whi ch ac ,

coun ts for i t s b e i ng v ery a v ers e to mi xture n o t a d ,

mi tti ng a ny o ther li qui d i nt o i t e xce p t by fo rc e a n d ,

when i t is vi gorous ly be a ten Thus i t d o es not submi t .

to mi x t ure wi th ai r e i ther but ho l ds a loof bec a us e of

,

the finene ss a n d coherence of i t s p a rt i c l e s wi th t h e ,

result th a t i t i s l ess li kely to be altered by a n element

whi ch h as no p ower o v er i t We thought howe v er .
, ,

th a t t his a rgument was c o unt e red by the o bser va ti o n

rep orted by Ari s totle “ t h a t o il i n p a rtly e m
, p ti ed
v e s sels h a s a bet t e r odour a n d is better o n all co u nts
he goes on to a tt ri bute the i mp ro v e m ent t o the a ct i on
of ai r whi ch i s p resent i n gre a ter qu a nti ty a n d
strength wh e n i t e nt e rs a p art l y e m
,

ty v essel
m p .

”
4 .I w o nder if i t ay n o t b e s ai d I th a t the
, ,

sa me p rop e rty o f a i r both i mp ro v es o il a n d h a rms

For a ge i ng i s benefic i a l t o wi ne but h a rmful to
o i l an d a ir by i t s c o nta ct de ri v e s them b oth of thi s
, p .

O n e of them i s co o le d a n d reta i ns i t s fr e s h nes s but

the other whi ch beca us e of i t s c o m
,

, , p a ctnes s h as no ,

p as s agewa ys for air qui ckly a ges a n d gets sta le Thi s

, .

i s why the t op of the wi ne i s l e a st good a n d the t op

F rag . 224 R ose .

3 1
 ’
PL UTARCH S M OR A LI A

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32
 TAB LE TA L K VI I
-
. 3 —4, 702

o f the oi l
bes t ; th e age i ng p rocess i nduces the
is
most fav our able c o ndi ti”o n i n th e one an d the l ea st
fav our abl e i n t h e o ther .

QUES TIO N 4
The rea so n fo r t h e custo mof t he anc ient Ro ma ns not to allow
a ta bl e to b e re m ov ed e m p ty nor to let a la m
,

p be ,

e xti n gui sh ed “

Florus E us t rop hus Cmem

.

S p ea k ers , i mL u ci us , , ,

P lutarch
1 . a us be i ng a l o v er of o l d custo m
, s would ne v er ,

let the s erv a nts take his ta ble a wa y emp ty but would
a lwa y s le a v e s o m
,

e food o n i t I kn ow he sa i d
th a t m
.
, ,

y fa ther a n d gr a ndfa ther not o nly observ ed

thi s cus t om v ery ca re fu lly but a lso wo u ld refu s e t o

le t th e mp ut out the l am
,

Thi s was a nother thi ng

the a nci ent Ro m
p .

a ns were scrup ulo us a bout but ,

e
p p o le n o w a d a ys
p u t i t out di rectly a fter ea ti ng so ,

as n o t t o w aste oi l

as a m 6
.

Eu st ro h u s the Athe ni a n ” who w n th e

p g ,

guests sa i d Wha t g ai n wo uld th a t be t o them

un less th e y knew the tri ck o f m
, , ,

fe ll o w c i ti z en P o ly

c h arm
y
u s Aft er l ong c o nsi de ra ti o n o f the p roblem
.

of
p re v enti ng t h e sl a v e s from st e ali ng oi l he fina lly
m
ca e up wi th thi s m eth od t o fill the l am mm
,

ps i e di

a tely a ft e r they ar e exti ng u i s hed a n d then i ns p e ct ,

them the ne xt day to see whether they ar e sti ll ,

”
full .

Well sa i d Florus wi th a l a ugh s i nce thi s p ro

ble mha s be en sol v ed let us c ons i der wh a t re ason
, ,

p ie sym
ce of ag i c des ign ed to p rev ent t he f m
pa th ti c m ily
ro mbe ing short of food
e , a
f
"
.

Also cha racter i n t h di alog ue De E p ud D lp hos

a e a e .

VO L . xx 0 33
 ’
PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA

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34
 TAB LE TALK VI I -
. 4 , 702 -
703

th e a nci ents p roba bly ha d for be i ng so scrupulous ,

”
both i n the ma tter of la mps an d that of ta bles .

2. Fi rs t we looked i nto the ques ti on a bout lam ps .

Florus so n i n law C a es e rni us opin e d tha t hi s an

’
- -

c e st o rs ha d av o i ded ut ng out fire out of

p t i an
y p ous
i
moti v es be ca use of i t s ki nshi p to the un qu
m
,

sa cr e d fire “ Fi re li ke a n ca n di e two ki nds of

.
, ,

de a th— o n e vi olent when i t is p ut out a n d the other

, ,

when i t di es out i n a n a tur al way The sa cre d fire .

they p rotected ag ai ns t bo th ki nds conti nua lly feedi n g ,

a n d w a tc hi n
g o v er i t ; a n ordi na ry fire they would
allow to di e out of i tself but th ey would not them ,

selv es us e vi olence towa rd i t nor seem to be grudge ,

i t sus t en a nce so to sp e ak by taki n g i t s li fe to avo i d

, ,

fe edi ng a us el es s mouth as we do wi th li v estock

b
.
,
’
3
. Florus son Luc i us exp ress ed general sa t i sfac
ti on wi th th es e rema rks but sa i d th a t th e Roma ns,

di d not re v ere an d mi ni ster to the sa cred fire in thi s

way be ca us e they thought i t be tte r or more holy tha n
other fire but th a t j ust as some of t h e Egyp tia ns
,

w o rs hi p a n d honour the whole r a ce of dogs oth ers ,

tha t of wolv es or croc odi les but feed only a s i ngle

one (some a dog som e a crocodi le a n d so m
,

e a wolf)
beca us e i t is not p oss i ble to fe e d the ma ll— s o i n
, , ,

Ro m e the ca re a n d p reserv a ti on of tha t p ar ti c u lar

fire is symboli c of a re v erent a tti tude t o all fire .

”
F o r there is nothi ng els e he sai d tha t i s more
, ,

li ke a li vi ng be in g th a n fire It i s self mo v e d a n d .
-

finds i t s own food a n d by i t s r adi a nce li ke the mi nd

, , ,

re v eals an d cl ari fies e v e rythi ng Es p eci a lly in i t s .

exti ncti on or destr ucti on a forc e 13 vaguely s e en th a t

Th e fire i n t h e te p l e of Vesta, i n t h e m Fo rumte nded
,

y b y t he Ve sta l V
O n ly menti oned he re .

35
 ’
PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA

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app a e n e a nt fro m
 TABLE TALK VI I
-
. 4, 703

m
right in not p e r i tti ng us to s e rv e br ea d a n d ea t m
m
fro un de di ca t e d di sh e s e sho u
’
W
l d r e n de r t h e
.

fir e i t s d u e li b a ti on as a tri b u t e to i t s s e rvi c e an d
m
t h e Ro a ns di d w ell a ft e r a kin g u m
s e of a l a p not m
to sca nt i t of t h e food th a t th ey h a d th e m
, ,

s el v es gi ve n
it bu
,
”
m
t to a llo w t h e l a p to li v e a n d shi n e b y u s i ng
t h e r e st
Afte r m m
.

E u s tr o hu
5 .
y r e a rks
p s ask e d
, Do e s ,

thi s also pro vi de a us e ful a ppro a ch to t h e q uesti on of

t h e ta bl e Di d pe opl e thi nk th a t th e y o u ght alwa ys
m m
to l ea v e so e thi ng fro di nn e r for t h e sl av e s a n d t h e
s la v e s chi l dr e n
’
Th e y e nj o y not so uch t h e ta ki ng m
as t h e p a rta ki n
g w i th u s So too t h e ki ngs of P e rsi a
.

(th ey say) not onl y al ways s e n d porti ons to th ei r

fri e n ds an d o ffic e rs a n d bod ygu a r ds b u t e ve n s e e th a t ,
’ ’

t h e sl av e s di nn e r a n d t h e d ogs di nn e r ar e s e r v e d
, ,

on th e i r t a bl e i n so fa r a s thi s is feas i bl e consi de ri ng

m
, ,

all w h o s e rv e th e s h a r e rs i n ta bl e a n d h ea rth For

m
.

b y p assi ng ou t food e v e n t h e ost s ull e n of wi l d

be a sts ca n b e ta e d m
I r e pli e d wi th a s m My fri e nd w e m
.

6. i le ,a
y as ,
’
w e ll dr a g i n t h e pro v erb i al fish i n r e s e r v e b too
e ck m
, ,

a n d P th a gor as
y p ’
e a su re
-
u pon w h i ch h e for
c
,

b a de us to si t i n ord e r to t e a ch us a l wa ys to l e a v e for
t ur e som
,

t h e fu e p a rt of w h a t i s a t h a n d a n d e a ch d a

to thi n k of t h e m W y ,

orrow e Bo e oti a ns h a v e ha d on

m
.

ou r tongu e s t h e s a i ng L e a ve so e for t h e M e d e s

too s inc e t h e t i m
y
m
, ,

e w h e n t h e M e d e s ca
’
e r ava gi n
, g
unc h arm e d po t ( E velyn Wh i te ) i a D o n ot use v esse ls
un til youh av e offe red sac ri fice ov e r th em ( S i n cl a ir) b ut
an -

, . .
,

Plu ta rc h is thi n kin g of a n offe r in g f romt he pot

m
.

Le u tsch S c hn ei d e win P a r oe i ogr ap h i Gr aec i ii 46 2

-

, , . .

Pl ua rc w as fond of
t h th P yth g r rec ep t h h
tim i hi
is o ea n w ic
“ a p ,

he d ragged i n at least fiv e survi vi ng wor s k

m
es n s .

b
O n th e sy b ola see e low , v ii i 7 8 , and . t
n o es

39
 PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA ’

(703 ) 60 xa 7a B 0 LL07 L<1 9 6y0 V76 9 K a L ¢6pov7 e 9 6 7767p6

’
777
9

xov 66 L 8 6 K a L 77a V7 a xo v 8 6 L 77p 6x6 Lp0 V e lva L 76

'

A6 L776 7 L K a L § 6VO L9 6776 690 U 0 LV 6yw y6 K a L .

A
K 6 V7 V 6 6 L K a L
70 6
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pfi a V0 .

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’

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.

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. .

Cf A en ae u. th
s , i 13 a . .
b Ilia d ix 2 06 , . .

I liad , xx Odyssey xvi 50

m
iv 62 1
h om
. . . .
,

T h e G ree w ord ca n ea n k as well a s h earth

m mW t
e

an d o b e su
t re H of an n , E t y dr er b c h d . u 07 p 9 6,
( . . .

40
 TAB LE TA L K VI I
-
. 4, 703 —704

an d pilla gi ng to Phoc is an d t h e bo rde rs of Boe o t ia

a xi m m m
.

Bu
‘
t th e for e v e ry ti e a n d pla c e is l ea v e
so m e thi ng for u n e xpe ct e d gue sts I for on e i n
de i n m
.
, ,

c lu di s a ppro va l t h e ta bl e of Achill e s w hi ch
y
m
n d e pty a n d h ungry Wh e n t h e e m
,

is al w ays fo u
b ass y of Aj a x an d O dyss e us ca m
.

e} h e had nothi ng
r ea dy a n d ha d to sta rt fro t h e v e ry be gi nn i ng m
b utch e ri ng a n d ro as ti ng m
, ,

ea t a n d ag ai n w h e n h e

w a nt e d t o sho w Pri a mhospi ta li ty h e j u mp e d up

,
’

a n d sla u ghter e d a whi te sh e e p c ut i t up an d ro ast e d

m
,

i t cons u i ng i n thi s a good pa rt of t h e nig ht c

m
.
,

E u a e us on t h e o t h e r ha n d t h e wi s e thr all of a wi s e
m ffe r e d no e m m m
, ,

su bar ra ss e nt w h e n Te l e a chus
t a t o n c e g a v e hi m
an ,

a pp ea r e d b u a s ea t a n d pro vi d e d

hospi ta bl e fa r e p utt ing be for e hi pla tte rs of m m

,

, ea t ,

Ro a s ted , h h w r l ft o er fromyes te rd
w ic e e e v ay s
’
ml “
ea .

m m
If thi s s e e s a s a ll po i nt t h e n e xt is not to ta ke ,

i n sa il a n d hol d b a c k t h e a ppe ti t e w hi l e th e r e is s ti ll
pl eas ur e i n food for thos e ar e l e ss gr e e dy for w ha t
th e y do not ha v e wh o h av e b e e n tr ai n e d to a bsta i n
fro mw h a t th e y do ha v
7 Lu c i us i n r e pl y sa i d h e r e ca ll e d h e a ri ng fro m
m
.
, ,

hi s gran d oth e r tha t t h e ta bl e is sa cr e d a n d th a t

nothi ng s a cr ed s ho u ld b e e m pty I ha v e e n t e rtai n e d
.

”
t h e i dea h e w e nt on tha t t h e ta bl e i s i n fact copi ed
fromt h e ea rth For b es i de s no uri s hi ng us i t i s bo th
, ,

ro un d an d sta bl e a n d b y so m
.
,

e i t i s prope rl gi ve n

t h e nam
, y
e of h ea rth J ust as w e e xpe ct t h e ea rth
’

m
.

a l wa s to h av e a n d prod u c e so e thi ng u s e fu l for u

y s ,

w ou ld d eri ve it fro ma roo t m d w ell P op”ular

e ty m
ea n in g
o logy d o u btless co nn ec ted it with 6076 s tan d as 1701, ,

d oes Co rn u tus D e N at D607 2 8 i n old tradi tion id e nti fied

, . . .

t h e god d es s H es ti a wi th G ai a or Ea rth ( so1) t

N an ek E urip i des frag 944 N anek)
, , .

41
 PLUTARCH S M OR ALIA ’

i fw fip ev 5w 33 6 791 la v
f
( 01 01 11 T a n e
p
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o léy e O a
my m
,

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A

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fi v 5p m
A

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’
ov fir o ke y o e
’
v.
’

H PO B A HMA E
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350 1 65
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K ai 1c 5
¢ v7la €ov

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n r p i a a , a r as , P luta rc h us

9
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I I
Ka ML m q Sc mé w
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A

1 . v
-

v v v

mp k Ia fi r Sov T LVG A
I I
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m
e e
'

ns , p . 7
70 /
7 Ka ( 5
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A

pno a w n s TO U
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a g y K a r a.
I Q A Q A Q
up
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;a pny y
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'

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0
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~
x n n q p
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'

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u
I

B f
m
n
" ‘
S y p y s ic e c '
L /
{ p
A
K a i K O T G LV a x
p “ A
T e l e v r w v r e g a ve r
I Sw
,
V o n n oMo i
,
' ' '
l

K a i o v ve m
A I
ci veke v ee o v
I '
vo v w o K t v a e c w en o v a a n g p g, p g
'

lp rop erly With o ut b allast ( as at

av epp én o r og me ns a
Mar 501 D ) b ut L A P ost c a lls attention to a p un here
. . .

wi th pp i
,

l uc ky find t he left ov ers are a l uc k y fi nd

' ‘

e a ov, .

fo r t h e sl av e s .

42 -
 TAB LE TA LK VI I -
. 4—5, 704

so we do not thi nk a ta ble should be seen when ,

i t is
”
a b andoned b a re a n d ca rryi n no lo a d of luck
, g .

Q UE S T I O N 5
That on e should guard esp e ci a ll y aga ins t the p leas ures
deri ved fro mdeg enerate m us i c an d how to d o so b ,
.

S pea k e rs Ca lli s trat us L am p rias P l uta rc h , ,

1 AT t h e ti me o f the Pyt hi a n G a e s , C alli s tr a tus ,

. m °

wh o was a di rector of the Am p hi ct yons , ha d , i n

a ccorda nce wi th the ru le , di squ a li fied for l a te regi s
t r at i on certa i n flute pl ayer who w as a fellow ci tiz en
a -

a n d fri end of h is But when he g av e a di nner fo r us

m
.
,

he brought the an before the p a rty wi th his ,

da ncin g group s p len di dly a rra yed a s for a contest

-

, ,

i n costume a n d g arla nds And fo r a fa ct i t w as a

fine p erfo rm
.

a nce to he a r— a t first But then s h a ki ng .

,

the h all an d fillin g i t wi th resoun di ng n o is e when he ,

erce i v ed th a t mos t of the a udi tors wer e so o v er

p
whelmed a s to a llow hi m
under the s p ell of p le a s ure
t o do wi th the mwh a t b e ple a s ed a n d hyp n o ti z e them
, ,

wi th h is pi pi ng or e v en wi th li centi ous m ovem ents he ,

cast off all di sgui s e a n d showe d th a t musi c ca n i n

ebri a te mor e e ffecti v ely th a n an y wi ne th o se who
dri nk i t i n a s i t co m
, ,

es wi th n o re s t ra i nt For the
, .

gue s ts were no l o nger content t o s h o ut a n d cl ap

fr o mthei r pl a ces but fin ally m os t o f the mlea p t up
a n d j o i ned in the d a nc i ng wi th m ov em
,

ents di s gra ce ,

ful for a gentlem an th o ugh qui t e i n kee p ing wi th

,

O n th is th em e co m pa re t h e essa y Quom od o A do les cem ,

P oet Au d i r e D eba t Mar 14 E if

S on of L e o n ( be lo w 705 B ) m embe r of a p ro m
as a , . .

i n ent
fam i l y of D e lp h i v e ry ri c h whos l av ish ente rta inm
, ,

, ent at
, e
A ed ep su s in E u
, boea is d asc ri b ed in iv 4 a bo ve
, .
, .

43
-
 P LUTA RCH S M ORALIA ’

(704) 3 6 T O L S K pov p a o w exe fv g K a i 70 L9 p e s o w e we i

A
‘
' ’
m A '
.
’

E 8 ewa tfo a w o K a i K a r dma o w (i n

'

let s ( Bowep e x '

’

p a il t a g
I
6 7
7 70 9 6
’
c Ady fl a vev , e
’

flk ov
’
e ro
'

p év d Aa li
I
mw i wa ppno ca o a o fia c
’

p69 3s
m
A

wp ca g e e n Ka . 77 r ot
I A
pp w oo vv n
Q
8

m
I
N ow 3 719
A

veo v s
p ws 7
‘
o
' '
o avr ) ( 11
q p
Ie I Q I
Av o s o Ka e
0

pa r o g w o wep
' ‘

y v q ra t Ka L
‘ ‘

po s , a vr

ev oo
I
mp ov wa p ea xe
I
T O LG UT G. T w o.
A I
St afiexfie cs
I "

I I "
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-

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covn T a t s nSova cs T O
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fi
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.

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A A

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dAoyw v (BO WGP EAa q L o vp u

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'

1
ta x M) ; Ba se l ed ition : xam
ii s ‘

Mez i riacus : ¢a o im
/ .

3
he secti on fro mth is p o int to 709 is miss i ro mt h e
f
r nc i p a l m
A ng

p i s .
, Le T . .

a
l ut rc h s two b roth rs who p pears mny
O of P
’

ti m
ne a e , a a

es in hi s works ( see RE ax u Plut arc h os col

S om eti m
. .
,

es he shows l ess s rious side as viii 6 72 6 E and

i i 10 715 A ( if t he sam e b roth er is m
a e , . , ,

v .
, ea nt th er ) e .

44
 PLUTARCH S MO RA LI A '

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wa pa ae u /Jci p eva f 77) v a a a w e u 7 a) xa Lpow L 77) s .

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ad ) S tep h anus ’
l VO t S MSS
m ( dm
‘
vr a
-
. CK , .

Hube rt ’
Re f Ath en 1x 8 9 1 a)
'
i
a f ovg . a as ox as e, o . . . .

f Kq vat xo c D0 e h né r f 108 9 A )
aL yvvaLK es ( o
‘
n
o. . . .
 TAB LE TALK VI I -
. 5, 704—705

of hi mself as sti rred by a song ,

Li k e a dolp hi n of t h e sea, whomon t he m

a in of t h e wave
less
“
Deep t he lov l y strain of p ip es
e has set ada n ci ng .

And by danci ng they c ap ture horned owls ” whi ch ,

take p l e a s ure in the sp ecta cle a n d in a n i mi ta ti ve

wa y m o v e the i r shoulders rhythmi ca lly thi s way a n d
th a t I do not se e tha t p lea s ur e s of thi s sort ha v e
a nythi ng s p eci a l a bout the me xce p t tha t they al o ne
.

ha v e t o do wi th the mi nd where a s the rest a r e ,

p l e as ures of the body a n d re a ch a n end i n the body .

Melody howe v er an d rhythm a n d da nce a n d so n g

, ,

g o on p ast s ens e p ercep ti on an d find a ba si s for the i r

-

a s i ng a n d enti c i ng qu a li ty i n the mi n d s fa culty

’

p le
of enj oyment Th us none of the p le asures of thi s
.

ki nd is s ecret or requi res darkness or walls runni ng

round (a s th e Cyren ai cs sa y) but sta di a are e v en ,

bui lt for them an d thea tr e s an d to wi tness a s p e c

,

ta cle of s i ght or soun d in a la rge comp a ny i s con

si de r e d m ore enj oya ble an d more i m p ress i v e beca use
we a r e associ a ti ng as m a ny
p e rs ons a s p oss i b l e wi th
oursel ve s surely n o t i n i nconti nence a n d sens ua li ty
, ,

but i n a li ber al an d ci vi li z ed p as ti m e
Lam
.

.3 p ri a s p erce i v ed tha t a ft e r thi s s p e ech of

Cal lis tr a tus those p a rti s a ns of musi c a l entertai nments
were sti ll m ore in cli ned to a ss ert thems elve s You .

ha v e mi ss ed the po i nt he sai d O s on of Le on I
, , .
‘

fea r the a nci ents were wrong i n c allin g D i onys us the

so n of Lethe F o rgetfulness
( ) they sh o uld ha ve ma de
her fa ther For he s eems to ha v e m
. a de you forget

F rag Sc hroeder 12 5 B owra O n t he dolp hi n cf

Sep t emS ap i ent i wm Con vi v i a mMar 162 F and note
. .
, .

b Cf A ri stotl e frag 3 54— , . .

,

3 5 5 Rose ; Ath e nae us ix 3 9 0 e

3 9 1 a ; De Bal ler t ia A n i m mMar 9 6 1 12 and note
. .
, , .

a lzu
'
-

, .
, .

47
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

C '
e O LK a g , o n 7 6011 wep L 7
a g 1 ) 8 0va g a
y p a

76
’
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’
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p
ev 7
.
p ev aK
pa 0 La
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p p 07 10 v
y p ) fi fi)
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ev a a
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’
Li K a o L
7a 67 p a K a 7a BLa €op €v 7 6V A 0 w y 6v e f
y
a p r a vovo w 50 a 8 O L3K e v 9v s ou
’
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a ' ’
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y fi a
p m
ow o g a L o vw a L K a L 7r a 77 0 v o L
p .

3 L6 70 v 9 p ev wep L 6 8 018 65: K a L a cppoBLo La K a L 71 07 0 v $

'

a o70 0 vw a g
x o f; v0 0 0 L 7 6 ,woMa L K a L xp1 ) p a 7w v ,

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' '
.
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ci K a 7eL
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WAG LO T O ’
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UO
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00 m8 6 1
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a mp e
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‘
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Sev o v o a L
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\
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l
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’ '
e va L L77 0 ve g , L
e
fiye v K yl ande r ( of 44 6 C ) : Aéh os
1
i d/h o s
L
fiKev . .

I n t he essa y D e Vi rt ut e Mor a li M01 44 5 B 112 using

m
, .
,

Ari stote l ian t er i nolo y as h ere Pl utarc h di sc usses this

m
distinction ore fully t houg h not o re c lea rl y) an d c o es
, ,

m m
m
to a so ewhat di fferent result Aristotl e s p r inci p al di sc us
,

s ion of incontinenc e is i n t he N icom

’
.

ache n E t hi cs B ook VI I a , .

Th is p roverb is very di ff rentl y interp reted b y t he p roe e a

 TABLE TALK VI I -
. 5 , 705

j us t now tha t of fa ults i n de ali ng wi th p lea s ure som e

m
,

ar e due to i nconti nence a n d o ther s to i s a pp r eh e n

si on an d o v ers i ghts “ Where v er the h a rmis ob vi ous
.
,

the fa ult is i ndulge d beca us e p eo p le fail t o c o ntrol

themsel v es an d fo rci bly s up p res s the i r re a son But .

a cts tha t do n o t i m o se the ena l ty for i n c o n t i

p p
ncnoc di r ectly a n d i mmedi a tely they choo s e a n d ,

p erform i n i gnor a nce of a n

y h a rm to come Thus .

th os e whos e shortcomi ngs ar e i n e atin g a n d dri nki ng

a n d se xu al i ndulgence whi ch a r e a tt e nded by a
num
,

erous tr ai n of dis e ases a n d fin a nc i al losses a s we l l

as i ll fa me we ca ll i ncont inent li ke th e n o tori o us
, ,

Th eod e c t e s wi t h hi s o p hth almi a sa yi ng H ai l dea r

, , ,

—
’
li ght ! when his l ad y lo v e a ppe ared ; or An a x b

arc h u s of Abder a ,

Who thoug h he knew th ey sa id would sti ll b e wretc hed

, , ,

his natu
re struc k would lead h imb ac k to h aunts m
re ,

P leas u os t wis e
me n shun
-
,
‘
.

But when plea sur e s succeed i n hoodwi n k ing m e n wh o

a r e on gu ard a g a i nst th e ma lert n o t t o b e t a k e n by ,

s urp ri s e in the reg i ons of belly s e x o rg a ns p al ate -

tfl
, ,

a n d no s e — for they o u ank o ur de fe nce s a n d lo dg e

a mbushed in eyes a n d e a r s — th e se me n th o ugh , ,

they ar e no les s s ubj ect to pa ss i on a n d no less li ceu

ti ous th a n the others we st i ll do n o t ca ll i ncontin ent
, .

For th e y h av e not seen the consequence s i t i s

through i ne xp eri ence th a t they a r e swe p t a wa y down
strea m they t hin k tha t they a r e sup eri or t o ple a s ur e
if they s p end a whole da y i n t h e thea tres wi thout
m i ograp h ers ( L e utsc h S c hn e id ewi n P a m
-
em i ogr ap hi G rc aci , ,

Tim
i 173
.
,

on frag 58 D i e ls ( P oe t P hi l Fr ag ) cf F r ag d er

mor m
. . . . . .
,

Vor s ok .
‘
79 . A 10 . Q uoted e fuly i n D e Vi t u
l t e Ai r
ah ]
-

M07 . 446 B .

49
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORA LIA
(7053 7 u6
1 ) , p6 v o w o Lv wo 716 p 6 L 7 v K epa p
. v LL6
, y q '
a o vo n
) m :
76 p 1) 6716 7 9 a 0 7 69 a L 6 6v 0 v 1 7 ou71v 9 6 vo 9 ,
6 y p p p ) p . .

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o v 3 6v e » 8 6
d) La
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6
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-

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.

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m
.

AL6 S6 L p Lfi L a 7 a v7 a 9 6 vha fi 6 L0 9a L 76s

676 8 1) p 1) K a 9a 716 p
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'

f A C w ,

b o w 6 L9 70 a ko o v
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6 v o Lv K a L a r v K a L o o g
q A Apn A y A ,

u ou
3
B K a L ¢vo LK 0 v a 710 76 66 v7 w o a L 0x)
9

L 1 9 7 ,

1
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.

1rap a 8 68 w K 6 K
'
'
6 ra 0 .
 TABLE TA LK VI I -
. 5 , 705—706

food or dri nk as though fors oo t h a pot should be

, , ,

p roud t ha t ca nn ot be p i cked u p by the belly or the

b ase when i t can e as i ly be ca rri ed a bout by the ea rs
m
.
,

So Ar cesila iis sa i d i t m a kes no dlfie r e n c e i f a a n is

li c enti ous m front o r i n the re ar S urely one m ust
.

a lso be w a ry of the degener acy a n d luxury th a t t i t i l

l a tes th e eye s a n d e a rs We should not reckon a .

c i ty i m p regnable beca us e most of the g ates a r e

fastened wi th b a rs a n d bolts a n d portc ulli ses i f t h e
“

ene m
,

y ha v e entered by a s i ngle one a n d a re wi thin

the walls ; nor ca n a m
,

an r ate hi mself i mmune to

a s ure i f he i s not o v ercome i n A hr odi te s

’

p le p p re ci nct
but is in th at of the M uses or tha t of the the a tre i n
an
y ca s e he has gi v en wa y an d surr endere d hi s mi nd
,

to the plea s ures to desp o i l So they take us cap ti v e .

an d corrup t us by me a ns of co ncocti ons m o re

pu n

gent a n d vari ed tha n the products of an y c oo k or p er

fumer o v erwhelmi ng our senses— I m ean m elod y a n d
rhyth m They testi fy a g ain st thems el v es ma way
,

.
,

of wha t li es re a dy for us on the ta bles here there 15 , ,

a s P i nda r sa ys nothi ng to c avi l at a n d nothi ng to

,

ch ange of all th a t the bright ea rth an d the sur ges of

the s e a p r o vi de b ; but no food m
,
’
e a t or s a uce n or
, ,

thi s e xcellent wi ne tha t we ar e dri nki ng e v er pro ,

du c e d thr ough the le a sure i t gi v e s s uch a n outcry as

th e m
, p ,

us i c di d j ust now filli ng the whole hous e if not

, ,

th e who l e ci t y wi th ro a rs an d cl appi ng a nd che ers

, .

Hence we must be es p ec i a lly wa ry of these

plea s ures they a r e extremely p owerful beca u se

they do not lik e those of ta s te a n d touch an d sm

,

, ell ,

ha v e thei r only e ffe ct i n t h e i rra ti ona l a n d n atural

L Qu
ot ed a lso in De Tuendo S a n i t a te, M07
._ 12 6 A; c f .

F rag . 92 0 Sc h roed e r, 9 07 Bo wra .

51
 P LUTARCH S M OR A L I A
’

'

(706 ) K
p LV0 V70 9 6717 606 V0 L K a L 7 0 13 ¢p0 V0 13 V7 0 9 67T6 L70
.

7 0 L9 06V 6M0 L9 1 v
) 0 96 60 19 K a v 6 A o L0
y 0 6 9 6 M L7
11
)
‘
'

V 71 0 90 1V 6 VL0 wo
"
8 L0 00 x60 6 V0 9 7 65 , K L9 6
0
710 8 01 V 60 7 L K a L y6p 6V L fi
’

x v w v ovyop a
°

K 0 90 L 6 L 8 6 K 7 vho v 61 0 6 0 v
p 06 y Ka L 6 70 L ,

p0 9 671 60 7p 6 1/
16
¢M0 pyvp fa a1o 71 6
p
6L 7 1 0 6 70
p ) M 6 V0 V3
p01 70 5 V 0v 7
0 1 07 ¢3 v 6 16 0 0 70 9

m
.

6 fio v?\6 v 606v o 9 15716 70 v wopVofi

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o o a ofv

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0
K v1 0 9
,
16 0 9 6 0 v7 0 V 7 01 V 7
p y)a 7 0a 7 01V 6
9560
'

6 K p0 0 L0 9 K 6Xa o 00
'

xa /\6 716V y6p 6 60 V6 L0 069

m
C K a L76 6 00 Bakdw w v 0 15 11 6W 663 L0 V 7 0 1570 L9 3 6 °

p 0 L9 Aeyo06 V0 L9 71 6 l 057 0 K a L 6000 70

7 0 19 6/\6 v 96 15
'
'

'

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L/ o ov 0 0 L9
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1r€ a dded b y Mez i ri ac us .

2
Mez i riac us y6p 60 71
Wytt
710 p6 07 L .

3
2 e nb ac h
7
6 Lp7 V0 9

F rag . 607 K oc k , 741 Koe rt e . A lso q uoted i n D e Tuen da

S a n d a t e,
-

MO 7 . 13 3 B .

52
 ’
PL U TARCH S M ORA LI A

(706 ) 0 90 L 3 66 69 Mo150 0 9 K a L K 0 70 66 15
7 y6 LV 615 9 76V

7 6V 7 65V 6p65V7 L 06V y6p wo hv

7 6 60 179 0 15 K 60 7 1 71 V
5 71 0 0 0 0 6 LV 0 15 3 6
'‘
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0 v V0 L1< L0 0 L 71 V H6V96 L0 V 7 3 6 6 V0 V 3 6 1< 0 L
°
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Ka L
)
53
)
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0 0 0
Ka L K 0 K0 C 7 A
0 0 L9
X ) O L9

65 6 0 71
06 7 6y6 LV 671 L 76V E15 p L71 L3 1) V 1< 0 L 7 6V Hw
3 0 p0 V K a L 7 6V M6V0 V3 p0 V 710 7 L0 1 A
0 6 70 ) 6 A0 pv 6v ,

6K 0 7)V 059
61) 0 LV 6 H667wV
, ,

E 050 71 6 p y6p 0 L 06y0 L 7 0 159 3 0 100 VL§0 06V0 v9

'
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’

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6
70rs 7 06 L9 6V 7 0 L9 7 0 L0 15 7 0 L9
'

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'
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6 a
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' ’

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'
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'
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6

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06 V0 V 7rp69
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C o lloc unt ur P lut a rc h us, Flor us , C a ese r n i us

1 . 6V
’
M6 V6 0 0V
e'
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017

l
yew a LO US
‘
Minar 5
10 511 0 1 9 .

m
‘

706 (T O V ) nded to Question 5 i n t he

an d e r a n d A m
F 0 LV app e

p l c d h r b ygyl
,

MS S . a e e e yot .

wife Pers i a n grandee i n X en o p hon s histo ri ca l

’
Th e of a
no ve l , Cyr op ae deia .

54
 TAB LE—TA LK V I I . 5—6 , 706

M uses a n d ta ke refuge i n the Heli con of olden t i mes

If a m
.

a n h as a
p ass i on for a costly h a rl o t we ca nnot
m
,

bri ng Penel o p e on s ta ge nor P h

rry a t ei a to a
m
n

but i t i s p o s si ble to ta ke a m
a ,

hi a n who is enj oyi ng

mi mes an d t unes a n d lyri cs tha t ar e b a d art a n d b a d

t a s te an d l ea d hi mb a ck to Euri pi des a n d Pi ndar a n d
M ena nder was hing th e bri ne fr omthe e a rs wi th
,

the cle a r fresh wa ter o f re a s on i n Pl a to s words ”

’ ’

, .

F o r j ust as s o rcerers a d vi s e th os e p o ss esse d by demon s

t o rec i te a n d n am e o v er to the m s e l v es the Ephes i a n
letters so we i n the mi dst of s uch warbli ngs a n d
,
c
,

ca p e ri n
gs ,
S ti rred b y fre nz i es an d whoo p s to t he tumu
lt of toss ing
h eads ,
‘

if we bethi nk oursel v es of those h a llowed a n d v ener

a ble wri ti ngs a n d set u for c o m p a ri son songs a n d
p
oems a n d ta les of true nob i li ty sh all not be a l to
p ,

gether daz ed by t he s e p erfo rma nce s nor sh all we ,

surrender our sel ves as i t were t o fl o at recli ni ng on

the gentle stre am of the m
, ,
”
u si c .

QU E S T I O N 6

O n sh adows so—c a lled nd wh eth e r on should go to one

mn s dinner at anoth e r mn s invitati on and on wh at
, , a e
’ ’
a a ,

occa s ions an d to wh t k ind of host , a .

S p eak e rs Pluta rc h Florus Caese rni us , ,

l HO ME R r e p resent s Men el a u s a s c o in g un i n vi ted

. m
P ha ed ru s 9 43 D cf be low 71 1 D
A m m
. .
, ,

ag i ca l fo r ul a 60 70 0 1 110 760 70 01 Hf 76 7p6 § 3 0 01 0

E p h es i a gra m a ta m W
1 1 1
, , , ,

S c hu
”
09 0 59 010 10
1
, S ee R E . , ltz , .
,

P h ilolog u s lxv iii , pp 2 1 0—2 2 8 . .

Pi ndar frag 2 08 S c h roe d e r 6 1 B ow ra li n e 10 Cf

m417c Plutarch has
. , , . .
,

a bov e i 69 3 B D e D e ec t uO r ac u
f lor u
sli ghtl y di fl
.
, .
, ,

ere n t wordi ng i n eac h pas sage

'

a .

55
 PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA
’

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7
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'
'

m
I li a d , i i 409
0
. .

b
Th e L atin is u br a
; f
O . Horace. S a t . 11. 8 . 9 9 . Ep 1 .

5 98
. .

56
 TAB LE TA L K V I I
-
. 6 , 706 —707

when Ag a memn o n entert ai ned the chi efs

F or he kn ew in h is h ea rt wh at ca res h is b roth er
H e di d n o t fai l to noti ce hi s brother s o v ersi ght
’

m
,

whi ch w as o b vi ous n o r di d he re p roa ch hi by s ta y

,

i n g a wa y a s censo ri ous a n d t o uchy p ersons wi ll fa sten

,

u pon s uch o v ers ights a n d sli p s of the i r fri ends They .

ar e h a
pp i er i f neglected th a n i f hono u r e d beca use
th a t gi v es the ma gri e va nce
,

A questi on a ro s e howe v er a s to the o ri g i n of the

cus tomo f the s ec o nd a ry gue s t those whom they
, ,

,
”b
ca l l n o wa da y s sh a do ws p e rs on s who a r e not pe r
,

so n all i n vi ted but a r e brought by the i n vi ted guests

y .

We dec i ded th at i t beg a n wi th Socra tes who p e r

a d e d Ari stod e m
,

su us though n o t i nvi ted to go a l ong

m
, ,

Ari stod emus ha d a n

’

to Ag a thon s di nn er wi th hi 6

m
.

a u s i ng exp e ri ence for wi th o ut not i c i ng th a t Soc ra t e s

,

h a d been left behi nd on the w ay he went i n a he a d o f

hi m
,

— the sh a d o w l i ter a l l y g o i ng a h e a d of a
p e rs on
who h a d the li ght behi nd hi m But i n l a ter ti mes i n
the enterta i nm ent of guest s fro ma bro a d es pe ci ally
.

i m p orta nt p er s on a ge s i t be ca m
,

e necess a ry fo r thos e
,

wh o were i gn o ra nt who t h e i r fo ll o wers a n d fa v o uri tes

were to le av e the i n vi ti n g of them to the p ri nc i pa l
guest The host h ad to s p ec i fy a numbe r h o we v er
so a s not t o get i nto t h e p os i t i on of the m
.
, ,

a n who

e nt e rt a i ne d Phi li
p i n the co u n t ry “ He ca m e wi th a
l a rg e nu m
.

b e r b ut d i nner h a d not been p re p a re d for

so m s o see i ng th a t hi s host w as e m
,

a ny , b a rra ss e d ,

he p a ss e d the w o rd qui etly to hi s fri ends t o s av e

roo mfo r ca k e .Loo ki ng fo rward to thi s they a t e ,

m m
P at , S y p osi u , 174 A if
l o
m
.

4
Cf De Tu en da S a n i tat e, M07 19 3 F B egu Ap op ht heg
m
-

. .
,

at a , M07 17 8
. D .

57
 P LUTARCH S M OR ALIA ’

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,

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0 15 16 6 769
7 ss .
 TA B LE TA LK V I I -
. 6 , 707

sp a ri ngly of wha t lay before the man d i n thi s w ay ,

th e r e w as enough fo r e v eryone .

2 . I ha d be en di scours i ng of all this to the compa ny

i n a ca su a l wa y but Florus thought we o ught to
ta ke som
,

e more seri o us noti ce of these so called -

”
sha dows a n d co n s i der whether i t is p r o p e r for a
,

p erson who i s i n vi ted i n thi s w ay t o go a n d be a

h anger—o u His brother i n law Ca es e rni us thought
such an a cti on co m m
- -
.

p letely i n a d i ss i ble B est of a ll .

,

he sa i d i s to fo llow Hes i od s a dvi ce

,
i n vi te y o ur
’

,
”
fri end t o di nn er o r at lea st to i nvi te a cqu ai nta nc es
,
0
, ,

a n d a ssoci ates o f o ne s own to sh a re i n the li b a ti ons

’

an d the food a n d the ta lk o v er the W i ne a n d th e c o n

vi vi ali ty But n o wa d ays he went on li ke thos e
.
,
"

who let shi p s on ch a rter a n d p ermi t a n y ca rgo t o be

loa ded we m ake o v er our din ner
p a rt i es to others to
fill wi th whom
,

e v er they p l e a se whether they a r e

p oli te co m
,

a ny o r not

I sh o uld be s urp ri s ed t o se e a m
p .

a n of bree d in
g
com e on a s ec o nda ry i n vi ta ti on— o r ra ther unin vi ted
the host frequently d o es n o t e v en know h ima t
,

a ll Or if the host knows hi ma n d is o n fri end l y terms

wi th hi m a n d yet h a s n o t i n vi ted hi msurely i t i s sti ll
.

m o re disgr a ceful t o g o t o his hous e as though t o

s et himri ght a n d to force one s e lf upo n hi s hos pi
,

ta li ty a s i t were a g ains t his wi ll

Further there is a lso a certa i n e m
.
, ,

,
b a rr a ssment
i n be i ng e a rli er or l a ter th a n one who h as i n vi ted y o u
to a noth e r s house a n d i t is sur e ly n o t a ni ce s i tu a
’

ti on to sta nd be fo re the ho s t in ne e d of a wi tnes s to

,

c e rtify tha t you ha v e not come t o di nner uni nvi ted ,

but as s o—an d so s sha dow Or on the other h and

’ ’

t o da nce a ttenda nce on a nother m

-
.
, ,

an a n d
p l a y the

Wrk o s a nd Days , 3 42 .

59
 P LUTA RCH S M OR A LIA ’

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.
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S M O R A LIA

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62
 TAB L E T A L K VI I . 6 , 708

ti on To i ssue i nvi ta ti ons in thi s w ay is i ne vi table

.

when one enterta i ns a vi s i tor fr o m a bro a d as was

m
,

sa i d ; for i t is ne i ther p oli te to i n vi te hi wi thout his

fri ends nor e a sy to di sco ver who i s wi th hi m
”

Cons i der howe v er I re p li e d to hi m whether

.
,
”
, , ,

thos e who h av e gra nted the host the p ri vi lege of i n

vi t i n i n thi s m a nner h av e not a ls o gr a nte d thos e
g
i n vi t e d the p ri vi lege of a cce p ti ng For i t is nei ther
.

fitti ng to gra nt wh a t one ought not to as k nor to a sk ,

wh a t one ought not t o gr a nt ; nor i n gener al is i t

ri ght to encour age an a cti on tha t one o ught not to
b e enco u r a ged or a gre e to do or i n fa ct t o do In our
, .

rel a ti ons wi th di gn i ta ri es or fore i gn ers there i s a

re a lly no i n vi t ing or choi ce we h av e to rece i v e who
e v er i s wi th the m But i t is di fferent i n enterta ini ng
i t is m
.

a fri end ore fri en dly to i ssue the i nvi ta ti ons

oneself s i nce one knows who hi s a cqu ai nta nce s a n d
,

i nti m ates ar e a n d the members of hi s fami ly We

m
.

show hi gre a ter honour a n d ki n dness when i t does

not escap e us th a t these ar e the m e n wh o m he li ke s

mos t an d whose co m a ny he enj o ys whom he rej o i ces

p
m
,

to see honour ed e qu a lly an d i nvi ted a long wi th hi .

Howe ver there are ti mes when we h av e to le av e

the deci s i on to hi mj ust a s th o s e who s a cri fice to a
,

god p ra y als o to all the de i t i es who sh are i n hi s alta r

m
or temp le e v en though they ay not ca ll o n e a ch o f
,

them by na me fo r ne i ther food nor wi ne nor p er

fu m
me i s so c o nduci v e to co fo rt a t di nner a s a wel l
di s posed an d a mi a ble c o m p a ni on T o.
p u t quest i o n s
a n d m ake i nqui ri es wh a t ki nds o f food a n d
p a stri es
the p rosp ecti v e guest enj oys m ost a n d hi s p re ferenc e s
,

in wi ne an d p erfu me i s v ulg a ri ty i ts elf a n d typ i c a l

of the newly ri ch But t o i nvi te a m
,

. an who h a s m a ny

Pl u ta rch h ere refers to t h e Rom an ofl i c i als .

 PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA ’

oMo i A
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V0 V7 6 9 6V 7 L?) 776 77 6 v 6 LV a 6 L 7 O L9 L8 L0 L9 q SL/\0 L9 70 139

,
 TAB LE—TAL K VI I . 6 , 708

fri ends an d membe rs of the fam i ly an d i nti ma tes to

bri ng thos e of the mwhose compa ny he would most
enj oy an d wh ose p re sence m a kes hi mt h e m
, os t j o vi a l
— thi s i s ne i th er o ffens i v e nor
pe culi a r To h a v e the
com
.

a ny o f others forced u on on e on a v oy a ge i n
p p ,

t h e fa mi ly o r i n leg al b us i ness is n o t so un p le a s a nt
t oo congeni a l co m
, ,

as a t di nn er a n d there , , p a ny i s
,

mos t plea sa nt A di n ner p a rty is a s ha ri ng of e a rnest

.

a n d j est of words a n d dee ds s o the di ners must not

be left t o cha nce b ut m
,

us t be such as a r e fri ends

,

a n d i nti m a tes of one a nother who wi ll enj oy be i ng

together Cooks m . a ke u the i r di shes of a v a ri ety of

p
fl a v o urs blen di n g the sour the o i ly the swe et a n d
, , , ,

t h e p ungent but y o u could not get good a n d a gre e

a ble c o ma ny a t di n ner by throwi ng together men
,

p
wh o ar e di fferent i n the i r a ss oc ia ti o ns a n d sym pa
thi es .

”
J ust as a cc o rdi ng to t h e Peri p a teti c phi loso p hy
I conti n ued there i s i n n a ture a fir st m
, ,

, o v er whi ch
i s not mo v ed a n d a l ast mo v ed whi ch doe s not mo v e
a nythi ng a n d between these tw o the ki nd of m
,

o v er
m
wh ch mo es s o e thi ngs d i s m
,

i n o e d by others s o “

our discuss i on h a s three s ubj ec t s the m

v a v ,

a n who i n vi tes

m
o nly the an wh o is i nvi ted on l y a n d the m
,

, a n wh o ,

both i n vi tes a n d i s i nvi ted S i nce w e ha v e s poken o f

.

the i n vi ter I s h o uld thi nk i t no l e ss a ppro p ri a te to

,

gi v e my o p i ni o n of t h e others a s well N ow I sup p os e .

,

the first obli ga ti on o f one who is i nvi ted a n d hi ms elf

a s ks o thers i s to b e ca reful n o t to a sk too ma ny He
mus t not s eek p r o vi s i ons for e v ery o ne about hi as m
.

th o ugh they were an a rm

,

y li vi ng o ff enemy country ,

nor li ke a pl a yer s e i z i ng squ a res i n a g ame of p ettaw

'

a lw a ys be squee z i ng out hi s host 3 m

, ,
’

e n wi th hi s own

Cf . Aris totl e Metap hys i cs A 7

, , 1079 a 9 0 if
.

VO L . ix D 65
 PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA
’

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'
.

P es sei a p as s ai nera l nam(Att ic

e for w as
ce rta in bo a rd g a m
e s rat h er l i k e c h ess o r c h ec k ers i n so m
or p ett a ge
e of
wh ic h it ap p ea rs a p iec e he m med i n b y t wo op p osi n 3iec es
,

m i g ht b e re m oved fro mt he board S ee L a m

, ,

er i n 5 13 . ,

at c ols . 19 6 7ii i ;
Sm
-
2 02 9 ,
ith , Di et A n t . .
, L atruncu
li .

66
 TAB LE TA LK VI I -
. 6 , 708 —709

fri ends or dri vi ng them all fro mthe bo ard “ Thi s

, .

would p ut t h e host i n the p osi ti on of pe o ple s etti ng

out supp ers for Hecat é an d the hosti le s pi ri ts they
ne v er get a ta ste the ms elv es an d the i r hous ehold h as
for i t s sh are nothi ng but s m
,

oke a n d tumult Of
b
.

co urs e i t is merely to m ake fun of us th a t p e ople

sa
y,
Who o ffers sacri fi ce at D el p h i must b uy m t f ea or hi m
se lf
but thi s is wh a t rea l ly ha pp ens to those whos e guests
whether str angers or fri ends com
,

e wi th a lot of ,

s ha dows li ke H a rp i es to ca rry 0 6 an d m ake s po i l

’ '

, ,

of the fe as t

In the second pl a ce he ought to com

.

,e to di nner
not j u s t wi th wh o e v er h app ens to be a t h and but ,

should if i t i s po ss i ble i nvi te p ersons who are fri ends

, ,

a n d i nti ma tes of the h os t so a s to ri va l a n d a nti c i a te

m p
,

hi i n hi s own i nvi ta ti ons ; fa i l i ng th at he should

m
,

choose thos e of his own fri ends whom the host hi

self would wa nt to i nvi te if the host i s a good fellow
choos ing good fellows i f a sch ol ar schol a rs if a m
, ,

, an , ,

o f i nfluence other men of i nfluence an d men wi th

, ,

whom he ha s long be en seeki ng to con v ers e an d be

fri ends To o ffer an d p ro vi de the o pportu ni ty un der
.
,

such c i rcumsta nces of begi nni ng a n a cq ua i nta nce

,

a n d a fri endshi i s a v ery a ro r i a te a n d ol i te a ct

p pp p p .

But he who i nt roduces p e o ple of di fferent a n d in

c o mpati ble typ es for ex ample he a vy drinkers to a n
, ,

a bs temi ous host or i ntempera te a n d e xtr ava g a nt

p eo ple to a m
,

a n of s i m le li fe or on the other h and

p , ,

P u l h s l h
ta rc was a p rie t at De p i
o rb m ll mb mo
.

Th e p r v e ay a u de t o t h e la nu e r a ng
w hom s fi l m ms
t h e ac ri ci a eat ut b e divid , or t t he greedi o
ne of t h e De p ic p rie t ( Le utsc h S c hn e idewi n , P a r oe io
ss l h ss m
m m
-
.

gr ap hi G cc i , i 3 9 8 ; Co A da p
. rag 460 K0ck )
. . F . .

67
 PLUTARCH S MO ’
RA L I A

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3
670 6 B ase l editi on : 6AA6
 P LUTARCH S M OR A LI A ’

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a va : V0L 6 LV xa .
 TABLE TAL K VI I -
. 6 , 709 —710

l a tt er is a n excellent p erson worthy of o ur fri endshi p , .

For we h a v e to a v o i d the wi cked li ke brambles o r

ca tchweed so much the m , ore when they try to se iz e
a n d embr a ce us If those who would ta ke us a r e p e r
.

sons of ch a r a cter but not the one to whom they wo u ld

i ntroduce us we o ught not to a cce p t nor ta mely let
a good fri end h e the m
, ,

e an s of getti ng us a w o rthl ess

one as if we were t aking b i tter medi ci ne i n honey
, .

It is b a d form too to vi s i t a p e rson wholly unknown

, ,

a n d unfa mi li a r un less he i s so meone of outsta ndi ng

,

qu a li t i es a s I h av e s ai d a n d someone who wi ll look

, ,

o n a cce p t ance as a n opp ortuni ty for fri endshi p a n d

wi ll ta ke i t i n good p a rt if you turn up a t his re s i
dence s im ply an d i nform a lly ln comp a ny wi th a nother
guest .

Of our own in ti m ates we ought surely to p refer ,

’
to vi si t on a nother s i nvi ta ti on those who h av e the
sa me p ri vi lege of vi s i ti ng us by i n vi ta ti on of a thi rd
p erso n To Phi li p the j ester i t seemed more am
. us ing
to go to di nn er self i nvi ted tha n p ro p erly i nvi ted a
-

but if tho s e concerned a r e gentlemen a n d good

fri ends on both s i des i t is a m ore i m p res si v e a s well
as a m
, ,

ore ple a s a nt e x p eri ence i f they a rri v e along

wi th o ther fri ends at j us t th e ri ght ti me uni n vi ted
, ,

a n d unex ected
p In s uch ca ses they both p ro vi de
.
,

ple a sure for t h e host a n d do honour t o the i r c o n

du c t o rs It i s q ui te i m prop er h o we v er t o go to the
.
, ,

enterta i nments o f rulers or of ri ch men or di gni ta ri es

wi th an i n vi ta ti o n not from themsel v es b ut fro mthi rd
,

p ersons — th at is i f we ar e t o av oi d a not un j us ti fied

,

re puta ti on for i n s olence an d b a d ta ste a n d uns ea s on

a ble a mb i ti on .

X enop hon , m mi
S y p os i u , . 13 .

71
 PLUTA RCH S M OR A LIA
’

II P O B AH MA Z
' '
EL 8 6 ? 7767 0 V 0 13A7 7pL01 ) xpfio O aL
Co lloc unt ur s op h is t a S t o ic us , P i i pp u hl s
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'
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7a p 6
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'
6
77 7 0 V

6V70 9 K a L 77p6y0a 7 6 Lx0 06 V 60v V606 V0 L Ba 9v7703

,
‘

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'

,
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'
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6 A 7
6 03 7 0 9 03 9 K 03
p 00 3 8 L6 V 6
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. .

I I I
6 V0 V AA
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3
o f 77 69 Z 6 7 K 7 L0 00 2 776 p i A 6 9
p p 7 ) 7 y 03 v0 9 .

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’

P rotagoras , 3 470, S y p os i u m m176 E , .

 TAB LE TA LK VI I 7, 710
’

-
.

QUE STI ON 7

Wh eth er t he mus i c of fl
ut e gir ls is p roper ft r
-
a e

W HEN I ga v e a di nn er p a rty i n Ch a erone a for Di o

s of Perg am as so m
, ,

e ni an u um there w e d i s c uss i on
g ,

of t yp es of enterta i nment a n d we h a d co ns i dera ble

,

di fficulty in be a ti n g off the a tta ck of a lo ng be a rded -

s op hi s t of the Sto i c p ersu as i on who br o ught up ,

’
Pl a to s i ndi ctment of p eo ple who li sten to flute gi rls -

o v er thei r wi ne beca us e they a r e una ble to entertai n

thems el v e s by conv ersa ti on Phi li p of Prusa °
0

though a me m ber of the sa m e sch ool b a de us dis m

.
,

is s ,

from c o ns i dera ti on Ag athon s famous gu e sts whose’

ta lk was more deli ghtful th a n a n y mus i c of flute or

lyre The surp ri s i ng thi ng w as n o t he sai d th a t the
fl ut ist should be expe lled fro msuch a co m
.
, ,

pa ny but ,

tha t the p a rty wa s not so entertai ned a n d ch a rmed

as t o forget bo th food a n d d ri nk N e v erthele ss
X eno phon w as not ash am
.
,

ed i n the p resence of
,

Socr a tes an d Anti sthenes a n d oth e rs of the i r typ e to ,

’
i ntroduce the j ester Phi li p li ke Homer s o ni on
,
c
,

the s pi ce of the drin k “ Pla to h as i nserted A risto

m
.

’
h a nes s eech on lo v e as a comi c i nterlude i n the S
p p y
poai u m an d fin ally op ens the street door an d i ntro
c

duces fro m outsi de a n extre m

,

ely g audy s p e ct acle :

Alc i bi a des drunk a n d re v elli ng his he ad g arl a nded
Then c o m
, .

es hi s ski rmi sh wi th Socr a tes o v er Ag a thon ,

a n d hi s encomi um of Socr a tes —

ye belo v ed Gr a ce s
i s i t re ally not bl a sp he m
,

ous to say th a t i f A p ollo

P h i l ip also a p pea rs e ls ewh e re as a S to ic ( nota bl y i n t he
D e Dej ec t a
Q wlm mm) . m m
S y p os i u , 1. 11, et p aw m .

I lia d , xi 6 3 0
. . 18 9 c if
.
 PLUTA RCH S M ORALIA ’

7
) < O V7 O 9
7 6 L9 7 6 0v
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'

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l
,
f I A V
,

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A A

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O t he s lf—d iscip l ine of th is

p a c a ia f A eli an , D e n r t st
mA i ml
n e o .

N a t/u r
Va i a His t ii i 3 0
m
n a . vi . 1 . . .

Th eop h rastus , De C a l ue a re
i: P la n t vi 5 l (v u . . . t rs
 TABLE TA LK VI I -
. 7, 710

hi ms elf had e nte r ed t he p a rty wi t h hi s lyr e tun e d ,

t h e com p a ny wo u ld ha v e a ske d t h e god to hol d hi s

musi c till t h e c on ve rsa ti on ran i t s cours e an d r ea ch e d
i t s n at u ral concl usi on ? N ow h e w e nt on
”
con
m
, ,

si derin th a t thos e gr ea t whos e di a logu es ar e

m
en
g ,

so ch a r i ng sti ll us e d e p is odi c i nt e rrupti ons a n d

g av e va ri e ty to th e i r Sym m m
,

si u w i th s uch co i c
d es sh all w e wh o h av e am
p o
i nt e rl u ong us both sta t e s
m m m
, ,

e n an d e n of b u s i n e ss an d a n u be r wh e n i t so
, ,

ha ppe ns wh o ar e no on e i n p a rti c ular a n d t h e l ea st

,

b i t ru sti c— a re w e to e xpe l s uch pl ea sa nt e nt e r ta i n

m e nts fro mou r di nn e rs or r e tr ea t fro th emas m
though fr omt h e appro ach of S i r e ns Clei t o a c h us m
,

t h e a thle t e w as i n de e d a d i r e d for g e tti ng u m an d

l ea vi ng a p a rty if anyon e e nti on e d s e x ; b ut is “m p

not a phi losoph e r ri di c ulo us i f h e runs fro a pa rt y m

t o e sca p e a fl u t e or ca lls for hi s shoe s a n d sho uts
,

to his b oy to light t he la nt e rn wh e n h e h ea rs a ha rp
gi rl t uni ng up ? Is h e to loa th e t h e ost i nnoc e nt m
plea s ur es as a d ung be e tl e loa th e s pe rfu e
,
-
b S ur ely m
i t is e sp e ci a ll y a ppropri at e o v e r t h e a ft e r di nn e r wi n e -

i f e v e r t o sport wi th s u ch pl ea s ur e s a n d to s urr e n de r
m
, ,

t he i n d t o t h e god for th e i r sak e In oth e r r e sp e c ts

m m
.

I a a gre a t a d i r e r of E uri p i de s b ut I a t a ny ra t e
m
,

hav e ne v e r a cc e pt e d his l e gi sl a ti on a bo ut u s i c tha t

m
,

i t i s so e thi ng to b e r e l e g a t e d to sc e n es of sorrow
an d de pr e ss i on In thos e c i rc u
.
6
msta nc e s t h e phys i
ci a n r e q u i r e d at t h e be ds i d e i s a s e ri o u s a n d so be r
di sco u m
rs e pl eas ur e s li k e usi c we sho ul d sp i c e wi th
t h e wi n e of D i on ys u s a n d classi fy th e as pl ay not
, m ,

repe lled b y t he od our of pe rfum e du n g bee tles

roses ) ; of N on P oss e S ua m m
-

ter Vi v i S acu nd u
'

MO 7 . 109 6 A .

Med ea , 190 if . A t C on i u
ga lia P raecep ta M07 , . 143 -
 ’
PLUTARCH S MORALIA

6 6
’
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d

( 710) x p L6 V
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p 03

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7 0 0 6 137 9 0 770 v 8 7 9 776 Llo v0 6 V 6
'

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711 {O V7 6 8 6 L 776 LC6 LV K a L 8 6 776V7) 9

7 03 V 77p 69 aA A6 xp7) 0 L003 V K 6 L 03V 03 V6 L0 96 L 7 6
p
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’

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HP O B AHMA H
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’

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h s , D io e n i a n u
g s

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1
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01 : 01 38 6 .

t th
T h e s o ry i s gi v e n a ra e r d i ffe re n p o i n i n D e Glori a t t
mm
A t hen ie i u , MO 7 3 48 r . .

O viously a close frie n d of Pluarc

b t
a h is as es a n d h th t t t
v i ews w ere s i m
ila r a p pea rs fro m
t h e w ords a t ri ue d o h i t b t t m
i n se vera l Tab le Ta lk a p p ea ra n ces (v ii 8 , v iii l , 2 ,
-
. .

76
 P LUTARCH S M OR ALIA ’

(711) 76 v ew ml 06 V 6V 1 0303) 776 p 6 10“r)y06 VO V

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6
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6 8 0
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V 6 77 O 06 7 6 0 770 v 8 )9 7
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7 LV0 9 6 18 1 6 \ 6 6 0 96 1 77 0 0 6
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 TAB L E TA LK V I I -
. 8 , 71 1

ha d recently be en bro ught in at par ties in Rome b ut

ha d n ot yet beco me a p o p ul a r v ogue Y ou .

”
a wa re , he sai d tha t of t he di alog ues
,

so me a re n a rra ti v e a n d others dr a ma tic Sl av es a r e .

ta ught th e most li v el y of these dr am a tic di alog ues ,

so as to sa y them b y ro t e The y us e a typ e of p res en

.

t a t i on a pp rop ria te to t he p erso n aliti es of the ch a r

a c t ers in t h e te xt wi t h mod u
, la tio n of v oice a n d
gest ur es an d deli v ery s uited to the me a ning Men .

of solid ch arac t er a n d c u lt ur e g av e i t enth u si as tic

;
a
pp ro val b u
, t s uch as h a d n o m a nl
y q ua lit
y a n d were

so un m usica l an d un c ult ured tha t t heir ea r ha d los t

its p urity— thos e who (as Aris t o xe n us sa ys) v omi t
bile whe n the y he a r somethi ng i n t une— wou ld h a v e f

b a n ned it It will no t i n fa ct s urp ris e me if the y get

i t al to gether ba nned i n t he end since e fie m
.

'

i n at e ,

ta ste is in the a s cenda n t .

2. Phi li p sa w tha t s ome of the compa n y were a bit

o ffended a t t his Spa re u s good s ir
”
he sai d
W
an
b were th e firs t to be di s
.
, ,

e n d to yo ur a b use e

gu sted whe n this mo v eme n t w a s l a unched i n Rome ,

a n d the first to a tt a ck t hose who t ho u gh t fit to reg a rd

Pla to as a bib ulo us p a s ti me a n d t o he a r his di alog ue s
rendered ov er t heir wi ne a n d dessert a n d p erfume
m
.

Ev e n when Sa ppho s p oe s a r e s un g or Ana c r e on s

’ ’

m
I a mo v ed t é p ut dow n m
, ,

y cu p re s p ec tfu lly I ha v e .

a good dea l more I might sa

y b u t fe a r i t migh t seem
,

a imed at
you in a s erio us ra ther th an a j e s ting
F r g 8 5 VV hrli F r g His t Gr aac ii 2 8 8 Pluta rc h s ’

exp ress i on is ctu lly so m ewh t m

a . e a . . . . .

o re tec h ni ca l th ”n th is
whe n they hea r m us ic wi th e nh r m
a a a a
oni c i n terv als The
poin t is the c on tr ast betw e n o ld fashi on ed nd m
‘

a .

e odern
-

a .

we S to ics .

2
5 Em pe ri u
s Hu be rt d 8 x 1 q '
» , va 6 0 16 v s.

79
 PLUTA RCH S M OR ALIA ’

Aéy cp 6A11 vp6 V 6 K 0 77

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,

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) ,

1
{rtrtipxnp af 71 8 10 7106 v ytt e n b a c h , . W C sa ubon
a ( cf .

A the n i 9 0 d ) : w ropxfip 6 70 0 6 7196 116 q

. .

P a l to ru P ha e d s, 2 43 D
b , .

Cf a .
( c i ti ng Ari st o n icus) where
A the n eus , i 2 0 b —e
. , ,

h o wev er Bat h yllus a nd Pyl ades are s p”o k e n of as p a rt n e rs

i n t h e deve l o p men t of t he tragi c da nc e P ylades was fro m
,

80
 TABLE TALK VI I -
. 8 , 711—712

s pirit . Th erefore as youse e I p ass to o ur dea r friend

, ,

Di oge n i a n u along with this c u th e d u t of s lu i

s , p y ,

cing t h e bitter brine from o u r ea r s wi th fresh s rings

p
’
of s pe e ch .
a

3
. Ta king the c up Di oge ni a n u s sa id , Th e se too , , ,

so und like sober words to me the win e seems not

to be ha rming us or gett i n g the bes t of u So I fea r
m
s .

tha t I m yself a y be s ubj ect to correctio n All the .

sa me most kinds of e n t er ta inme n t m us t b e trimm e d

,

from t h e list Firs t of all tr agedy : it is not a t all

.
,

ro ria te t o a a rt with i t s m aj estic eloc u tio n

a
pp p p y ,

a n d i t s el abor a t e re rese n ta ti on of e v e n ts th a t a r e
p
mo vi ng a n d s orrowful As for da nces I s ho uld di s .
,
”
q ua lify th e Pyla di c as p reten tio us a n d emo tiona l ,

a n d req u i ring a l a rge ca s t ; b u t ou t of res p ect for

Socra tes well known p rais e of t he da n ce I will a cce p t
’
-

th e B at hylli c It is a str aightforward una ccomp a nied

.

da n ce v ergin g on the 1107116 6 an d p res e n ts a da n ced

, ,

i n t erp reta ti o n of Echo or some Pan or Sa tyr re v elli ng

wi t h Eros .

As t o comedy the Old Comedy is beca us e of its

, ,

un e v e nn e s s of m ood u ns ui ta ble for me n who a r e

,

dri n ki ng For ins ta nce the s o—ca lle d p ara b a s es a r e s o

.

serio us a n d o utsp oke n t h a t t he y ar e t oo fiery a n d

intens e The n t oo it has so li tt le sq ue a mishn ess i n
m m
.

ad i tt i ng j ests a n d b u fi n e ry t ha t it is shockingl y
o v erlo a ded n ake dl y indece n t a n d larde d with words
W
, ,

an d
p h r a s es t ha t a r e im ro er a n d obsc e n e
p p h a t .

i s more j ust as a sp eci a l waiter sta n ds b y e a ch g uest

, ,

a t the b a n q u ets of the grea t so e v ery one wo u ld ,

C ili ci a a nd the auth o r o f a book o n da nc in g B ath yllus fro m

A lex andria a nd a fre ed m
, ,

a n of M aece n as S e e fu r the r O CD
M im
, .
,

D a nc RE Ta nz k unst
' ”
os P an
m
imu thyllus
, , ,

m mii
to s, .

X e no p ho n, S y p os i u
‘

, . 15 fi .
 PLUTARCH S MOR A LIA ’

a )1 6 7 116 6v 616 6 0 7 1 7 6 16 6 9 6 16 6 0 70 V 68
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'
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m
p )
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p ,

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.

(1 0
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6
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p p
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.

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°

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,

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G VO CU W G V TL W Q TT O U O LV L O TU S
7 ”
7 a v7 6 8 O LS 6660
‘ '

[ L ‘

P P

Fr g 102 Kock
Th e c o m
a . .

ic wr iter fr ag 18 4 K oc k
, . .
 TABLE TA LK V I I -
. 8 , 712

ne e d his
own schol a r to e xp la in the allusi ons who
i s L a e sp odi as i n E u “ ”
poli s a n d Ci n esias i n Pl a to a n d
, ,

Lam pon i n Crat in u s a n d so on with all th e

,
c
p ersons
sa ti ri z ed in the pl ays Our di nner p arty would turn
.

i nto a sch oolr oom o r el s e the j okes would be wi thout

,

me a ni ng or po i nt .

Wha t obj ecti on howe v er could a nyone make to

, ,

the N ew Co medy ? It has become so comp letely a

a rt o f the s m o i um th a t we could ch a rt our cours e

more easi ly wi thout wi ne tha n wi thout M enander

p s
y p
.

The style pleasa nt a n d una dorned is s p re a d u pon

, ,

t h e a cti on in such a w ay as to be ne i th er too low for

the sobe r nor too di ffic ult for the ti ps y Excellent .

una ffecte d sent i ments ar e an undercurrent th a t c an

melt the h a rdest h ea rt a n d wi th wi ne to supp ly
’
hea t lik e th e smi th s fir e resha p e a n d i m p ro v e the
m
, ,

char a cter The blend of seri ous an d hu orous

.

would seem to h av e no other p oeti c end i n vi ew th a n

to comb i ne plea sure wi th p rofit for men rela xi ng
o v er the i r wi ne Ev en the eroti c ele m
. ent i n M en
a nder i s a
pp ro p ria te for men who a fter the i r wi ne
wi ll s oon be le avi ng to re pos e wi th the i r wi v es for
i n all these pl ays there is no one enamoured of a
b oy . Moreov er when vi r gi n s a r e s educed th e pl a y
, ,

u s u ally ends wi th a ma rri age ; whi le affai rs wi th

ca su al women if thes e are a ggress i v e an d shameless
ar e cut short by so m
, ,

e ch asteni ng e xp eri ence or r e

’

pe n t an c e on the young m a n s p a rt and good gi rls ,

who gi v e lo v e for lov e ei ther fin d a g a i n a father wi th

legi ti mate st atus or get a furth e r di sp ensa ti on of
t ime for the i r roma nce— a n a ccom od a ti on of con m
s c i ence th a t i s but ch a ri ta ble For men who ar e
occupi ed wi th som
.

e other bus i ne ss all thi s is p erh ap s ,

F rag . 1 17 57 K
. ock .

83
 P LUTARCH S M OR AL I A ’

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 PLUTARCH S M OR ALIA
’

A
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 TAB LE—TA LK VI I . 8 , 712 — 713

Ho mr s e
’

d on down to u own
e ra an f mi li r o r a a a

mmb r of t h b nqu t d w o ught not to di ssol e

,

an e v

i nti mt
e e e a e ,

ss oci ti on of s uch long st ndi ng b u t

ply r q u st h s i g rs to li m
a

s im
an a e a a ,

i n t t h fr q u nt
t n e e a e e e e

d l mnts fro m
e e e

di rg s th i r r p rtory d to s i ng an

s ui t bl to m i f sti
e an a e e e e

ch rful s ngs th t en n e ve

mood Th fl ut w could not d i w y fromh

ee o a ar e a e

. e e e r ve a a t e

t bl i f w w nt d to i i
a ss nti l to u li b t s as e e a o r a

d i h lps im
e e a e

ti ons h g rl n d
as t e a p rt r li gi o us
a , an t e a a e

ton e to t h e s i ngi ng of t h e pa ea n As i t s p i pi ng not e .

to uch e s our c ar i t s ufl u s es u
'

s wi th a v o i c e of sw e e t

n e ss th a t stri k e s ca l to t h e m m
,

in d i ts elf so tha t if w e
m
,

h a rbo ur a n y tro ubl e so e ca r e tha t t h e wi n e h as not

di ssol ve d or di s pe ll e d thi s brin gs p ea c e to t h e m
,

an

m
,

w h o yi e l ds his sp i ri t to i t s gr a c e fu l a n d g e ntl e e lod

y
— a t l ea st if t h e fl u t e i ts e lf ke e ps due m ea s u r e an d
a v o i ds e m
,

oti onal di spl ay so a s not to ro us e i nto

m
,

e csta s w i th low r e gist e r not e s a n d a u lti pl i ci t of

m
y y
m
-

ton e s a i n d a lre a dy o is t wi th dri nk an d easi ly

m
,

sti rr e d J u s t as ca ttl e do not co pr e h e n d spe e ch

m
th a t has ea ni ng b ut t h e h e r ds e n ro us e th ema n d m
.

m
a g a i n wi th m
,

qu i e t th e us i ca l w hi stli ngs an d c alls ,

or wi th p ip es a n d conch s h ells s o i n so far as th e re is

r m e nta l li fe so m
, ,

i n ou e thi n g of t h e grass fe d h e r d -

th a t h as no noti on of reas on a n d no r e spons e to i t a

musi ci a n may wi th elody an d rhyt hmpluclflng t h e m
,
’

lyr e or blowi ng on t h e fl ut e co m r m
,

pos e ou i n ds a n d
m
,

s oo th e our oods
m
If I ay e xp r e ss m
.

own op i ni on I sho u l d n ve r

m
e
y
co m m
,

i t a p a rty to t h e usi c of fl ut e or l yr e b y i ts elf

wi tho u t wor ds to b e s ung as if i t w e re co i tt e d to m
m
m m m
,

t h e whi of a str ea on whi ch i t floa ts Th e r e ust .

87
 PLUTARCH S MOR A LIA ’

(713 )
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T he w ord A670 ; in th is p assage as ofte n re fl ec ts t h e t w o

, ,

s e nses o f ( a ) word , v e r bal e xp ress ion s pe ec h and ( b) reas on

, , ,

ra t io n al ity .

88
 P LUTA RCH S M OR A LIA
’

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fifl V€
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pa G ov

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714 O
'

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'

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‘
r1

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A
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3 ’ I
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y I
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fl 71
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9 a dde d b y P os t .

I n t h e L i v es of Pelop i das ( 3 0) and A rtax e rxes t he

h on ou r co nfe rred b y is act is e th mp h as iz ed , n ot its taste
le ssn ess .

90
 TAB LE TAL K VI I -
. 8 —9 , 713 —714

wh e n , b e for e h e s e nt An t a lci das t h e Spa rta n a wr ea th

m a de of ros e s a n d croc u s e s h e di pp e d i t i n sc e nt so
, ,

as to dro w n t h e n a ti v e a n d spe c i a l b e a u ty of t h e
flowe rs a n d do th e vi ol e nc e
,
“ mIt is a si i la r a cti on . m ,

wh e n a p a rty ha s i n i t s own ci rcl e a sp e ci a l G ra c e a n d

M us e of i t s own to s uppr e ss i t wi th p i pe an d z i t h e r
fro mwi tho ut a n d to m
,

ak e u s e of t h e for e ign to

a bo lis h t h e d o m
,

e sti c

m m
.

Th e be st occ as i on for us i ca l e nt e rtai n e nt is

a p a rt
y wh e r e t h e wa ve s of stri fe or ri va lry a re ri s i ng
to wa r d a cr e st Th e r e i t ca n dr own o ut n am
. e ca lli ng ; -

i t c a n ch e ck a di s c u ss i on th a t is de vi a ti ng i nto a n
unpl e as a nt s q ua bbl e or a cont e st i n sophi str y or i f
t h e di sc u m
ssi on is o vi ng i n t he di r e ct i on of poli ti c al
a n d l e g al contro v e rs i t c an k e e p i t i n h a n d u n t i l
t h e com
y ,

p a ny s e ttl e s d own t o a fr e sh sta rt q ui e t a n d

m
fr e e fro g a l e s of e loq ue nc e ”
.

Q U ES T I O N 9
Th at deli be rati ng o n p ubli c a ffai rs over Win e w as
les s a Gree k th an a P ers ia n c us tom
no
.

S p ea kers Gla uci as o th ers ,

AT gi v e n for m
di n n e r e b N i u "
th r w
m
costr t s
som
a
y a e e as _ ,

e con v e rs a ti on a bo u t a tte rs to b e ta k e n up
i n t h e Ath e ni a n a ss e m bly ; a n d wh e n so m e on e r e

m a rk e d Thi s is a P e rs i a n c usto mw e ar e followi ng

m
, ,

g e ntl e e n i n de li b e ra ti ng o ve r o ur Wi n e
,
”
G lau i
c as
d
,

h t
T he os d oe s n ot k th is di a logue, b u mi
mh
sp ea in t d n
10, b
e l ow He I S o nly
. kn own fro t ase passages .

H e rod o t u
s , i 13 3
t mte
. .

A ppa ren tly an A th e n ia n a nd a n in i a of Plutar ch .

S ee als o 10, ii 2 .
, ix 12.
, 13 .

91
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORA LIA

TEAM)
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(714) 6
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m t fr m u k
b Ho
d
Fr ag
mr I li d i 9 3
e
en

D os iad as , f r ag Q J ac o y ( Fr ag
Cf
a
o

, x
an

i ii B , p
n
.
n ow n

b
p oe t lso uot ed
, a
fl id 74
Gr His t
.
at
.
700 E .

u
. . . . . .

4 1 M lle r ( F rag H i s t Gr aec i v 3 9 9 ) ( A e n ae u s , iv

. . . . th .

143 a d ) Cf
-
i lle s , A r is t ocr at is S oc i ety i n A nci en t C r et e
. . W tt -

( L o nd on , p p 2 1 if . .

92
 ’
P LUTARCH S M ORALIA
A
611 776 11 6px6 1o 1 6 19 o 113 6 u Ep11 0 v 3 6 611 6 V0 V 76V
’

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’

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HP O B AHMA I
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“
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C o lloc untur N i co s tra t us f r a t e r P lu t a rc h i ( L a m

, p r i a s P)

T 6 676
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601; Re isk e , B ern ard ak is : 8 g7rax191,

’
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t h
s : 6170 66 66 1
'
.

Th is n mf ight up h mi ti t h k i dly
rd m m t r h mt i
a e or n 18 e e s c : e n one
but t he wo ig ht l Plu a so e a n , as a c see s o t
n e nd ,
t h e wi s e o ne .

Pl uta rc h t b e r f rri ng h e r t o t h p r iou Q u

tum ul tuous argumnts unles s he m
ca nno e e es e e ev s
“
ti on , wh i c h h as no eans e ,
’

94
 TAB LE TALK V I I 9—10
-
.
, 714

ti ms m r e ga rde d Di onys us as not e ve n n e e di n g

th e y s pok e of himas E ubule u
en

t h e h e lp of H e rm
e ,

es

m
s

( Goo d Co u n s ellor
) a n d on hi s a cco u
, nt th e y t e r e d
ni ght eu p hrone good
(
a

Q U E S T I O N 10
Wh eth er i t w as a good c u s to m to deli berate over wi ne .

S pea k rs N ioos t rat u

s a b roth e r of P l uta rc h ( pe rh ap s
mp i
e ,

La r as )

1 W IT H thi s spe e ch of Gl a uci a s w e concl uded th a t

m m
.
,

thos e e arli e r t u ult uo us arg u e nts ha d b e e n pr e tty

b a n d th a t w e m i g ht forg e t th e m
,

w ell p ut to r e st
e v en m
or e com pl e t e ly Ni costr a t us i ntro duc e d a n e w
,

q ue sti on In t h e p a st h e s ai d h e ha d not b e e n
grea tl y co n c e rn e d a bo ut t h e m
.
, ,

a tt e r b e ca us e thi s
m
,

w as h e l d to b e a P e rs i a n c u s to bu t th a t n o w s i n c e , ,

i t h a d be e n i n ve sti g a t e d a n d fo u n d to b e Gr e e k ,

th e re w as n e e d of a di sc uss i on i n d e fe nc e of i t i n ,
“
vi e w of i t s a pp a r e nt a bs u r di t y For r e asoni ng li k e
rro un de d b y a s ur gi ng h um
.
,

t h e e ye i f i t i s s u o ur 13 no
m
, ,

th i ng for us to o v e a s w e wo u l d or k e e p at

work m or e ov e r t h e e m
e as
y ,

oti ons whi ch a r e sti rr e d b y

t h e wi n e li k e r e pti l e s e m
,

e rgi ng w h e n sti rr e d b t h
ma k e our j udg eme nt pre ca ri o us an d uns tabl e
e
, y
su n

Th us for m
.
,

e n w ho a r e dr i nk i ng j u s t as a co uch is ,

be tt er th a n a cha i r b e ca us e i t r e t a i ns t he whol e
,

body an d re li e v e s i t of all a cti vi t y so i t i s b e st to

m
hol d t h e i n d st ea dy Fai li ng tha t w e m
, ,

. ust not ,

the t e nti ally d is u ing t rb

p ics toen ion ed at t h e mt b
of ues t ion 8 u e sugges s a b y ove s ig he efe s
. H b rt t th t r ht r r
to Q ues i on 8 ( in w i c , ow ev e , G auc i a s d oes not ap p ea )
t h h h r l r
m mt
.

T he co nf u ay b e d u
o an edi to tor l r rr
th r h ml
si n e ia ea a nge en of
the Q ues i ons , pe aps b y t h e au o i se f
t rh .

95
 PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA ’

3
I
7 p 770 1 a 6 7p6 11 6 1V 11 1) 3 v VA6 116 V0 19 0 13
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W
07 6 0 V 6 10 176 , .
,

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 PLUTARCH S M OR A L I A ’

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 TAB LE TA LK V I I -
. 10, 715

m
certai nly di d wi t h so a ny schol a rs an d sta tesmen
a n d m brother a nswered wi th a smi le
,

p resent , y So ,

you thi nk then th a t you would yours e lf be qui te

, ,

ca pa ble of di s cours i ng to us on thi s subj ect but t ha t ,

be ca us e of the wi n e you ar e dri nki ng y o u a re not i n

a fit sta te to ta lk a bout a m a tt er of r ac ti ca l oli ti cs P
p p
m
.

Is thi s not li ke thi nkin g th a t a a n i n hi s cups sees b ig

thi ngs blurred but ca n focus on sma ll ones v ery wel l ,

or th a t hi s ea rs fai l t o ca tch wh at thos e whom he

meets a n d s p eaks t o ar e sa yin g but he a r the s in gers ,

a n d flute la yers erfectly For j ust as i n the la tter

p p
-

ca s e i t is more lik ely tha t wha t is us eful to us would

,

i ntens i fy o ur p erce p ti on th a n wh a t i s po lis hed a n d

smooth so I should not be s u r ri s ed i f our mi nds too

were to mi ss som
, p
e subtlety o f p hi losophy under th e
i n fluence of wi ne wherea s i f they were a ppli ed to the
,

cons i dera ti on of p racti ca l m a tt ers they wo u ld b e ,

more lik ely to g ai n firmness a n d cons istency by the

sti mulus ot thought Remember Phi li p a t Cha eronea :
he ta lked a lot of nonsens e i n hi s dri k e nn ess a n d m
made a fool of hi mself but the m
, ,

oment he was
,

a
pp roa ched wi th a p rop osal for a n a rmi s ti ce a n d
e ac e he set h i fa ce firmly kn i tt ed hi s brows a n d
p , s , , ,

brushi ng a si de hi s ca su al an d ca reless ai r g av e the ,

Atheni a ns a deli ber a te a n d so ber a nswer .

Sur e l y i t is not the sa me thin g to be drin ki ng

a n d to b e dr u nk When men h av e drunk ti ll they
.

ramble i t is ti me we a ss ume for them to go off to

, , ,

bed but wi th men who ca n ta ke a good dea l of wi ne

an d go on dri nk i ng who a r e a a rt from th a t men of
p , , ,

sense there i s no re ason to fea r tha t they wi ll mi ss

,

the m a rk in re as oni ng or be di v es t ed of thei r p rae

,

t i s e d touch We se e t h a t da ncers an d h a rp is ts do
.

6p6 m dded b y K ylander

as a .

99
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 P LUTARCH S M ORALIA ’

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 TABLE TALK VI I -
. 10, 716

m
sti ulus to the feeli ngs It does not rous e thos e th a t
.

a r e lowest exce t i n t h e W i cked — an d the i r deli ber a

, p
ti v e fa culty I S ne ver i n a sober sta te a nywa y The o .

h r ast u s used to call b a rber sho p s wi neless sym p osi a

p
beca us e o f the ta lk th at goe s on there j us t so a gri m
an d wi nele ss drunkenn e s s is alwa ys lur king i n the
mi nd of a n unculture d m an This m a
y be r o us ed by
m
.

an
y burst of te p er or i ll w i ll or content i o u s ness or
me a nness of spi ri t mo s t of whi ch moods a r e blunted
,

ra ther tha n whetted by wine so th a t i t ma kes pe op le , ,

not foo li s h a n d stup i d but s i mple a n d g u

, i leless a n d ,

though a lert to the i r o wn a dva nta ge yet p a rt i s a ns

o f honour N atur ally those who m
,

.
, i sta ke l a ck of
scruple for cle v erne ss or cons i der di ssembling a n d
,

me a nness of sp i ri t to be good s ens e wi ll cl a ss a s fools ,

th o s e who i n the i r cu p s sa y pl a i n l y a n d gui lele ssly

, ,

wha t they thi nk But the a nci ents di d j ust the opp o
si te when they n am
.

, ed the god E leni /16 76 713 ( Li bera t o r)

)
i

a n d L r cs Rele a ser They thought th a t he ha d a

y ( .

gre at gift of di vi na ti on n o t beca us e of t h e ba cchi c

an d m ad element a s Euri pi des sa i d ”but bec a us e
by ta ki ng fro mthe soul i t s s l a vi sh a n d timor o us a n d
, ,

su s pi ci ous n ature a n d free i ng i t fro mthese he gr a nts ,

us the boon of trea ti ng e a ch o ther wi th truthfulne ss

a n d fr an kness .

F rag . 76 Wimmr e . B ac chae, 2 9 8 2 99

-
.

103
 I NTRODU CTI O N

TH IS book i s de v oted l argely to ra ther seri ous ques

ti ons o v e r h a lf of the p roblems be i ng concerned wi th
phi losop hy s c i ence or m
,

, , edi c i ne Es p eci ally i nter

.

esti n g from thi s p oi nt o f vi ew ar e thos e on Pla to s

’

geom etri ci a n god (2 ) a n d on the Pyt h agore a n sym

, ,

bola (7 a n d The etymol o gi es of 6 a n d the l o n g di s

cu s si on o n new di s e a ses i n 9 li ke t h e a rgument on
,

swallowin g i n Book VI I Qu e sti on 1 ca st i nteresti ng

, ,

light on th e le v el of sc i enti fic a n d ph il ologi ca l sop hi s

’
t i ca t i on i n Pluta rch s c i rcle
Two p a i rs of di a l ogue s ar e connected i n dr am
.

a ti c

si tua ti on ( 1 a n d 2 7a n d
, All exce p t 5 a n d p erh aps
,

9 gi v e the M p r e ssi on o f be i ng i ntended t o s o un d

,

li ke a uthenti c re po rts .

O n the tre a tment of the text se e the i ntroducti on

t o Boo k VI I .

E D WIN L M I NA R J R
.
, .

107
 ET MHO Z IAKQN

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A S to ic definiti on of v on ArnimS V F i ii 643 T he

sa m e d e finiti o n i s c ited fo r a so m
. , . . . . .

ewh at di ffe rent p u rp os e at

M07 504 B . .

T h e fes t iv a l was a pp arentl y ce l eb rated d ifferentl y i n

C h aerone a a nd i n O rc hom e nus I n t h e l atter p l ace ac c ord .
,

i ng t o P l utarc h ( M07 2 9 9 F ) t h e p riest of D ionysus p ursued

. ,

1 10
 TAB LE TALK VI I I
-
. 1 , 716—717

”
ous ba bbl ing an d ba bblin g me a ns p rec i s ely

eng a gi ng i n e m
, , ,

p ty a n d fri v olous con v ersa ti on Th e

outcom
.

e of undi sci p lined ch a tt er and fri v oli ty when

i t rea ches the e x t reme of in te m
,

p er ance i s vi olence
a n d drunken beha vi our — an outcom
,

e wholly in co n
s i stent wi th culture an d re finement .

It is not a n a cc i dent tha t i n the A gri oni a as i t is ,

celebrated here the w omen se a rch for Di onysus as

,

though he h a d r un awa y then des i st a n d sa y tha t h e

,

h a s ta ken re fu ge wi th t h e M uses an d i s hi dden a mong

them a n d then a fter a while when the i r di nn e r i s
, ,

o v er qui z ea ch other wi th ri ddles a n d conun drums “ .

,

The me a ni n g of the ri tu a l is tha t when dri nk i ng we

ought to eng age in conv ersa ti on th a t h as somethi ng
sp ecula ti v e s o me i ns tructi on i n i t a n d th a t when
, ,

conv ersa ti on li ke thi s a ccompa ni es i ndulgence i n wi ne ,

the wi ld an d m ani c element i s hi dden a wa y b e n e v o ,

le n t ly restr ai n e d by the Mus es .

Well wha t I ha pp ened to h ea r a n d sa y l as t ye a r a t

the b i rthda y celebra ti on for Pl a to sup pli e s m
,

a tter

for the first cha p ter of thi s book whi ch i s th e e i ghth ,

of the Ta ble Talk -

.

QUES T I ON 1
The days o n whi c h ce rtai n emi nent p e rso ns were bo rn
a lso stori es of b i rth fro m
, divin e pa rents .

S pea k ers Di ogeni an us P lutarch Flo rus Tyn dares

, , ,

1 . O th e s i xth of Tha rgeli on we celebra te d the

N

b ir thd a y of Socra tes an d on the se v enth tha t of Pla t o

, ,

with a swo rd t h e wo m e n of t h e fami l y desce nded fro mth e

daug h te rs of Minyas who h ad be en p unished for rejecting
,

t h e wo rshi p of D i onysus
month of T h arge li on corres ponds roug hl y to our
.

“ Th e

May .

I ll
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501 4 1 . .

1 12
 PLUTA RCH S M ORALIA ’

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4 .

Ap ollo was ca lled Heb d om agenes ( as h ere ) Hebd om e i os

a nd Heb d o m
, ,

a get es P erh ap s t h e l egend of h i s b i rth o n t h e

s eventh of t he m onth ( also m
.

enti oned MO 7 2 9 9 E ) arose

be ca use as a god of se asons and m
.

onths he was connec ted

with t he div is ion of t he l unar m
, ,

onth into weeks of seven d a8

( Rosc h er , L ew 11 yr
. . . 7
1 . 7. Myt h . i, p . S ee a lso Ca t
1 14
 TABLE TA LK VI I I -
. 1, 717

the Pythi a n g am es t o be the a uthor of ma ny a

be a u t i ful hymn for A po l lo t h e god of the festi val , s

’
2 Florus s ai d th a t on Pl a to s b i rthda y we ought
not to di sda i n to m
.

enti on C a rne a des a v ery celebra ted ,

a dherent of the Aca demy s i nc e both were born ,

duri ng a festi val of Ap ollo one duri ng the Tha rgeli a ,

i n Athens the other whi le the C yr e n ea ns were c el e

,

b ra t i n g th e C arn e i a They ce l ebra te both on the

.

se v enth he sai d a n d you i nterp reters a n d p ri ests

, ,

gi v e the epi thet Se v enth bo rn to the god be ca us e he -

w as born on th a t da y “ Therefore I do not thi nk .

’
a nyone would sa
y th a t those who a ttri bute Pl ato s
p a renta ge to A p ollo ar e bri ngi ng di sgr a ce on the
god who m a de hi
, m
through the agency of Socra tes ,

( a s i f he ha d be en a s econd Che i ron

) a
p hy s i c i a n to ,

hea l grea ter a i lments a n d s i ckness es tha n thos e

he a led by Ascle p i us b H e als o m enti oned the
.
"

vi s i on whi ch i s s a i d to h a v e a
pp e ared t o Ari ston ,

Pla to s fa ther i n h is s lee p whi ch sp oke a n d forb a de

’

hi m
, ,

t o ha v e i ntercours e wi th hi s wi fe or t o touch her , ,

fo r ten months .
0

T nd e s th e L ceda emon n d re
3 .
y a r a i a
p ed
li It is .
,

fitti ng to cel e bra te Pl a to wi th th e li ne ,

He seem ed t h e s ci on not of m ortal m an b u t of a ,

m ach u s Hym n i v 2 49 1 12 wh ere swans ci rcl e De los si ngi ng

seven ti m
. .
, , , ,

es at t h e b irth of Ap ollo .

Th e words those h ea led b y Asclep i us a re not rep re

se nted 1D t he G ree k b ut th ey a re i m p li ed
, ( Re is k e p ro p osed .

to add t he w ords n A K67)7n6 i n t he te xt ) Asc lep ius t h e

'
0 v .

h e ro w as lik e Achi ll es a p up 11 of t h e centa ur C h eiron a nd

be cam e t h e p atro n o f m P l ato 3 p h i losop h y is m
, , ,

edi c ine edi

l or m
’
.

ci ne for t he so u ind .

For thi s l egend of P lato s b irth see D iogenes L aerti us ’

,

iii 9
rs a lso fro mhis
. .

A P l atoni st
d
in Qu e ti s on
Ho m
, as ap p ea
2 be low ( 718 O f 72 8. 11 . er , iad , xxiv 2 58 . .

115
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D i gene L ae rt iu
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s l ho ous c op ula
1 16
 P LUTARCH S M ORALI A
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66 2 ad ded b y Mez i ri ac us .

Ap i s s cred bull t he ea rthl y i nca rn tion of

was t h e a , a

O s i ri s b h of P l uta rch D e Is i de xlii i 3 6 8 c nd

O n h is irt
s ii i 2 8 He was so mtim
. . , , . , a

Herod otu es i de nti fied b y t h e

Gree ks with E p ap h us t he son of t he c ow m
, . . e

aid n lo a n d of
,
-
e

1 18
 TAB LE TA LK VI I I
-
. 1— 2 , 718

to b i rth by a touch of th e “
moon , an d in
genera l the y
a llow se xu a l i n t ercours e wi th a mo rta l wom a n to a

ma le god but i n th e contr a ry ca se they wo uld not

m
,

think th a t a morta l a n could i mp a rt to a fem ale

d i vini ty the p ri nci ple o f bi rth an d p regna ncy } beca us e
they thi nk th a t the subs tance of the gods cons i sts o f
a i r a n d bre a th a n d of certa i n he a ts a n d m
, oi stures .

QU ES TI O N 2

What Pl ato m nt b y s ng th at God is always

doin g geo m
ea a yi
e try .

S pea k e rs Di og eni anus P lu

,ta rch T ynda re s Florus
, , ,

l .A FT E R thi s a s ilence fell Di oge ni a n u

. s, a ki n g a m '
ne w sta rt , sa i d , If you plea se , let us on Pl a to s
bi rthda y ta ke Pla to hi ms e lf as p a rtn er i n the con
v er s a ti o n , a n d s i nce we h av e s ok e n a bo ut the gods ,
p
cons i de r wha t h e ha d i n m i nd when he assert e d tha t
m
G o d i s a lwa ys d o i ng ge o e try — if i nde ed thi s sta te
m ent is to be attri bu t e d t o P l a to
m m m
.

I re a rked tha t whi le thi s s ta te ent i s not a de

e x li c i tly i n a n of Pl a to s wri ti ngs , i t i s well en o ugh
’

p y
a tteste d a n d is i n h a rmony wi th hi s cha r a cter , a n d

T yn da r es i mmedi a tely took u p the a rgument

Do y o u thi nk , D i oge n i a n us , th a t thi s sa yi ng con
c ea ls a reference t o some recondi te o r di ffic u lt doc
m
trine , a n d n o t erely to wha t he hi mself sa i d a n d
wr o te m a ny ti mes , when he sa ng th e p ra is e of
Z eus cf P l uta rch s wo rd 7 637 to uc h h e re a nd note
’

Aesch yl us P rom
. 6 16 ,

e t he u 8 48 f
ta rc h rej ec ts th is di stincti on L ife of N um
, s , .

P lu iv 4 o n
nd th at inte rc o urse 15 a reci p roca l m
,a , . 1
,

t h e gro u atte r and

both parti es to i t enter into a li k e co m muni on , .

"
.

1 19
 P LUTARCH S M OR A LI A ’

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’
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3 (MM/h ow H ub e rt : <1) p revi u ed i ors ¢a o s t v T .

As t h e c e leb rant p asses t h rough le ss e r rites to asc e n d to

t h e h ig h est initiatio n i n wh ic h he is p rivi leged to v i ew
‘‘ ’
,

t h e sacred se cre ts so t he p h iloso p h er p asse s with t he h elp

of geo m etry fro m
, ,

s tudy of p h ys ical obj ects to t he v is ion of

,

t he idea s .

P haedo 8 3 D Every p l eas ure and p ain has a k in d of

,
 PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA ’

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 TAB LE TA LK V I II -
. 2 , 718 — 719

an d mech ani ca l de vi ces as if they were tryi ng to

find two m
,

e a n p rop orti ona ls not by the us e of re ason

but i n wh a te v er ay would w o rk
w “ In thi s w ay he
thought th e a dv anta ge of geo m
.
,

, e t ry wa s di s si p a ted
a n d d e stroyed s i nce i t sli pp ed b a ck i nt o the re a lm
,

o f s ense —p erce p ti on i n s te a d of s o a ri ng up wa rd a n d
l a yi ng h old of the etern al a n d i mma teri a l i m a ge s i n
” b
the p r e sence of whi ch God i s always God
After T yn da r e s Fl o rus wh o w a s hi s cl o se c om
.

2
a ni o n a n d ke t hum
.
, ,

orously reten d i ng t o be i n lo v e

m Th a nk y o u for not m
p p p
wi th hi s ai d , , on op oli z i ng
your a rgument but sh a ri ng i t You h a v e gra nted us .

the p o wer o f refut i ng i t s i nce you p ro v e th a t ge o

metry i s neces s a ry not for the gods but fo r us Fo r
,

s ur e ly a god does not need m a the m

, .

a t i cs a s a n i n s t r u

ment to turn his understa ndi ng from cre ated thi ngs
a n d bri n
g i t to be a r on wh a t re a lly e xi sts For i t i s
i n hi mthey e xi s t by hi s hel p a n d by conne x i o n
mBut cons i der now whether P l a to m
, ,

wi th hi n o t
wi th o ut your noti c i ng h av e be en hi nti ng a t so m
a
.
y ,

thi ng cl o se an d fam i lia r to you b eca us e I m

, e

ean he ,
°
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c o mb i ned wi th the s p i ri t of Socr a tes th a t of Lycur gus

n o l e ss th a n th a t of Pyth a gora s (whomD i c a ear ch us
s u e st e d You kn o w of cours e th a t Lycur gus
)
d

e xp elled a ri th m eti ca l p rop orti on fr o mL a ceda emon

gg .
, ,

be ca us e of i t s de m
,

oc ra ti c a n d ra bb l e rous i ng cha r -

a ct e r .H e i ntr oduced t h e geometri c p rop orti on }

O n th ese two ki nds of p ropo rti on see es pe ci ally P lato
La ws vi 757 B Ari stotl e P oli t ics mV 8 ; v i 7 N i co m
,

, .
, , , a . . . .

Mar 48 4 B 643 c I n t h e
,

t h e te r m
c hea n E t hi c s vi 7 ; a nd of
a ri thm
11
s on both s ides difle r
, . . . .
, .

eti ca l ( li k e 1 Q
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2
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th ey difier b y t he sa m
z z:
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e p r op or t i on I soc rate s ( A reop ag it ic as

xxi ) m a in ta ined th at t h e geo m
.
,

etri ca l p rop o rti on w as t h e

ov erni ng p rinci p l e of t he Ath enian de m oc racy in its g reat
gya s.

12 3
 ’
P LUTA RCH S M ORALI A

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 P LUTARCH S M OR ALI A ’

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 TAB LE TA LK V I I I -
. 2 , 719—72 0

sha p e or a rr ang ement i s a lways a limi t i m p osed on

the ma teria l tha t is sh ap ed o r a rr a ng ed Wi thout .

thi s proc ess i t w a s by i tself s h ap eless an d di s

, ,

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genera ted i n i t m
.

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, p , ,

encomp a s s ed by li nes a n d by the fi gures genera ted

by l ines th a t is so l i d figures s o t h a t i t furnishes the
, ,

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p ,

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, ,

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.

hedra a s well a s p yr a mi ds a n d cubes h a v e equ ali ti es

, ,

among the i r s i de s a n d s im i l a ri ti es a mong the i r a ngles ,

an d ro ort i ons wh i ch cou l d n o t oss i bly h av e a r i sen

fromdi sorderly an d err a ti c m

p p p
a t t er wi tho ut tha t
whi ch de fines th e i r sha p es a n d a rt i cul a tes the i r p a rts ,

by geometri cal rule Thus fr o m the t M e when li mi t

.

w as gener a ted W i th i n the unlimi ted the uni v erse h a s

been a n d is be ing p erfectly h a rm
,

oni z ed a n d blended
a n d defined M a tt er i s a l ways s t ruggl i ng to bre a k
.

out i nto unbounde dne s s a n d seeki ng to a v oi d be i ng

subj ecte d to geom
,

etry ; but re a s o n se i z es up on i t
an d encl o ses i t i n li n es an d m a r s ha ls i t i n the a tter n s
p
a n d di sti ncti ons whi ch a r e the sourc e a n d ori gi n of

a ll th a t com es to b e 0
.

4
. A fter thi s s p eech they a sked me a ls o t o con
tri bute some t hi ng to the a rgument I p ra is ed the .

vi ews e x ressed as genui ne

p p roducts of the i r o wn
conce p ti on a n d s ai d th a t they h a d s uffic i ent pl a us i
th a t you m
,
”
b i li ty. But I s ai d , , a
y not negl e ct
ou own school nor d e e nd enti re l y o n o thers li s ten

to the e xp l an a ti o n of thi s phra se whi ch is m

y p , ,

o s t h i g h ly
a
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cos m
Th e ology of thi s p aragra p h is de riv ed fro mP lato s
Ti m
’

aeu
s For t he regular solids see esp eci a lly 53 c
. .

12 7
 ’
P LUTARCH S M OR A LI A

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12 8
 ’

PLUTARCH S M ORALI A

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Cl P hi lol vii p p 76 f P l to P h l b 66 A
An Ath ni an h ead of t h A d m
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13 0
 TAB LE TALK VI II
-
. 2 —
3 , 72 0

l imi ts to th a t whi ch e xi s ts Thus the a sp ect of .

me a sure i n thi ngs i s e v en more be a uti ful th a n the i r

”
symmetry .

QUE S T I O N 3
Why soun ds carry be tter at night th an in t he dayti m e .

S peak ers : Amm oni us Boet hu s Pl utarc h Th ras yllus

Ari stod em
, , , ,

us
1 O E when we were
NC di ni ng h o use at A mm i u on
’
b

i n Athens the no i s e of s o m
. s

, e di stur b a nce so unded

thr o ugh the house A cr o wd o uts i de w a s sh outi ng
for the general (A m m
.

on i us w a s servi ng hi s thi rd

termi n th is o ffice ) After h e h a d s ent som

.

. e of hi s
a tt end a nt s a n d
pu t a n end t o the d i s turb a nce by
sendi ng the p eo ple a w a y we di s cus s ed the quest i on ,

why thos e in si de he a r cle a rly p eople sh o uti ng out

doors whi le p ers o ns o uts i de d o not he a r tho s e i ns i de
,

so well
Am moni us sai d tha t thi s p ro bl emha d been solv ed
.

by Ari s totl e The v oi c e o f p e rsons i nd oo rs he sa i d

°

movi ng o ut i nto a l a rge ma ss of ai r a n d s p re adi ng out

.
, ,

i s a t once o b s cured a n d di ss i pa t e d b u t a v o i ce from ,

outs i de comi ng i n is not so a ffected but i s k e p t i nta ct

a n d re m
,

a i ns i ntel l i gi ble The fa ct wh i ch needed e x

m m
.

l a n a ti o n c o nt i n u ed A on i u w r a ther th at

v o i ce s a r e m
s as
p , ,

or e so n o r o us a t nig ht a n d p re s erv e not

only the i r v olum e but the p rec i s e a rti cula t i on To
me he sa i d i t s ee ms a fine str oke of Pro vi denc e
.

”
, ,
.

t o h a v e gi v en a ccuracy to o ur he a ri ng a t t h e t i me
when we h a v e no us e — o r a t m o st v ery li ttle —o f o ur
“
6 51 On t h e o ffic e of s t r at egos ( g e nera l se e note to
ix 1 73 6 D
P r ob l m
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18 2
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 TAB LE TA L K VI I I -
. 3 , 72 1

gether more co m p a ctly a n d le av e va cuums— s

pa ce s
from whi ch they ha v e wi thdr a wn— i n the v es sels
whi ch h o ld th e m A so un d whi ch a pp ro a ches a n d
s trikes a l a rge num ber o f p a rti cle s c o llecte d i n a m
.

ass

is e i th er s i lenced co m p letely or underg o es seri ou s

c o n v uls i o ns a n d m a ny co l l i s i o ns a n d del a ys But i n
a n e mt y s tretch v o i d o f a to m s i t trav els a s m
.

p , oo t h
, ,

c o nti nuous a n d uni m p e d e d p a th to the o rg a n of

,

h e a ri ng p re s ervi ng by i t s v eloc i ty not o nly the

s en s e o f th e m
, , ,

ess age but i t s fine deta i l You h a v e

noti ced too th a t e m
.

p ty v e ssels when struck a r e

mo re respo ns i v e an d s e nd the s o und a long w a y an d
,

o ften t h e s o und g oe s round a n d round a n d there i s

much co mmuni ca ti on of i t but a v essel fill ed ei ther
wi th s oli d m a t ter o r wi th so m e li qu i d becom e s com
p le t el
y m ute a n d so undle ss s i nce the s o und has no
,

w a y o r p a ssage by whi ch to go through Of p hys i c a l

bo di e s them
.

s el v e s go l d a n d s to ne be ca us e of the i r
com
, ,

a ctne ss a r e we a k—v o i ced a n d dull so u ndi ng an d

qui ckly exti ngui sh s ounds wi t hi n the m but br o nz e
p
-

, ,

is m elodi ous a n d v oca l be ca use i t h a s m uch e m

,

, p ty
s pa ce wi thi n i ts struct ure an d is li ght a n d fine i n i t s
s pati al m as s n o t c o n s tri cted by cr o wdi ng p a rti cle s
but conta in i ng a n a bunda nce o f yi eldi ng a n d i m
, ,

al
p
pa h l e s u b s ta nce This gi v es ea s y p a ssa ge t o o ther
.

m o t i ons a n d esp ec i a l l y t o sound r e ce i vi ng i t h os p i ta bly

unti l s o m
,

a n d s eed i ng i t o n i t s j our ney e on e li ke a

p , ,

hi ghwa y robb e r se i z es a n d deta in s a n d bli ndfo lds i t

Th er e i t c o m
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I

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’ ‘
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A
j

13 8
 TAB LE TAL K VI I I -
. 3 , 72 1— 72 2

Ap a rt fr o m these poi nts i nequ able ni ghts for

ex am m
, ,

le cloudy or stor y ones ought to be by your

theory m
p ,

ore sonorou s tha n ni ghts tha t a r e cle a r a n d

uniformi n com p os i t i on bec a use then the
,
a to m s a re

fo rced togeth e r i n one p l a ce a n d le a v e the p l a ce

they a r e dri v en frome m
,

ty o f m atter It i s a l so v ery

ob vi ous th a t a c old day would be m

p .

ore s o n o rous th a n
a hot summer ni ght But ne i ther of thes e th in gs is
.

true
So now I sh all le av e thi s a rgum
.

ent of yours a n d
c i te An a x a g o ra s wh o sa ys th a t the a i r is m o v ed by
the sun wi t h a qui veri ng vi bra t i ng m
,

oti on a s i s cle a r
fr o mthe li ttle b i ts an d fra gments a lwa ys da nci ng i n
, ,

t h e sunli ght wh i ch so m , e ca ll m otes An a x ag o ra s .

0

sa y s th a t the s e hi ss in g a n d buz z i ng i n the he a t by

, ,

the i r no i s e m ake other so unds ha rd to he a r i n t h e

da yti m e but th at a t ni ght the i r da nc ing a n d the i r
,
”
n o i se ab a t e
mm
.

4. When I fin i shed A o ni u s sa i d, We s h a l l ,

doubt l es s s e e m ri di c ulous i f w e n o t only supp os e tha t

we h av e re futed D e m ocri tus but wa nt t o c o rrect
A n a x a gor a s a s well Sti ll we m us t de p ri v e A n a x a
.
,

g o ra s bod i es of the i r hi ss in g for i t i s ne i ther p rob a ble

’

n o r n e ce ssa ry The vi bra ti o n an d m

,

o v em e nt o f t h e
a to m
.

s s et churning i n the li ght i s o ften s uffic i ent t o

s pli t the s o unds a n d sca tter them For if the a ir
whi ch a s you s a i d i s th e m
.
,

a teri a l b a s i s of so und a n d

ro vi de s i t s es s enc e is ca lm i t a sse s on the ar ti cl e s

a n d w av e s of sound str a i ght a n d s m

p p , p ,

o o th a n d con
'

t in u ou s fr o m a di st a nt source A wi ndl e ss ca lm tr a n s .

mi ts s ound a n d t h e o ppos i te condi ti o n doe s not a s

, ,

D i ls K r n F r d V k 3
59 A 74 cf Arist ot l e
m
e a
-
z a g er or s o
fl
, . . .
,
"
P r ob le a ta , 903 a 8 .

50ev Turn e b u
s : L5 . 53 3 0
1 1 1 517 111 Doe hn er : ¢a ive0 9a 12
13 9
 ’
PLUTA RCH S M ORA LI A

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PLUTA RCH S M ORALI A
(72 2 )
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C olloc unt ur He rod es , 50 5 i s Proto genes , Pr ax ite l es , ,

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. .
 TABLE TA LK VI I I
-
. 3 — 72 3

he a r a n d s p e ak But a t ni ght the ai r be i n g mostly

moti on less an d waveless when e v eryt hi ng i s res t i ng”
.
,

, ,

na tur ally conducts so und to us unbroken a n d i nta ct .

6 Ari s tod emus of Cyp rus

. w h o wa s a lso p resent 0
, ,

s ai d But Thr as yllus d on t y o u th i nk th a t ni ght ’

b a ttles a n d ni ght m
, ,

a rches by la rge a rm i es re fute

-

your vi ew Th ey do not make s ound s a n y less loud

e v en though th e a ir i s i n grea t turm
,

o il a n d vi bra ti on
A p a rt of the ca u s e o f the phen o m
.

e non we a r e di s

cus s i ng li es wi th i n o urs el v es Mo s t o f the s p e ech th a t

we oursel v es e mi t a t ni ght i s rela ted to s o m
.

e dis t ur
‘

b ance or p rom p ted by so m e em o t i o n w e a r e sh o ut

i ng com a nds o r q u m e s ti o n s a t s o m e o ne an d ra i s e o ur
v o i ces For wh a t r o us e s us to words a n d d eeds a t the
.

ti me when we a r e us ua lly a t r e st i s ne v er a nyth in g

i n s i gni fica nt or une x c i ti ng but som eth i ng i m p orta nt
urgi ng us wi th the com
, ,

p uls i on of s ome gre a t need so ,

t ha t o u r v o i ces too tr a v el wi th gre a ter fo rc e .

QU E S T I O N 4

Why at rious athletic festi va ls d ifie ren t k inds of wrea ths

t he
'

frond a t a ll of th e m
va
a re awa rd ed bu t t he
,
-

; also ,

wh y la rge dates are ed N icolaii ses

S pea k e rs : He rod es S osp is Pro tog enes

, , ,

Cap hi s ias

1 D U R ING the I s thm i a n G a mes the s econd ti m e

Sosp is b w a s e xhi b i t o r I av o i ded the other b a nquets
.
,

a t wh i ch he enterta i n ed a gre a t m
, ,

a ny fo re i n vi s i tor s
g
at o nce a n d se v er a l ti mes entert a i n ed all th e c i t i z en s
, .

Once howe v er when he enterta i ned i n hi s h o me hi s

, ,

N ot t erwi oh s kno wn
Co rinthi an be st known fro mthi s
e .

5
Pr a y a ob bl , pa ssage .

Cf ix 5 , 12 , 13 ,
. . be low .

143
 PLUTARCH S MORAL I A ’

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I n ix 14, He rodes app ears mmb r f t he ci cr l e of

mm i u
. as a e e o
A on s at Ath ens . N ausicaa , O dyss ey, vi .

144
 PLUTA RCH S MOR A LI A
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5
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ube rt
m
7L9 .

iSLdAeL
L ov K ronenbe rg i
Ly e ZAL m ov.

P l uta rc h p l t he tymologica l identity of

m
a s on e

( ruddy p al
’
¢O LVL§ (
55 55
0 011709

146
 TABLE TALK VI I I -
. 4, 72 3

fond of the Peri p a teti c p h i l o sop her Ni co l a us who ,

was sw e e t i n ch a ra cter a n d slender a n d t a ll p hy s i ca lly ,

a n d wh o se fa ce w a s o v ers re a d wi th a ruddy glow

“
dubbed the l a rgest an d ha nds o m
p ,

e s t da tes Ni co
la ii s e s an d s o they r e ca lled to th s da y
,
’
a i
”
b .

’
2. In thi s sp eech we thought th a t Herodes digr e s
s i on a bout N i c olaiis w a s not l es s ple a s ing tha n the
m ai n questi on All the m ore re a son s ai d S osp is
.
,
’

for e a ch of u s to be e ager to a dd to the m ai n dis

cu ss i on so m e ex t ra contri buti on of h i s own I wi ll
contri bute firs t the re m a rk th a t the fam
.

e of vi ct o rs
o ught to re m ai n unfadi ng a n d e xe mt from o ld a e

N ow the p alm i s one of the m

p g ,

a s far a s i s
p oss i ble os t
l o ng li v ed of pl a nt s a s the Orp hi c p o ems som
.

, ewhere
a ttest

T h ey li edlo ng as t h hi gh —fronded shoo ts of th e p l m

v as s e a .

To i t alone pra cti ca lly belongs a ch a ra cteri s ti c fa ls ely

ttri buted to m n am
, ,

a ny others ely th a t of be i ng
fir m
a ,

le av e d an d always i n le a f 4 For we ob s erv e

’

th a t ne i ther the l a urel nor t h e o li v e nor the m

-
.

yrtle ,

nor an y other o f the tr e e s th a t a r e s a i d n o t t o shed

the i r le av es a lway s kee p s the sa m
, e le a v e s but a s the ,

first a r e shed others ar e growi ng i n th e ir pl a ce lik e

c i ti es e a ch is e v er l i vi ng a n d c o nti n uous But th e
,
-
.

Th e i ng k
enti ned m o ro h
e re is a p p a ent y H e r d t h e G ea t r l
of J u ho m
d aea , fo r w ms s or m m
N ic o la ii s o f D a a c u pe rf ed a ny
s s Th r
ervi ce lso o s
e e a re a
. traditi n (err ne u, acc rd i t
o o s o o
J ac ob y) t at Au
h s s l gutu ca led date ( r a c e ta in k i n
s o r of
ks b s
ca e ) afte r N i c o la ii s eca ue b e fre q u
l s o s e nt y ue d t e nd
h mo m
t e t hi as gifts O ob
n N icola fis see J ac y, F r ag Gr
.
‘

. .

l
H is t c h 90, es p T , 10, 13
m m
, . . .

K e rn, O r p h icor u F rag e nt a , 2 2 5

m ols
.

ls K r
E p ed c e , D i e Fr a nz , 3 1 B 77
mo
de r
m
ag -

bo ho
(fro 6 49 0, a ve ) Th e p al d es in fact, l s
. wever, oe
s
it s leav e .

147
 PLUTARCH S MOR A LIA ’

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N ic i as dedi cated a b ronz e p alm
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O f L if e of
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 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA
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 TAB LE TALK VI I I
-
. 4, 72 4

thleti c g a mes a n d a lov er o f vi c t or he w as himself

y
a

a contesta nt in lyre
p l a yi ng a n d s i ngin g a n d di scus
throwi ng a n d a s so m
-

e sa y e v en i n boxi ng H e is
the p r o tector of m
, , , .

e n eng a g e d i n conte s t s t oo as
Hom er te s ti fies when he m
, ,

akes Achi lles sa

y
Le t u s b id two m e n whoe v e r are be st fig h t with fi s ts ra i sed
h ig h a boxi ng m
, ,

atc h for th ese p riz es an d to w hi ch e v er ,

Apo llo grants to outla st th e oth er

a n d when he re resents the a rcher who
p p ra yed to the
god a s s ucceedi ng a n d wi nn in g first p ri z e a n d th e
one who s corned to p ra y a s m i ss i ng the m
,

a rk beca us e

of thi s "
. Ag ai n i t i s not li kely tha t the Atheni a ns
,

would h a v e dedi ca ted the i r gymna s i um t o A p ollo

wi thout re a s o n or a b s ent mi ndedly ; but they con
s i de r e d th a t the g o d fr o m
-

whom we h a v e he alth a ls o
gi v es us go od condi ti on a n d strength fo r a th l eti c con
There i s a di sti nct i on b etween lig ht a n d
h eavy contests a n d they s ay th a t where as the D el
,

p hi a ns sa cri fice to A p o l l o the B oxer t h e Creta ns a n d

Lac eda e m
,

oni a ns s a cri fice to Ap oll o the Runner Do .

not the dedi ca ti ons of a rms a n d the fin e s t o f t h e

b a ttle sp o i l a n d tr ophi es a t Pyt h o a tte s t t ha t thi s
god h as m
-

uch i nfl uence i n the r ea lm of vi cto ry a nd

the wi nni ng of power P
5 Be fo r e he ha d fini shed s p e a ki ng Pra xi t e les was
.
,

i nterru p ted by Th e on s so n C aphi s i a s d

’
Thi s do e s
not h av e the o d o ur o f sch ol a rly rese a rch or of ge o -

r a h i ca l tre a ti s e s i t i s dr a wn ri ght out of the Peri

at e t i c co m m c ol l ecti ons i n a n a t te m
g p
on l a ce —
pt at
rhetori ca l p e rs u as i on And wha t i s m ore m
p p ,

.
y fr i end s , ,

i n ra i s i ng thi s i mp os i ng tr a gi c sta ge m a ch i ne y o u -

a r e tryi ng to use the god t o i nti mi da te your o

p
Cf P a u s a ni as v 7 10 I l ia d xxiii 659 if
O nl y nam
.
, . . . , . .

I l ia d xxi ii
, . if .
4
ed h e re .

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154
 TABLE TAL K VI I I -
. 5, 72 5

fro mthe Ni le a t ni ght an d not duri ng the day

So m
.

e thought they were a frai d of th e sun whi ch by

i t s he a t renders li qui ds m
,

ore subj ect to corrup ti on

F o r anyth i ng hea ted or wa rm ed i s a lwa y s m
.

ore p r o ne
to ch a nge a n d h a s s uffered i n a d v a nce a rel a x a ti o n
,

o f i ts qu ali ty Co l d on t h e o ther h and seems to

c om
.
, ,

p re s s a n d h ol d t ogether a n d
p r e serv e a nythi ng

i n i t s e x i s ti ng s t ate a n d thi s i s emi nently true of

,

wa t e r The c o ld s ta te of wa ter h a s p reserv a t i v e

qu ali ti e s a s is sh o wn by snow whi ch kee p s m
.

“ eat
, ,

l a rg e ly i mmun e to deca y for a long whi le But

wa rm th a lters e v eryth i ng fr omi t s norm
.

a l sta te as i s ,

wel l sh o wn by h o ney whi ch i s sp o i led by bo ilin g but

i f l e ft uncooked hel p s p re s erv e other th i ngs fr o m
, ,

g o i ng b ad The be st e vi dence a dduced fo r thi s e x

.

pl a na ti on w a s th a t o f the w a ter o f p oo l s In winter

i t i s no l e ss p ota ble th a n o th e r wa ter but i n s um mer
.

ti m e i t b e c o m
,

e s n o x i ous a n d unh ea lthfu l Thus

s i nce ni ght see m
.
,

s a n alogous to wi nter a n d da y to
sum mer t h e s ailors h av e the i dea th a t the wa ter wi ll
be m o re l i k e ly t o re m a i n unch a nged a n d fre e fr o m
,

ta i nt if i t i s dr a wn a t ni ght
In the fa ce of thi s a rgum
.

ent s o emi n ently p e r ,

s uas i v e ro s e a nother to bols ter a la ym a n s fai th as i t

,
’

were wi th the confir m a ti on o f na uti ca l exp eri ence

So m
.
,

e sta ted na mely tha t the sa i lors dr a w wa ter a t

, ,

ni ght b e ca us e th e ri v er i s sti ll qui et an d p e a ceful

m
,

where a s i n t h e da yt ime nu bers of p eo p l e a r e dra w

in g w a t e r o r u s i ng bo a ts a n d m a ny s orts of a ni m als

ar e m o vi ng a bout i n i t i t i s r o i led a n d bec o m es turb i d

an d m
,

uddy In thi s c o ndi ti o n i t is lia ble to go b a d

for a ll mi x tures a r e m
.
,

o re li k ely t o p utrefy t ha n wh a t
i s un mi x ed Mi xi ng p rod uces c o nfl i ct c onfii c t p ro
.
,

Cf . awpra , B ook I I I Questi on

, 10 .

155
 PLUTA RCH S M ORA LI A
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f , s , .

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2 '
8 wp added b y Re i s e

O n t he e ffec ts of mixtur e ( of food s ) of . s up ra B ook I V

, ,

Question 1 6 63 A) .

156
 P LUTARCH S M ORALIA ’

II P O B AH MA S ‘

H 6 p1 761V wa pa yLv op ev wv 6771

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Co lloc unt ur filuT h e on i s et Plut a rc hi , Pluta rc h us , S oc laru
m
s,
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T 0511 i y ou 5
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mm
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fi a 70 1 7Buec h l r
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Th on w s lose fr i nd of P l utar h n d i m en ti oned

mor oft n i n his works th n ny cont m
e a a c e c , a s

p or ry s e th
thor s b roth r L a m
e e a a e a av e

au S RE Plu t c h o ( Q)
’

p” i as e r . ee , ar s ,

co l 6 8 6
. T h eon
, c ols 9 059 2 066 , .
-

158
 T AB L E T A L K VI I I . 6 , 72 5—72 6

QUE STI O N 6
O n peop l e who a rrive l ate at d inne r ; a lso t h e origi n of t h e
wo rds a k r at iam a ri s k m
,

a b reak fas t b rea kfast

o r l unch eon a nd deip non di nner
S pea k e rs S ons of P l uta rch a nd of Th eon P lutarc h
s T h eo n L am
, ,

S oc laru p ri as a n d oth e rs
, , ,

1 . MY y o unger sons h a vi ng s ta yed too lo ng a t som , e

mus i ca l p erfo rm a nces i n the the a tre a rri v ed r a ther
l ate a t di nner an d Th e o n s s o ns twi tt ed the mp l a y
,
’

b
,

fully wi th e p i thets l i ke di nner st o pp ers an d -

dusk di ner s
-
”
In self defe nce they retort ed by
.
c -

”
ca lli ng t h e others run t o —di nners One o f th e
older p e rsons p r e s ent comm
-
.

ent e d th a t a run t o -

di nner is one who i s l a t e for di nner : when h e i s

del a y e d he comes on the scene hurryi n g a t a faster
H e reca l led a wi tti ci s mof G abb a
,

“
pa ce th a n a w alk .
,

C a esa r s j ester who u s ed to ca ll tho s e wh o a rri v ed

’

l a te di nn er lo v er s on the ground th a t i n s p i te of
-

ha vi ng other eng agements they di d not refu s e i n vi t a

ti ons —beca u s e of the i r l o v e of di ni ng out
I m enti oned tha t Polych a rm
.

2 us f a n Atheni a n
p o p ul a r l e a der when gi v i ng i n the a sse m
.
,

bly a n a ns wer
t o cri t i c i s m
,

of hi s w ay of li fe ended by s a yi ng Th i s
i s how I h a v e li v ed m
, ,

e n o f Ath e n s a n d i n a dd i t i on
,

I h av e n e v er when i n vi t e d to d i nner b e en the l a s t

, ,
”
to a rri v e Thi s kind o f thi ng i s reg arded a s v ery
de m
.

ocra ti c a n d o n the o ther h a nd th o se who a re

,

A na m e giv en to ce rta in sna ils ( Ath enae us , 63

Al ca eus frag 3 7 Be rgk ( sa id of P itta cus )
, . .

Th is word is used of p aras ites ( Ath enaeus i 4 vi .

lso b y J u n l ii i 6 7 m m rti
, . a,
2 42 c ) an d a oc k in gly ve a , . , , of so e a l
c e
of a p p r el wo rn b y p r s ites
a a a .

G bb a w as
a cou rt—j ester to Augustus
a .

Oth erwise un known .

 P LUTARCH S M OR A LI A ’

( 72 6) 7o u9 0156 7ra pa yLv0 ) L6v0 v 9 Li va yK a CO wevO L 0 6 p L) L6 v 6 Lv

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“
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m
c p a pp .

xP
Xp‘wUp év s added b y Re i s k e .

pa v K a ltwass e r
S
a t5 05 a
p v . .

I t is m a i n l y fro mth is p ass age th at Z i egl er c onc ludes

th at th is S oc la us was an inti m ate fri end of t h e a u
r thor and a
res ident of C ha eronea (RE Plu t a rc hos c ol , .

160
 P LUTARCH S M OR ALI A ’

A
(72 6)
I
w voya a Ga L
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.

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.
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A
F a v70 L9 o vop a o L K a 7a ¢a vw 9 xp wp eva 7 L9 O U K a v
f f A I

1
wpd wv S tep h anus : 7rpav 6 8 .

Actuall m s ms to
rel ated“ to fip ea rl y be
y I t w as ori ginall y a n early m
, cp ro v
-
ee L, ,

bu
”
a nd e al
at so m e s it m
ea t t
t h e ti m m eti m
. ,

e v ari ed with c u s to so th ust b e

l unch eo n Th e first v owel is long mth is s ense
,
”
ca ll ed . .

I li a d , xi 8 6 . .
 TAB LE TA LK V I I I -
. 6 , 72 6

ri v ed fromaura morni ng bree z e as i s a u rion

to m o rrow
-
D eipnon di nner on the other
ha nd i s so ca lled beca us e i t bri n gs r e st (Liliana
,
‘‘

au from l a bour ; eo le d ne when they h av e

'

p ez
) p p i
fini shed worki ng or i n the i nterv a ls o f work Thi s
too ca n b e ga thered froma p hr as e of H o m
.
, ,

, er ,

At t he time of day wh en a woods man p rep are s hi s di nner .

Sti ll i t m , a
y be th a t s i nce p eople took bre akfa st (a ri
ston where v er they were a n d wi thout trouble or e ffo rt
) ,

us i ng wh a te v er food w as a t h a nd whi le di n ner (dei

m
,

non w a s by then a re a red e a l they deri v ed the

)
word ari s ton fr o mr hai ston
p p p ,

e a si e s t a n d dei n on

fr om di apepone enon m el a bora ted

p

5 My brother L a m
.
p ri a s who h as a s a ucy di s po s i ,

ti on an d lo v es a j oke p romi sed to s how s in ce we h ad

p ermi tted th i s m
, ,

uch nons ens e th a t the L a ti n words

a r e much m
,

ore a pprop ri a te th a n the Greek They

h as i t s n a m e fr o mkoz nom
.

'

y th a t cena di nn er
'

sa

The a nc i ent R om
a

fe llowsh i p a ns gener a lly t o ok

the i r e a rly m e al a lone but h ad di nner a l ong wi th

the i r fri ends The a ri ston they ca l le d p r andiumb e
,

use of the ti me of da y For a fternoon i s end i on a n d

they ca l l ed the rest aft er t h e ari aton endi az e m
-

.
,
‘

( ta ki ng

By th e word they m
-

a s i esta e a nt to si gni fy e i ther

0

an
”
ea rly (p roi ne n) m e a l o r the nouri shment whi ch
‘

they ta ke befo re be i ng in need ( pun endee s) of i t

i

Wh a t i s m ore L a m
.

”
p ri as conti nued
, le a v i ng as i de ,

co uch co v ers wi n e honey oli v e oil ta sti ng p rop osi ng

, , , , ,

to asts an d so ma ny other thi ng s wh i ch ob vi ously a r e

ca lled by th e sa m e name i n La ti n a s i n Greek who ,

p i S ( L at p r a n di um
v Lo v .
) se em s to b e ana lys ed as 7 p0 r

ES o be fore noon ; 6 S 15 t h e b as is of t he word éuS i '

a t t h e Ro m m
v L v, v Lov LL

{ ta k e a s iesta so th an s ra n di u 13 th e
mea l b efore t he s iesta p
aLv , ,
”
.

163
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

7
( 6)
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’
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6 ’ ‘
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II P O B AHMA Z
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' '
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p 1) 8 6x6 0 00L 70 0 7p05) La 7a 0 0 V70 p1i 77 6 LV 6 15

0159 Li va a 71i V711 9
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B ase l edition K yl ander Bwp
1 37
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ytt en b ac h
’
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Od y s s ey, x 3 56 .
.

I lia d , v 0. 12
W h en L a m
.

p ri as ( or rath er t h e pe rsons h e is sati r iz ing ;

cf t h e l as t sente nc e ) sa ys t h at t h e L ati n exp r ess i ons d i sc u
. ssed
16 4
 PLUTA RCH S MORALIA ’

f
(72 7) 11 0 L 8 L0 .
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0
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,

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mm
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r ad ven t or ia ( Ma ti a , xii , p rae f

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or m
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C ap e r p efe r t h e f er r s
b
.

Lu c i u t h e P yt ag
s ea n, w h ora ho lso
ap p ea r i n Qu e ti n s s o
8 of t i B h s ook i s n t t he n of
, o so Flor s F
u ( 702 ) b ut is p r a y , ob bl
t b e identi ed wit t h e L uc i u of t he D e Fac ie
o fi h s
m rh s o m r o
.

An inti ate a n d p e ap a c p at i t of P uta rc , w l h ho

a p p e ar s
any ti m ms h r
as a c a acte r i n h is d ia gu H is lo s
sm
e e .

v eg eta i ani r is ug t out i n t er p a

bro h oh ss
es as we as in ll
hs
t i on e S ee RE , . Plu t arch os c 68 1 o .

16 6
 TAB LE TA LK V I I I -
. 7, 72 7

welcom e di n ner (as the Ro m a ns ca ll i t

) to celebr a te a

my a rri val i n Rome a fter a long ab sence i nvi t ed a

-

sma ll number of cl os e fri ends i ncludi ng a certai n

p up i l of M oder a tus the Pyt ha gorea n nam
,

ed Luc i us
who w a s a n a ti v e of Etruri a “ When he saw m
, ,

y
fri end Phi lin us a bsta i ni ng fromthe fle s h of li vi ng
.

cre a ture s “he w a s n a tura lly led to s p e ak a bout the

He cl a imed hi mas a n
,

doctri nes of Pyt h a gora s .

E t rusca n not through the lin ea ge o f hi s fa ther a s

6
, ,

others h av e d o ne but i ns i stin g tha t Pyt h a g o ras w as

,

born r ais ed a n d e duca ted i n Etruri a H e str ess ed

i n s u pp ort the sym
.
, ,

bola s i gn s lik e those b i ddi ng

one on ri s i ng frombed to sh ake up the be dclothes ,

an d n o t to le a v e th e m a rk of a
po t i n the ashes when
i t is li fted but to sti r the m up not to re ce i v e s wallows
v er a broo ma n d
, ,

as
g ue s ts i n the hous e not to s te
p o , ,

not to rai s e in the h o us e a b i rd wi th hooked ta l ons .

He sa i d th a t though the Pyth a gore ans ha v e ha nd e d

these prece p ts d o wn i n o r al a n d wri tten tr a di ti on ,

the Etru s ca ns a r e the o n l y p e ople wh o i n fa ct c a re

fully ob s erv e a n d a b i de by the m .

2 After Luc i us di scussi on o f these top i cs we com

’

men t e d th a t th e rule a bo ut the swall o ws seemed es

.
,

i a ll s tr a nge — kee i ng out a h a rm l ess crea tur e

m
p e c y p
whi ch is fri en dly t o a n j us t the s a me a s the s av ag e ,

a n d murder o us b i rds wi th hooked ta lons The ex .

O n t h e diet of Ph ili n us of M07 6 60 E F . .

-

O n t he li n eage of Pyt h ag o ras see D ie ls Kranz Frag def -

, .

Vor solc 8 14 8
m m
. . .

h or
T h e P yt ag ea n sy b ola p rece p t a n d ac u s
mh m l o mm h olk
s at a
o l
ra teac i ng h s
c nta ino uc ate ri a fr yt , f
lo m I
re, a n d agic t w as p r a y arge y rati na i z ed a nd ob bl l l o l
om b
.

ll o
a e
g ri z e d fr t he eg inn ing of t h e c ( i t century s hool s x h
S ee D ie ls K
ran z , F rag der Vor s ok ! 58 c , an d N ilsson ,
-
.

G es ch d gr Re li gi on , i , pp 6 65 6 70, w e re fu
. . . rt er refe renc e
.
-
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a re gi ven .

16 7
 PLUTARCH S M OR ALIA
’

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PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA

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 TAB LE TA LK V I I I
-
. 7, 72 7—72 8

p a y i ng a s ha re Yet . the stork whi ch rece i v es

,

ne i ther shelter nor wa rmth nor a ny s ecuri ty or help

from us p a ys a rent fo r hi s r oo f t op p erch by m
,
-
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th e ro unds a n d ki lli ng to ads a n d sna kes wh i ch a r e

m
,

tre a cherous a n d hosti le t o a n whi le th e swa llow , ,

th ough she doe s get all these benefits is g o n e a s ,

so o n as s he h a s h a tched an d r ai se d her young lik e

the s us pi c i ous i n gra te th a t she i s But the m
,

os t
te lli ng p o int is th a t o f all cre a tur e s tha t sh a re m
.

an s
’

dwelli ng the fly an d th e swa llow a lone ca nnot be

d om They will not let the m
,

e s ti ca ted s e l v es be
to uched o r a ll o w a ny com
.

p a ni onshi p or sh a r e i n a n y
m
, ,

ta sk or recrea ti on Fli es ar e ti i d b e ca use they ar e

.

h a rshly tr ea ted a n d cons ta ntly sho o ed a wa y ; but

the s wallow is s hy bec a use of in born i s a nthrop y a n d m
beca use not trusti ng us she i s a lwa ys un ta m ab l e

m
, ,

a n d sus i c i ous N ow i f the ro er ethod i n study

i ng thi s ki nd of subj ect m a tter 15 not s imly to s eek
p .
p p ,

p
-

a di rect a nswer b u t to note reflecti ons a s i t were of

, , ,

one thi ng in a n o ther then the i ntenti on of Pyt h a

gora s i n m
,

aki n g the sw allow a n ex a m le of fic kle n es s

, p
a n d th a nklessness w a s to forb i d us when p ers ons
com e to us a n d take shelter bec a us e o f so me e m
, ,

er
genoy to m a k e th e mour clos e a s soc i a tes for a n

longer p eri od tha n i s nece s sa ry or a llow t h e mto

, y

sha re i n the h e a rth a n d th e hous ehold or o ur m

,

os t
sa cred concerns .

4 My w o rds s e e m t o h a v e amounted t o a rem o va l

.

o f inhi b i ti o ns for the rest for now they confidently ,

”
a tta cked the o ther s i gns p rop os i ng e xp l a na ti ons
tha t were m For ex a m
,

ai nly eth i ca l
p le Phi li n u s s ai d

th at the Pyt h agor e an s obli t e ra te the m

.
,

a rk of a
p ot
fr omthe a shes a s a le s son th a t we must let n o o b vi ous
tra ce of a nger rema in Ra ther once the bo i li ng o v er
.
,

171
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALI A

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a L, 77 LL wo s
q
‘

p
'

u
f gbvx dded b y Hub ert ( cf Ath en WI 3 08 b )
'
a . . . .

uK dw Séx p s u p p li ed b y Re isk e B ern ardak is

add ed b y W
ek yev

Km
, o o o aL , .

yt t e n b ach
3

W ms added b y K ylander
.

or .

Ha w q D ie ls wék
Wytt b
a . . wa va

ft r W
wapaLveLv ac h wepalveLV
‘

en
7
D i e ls , a yt t
e e n b ach : ov ey m
f o aL
¢p€ V6$ 67rep

At M07 D . 6 70 , P u l
ta rc h ma k s anoth r s p e k r s y
e e a e a

th t of sea —c reatures
a , , t h e Pyt hagore ns absta ined es pe cia ll y
a

1741
 TAB LE TAL K V I I I -
. 8 , 72 8

the b a n o f s i lence I do not supp os e th at the fact i s se

,

cret o r e so teri c tha t they us ed to a bs t a i n esp eci a lly

fromfish Not only i s t hi s re po rted of the a nci ent
0

Pyt h agore a ns but I hav e a ls o m

.

et u i ls o f Alex i
cra tes our contem
, p p
, p or a ry who some ti mes us e d the,

fl esh of other li vi ng crea tur es in moder a ti o n a n d

e v en ofl
,

e r e d i t in sa cri fice but who could not be a r to ,

ta s te fish a t all The re ason a dv a nced by the La ce

da e m b
.

oni an T yn dar e s I ca nnot a cce p t th a t thi s ah ,

s t e n t i on i s o ut of reg a rd fo r the i r s i l ence a n d th a t ,

they ca ll fis h ellop s s ilent ) beca us e they keep the i r ’

mouth s shut an d un d er restr ai nt He s ai d i t w a s i n

le th a t my n am
.

a ccord ance wi th the Pyth a gorea n ru e

sa ke exh ort e d P a usa ni as t o hi de wi thi n a silent
ello s m nd h doctr ’
n es
“ an d tha t i n gener al
( p ) i is i ,

th e e arly Pytha gore a ns cons i dered s ilence a godli ke

s i nce e v en the gods re v e a l the i r wi shes to
thos e who ca n understa nd the mby a cts a n d deeds
,

,
”
wi thout s p eech .

2
. Luc i us sa i d qu i etly a n d s im ply th a t whi le the
, ,

true rea s on is doubtless now a s be fore s ecret a n d

i ncomm u ni ca ble n o one would mi nd our s ee i ng wh a t
,

p l a us i ble or p rob able a nswer we could find

the p rofess o r of li t er a r e w as the first s p e a ker an d m
Theon
,
.

,
,

fro mt h e ane m one and t he red mull t O n food ta boos and

v egeta ri ani s mi n ge ne ra l see

e .
-

P o rp h yry D e A bs t i nent ia ;
mmu
,

H auss le it e r D er Vegeta s i n der A n t i ke ( B er i n, l

Cognata , S er ta Leod iens i d
,

Dela tte , F ab a Pyt hago rae

( L i ege, p p 3 3 57 .
-
.

S ee note to 717 2
m
.

M p roba bl y ea nt sca l y ( cf Aen a s) bu t P u ta rc l h

’
E
m mut
. .

a nd oth e rs thou ht i t ea nt it is d e ri v ed e re h
m g e
fro t h e roo ts u\
“
sh ut
,
”
and 6 m , o
v i ce
”
. Cf a . lso
Ath enae us vi i 3 08 b d
m mp docl s
-

, . .

ls
D i e K nz , Fr dar Vor s ok 3 1 B 5 ‘
(E
’

oe m
-
ag . . . e e

p w as addre ssed to hi s fri end Pau a ni a ) s s .

175
 P LUTARCH S M OR A LI A ’

(72 8 ) e In GV (in Tvpa dV MEV dwoSei fa L II v a épa V p ey

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H erodotus, ii 3 7 . .
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORA LIA
I I
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For s im i l r id as u o B ook I V Questi on 4

a
”
e 0 s , ,

W h et h r t h e se p ro i es be tter food th n t h e l nd
e a v a a .

b C M 7 3 63 E
T e C yc lop s p ro m mn I shall eat
O . .

c
is ed O dysse us N o— a
 TABLE TA LK VI I I -
. 8 , 72 9

fa ta l t o them sin ce they ar e born a n d li v e contr a ry

,

to n a ture a n d p rop ri ety “ It is not surp ri s i ng if the .

Egyp ti an s thi nk t h a t s ea cre a ture s ar e bec aus e of the

s e a fore i gn to them an d un fit to be co moun ded wi th
-

p
thei r blood an d bre ath— a p eo ple who wi ll not e v en
gre e t s ea —cap ta i ns when they meet the m beca us e
” b
,

th e y m ake a li vi ng from the s e a .

3
. Agree i ng wi th thi s S ull a a dded concerni ng the , ,

Pyth agore a ns th a t if they t asted flesh i t w a s mo s t

,

o ften th a t of s a cri fici al anim al s a n d a fter a p r e ,

li min a ry o fferi ng to the god s but tha t no fi s h i s fit ,

for dedi ca ti on or s acri fice

When they h a d fini she d I s ai d th a t m
.

a ny
p eop le , ,

both phi lo s ophers a n d l aymen would defend the s e a ,

a g ai n s t the Egy ti a ns by reck o ni ng u the gre at

contri but i o ns i t ha s m
p p ,

a de to the e a se a n d
p lea sure of
hum a n li fe The i dea th a t the Pyth ag o re a ns m
. a in

tai n a truce wi t h fish beca us e fish a r e not rel a ted t o

us is grote s que a n d ri di culous or ra th e r co m p letely ,

s a va ge It be s tows up on other cre a t ure s a Cyclop e a n

.

gi ft for the i r ki nsh ip an d close rel a ti o ns hi p — th a t of

0

be i ng dressed a n d e a ten Yet they s ay th a t Pyt ha

gora s once bought a netful of fish a n d then ordered
t h e net to be c a st off H e w a s not i ndi fferent t o fish .

as be in g of a nother r a ce or hosti le but p ai d a r a n s om ,

for th em a s for fri e n ds a n d rel a ti v e s w h o h a d b e e n

ca p t ured d Therefore to re v erse your a rgum ent the
nobili ty an d gentlenes s of th o se m
.
, ,

e n m akes me s us

last after his c o m p ani ons Th is h ll b e your gift

H o mr Odyssey ix 3 6 9 f
, . s a .

e . .

I n P o rp h yry Vi ta P yt h g xxv nd
, ,

Cf M07 9 1 c
I am
. . .
, a .
, a

b li ch u Vi t P yt h g xxx i t h r l ea se of t h fish is
l ted i n c onn xi on with P yt h ag o ras m
s , a a . v , e e e re
i r aculo us p red icti on ’

num
a e
of t h e be r t h t would b e found i n a n t be ing dr wn in
a e a
no reaso n is gi en v .

179
 ’
PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA

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’ ' '

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 ’
P LUTA RCH S M ORALI A
V

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 TAB LE TA LK VI I I -
. 8 , 73 0

se i ni ng for an y ki nd of fish i s a n act of glutt ony a n d

of gorm a ndi z e di st u rb i ng t h e wa ters a n d descendi n g
,

i nto the de p ths wi th n o ri ghtful e xcus e Certa i nly no

o ne ca n ca ll th e red m
.

ullet cr op—de v ourin g or the

p a rrot wr a sse-
gr a e e a ter o r the
p grey m ullet or sea
-

b as s seed stea li ng — o ur re p roa chful e p i thets for

-

l a nd a ni m a ls “ N ot e v en our ni gga rdly compl ai nts

a bout the m
-
.

a rten or the domesti c mous e could be a

p
li ed to a fi s h— e v en the l a rges t of them Therefore
p .

the Pyt ha gore ans r e s tr ai ni ng thems el v es not only

o p o s i ti v e la w fro m ard m
, , ,

a ccor di n t i nj usti ce tow an

g , ,

but a ls o a ccordin g t o na tur a l la w from ha rmi ng a n y

thi ng h a rm less u s ed fi s h lea st of all foo ds or m
, a de ,

no us e of i t In fa ct e v en ap art fr o m the questi on of

ri ght there mu s t be som
.
,

, e ti nge of self i ndulgence -

a n d h i gh li vi ng i n the wh o le i ndus try or we should

not i nv est s uch funds a n d di sp l a y so m uch i n genui ty

in i t Thi s i s why Homer not o nly re p resented the
.

Greeks as a bstain i ng from fish though the i r ca m p ,

w as on the s hore of the Helles p ont but di d not e v en ,

set a fish course b e fore the soft li vin g Pha e a c i a ns o r

- -

the di ss olute s u i tors though both group s were

The c o m
,

i sla nders .
p a ni ons of Odysseu s i n so long a ,

v oy a ge ne v er let down a hoo k or a fis h tr a

p or a net
-

as l o ng as they h a d flour

But w h en ll t he sto re s were gon fro mout th e shi p “

a e ,

a li tt le whi l e before they l a i d h a nds o n th e ca ttle o f

the S un i n ord e r t o p r o vi de the m

, sel v e s n o t wi th a
Th e first of th ese ad j ecti es is pp li ed b y Ho m
er to a v a
w ild so w ( Ody ey xviii t h e se c ond i n s lig htl y
di ff r nt for m b y Arc hi loc h us to n as s ( frag 9 7 B gk
ss , .
, a

E dm
e e , a . er ,

onds 102 D i hl ) ; t h thi rd b y Aristo phanes to b i rds

, e e

ge n r lly ( B i r ds 2 3 9
e a , ,

Ody y xii 3 2 9 if
s se , . .

18 3
 P LUTA RCH S M ORALIA ’

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 PLUTA RCH S MOR A LI A ’

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A r esident of Hya m p olis who s p ea ks o n m ed i ca l o r

a
,

bota nica l subj ects also i n i i 6 i v 1 a nd v i 2

N ot c e rta in l y id enti fia bl e W e llm mes fromth is
. , .
, . .

ann a ss u

p ass ag e th at h e w as a c ontem
.

p orary of Pl utarc h .

18 6
 TAB LE TA L K VII I 9 -
.
, 73 1

Q U ES T I O N 9
Wh eth er it is possi bl e for new di sea ses to co me i nto be ing
a n d fro m
,

wha t ca uses .

S pea kers Phi lo Pl uta rch Diogeni an us a n d oth ers

, , ,

1 P H IL O the hys i c i a n “ w a s m ai ntai ni ng th a t the

.
p
, ,

di s ea s e ca lled ele p h a nti a s i s h a d been known for only

a short ti me s i nce none of the a nc i ent p hys i ci a ns h a d
,

wri tt en a tre a ti s e on i t though they e xp ati ated on

many others tha t were mi nute an d p etty an d to
,

most obscure I suppli ed hi wi th a n a ddi ti onal m

,

.
,

wi tne s s from the field of p hi losop hy i n the p e rs on of

A t h e n odor u s
” who wrote i n the first book o f hi s
Epid em
, ,

tha t both ele p ha nti a s i s a n d hydro phob i a

i

first m
cs ,

a de the i r a p e a r a nce i n the t i me o f A s c le i a

p p
des Tho s e p resent exp resse d s urp ri s e a t th e i de a
’
°

th a t new di s eas es first c a m

.

e i nto e xi stence an d to ok
sh ap e a t tha t da te but they th o ught i t wo uld b e no
m
less a a z i ng i f such stri ki ng sym p t o m s ha d esca p e d
noti ce fo r so long The m aj ori ty were r a ther i ncli ned
.
,

howe v er towa rd the second hyp othes i s bec a us e i t

r ather pl a ced the bl a e on m m
, ,

a nki nd for they r e ,

g a rded n a ture a s n o t be i ng at all gi v en t o i nn o va ti on

in su ch m a tters — n o r li kely to fo ment re v o l uti o ns i n

m a n s body as if in so m
’
e body p oli ti c .

2 D i oge ni a n us a dded th a t e v en d ise a se s a n d

m
.

p ass i o ns of the i nd follow a c o mm o n tr a di ti ona l ,

cours e . Surely wi c k edness i s a v ers ati l e a n d a uda

c i on s thi ng whi le the mi nd i s self go v erned a n d
,
-

A B ith yni an p h ys ic i an who p ractis ed i n Ro m e i n t he

fi rst c entury B C T h e re a re ci tations of a work O n E lep ha w
t ia s is i n w h ic h h ydro p hob ia w as a lso m
. .

e nti o ned a ttr i b uted

to D e m oc ritus b y so m
, ,

e a nc i ent w ri ters b u t b y D i e ls K ra nz
,
-

( F rag der Vo7s ok 6 8 B 3 00 10 ii 9 16 8 if ) to Bol u s of

' 8
. . .
, . . .

Mende ( thi rd ce ntury

18 7
 PLUTARC H S M ORALI A ’

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S p o hoc les , A n t i gon é, 456

’
-
.
 PLUTA RCH S M ORALIA ’

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ci s m ngram mati ca l comb inati on of words , a
an u .

190
 TAB LE TA LK V II I 9
-
.
, 73 1—73 2

na ture Th us among the restri cted number of di

s ea ses the vari ety of the i r na m
.
,

,
es i s a source of con
fus i on But j ust a s gi v en the p a rts of s p eech a n d the
rules o f synta x i t i s i m
.
,

,p oss i ble th a t a new ki nd of

b arba ri sm or so l eci sm sh o uld suddenly a ri s e so the

co m
,

b i na ti ons of bo di ly element s a r e s ubj ect t o a

m
restricted n u ber of di s l oca ti ons a n d m a lfunct i ons .

In a w ay e v en unn a tural condi ti ons a re wi th i n the

,

fra me of na ture .

The mythograp hers ar e ex p erts too in thi s field

the i r a ccount p uts the b i rth of c om
, ,

at le ast pletely
un n a tur al an d mons trous cre a t ures at the t ime of th e
ba ttle of the g ods a n d gi a nts when the m , o o n turne d
from i t s c o urse a n d di d not ri s e i n the s ame qu a rter a s
us u al But our fri ends here ar e a ccus i ng na ture of pr o
.

du c in
g new d i se a s es a s though gi vi ng b i rth t o m o n

s t e rs wi t hout de vi s ing an y sort of re a son fo r such a

cha ng e e i ther pl a us i ble or im
,

, pl a us i ble but ca lli ng a n ,

e xcess i v e or unusu al de gre e of certa i n a ffe ct i ons a new

a n d di sti nct ki nd Thi s i s not l o gi c al m de a r P h ilo

for an i ntens i fica t i on o r i ncre a se a dds s iz e or num

.
y , ,

ber ,

but does not fo rce t h e thi ng concerned i nto a nother

cl a ss I do n o t th i nk thi s i s tru e of e l e ph a nti a s i s
e i ther whi ch i s a n e xt re m e formof so me s ki n di se as e
.

or of hydr ophobi a wh i ch i s a n extre m e fo rm of som

, ,

, e
stoma ch trouble or mel a nch ol y Wha t i s more i t i s
surp ris i ng we h av e not noti ced th a t Hom
.
,

er h i ms elf
wa s a cqu ai nted wi th hydro phob i a It i s cl ea r tha t
.

when he us ed the term rab i d dog b he took the e pi ’

thet from thi s ma l a dy from whi ch the term r a b i d

,

m
,
”
is app li e d to hu a n be i ng s too
When D i ogeni an us h a d fin i shed P hi l o m
.

3 a de a

fitti ng re ply to hi s argument a n d c all e d upo n m

.
,

, e to

b Teucer so refers to H ector, Ili ad , viii .

19 1
 PLUTA RC H S M OR A LIA ’

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 TABLE TA LK VI II 9
-
.
, 73 2

we cons i dered i t p rob able th a t di sea s e s di d n ot rush

i nto e xi stence in a r a c i ng s ta rt a t the dr o p of o ne ,

ba rri er a s i t were but t ha t they ke p t a rri vi ng one

, ,

a fter a nother so th a t e ach i ndi vi d ua l ly a fter a n

, ,

i nterval came i nto be i ng for the first ti me

One m
.
,
”
i ght conj ecture I sa i d t h a t t h ose
wh i ch com
, ,

e as a result of a defici ency a n d those ,

whi ch hea t a n d c o ld p roduce w o uld a s s ai l the b o dy

firs t a n d that those a ri s ing fromsurfe i t a n d luxur i e s
,

a n d o v er— i ndulgence would app e a r l a t e r a long wi th ,

i dleness a n d le i sure whi ch come when p ri m a ry wa nts

s u e rfl
,

ar e well
p ro vi ded for The p . u i t i e s a ccumu l a te

a vi c i ous res i due i n the body a n d th a t i s a bre edi n

g
groun d for a medley of new di s e a s es wi th e v er new
mutua l com pli ca ti ons a n d c o mb i na ti ons .

Tha t whi ch i s a ccordi ng to na ture i s o rde red a n d

deli mi ted fo r na ture i s p reci sely order or e ls e the
, , ,

ha ndi work of o rder whi le di sorder like P i nda r s ’

sa nd h as eluded num
, ,

ber an d W
’

, h a t i s contr a ry
,
a

to n a t ure i s s i mply wha t i s unbounded a n d un

limi ted The fa cts a ll o w j ust one true sta te m
. ent b ut ,

a n i nfini te number o f fa ls e one s Both rhythm a n d .

p i tch go by formula but n o o ne co ul d i ncl ude i n a

fo rm ula the mi sta ke s p eop l e m
,

ak e in
p l a yi ng th e
lyre or s i ngi ng or da nci ng And i n fa ct Phr yni ch us b .

the tra gi c p oet s a ys of hi m s elf ,

As mny figur s D nce gi ves m e as ba l eful night

upo n a storm
a e a
Mak as waves y sea .

m
Ch rys ip p us sa ys th a t the number of compo und
p ro p os i ti ons th a t ca n be ma de fr o m only ten s i p le
Ol . 11. 179 .

19 5
 PLUTA RCH S M OR A LIA ’

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 PLUTARCH S MOR A LIA ’

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 TAB LE TAL K V I II 9 -
.
, 73 3

an d I kno w i t a s a fact tha t y hos t Eph e b us a t m

m nt of se m m
.

Athens e i t t e d alon g wi th a la rge a o u en

m
, ,
.

a ha i r cr a tu r e whi ch r an r a p i dl y on an legs
y
m m
e
y .

Ari s totl e r ela t e s tha t t h e gra nd oth er of Ti on i n

m
,

Cili ci a us e d t o hi be rn at e for two onths of e v e ry

,
“
yea r gi vi ng no si gn of li fe e xc e pt th t s e br ea th e d h
Wh a t is m
a

or e i n t h e w orks of M e no b i t i s gi v e n as a
.
,

s i gn of l i v e r di s e a s e th a t a p a ti e nt w a tch e s a tt e nti v e ly
for t h e m i c e of t h e ho u s e hol d a n d p urs ue s th e — a m
ph e nom e non th a t i s nowh e r e obs e rv e d no w a da s

Th e r e for e le t us not b e s urpri s e d i f som

y .

e thi ng

m m
re
p
vi o u sl
y no n e xi st e nt h as co e to b e nor if so e thi n g ,

th a t e xi st e d be fore h a s c eas e d Th e ca us e of thi s i s

ct ur e of o ur bodi e s w h i ch va ri e s fromti e m
.

t h e str u
to t im m
bi n a ti on of i t s e l e m
,

e i n t h e co e nt s .

As for t h e i ntrod ucti on of n e w air or strang e

w a t e r le t u s gi v e tha t u i f D i o e ni an u s d o e s not
p g
m
, ,

lik e i t tho ugh w e do know tha t t h e D e oc ri t ea ns

,

both s ay a n d wri t e tha t wh e n worl ds p e ri sh out

m m m
,

be yond o ur own a n d for e i gn a to s flow

, fro t h e
i nfini t e th e n so u rc e s of pl a gues a n d un us ua l di s e a s e s
m m
,

a
y fin d th e i r wa y i nto ou r i dst Le t u s a lso gi v e .

up t h e p a rti a l d e structi ons th a t ta k e pl a c e on ea rth

fromea rthqua k e s dro ughts a n d r ainstor s occa m
,

m
-
, ,

s i ons w h e n t h e wi nds a n d str e a s w hos e ori gi n is

fro mt h e e a rth m
,

, ust li k e wi s e s u ffe r de t e ri or a ti on
a n d cha ng e

m
.

Bu t we ust not di sr e ga rd t he gr ea t cha ng e s

th at h av e occ urr ed i n t h e cons u pti on of grai ns an d m
cook e d food an d oth e r e l e m e nts of ou r di e t M a ny
m
.

i t e s tha t u s ed n e v e r t o b e ea te n or e v e n ta s ted ar e
n ow m uch e nj oye d lik e wi n e wi th hon ey or t h e
,

Frag 43 R os e
. .

Su
pp l A r iii 1, p 77
. . . . .

199
 PLUTARCH S MOR A LIA ’

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 TABLE TA L K VI I I 9—10
-
.
, 73 4

ir on ,is made soft a n d fl uid by h ea t th e n , plun ge d

in to cold wate r to be t em pe r ed .

Here fl
ow in Ach ero n and Pyri p hleget h on

Thi s , I belie v e is what a m , e m be r of th e ge n e ra ti on

j ust be fo r e o urs would say if h e coul d look in to th e ,

d oor o f o ur b a th ch a mbe r O ur a nc e s tors h ad t h e i r

-
.

bath s so mild a n d ge n tle th a t King Ale xa n de r us ed

t o s lee p i n t h e bat h—ch a m be r w h e n h e h a d a fe v e r
a n d th e w o m
,

e n of th e G a uls used to ta k e a bo wl of
p orridge into th e ba th —c h ambe r a n d eat while th ey
ba th ed al o ng wit h th eir chi ldr e n N ow th e ba thi ng
, .

establishm e n ts a r e lik e r abid ba rk i ng d og s th at tea r

a nd r e n d t h e fl
,

esh Th e air on e b r ea th e s th e r e being

a mi xtur e of m
.
,

o istur e a n d h eat le a v es n o p ar t of t h e ,

b o dy in p ea c e but agi tates a n d di stur bs e v e ry a to m

,

a n d d riv e s it o ut of p lac e un til we que nch th e fir e

,

a nd fe v e r that ar e in us

m
.

So y o u s ee Di oge nia n u I co ncluded th at

e n t ha s n o n eed of ca us e s e nte ring from
, s , ,

ou r argu

with o ut o r of th e s pa c es be twee n w o rlds but th e ,

eb a nge in o ur way of life righ t h e r e o n ea rth is

“

, ,

ca p able of c r eating n e w dis eases a n d m ak ing o ld

Q U E S T I O N 10
Wh y we trust o ur dream s least in t h e autum n .

S pea k ers Flo rus Fa v orin u s Au t ob u

, lu s o t he r so ns
, ,

l FLO RU S w h o was e ng aged in r eadi ng a c o py o f

Arist o tle s Scientzfic P r oble m
.
,

s tha t h ad bee n b ro ugh t

’

to Th e rm o pyl a e was himself full o f que sti o ns as is

, ,

Alte red fro mHo mer , O dyss ey, x. 5 13 .

2 03
 PLUTA RCH S M OR A L I A ’

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 PLUTARCH S M OR ALI A ’

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 TAB LE TA LK VI I I -
. 10, 73 4—73 5

it do wn all bl ac kened wi t h s ok e as i t were he set m , ,

a bo u t clea ni ng a n d poli shi ng i t H e us e d as fou n da

ti on the fami li a r commonp l a ce found i n D e m

.

ocri tus
th a t s p ectr al film s p enetra te the body through th e
p ores a n d th a t when they ri s e they m a ke us se e

thi ngs i n our slee p Th e s e films th a t com e to us

em a n a te fro me v eryt hi ng fr omutens i ls clothi ng
.

a nts a n d es ec i ally fro m a nim

, ,

l als bec a us e of the i r

m
p , p ,

restlessness a n d the i r wa r th The films h a v e not .

only the i m pressed phy s i ca l li keness i n contour of a n

a ni m a l —s o fa r E i curu s a grees wi th Democr i tu s
p ,

thoug h he drop s t h e subj ect a t this sta ge — but they

ca tch up a n d conv ey by a ttr a cti o n s p ectr al cop i es of
e ach m a n s m ent al im p uls es des i gns m
’
ora l qu ali , ,

ti es a n d emoti ons When they s tri ke th e rec i pi ent

thus a cc om m
.
,

as i f they were
pani ed they s p e a k to hi
ali v e a n d re ort to him
, ,

p the thoughts re asoni ng a n d

i m p uls es of th ose from wh o m
, ,

they escap e whene v er ,

the co pi es a r e st i ll p re s erv e d whole a n d undi storted

t i ll c o nt a ct is m a d e They a r e b est p reser ved when
the a ir a ffords a s m
.

ooth p a ssa ge tha t i s uni m p eded

a n d ra i d
p Th e a i r o f a utumn h o we v e r a t i m e when
tr ees a r e sheddi ng the i r le av es is e x t rem
.
, ,

ely une v en
i t twi s ts a n d turns the films fro mthe i r
,

a n d rough

p a ths i n all di recti ons destr o yi ng or di mi ni shi n g

the i r cl a ri ty whi ch fa des be ca use the ir m ov em
,

, ent is
so slow J ust s o on the other h a nd when the films
.
, ,

come lea p i ng forth i n l arge numbe rs at hi gh s p e ed

frombodi es tha t ar e t umi d an d h ea ted a nd a r e t e ,

c ei v e d qui ckly t ey ma ke i m ressi ons th a t ar e fr e s h

h
a n d whose me a ni ng i s clea r
, p
.

.3 Fav ori n u s n o w looked wi t h a smi l e at A u t ob u lu s

“
a n d his grou
p I see
. h e sa i d tha t you
,
’’
ar e di s ,
‘

2 07
 PLUTARCH S M OR ALIA ’

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b Frag 3 6 K inkel 40 Wyss
.

. .
,

2 08
 PLUTARCH S M OR AL I A ’

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yeyove .
 TAB LE TAL K VI I I
-
. 10, 73 5—73 6

d i re c te d b y t h e na mw gi v e to t h e s eas on of em pty
m
e e

be ca us e at th a t
m
a n d fa ls e d re a s It is ca ll e d fa ll
ti m on account of t h e cold a n d dryn ess t h e l ea v e s
.

fall e xc e pt thos e th a t ha v e so e w a rm m
,

th or o i li n e ss
i n th e mlik e oli v e l a u m m
,

r el a n d pa l tr e e s or so e
m
moi stur e li k e t h e yr t l e an d i vy Th e ir co posi ti on m
, , , ,

sa v e s th e s e b ut not t h e r e st i n th e mt h e gl uti no us
.
,

m
,

coh e si v e q uali ty is not p e r a n e nt t h e j ui c e b e i ng ,

e i th e r cong ea l e d b t h e col d or d ri e d u p b e ca us e of
y
i t s w ea kn e s s a n d sca nti n e ss N ow i t i s prop e r to
pl a nts to flo uri sh a n d gro w b y m m
.

o i st ur e a n d w a r th
t e ve n m m
,

bu or e s o to a ni a ls Co nve rs e ly col d a n d
m
Th us Hom
.
,

dr o uth a r e fa ta l to th e e r a ptl s ok
mm y p
m
. e

of h u i d orta ls a n d ca ll e d r ej o i ci ng w a r i ng
, ,

bu t ca lle d t h e pa i nfu l a n d fea rful chi ll an d col d ‘ ’ ’

.

D rople ss (alibas ) an d dri e d (skeletos ) a r e w or ds

us e d of t h e d e a d ; th e y a r e d e rog a tory r e fe r e nc e s
to th e i r dry condi ti on F urth e r or e t h e blood w hos e m
po w e r is so v e r e i gn a m
.
,

ong all s ubsta nc e s fo un d i n us

i s both w a rm m
,

a nd oi st w hi l e old a ge is d e fici e nt i n
,

both of th e s e quali t i as As t h e yea r r e v ol ve s t h e

l a t e a ut um
.
,

n i s li k e i t s o ld age t h e w e t s ea son ha s
not ye t com e a n d t h e hot s e a s on i s no long e r i n fu ll
m
,

vi go u r Th us i t i s li t e ra ll y a sa pl e o ffe re d of t h e
co m b i na ti on of dry a n d col d a n d i t m
.

ak e s o u

m
r

syst e s s usc e pti bl e to di s eas e It i s i n e vi ta bl e how

tha t our m
.
,

i n ds sho u ld sha r e t h e bod y s e x

’
ever ,

ri e n c e d sp c i a ll th t wh n t h i t l sp t is
i r i
m
m
p e n e e a e e v a
, a
y
congea l e d t h e lig ht of di vi n a ti on sho ul d b e di ed

li k e a m
, ,

i rror tha t i s fogg e d It gi v e s us nothi n g cl ea r

.

or c onn e ct e d or s i gni fica nt i n our vi s i ons as long as ,

i t is ro u gh a n d la ckl ustr e a n d cons tri c t e d ”

.

”
i e . leaf s h ed d ing
.
-
.

06 1703 X ylander : 06703 .

2 11
 I NTROD UCTI O N

m
T H E dr a a t i c dat e of t h e con v e rs ati on tha t occ u pie s
m
Book I X of t h e Sy p osi a c Ques ti ons ca nnot b e de
m
t er i ne d, b u t it m b e long to Pl u ta rch s st u
’

d e nt

mm
a
y
da ys at Ath e ns u n de r A oni u s , h e a d of t h e Pl a to ni c

m m
Aca de y Abo ut h alf t h e dra ati s p ersonae ar e not
m m m
.

e nt i o n e d e ls e w h e r e , n a el H ei a s t h e

m m
er eo
g
m
y
e t e r , Z op ri o t h e schoo l a st e r , M a xi
y u s t h e rh e tor ,

i e t e ach e r a n d e xpon e nt of t h e art of or atory, H yl a s

. .

t h e t e a ch e r of li t e r a t u r e , Men e ph ylus t h e P e ri p a t e ti c
m
philosoph e r , D i onys i us a far e r , M e ni sc us t h e ph ys i
c al tr ai n e r a n d Thr a s b u
y lu s , whos e oc c up a ti on is not
g iv e n conc e i va bl y t h e l a s t of th e s e i s to b e i de nt i fi e d
wi th A mm on i us s son Th ra s llu
’

y s (72 2 c) m
Th e us i
m
.

c i a n Er a to r e a pe a rs a t 6 45 D H i g a i n i n t h e co p a n
p a
mm y
,

of A oni u s ; on thi s occ as i on Pl u ta rch e xpr essl y

m
ca lls hi s e lf a y o u ng m an
( 6 4 9 A )
. Prot o g e n e s is
fo un d a g ain at 69 8 D if a n d 72 3 F if wh e re , as in thi s
. .

book (741 h e ta k e s t h e lin e of e xpos i ng th e

m
t ea ch e rs of rh e to ri c He ay b e i de nti ca l wi th Pro
.

t oge n e s of Ta rs u s , w h o pl a ys a chi e f p a rt i n t h e

m
A aton fu s , a n d r e co u m
nts t h e yt h i n D e Ser a N u ini s m
Vindicta H e rod e s t h e t e a ch e r of rh e tori c is found
m
m
.

ag a i n a t an e nt e rta i n e nt gi v e n b
y Sos pis t he
m
Ro a n n a e Sospe s) , w h e n t h e l a tt e r , als o a rh e tor ,
m
w as in charg e of t h e Isth ia n g a e s (72 3 A) m M arc us ,
t ea ch er of li t erat u re , an d Gl au ci as , a rh e tor, r e c u
'

r at

2 15
 ’
PLUTARCH S MORALIA
62 8 A iii , l att e r a t 6 3 5 A if an d 714 A if Tryph o
an d t he . .

t h e d octor i s a gu e st of Er a to a t 6 46 F if a n d of

Pl ut arch a t Ch a e ron e a a t 6 8 3 C if Th e com

.

p an y i s
m m
.

co pl e t e d b y Pl ut a rch s broth e r L a pri as whos e ’

ch ar a ct e ri sti c s e ns e of h u o ur i s allo w e d som m

,

e scop e

i n Qu e st i on 5 .

Th e t e xt i s b a s e d on th a t of K H ube rt i n t h e
b n e r s e r i e s fro m m
.

Te u whi ch all i nfor a ti on abo ut t h e

m
,

r e a di n gs of a n uscri pts ha s b e e n d e ri v e d Vi n do
m
.

b o n e n s i s 148 t h e arch e t yp e of all s u

mm
, r vi vi ng a n u
s cri pts n ow c ea s e s wi th t h e w or d A¢ p 0 8 [
’

, v at 7 47 E ,

h avi ng lost i t s l a st p a g e s for t h e short r e a i ni ng

m
s e ct i on r e co urs e us t b e h a d to copi e s m a d e b e for e

t h e lo s s of wh i ch t h e, os t i m m
porta nt ar e P a ri s 2 074 ,

of t h e xi v c e nt ury Va t i c a nus 13 9 wri tt e n soon a ft e r

, ,

A D 12 96 a n d P a ri s 16 72 wri tt e n soon a ft e r A D 13 02
At a few pl a c e s H ub e rt s t e xt h a s b e e n m
. . . . .
, ,
’
o di fi e d b y
t h e i ntro du ct i on of a n e w corr e cti on or t h e r evi va l
of a n old on e an d a n unc e rt ai n conj e ct u r e has so m
ti m m
, e

es b ee n ad i tt e d wh e r e t h e w or di ng b u t not t h e ,

g e n e r a l s en s e i s i n d o ubt
s cri ti c us d o e s not m
, .

Th e app a r at u e nt i on e v e ry

e rr o r how e v e r tri vi a l or ob vi o us of t h e a rch e typ e

, , .

“ “ “
B y Anon 1 Anon 2 Anon 3
m
. . .

( T u ) I i n d i c a t e t h e thr e e b a n ds
( s all a n d n e a t

m m
rn .
,

e di u a n d l a rg e
) wh i ch i n th a t orde r e nt e re d
m
, , ,

corr e cti ons i n t h e a rgi ns of A dria n Tur n e b us copy ’

of t h e Al di n e e di ti on now Ré s J 94 i n t h e B i bli o

W
. .
,

th eq ue Na ti on al e a t P a ri s (cf
’
t t e n b a c h s e di ti on
y .
,

Pr a e fat i o Anon (Turn d e not e s a r e a di n

st a t e d i n t h e Fra nkfurt e di ti on of 1599 to b e de ri ve g
. .
,

fro m t he a rgi ns m
of Turn e b us books Anon ’

m m
. .

A ot e not e s a corr e ct i on i n t h e a r gi ns of
( y ) d
m
A yot s cop y of t h e Ba s e l e di ti on now Ré s J 103
’

, . .

2 16
 ET MHO E IAKQN

BI BA I O N E N ATO N

T6 éva r ov
'
76312 E vyxzro o t a xéi v
‘

, J) 2 aa mZ e ve
A
WGPLGXGL AO Y O U S
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I t i s n ot n ow n w e er k e r e w as a n y p u l i c fes iv a l
h th th b t
of t h e M u ses a t A th
Th e refe r e n c e a y b e t o so m m
m m
ens . e
r i a e c e l e ra i o n i n t h e A c a d e
t b t y w ic w as fo r a ll y a n h h
p v ,

as soc i ati on for th

ei r w ors i p h .

2 18
 T A B L IB T A L K -

BOO K N IN E

THE ni nth boo k of Ta ble Ta lk S oss i us S en e c i o con

-

, ,

tai ns t h e con v e rs a ti ons h el d a t Ath e ns duri ng t h e

fe sti val of t h e M us e s “ t h e r e as on be i ng th a t t h e
n um
,

be r ni n e i s p e c uli a rly a ppropri a t e to t h e M us e s

Sho ul d i t prove th a t t h e n um
.

b e r of q ue sti ons e xc e e ds
t he c u m
sto a ry t en you us t not b e s urpri s e d It m
w as m
.
,

d ut t o r e n de r to t h e M u s e s a ll th a t b e long e d
y y
to t h e M us e s a n d not to co m
m
i t t h e s a cri l e g e of
m
,

robbi ng th e of a nythi ng i n fa ct i t w o u ld n e e d a n
e v e n fin e r a n d l a rg e r o ffe ri ng th a n thi s to r e p a m
d e bt to th e m .
y y

Q UESTI O N 1
O n op po rt une a nd in op p ort un e quota ti o n fromt h e p oe ts

S pea k e rs : Am mon ius Erat o an d o th ers , ,

1 . WH IL E in o ffic e as r
st ate
gos
"
at Ath ens , A m
At thi s d at e th er e w as l
a s in g e s t r a t egos w h o , wi th t he
a r chon an d keryaz w as o n e of t he three p ri n c ip al
, c i v i l o ffic i als
a t A th e ns I nsc ri p t ion s ( I n s or G r as s 3 109 2 11 14 ; 1 145 )
s h ow th a t h e so m et im
. . . .

es co n ce r n ed h i in se lf wi th tr t he a i ni n g

you ng m e n w h o fo r t wo yea rs b t
of 18 a nd 2 0 rece iv ed a p h ys ical m
o f t h e ep heb oi , , e wee n t h e
i li ta ry a n d cu l tural
ucati on un d er st ate s upe rvi s io n A m monius filled t he
, , ,

o fii ce th ree ti m
.

es see 7 20c
, .

2 19
 ’
PLUTARCH S MORALIA

u
"

(73 6) Aafie v
'
e r w ALoyeve Lw ra w ypa naa‘
ra
f

yew KaL

pn pucd K a i
no va LK fi
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;Le rp La v K a
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i 7a ro v
na vfia vov rw v
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e b
gn w v,
fl K a L 70 v 9 ev 3 0KL
p 7 w 70 a
as v SLSa U K a v-

e mS m Aea ev
e
A

vov e x a
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wa pno a v Se K a L r o w a v
m m
.

bLA Aé i f o v wffia
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w v o v vo i K a i e LK cfig o
g o
y x l/ r e g e s

m
.

fo e v O U1 A LMe v I "
A I A
n V X g no v g r wv a yw vca a y e vw v TO LS ‘

flxfi m S i moA
m
fiw B kop evo g
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p ovo a oa e v Kar ec e v, k ov
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0 0
ba a w ,
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p 77 0 9 a
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Ka i xa Ae rro g yevo w o r a t f '

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v
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ax e Lva L k a
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l Ka r a
m
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96 0 9a L 70 159 ( i i/ Sp a s éa n afa e w g i r p rei ns K ow

fi g Ka
-

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n er a o
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E T LO V
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WpO KAqa e Lg fia a v
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p e vw v
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78 78 6 7 KaL wpo r a a e Lg '
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d mO
.

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‘ ’ ' ’
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o uk a
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V Ep L5wv ye vo g
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m
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p
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flxw v
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a e v K a L La g
p e ve a ev s p 7) p ovov
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,

AAa
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xv a a KaL
xp e La v GO T LV or e l
n y q v e a/
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mn
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f f I
pa t/l ai 50 9 9v g fiv 8 L0
0

ev Tra o w ,
[C a t 0
p ev . o a r os

m
év a dd ed by M ad vig .

3
éflnve w Muretus ewfi a a ’

rn ) m
.

3
) A n on 1 ( T u
03 5 7 4 us 76
K ylan de r A n on 2 (T urn ) r pm m
. . .

perf or
-

, . . s .

Th e sc ool o f D i oge n es , a c e n re fo r t h e i ns ru
h c i o n of t t t
t h e ep heboi ( I n s or Gr a ec 3 109 3 113 3 ; .w as n a ed . . m
a ft e r a D ioge n e s , w ho a o u 2 3 0 su rre ndered t he M ace b t
2 20
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

ev T O L S Hr okep a w v ‘

y p a s a yop e vo v 77 V)
Ka L Wp a yp a Spa v a/ V o xo rov '
vo
pL C O L évo v
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Hp qv
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y 55 o
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77a a o L/\ei dfl o
B° p .ev
a o s ( In)

a Se Lv 1 6 7 d 76 8 6 L7TVO V
4
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7Tp 0 0 6 7
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L6v ér L wa LSa Lov o vr a 76V ( D ikL rov e fi ak w v
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e v0vs

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73 7 K a i Ava §a pxog 1577 AAe§a v3 pov Ba/“o
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mw
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m
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fla w Lu
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-

7
70 / Ms a wwke ro ‘
Mow/ 40 9 6 K
Ka L r wv ekev fie wv
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h ere b y S tep h nus afte r m

m
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a yop évo v placed w w i n MSSa
uvo zo v ov fl p B asel ed ition Xyl nd er
. .

nf xaL a eo ov yé , a : o v

a ae p o
m ] wpoo éem m
O D : o v

fl
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e Ho er
n

mA
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n on 2 ( T u 7
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m8 3 N k dim
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k Mm A ld i
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an e

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d i ti
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mu 6 B l d iti
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'
a
e / 0, 0 7 . 3 ase e on en a va or avr a s .
'

] dpw ra Rei sk e
'
c
a pw r os
‘
.

tol m y I I P h il ad lp h u
P e s m arri ed h i s fu ll sist r A rs i n oee e

I I p e r h p s i n 2 78 D C co n ti n u i ng a p r ct i c e of t h e P h arao h s
G re k s e n t i m llowed m
, a . ., a .

e ent a rr i ge w i th a h alf sis te r b u

a t n ot a -

w i th a fu ll i t r
b H omr I lia d x ii i 3 56 ; t he s mp rec ed e nt is i nvoked
s s e .

e , , v . a e

b y Th eocr it u s xv i i 13 0 ff
mb l D m
. .
,

P su re etri us I I k i ng o f M ac edon 2 3 9 2 2 9
a e ,
-

s e. f th er of h ili p V ( born 2 3 8
.
, a

222
 TABLE TAL K I X -
.

mrri m
g e of Pto l e y wh o in ta ki ng hi s s i st e r to wife
w as cons i de r e d t o b e co m
m
a a ,

i tti ng a n u n n atu r a l an d
unla wful ac t : h e sta rt e d his r e c i tati on wi th t h e
“

ve rs e s th at b e gi n

Th en Z e u
s to H e ra h is wife a n d s is e t r lif t ed hi s voic e .
”
, ,

Th e n th e r e w as t h e gue st of Ki ng D em e tri us “ wh o
w as r e l ucta nt to s i ng a fte r di nn e r b ut w h e n D e m
s s e nt hi m m
e ,

t ri u hi s son Phi li p s ti ll a s all b o y wi th

m
m
, ,

t h e r e que st ca p pe d i t i , e di at e l
y wi th
W o rt t bo th of H rac l e es a n d us
B ri ng up thi s b o y “ .

An d An a xarc h u s on 0
b e i ng p e lt e d wi th a ppl e s b y
Al e x a n de r at a di nn e r p a rt y got up to r e ta li a te wi th
t h e wor ds

A god s h ll t k e
a a a h i t fr o mmrto a l h a nd .
’

Be st of all was t h e yo ung Cori nthi a n pri son e r of w ar

mm
,

wh e n hi s c i ty w a s d e str o ye d “ an d Mu iu s who ,

N auck , Tr a y G rae c F r ag A d es po o n 3 9 9 I n t he t
mb m
. .

H ell en is ti c ag e s elect ed p as sages , ev e n i n i a ics , f ro

t rag ed i es we re sung as isola ed n u b e rs , cf S y bo la s 03 lo
t m m
m
.

ixxx p p 2 6 if T h e b o y o f t h e p l a y E uri p ides ’

mth m mt
es , . .

Au gé ) us ave h ad as fa e r H e ra cl es , t o w o D e e ri us
th h
was fl
us a tt erin gly c o p a red
th m
m
.

A n a i v e of A d era , w ho a cc o p a ni ed Al e a n d e r t h e
t b x
t
G rea o n his P e rs i an ca p ai g n m
A rria n , A nabas i s , i v 10
m
. .

a n d P hilod e us , D e Vi t i is , iv 5 ag ree w i P l uarc , aga in s

. th t h t
A e lian , Va ri a His t ix 3 7 an d D i ogen es L a ert i u
m
s i x 60, i n
mk m
. . .
,

a i ng hi e n co urage Alexa n der s drea s of di vi ni y t

’
.

f Eu ri p ides , (fi es tas , 2 71, w ere O rest es rea ens o s oo h th t t h t

t h e Fu . mu
ri es Philod e s represe n s A naxarch us as rea e n t th t
i g A lexa n de r wi
'

th
his go let ; b
n £ 146 11 c The w ol e p o p u
m
h
la ti on w as
m
m m m
“

Peh
. .

r ap s t h e e i p lies ha M u i as , t h e Ro an co
t xt t t
m an d er ,e pe c ed ed u
x t ca ed t b
oys t o fet c a i g er p ri ce h h h .

2 23
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

(73 7) T o vs e m ar a
'

p e vo v g yp p p a
ar a 77a L a g 8 o v o xowwv

Aev o e ypa t/xa L

’
e xe o
e ov , e
y a xre
p /
7
p Ls
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ak a p es Aa va o l K a i i m 0 L 7 07 v

m
p
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.
p
Ka i yap 77a 96 2 v i 8 a xp 6 T l. 76V Mon ov 95a m Ka

oa L Ka i mm
i a s ( i gbei va L eAev O epo vg 7 0 69 7 6) 77a L8 L
-
‘ ' ’ ’
.

5 p fi n
’ ’
7r o a 7 7 e v o fi oa v K a L 77 9 ® eo 8 a§ o v
p cov r a g
5 p
'
.

B r o v 7pa yw8 o v yv va LK 6s o u77poo 8 e fa ye v7/s a 7376v eu

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o v K a 96 v 8 e Lv vflo v ov r o v a w vos o w o s 6 776 1

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y
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y y ,
.

8 6 va< 75 o a s € Lo7 A
5
€v 77 69 a 137 7 v
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e ovo
ng
I A A
Aya p ey vovos
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7ra L, vv v e K e Lv e 6 0 7 L 0 0 L.

m
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Ex 8 6 70 :57o 77o
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3 K a i 763V dK a L w v e VLO Ls
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.

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as 17 . .

ov 8 € vos added ere b y B ern ard a k i s, af e r hub y Reisk e t . .

H om e r Odys s ey v 3 06 . .

b P erh ap s t h e be st k nown , ,

of a ll tr ag i c acto rs Th eod orus ,

 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

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3
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o v 0 6V 6 .

H es iod W or k s a n d D a ys 7 Th e s e n a to r ( a n d p r o b
a b l y H es i od ) m
63
mour once s ta rted ca nn ot b e
.
, ,

ea n t th a t a ru
s co tc h ed bu t t h e l in e w a s curre n“t ( cf A ri stotle N i com ac hea n
e re i s n o s m
.
,

E t hi cs 1 153 b 2 8 ) i n t he se ns e
, th o k e wi th ou t
”
fire
b Pres um nd ertak in g t o fin d i n i t ma tte r for c omment
.

abl y u .

2 26
 TABLE TA LK -
IX . 1—2 , 73 7

to m
si t hi an d s ai d :
vi Longi n us s ur e l y youwi ll
abl e goss i p a n d m
,

no a tt e nti on to u nr l i ali c i o us
m
a e
p y
ru o ur O n e w o u ld thi nk youdi d not k now or h a d
n e v e r r e ad t h e li n e
No rumour eve r q ui te in no th i ng e nds .

An d onc e in Rhod e s a t e a ch e r of li t e r at ur e gi vi ng , a

di spl ay i n t h e th ea tr e , a s k e d to b e gi v e n a li n e

m m
a

a n o ffe r e d hi

Clear out d oub le q ui c k fromt h e is l a n d m t wi k ed of a ll

m
, os c
e n a li v e

Itis d o ubtfu l, ho w e v e r , w h e th e r h e was co i tti ng m

m
an uni nt e nti ona l bl un de r or aki ng a rude j oke m .

Q U E S TI O N 2
Wh a t is th e reaso n w hy alp h a s ta nds fir s t i n t he al p ha be t
S p ea k ers A m monius Herme ias Protogenes Pluta rch
, , ,

1 ta lk pro vi de d a h a pp y m
T 1113 e a ns of r e d u c i ng t h e
m
.

di st urba nc e N e v e rth e l e ss i t b e i ng t h e c u
.
, s to at

t h e fe sti val of t h e M u s e s for lot s to b e h a n de d ro un d

a n d for tho s e w ho m
t h e dr a w bro u ght tog e th e r t o
propo un d l e a rn e d probl e s to on e a no t h e r A m m
m fea ri ng tha t som e profe ssors of t h e s a m
,

oni u

m
s , e
“
s ubj e ct i ght b e dr w n tog e th e r di r e ct e d th a t
t an y b alloti n g a g e om
a , ,

wi tho u e t e r sho u l d p ut a
m
probl e to a t ea ch e r of li t e ra t ur e a n d a m
,

u s i c i a n to

a te a ch e r of rh e tori c a n d th a t aft e rw a r ds th e s ho u ld
, y
ch a ng e ro un d a n d p ay on e a noth e r b a c k i n ki n d
Th e first probl e mw as p u
.

2 . t to Protog e n e s t h e

H om e r O dyss ey x 72
Th e q uarrelso m e n e ss of m en of t he sa m
, , . .

e tr ad e w as

2 27
 ’
PLUTARCH S MORALIA

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t th t b t b .

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e es a nd Th b a uth or of

228
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

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’
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i f s o e p r e c ed i n g w o r d s a v e fa ll en ou t h .

i LeLv A n on 2 ( u rn 6 6 2 elvaL T
'
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7 6 a dd e d b y A ld in e e d i i on t .

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’

ll or k s and

m y
m m
,
”
th en a w o B o t h e n a e a n d t he for of t he G r eeth k
m mt
an .

t
le t e r a lp ha a re d e r iv e d fro” t h e S e i ic le e r a lep h t h e tt
m m
,

na e of w i c h h
e an s ox I n t h e G r e e A t h e o r n s of . k h
h
t h e o x s e a d p o i n d ow n w a r d s
’
t
b Di on ysus w as so n of C a d us daug er S e elé m m
.

’
ht .

is p oe ic w ord i s n ot in fac so c o n n ed i n u
Th t sa ge b ut t fi
can m
ea n t h e ea r i n g of a n y sou
h nd .

230
 TA B LE TA L K -
IX 2 .
, 73 8

m
Pho e ni ci a n n a e for an ox whi ch th ey li k e H e s i od , , ,

r e c k on e d not t h e s e cond or thi r d b ut t h e fir s t of

N ot a b i t I r e pli e d i t i s m
,
” ”
n e c e ssi ti e s ?
m
y
ow n gr a n dfath e r w ho m
, ,

I ust b y rights s uppo rt wi th

wha t a bili ty I h av e r a th e r th a n My
gr a n dfath e r L am p ri a s
y o us e e u s e d t o sa
y th
, a t of ,

a ll a rti c u la t e so u n ds t h e first t o b e n a t ur all y utt er e d

is th a t whi ch h as t h e phon e ti c v al u e of a l ha He
p
m m
.

ar u e d th a t t h e br ea th i n t h e o u th i a i nl sh ap e d

th ei r first o v e m m
s

b y t he m ov em
g y
e nts of t h e li ps e nt

i s th e i r v e rti c al s e p ar a ti on a s th e y ar e op e n e d whi ch
em n d a n a b s ol ut el y s i m
,

i ts th i s so u pl e on e th a t r e
q ui r e s no e ffort a n d n e i th e r a sks for nor s ub m
,

i ts to
m
,

a ss i sta nc e fro t h e tongu e be i ng prono u nc e d whi l e

th a t org a n r e m
,

ai ns i n i t s ori gi na l pos i ti on w h i ch i s ,

of co u rs e t h e r e ason wh y b a bi e s utt e r thi s so und first .

An d th a t h e w o u , l d sa y i s w hy t h e p e rc e pti on of t h e ,

so un d of a v o i c e i s c a ll e d aiei n (t o a n d th e r e

ar e m an
y p ar alle ls for e x a pl e od ei n (to s i ng) a u lei n m
m a laz e m
, ,

to pl a wi n d i str u nt l A nd I
( ) ( oy ) ll 4
t
a
y n e a e
-

, .

b e li e v e th a t ai rein (to r ai s e) a n d a noigei n ( to op e n) a r e

a l l z ei n is a n o n o m a t op oe ic w ord re rese n ti n

muth d
a a
p a te

pea t ed op e n h out w h i h gi es o und li e th t

Th e oth r x m
-
o e s , c v a s a

w w ri t e p les h ow e r illu s tr t th
e ty m
e as a . e e a , ve , a e e
fac t th t n ci en t olog y p roc eed i n w ys th t w
fin d m
a a s a a e
i st k n o u n in t lligi b l I t d o n o t co n cei of w ord s
lop ed c ord ing to p ho n ti c l w fro mm
a e r e e. es ve

as h i ng d or

p ri m fo rm b u ho wing i n th i r p r n t formt h
av ev e a c e a s e
i ti ve t s s, a s e es e e
tru n tur e of t h th ing th y in d ica t A d in ( t o sing ) b g ins
beca use is t h sound so i t is min ta in d th t
e a e e e. e e
wi th n a a a e , a e , a a
w o r dl ss i n g r n tu
e s r lly p rod uces ( f t l l
e a a a p c . ra -
a a , as re re

se n t a ti o n of w o dl s o ng ) ; no g i n ( t o ope n ) be i ns wi th
beca us i f w e op n t h li p n d mk
r es s n
g a e e a
ou n d th t so u nd
W nnot blow n ulo ( n i n strumn t of t h cl r inet
a e e e s a a e a s , a
is
typ e ) wi th out p rti n t h li p s nd o p utti ng th min th
a. e ca a a s a e e a

po i ti on fo mk i n g t l m
a e , a s e e
so u ; th r efore o u
s r an d of e
( to p l y a e e a
a n ul ) beg i ns wi th n
a os a a.

2 3 1
 PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA ’

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2 32
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o .

717 n su p r a a n d L yd us D e Man s ions ii

b H erm , .
,

w as i de n ified w i t h e i is ea ded t th b h Th th
mPl
es o or -

Th e u th, to w o a o , P hae dr u
h s, 2 7 t
4 D asc i e t h e i nv e n rb s
t l tt r b r t b
rm rt
io n of e e s T wo s p ec ie s of i is , t h e c es ed i is a n d t h e
.

s ac red i is ( w ic b fo of t h e u
h h su a w i in l rt Th th
’

g of
m
s pa o s
na e ) , oc cu i n gyp i a n i e og yp s , b u
r E t n ei e is ut s ed as h r l h th r
a u h t
ni i e a lt r l
p one ic si gn od e n gyp o ogi s s , w e n . M r E tl t h
l t l h b t h
is i n g t h e a p a e ic p o n e i c s ign s , a wa ys egi n w i t he t l b th
vu ue , w i c
lt r h h t s a nd s for a g o a s op i s woud s u i l tt l t . th l t
ua c s i na icua e a n d voic eles s, pa ic ua y as b y
Pl t r h rt l t
’ ”
rt l rl
2 34
 TABLE—TAL K IX 3 .
, 73 8

of t h e M us e s to tha t of Apollo t h e nu be r ni n e , m
b ei ng as w e know a ss i gn e d to t h e M us e s an d s e v e n
, ,

to th ei r Le ade r “ Th e n i f w e a dd tog e th e r th e s e
m ar e twi c e t h e m m
.

e xtr e e s th e i ddl e n u b e r r eason

y
m
, ,

a bl so s i nc t h e se i v ow e ls i n a s e ns e sh a r e t h e

quali ty of both v o w e ls a n d m
e
y ,

ut e s
”

H e r e s s ai d He rm m
.

”
e i as
, w as w e a r e tol d , , ,

t h e god wh o first i n ve nt e d wri ti ng i n Eg ypt H e nc e .

t h e Egyp ti a ns wri t e t h e fir st of th e i r l e tt e rs wi th a n
i b i s t h e b i r d th a t be longs to H e rm e s altho u h i n m
O p i ni on th ey e r r i n g i vi ng pre c e de nc e a m
, g y ,

ong t h e
l e tt e rs to on e th a t i s i n a rti c ul a t e an d v oi c e l e ss ”
m
.

W e ll of all n u be rs fo ur is p ar ti c ul arly a s s oc i a t e d
wi th H e rm es ; an d m
,

an wr i t e rs r e cor d th a t hi s
y
bi rth da y was a ct ually on t h e fo urth day of t h e
m onth N ow not only di d fo u
6
r m ulti pli e d b y fo ur
pro vi de t h e ori gi na l l e tt e rs of t h e alph ab e t n a m
.

ed

m
,

t he Pho e ni c i a n l e tt e rs b e ca u s e of C a d us f b ut
a lso fo u r of thos e th at w er e i n v e nt e d l a t e r w e r e
tm
his i e t h e sou nd w as a rdl y p ron ou h
nce d , a l ou g s ill th h t
tt
wri e n The m
od e rn o rd e r of p on e i c s ig n s is , ow ev e r, h t h
m
.

b h
a re l y a un d red yea rs old e re see th
s t o b e n o evi de n ce
mt
.
,

unl ess i t is o b e found t his pa ssage, t o s ow w i c of h h h th

th m
'

ese
s igns t he E i a ns e t
elv es p l aced firs , or ev e n t th t th
s
gyp
a ey
h ad a n y o rd er of s ig n s I t s ou ld b e added a t he. h th t
cres ed i is does occas ionally func i on as a s ylla i c s ig n ,
t b t b
t
rep res en i n g a p a ir of v oc ali z ed co nson a n s , a n d i n c ryp o t t
h t
grap ic w ri i ng of P ole a ic i es i s t m tm
n own t o re p lac e t h e k
s ign for , w i c jwas i se lf, o wi ng o sou
h h t nd c a n ges , s o e i est h mt m
c o nf u s ed w i th th t
fo r t he glo a l s op tt t
m m m
a .

H o eric Hy n t o Her es , 19 O f also sc oli as on . . h t

A ris op a nes , P lut u
t h s , 112 6 , A p ule i us , De Mun do , Q, L yd us ,
D e Mens ibu s ii 9
m
, . .

Plua rc i ag in es a n ea rly alp a e p ro a ly c on s i s i ng

t h h b t b b t
O f a B y 8 6 7] “ ( A 14 v o w p 0 7 (Dow s t o b e ea rly m
mb
La see .

e n nu
“ ”
tt
I on ic for le e rs of t h e alp a e , w h ic h bt
e red 9 0, th
n ot 16 .

235
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

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P a la med es is s uppo s ed by Pli ny , N a t Hi s t

. . vi 1. 192 , to
 PLUTAR C H S M ORALIA ’

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2 38
 TAB LE TAL K -
IX . 4 , 73 9

m
na e ly whi ch of Aphr odi t e s h a n ds di d Di o e de s ’
m
wou n d Z opyri o qui ckly co unt e r e d b y a ski ng whi ch
was Phi li p s l am
” ’
’

e le Th a t s not a p a r a ll e l

m m
t e
g .
,

pli e d M a xi us D e osth e n e s has not e v e n

m
as ,

gi ve n a hi nt on t h e s ubj e ct “ But i f youwill a d i t .

tha t youar e b affl e d th e r e are thos e wh o wi ll show you

,

wh e r e t h e poe t i n di c a te s t h e w o un de d h a n d to thos e
who ha v e a n y Wi ts ”
It s e e e d to us tha t Z opyri o m
m
.

was co pl e t el y a t a loss for a n a nsw e r a n d as h e

m
, ,

sai d nothi ng w e as k e d M a xi us to sho w us hi s proof

m
.
,

2. In t h e first pl a c e s a i d M axi us t he v e rs e s
”
, ,

Th en i n forward lunge great h ea rted T ydeus son

a -
’

W ounded t h e base of h er h nd lea p ing wi th po inted S pea r b

a , .

It i s cl e ar th at if h e h a d wa nt e d to stri k e h er l e ft
h a n d h e w o ul d not h av e n e e de d to j u p to t h e s i de m ,

as i n a dv a nc i ng di r e ctl on h er h e w o u l d h av e h a d
y
his ri ght h an d oppo s i t e h e r l e ft It was i n fa ct .

r e as ona bl e tha t h e sho ul d w o un d t h e h a n d th a t

b e i ng t h e strong e r g av e m
,

or e s upport to A e n e as a s
,

h e w as ca rri e d a w ay a n d tha t th a t h a n d sho u

, ld on ,

b e i ng w o un de d dr op t h e bo dy S e con dl y w h e n sh e
, .
,

got b a ck to h e av e n t h e po e t r e pr es e nt e d Ath e n a as
,

j e e ri ng at h e r
C yp ris no doubt inc i ting so m e w om a n of t h e G ree ks

To foll ow T roj an m e n for w h om

, ,

h er l ove is u
, n bo un d ed ,

De Cor ona 6 7
H om
, .

er I lia d v 3 3 5 3 3 6 A p h rod ite ca rri es her w oun d ed

t d rop s hi m
-
. .
, ,

s on A e neas ou t of th e b attl e b u w h en h it h e rse lf

mea ns leap ing on her
, .

“
Th e w ord trans lated
”
leap
lea p ing si deways or fromside to s id e th at
'

M axim
T h e se nse ,

u
s forces on it is u n aralleled
p bu t kn own for t he ,

p rosa ic eq u i v al en t w n a

6 7 3 66 6 1 Aéyo o ( anacoluth on) D u eb n er Cast i

n a after m
yo vcn v. 376 6 . v av .

gli oni su ggests a lac u i .

23 9
 PLUTARCH S M OR A L I A ’

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C olloc untur S osp i s , H ylas , La mp i r as , A mm iu on s, M arcus

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wi th d ress h angi ng in d ee p folds at t he

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’

m
-
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laugh i ng : b ut Z e us s il es at l in e 49 6 .

2 40
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PLUTARCH S M ORA L IA
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 TAB LE TAL K I X -
. 5, 73 9—740

H ylas still ruffl e d b y hi s i ll—t e m

, p e r ade a n awkw ar d , m
l of Aj a x b y P la to s a cco u
r eply sa yi ng th a t t h e so u
’

, nt , ,

on dra wi ng t h e tw e nti e th turn i n t h e un d erworl d

m
,

ha d e xcha ng e d hi s for e r sha pe for tha t of a li on .

P e rso na ll how e ve r h e oft e n in po i nt of fact tho u gh t

m m
,

of wha t t e old a n sai d i n t h e co e dy

th
I d ra e r b e re orn an ass b th
m
’

m m
an see
I nferior en li v e ore re n owned an th e.
“

W ell r ej oi n e d S os pis wi th a l a ugh i n t h e i nt e rv al

, ,

be for e we put on o ur donk e y ski ns e xp l ai n to us as

m
-

, ,

ou ca r e for P la to wh a t was i n hi s i n d wh n h
m
e e
y ,

d e scri be d t h e so u l of t h e T ela oni a n as ha vi ng dra wn

t w e nti e th pla c e wh e n h e ca e forw ar d t o choos e his m
fa te
”
H ylas r e pli e d wi th c urs es i a gi ni ng tha t h e m
m m
.
,

was be in g a de fu n of for hi s la ck of s u cc e ss s o y
broth e r spoke up s ayi ng S u , r el
y n ow i s i t not tru
, e ,

th a t Aj a x a lways wi ns t h e s e con d pri z e a fte r t h e

b
,

fa ultl e ss son of P e l e us for b e a ut y si z e a n d brav e ry

,
’

, , ,

whi l e tw e nty is t h e s e cond t en an d t e n is as p r e

em i n e nt a m ong n um m
,

b e rs as Achi ll e s was a ong t h e

Acha ea ns e l au W
gh e d a n d th e n Am mon i us
sai d Th a t wi ll do L a m
,

, pri as as yo u
, r p i e c e of fun ,

wi th H yl as we how e v e r wa nt non e of yo ur j e sts

, , ,

bu t a s e ri o u s di sc uss i on of t h e r ea son s eei ng th a t you ,

hav e v ol unt ee r e d to ta k e on t h e q ue sti on ”

m
La p ri as w as fl
.

2 . u st e r e d th e n a ft e r a short p a u se
,

sai d th a t Pl a to ofte n tr ea ts us to a j e s ti ng pl ay on
w or ds b u t i t is i n thos e p assa g e s w h e r e h e com b i ne s
m m m
,

th w i th h i s a rgu e nts a bo u t t h e so ul tha t h e ak e s

y

M enan der Theop horum 1 18 19 K oe rte , w h ere

agines hi m
en é f
t h e sp e k er i m
-
.
, ,

a self ofie
'

a ch oice of s hapes in a

H omer , O d ys s ey, xi . 55 1 = 470 .

2 43 -
 ’
P LUTARCH S M ORALIA

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'
.

Plato P ha edr u s , 2 46 E , w h ere t h e se nse ay be winged m

m
tea
,

of h orses ,
”
a nd th ere i s n o i nt e n t ion to a llegoriz e a n
i nt elli li ble na tu re of t h e h ea ven s , b y wh ic h Pluta
“ ”

m a m
ea n s t e For m
th at i s t h e od el of t h e p h ysical universe
b Plato, R ep ubli c, 6 14 B has Ar en ius, b ut Proclus m
.

m
rec ord s th at so e wish ed t o read Ar on ius (s i c ) m
m m
.

P a ”p h ylia was a d is trict of A s”i a M inor, b ut Pa

m m
p h yl ia n ig ht of a ll tr i b es , an d E r i s tak e n as a
m
e an
od ification of aé r ( ai r) .

2 44
 ’
PLUTARCH S MORALIA

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 TABLE TA L K
-
IX . 5, 740 -

e x e rts i n our a ffai rs ass i gni ng t h e cho i c e of li v e s to

,

ou r fr e e wi ll
(f goo d n e ss an d wi c k e d n e ss ob e no
y
m
or

mast er ) whi l e as soc iati ng wi th t h e co p uls i on of

-

a
,

de sti n y t h e goo d li fe of thos e wh o choos e corr e ctly ,

an d t h e contr a r con d i t i on of thos e w hos e cho i c e i s

y
b ad th e n t h e fa ll of t h e lots a s th e y a r e sca tt e r e d
m
,

h aph az ar d i ntrod uc e s l uck w hi ch pr e de t e r i n e s

many thi ngs in our li v es b y r ea son of t h e v a ri ous
,

form
,

s of upbri ng i ng a n d soc i e ty whi ch di ffe re nt

gro ups h a pp e n to e nj oy ?
N ow cons i d e r wh e th e r i t
i s not a bs u r d to s e a rch for a ca u s e for wh a t h app e ns
b y ch a nc e i f i t sho u l d a pp e a r tha t t h e r e s u lt of t h e
b allot a ccor ds wi th a n y pri nc i pl e t h e b allot c e as e s to
be a m m
,

a tt e r of l u ck or a cc i de nt a n d b e co e s t h e
fe ct of som e form
”
ef of d e sti ny or pro vi de nc e
m
.

3 Whi l e L a pr i as w a s st i ll sp eak i ng M a rc us t h e
m
t e a ch e r of li t e ra tur e s e e e d to b e do i ng a s uman d
.
,

co u n ti n g to hi m s elf ; th e n w h e n t h e sp e e ch was
of a ll t h e so uls th a t Ho e r n am m
,

concl ude d , ed in
”
t h e e p i so d e of t h e D e a d h e sai d
, tha t of Elp e nor ,

h a d not ye t j o i n e d thos e i n Ha d e s his corps e not ,

h avi ng h a d i t s b uri al b ut w a n de r e d a ro un d a ki n d of
no m
,

an d i t w ou l d I ta k e i t not b e prop e r
’
an s l a n d , ,

to co unt in wi th t h e oth e rs t h e so ul of Te i r e s i a s ,

To w h om e v e n i n d ea th P e r se p h o n e g a ve s e n se ,

Th a t he a lo ne s h ould h av e h is wit s
an d con v e rs e wi th a n d un de rsta n d t h e li vi ng b e for e
d ri nk i ng of t h e bloo d If yo u s ubtr a ct th e s e t w o
L am
.
,

ri as a n d co unt u t h e oth e rs i t ta ll i e s e x a ctl

l of Aj a x w as t h e tw e nti eth to pr e s e nt hi m
p , p y ,

t h e so u s e lf

Pl a o , Rep u
t b li c, 6 17 E .

Cf Plo i n u
t s , E n nead s , i i 3 15
t mth t x mt
. . . .

A er a p p ro i a e l y cov e rs t he e le v e n th b k of
m
a oo
t he O dyss ey .
4
Ho er, dys s ey, K 49 4 49 5 O .
-
.

2 47
 P L UT A R C H S MOR ALIA
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S op h oc l es , Aj ax Th e G ree k na m Ai e as s ugg es ts
a ia i ( a las ) .

Cf H e rod o tu
. s , v iii . 55 .

2 48
 ’
P LUTARCH S MORALIA

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mk
1 on
3 0 a n d 2 9 d a ys , a i n g a n a nn u al o a l of 3 54 d a ys In t t
m th
.

t h
o r d e r t o p rev e n a c a n g e of t h e s ea s o n i n w i c h h
m th mt m m
a ny on
fell , a n e ra xt
w as fro i e t o i e i n e r c a la ed t t t
m m m th mb
on .

B oed r o i on w as a n a uu n on ( S ep e e r or O c o er) t t t b
m
.

b
L e a d e r of t h e res ored d e oc ra c y a t A e n s i n 403 B C , t th
m
. .

w en , u
h n d e r S p a r a n p r e ss u t
re , a ge n eral a n es y was d e t
c lare d
mt m
.

t h
D i a on i c , c ro a i c , e n a r on ic ; cf 744 c , i nf r a h . .

d
M elo d ic i n erv als , fo r w ic t
ere i s n o p rope r h h th
 TAB LE TALK I X -
. 6 —10, 741

Boedr om i on not to s u , i t t he b e ca us e m oon , b ut

“

th a t i s t h e da y on whi ch t h e god s ar e b eli e v e d to

h ave ha d th ei r t e rri to ri al di sp ut e ? Wh ew ! cri e d
La m p r i as how m
, uch Pos e i d on e xc e e de d Thr as y

bu lus b i n c i vi c sp iri t if i n t h e ho ur of d e fe a t not lik e

, ,

t h e oth e r i n th a t of vi ctory ( h e a gr e e d to b e a r no
, ,

grudg e .

QU E ST I O N 7
Wh at is t h e reaso n for t h e threefold d ivis ion of me lod i es

QUE STI O N 8
Wh t mk es t h e d i ffere n c e be twee n t a nd

melod ic i nte rv als

a a c o n so n a n

QUE STI O N 9

Wh t i s t h e ca us e of c ons on a n c e ? I n c ud ed is t h e u es i o n l q t
tr k ml t
a
w h y w e n c o n son a n n o es a re s u
h t si tu a n eo us y l
ml
c
t he e od y g oes wi th
t h e o n e of ow e p i c l r t h .

Q UE S T I O N 10

S in c e t he li p ti c p eri od s of s un a nd m q ua l w h y is
m mr fr q u
ec oo n a re e ,

t he oo n see n t o b e ec li p sed o e e e n t l y th a n t h e
s un
E ngli s h eq uiv alen t fall s ho rt of c onso n a nc e , but p rop e r
to t h e m
, are
e lod ic sca l e

m
.

Cf P r aa cep ta C onj
. uga li a , 13 9 c [ A r is totle ] , P r ob le s ,

xi x . 12 .

1 Cf D e F a ci e i n O rb e I / una e , 9 3 2 B 93 3 II Th r
e e is a n
r cyc le ( 2 2 3 lun ar m
. , .

l S—yea on th s ) a cc or h h
d in g t o w i c t he
moo n is ecli p sed at a n i nterval of e ither five months ( fi
ti mes ) or s ix m on th s ( 3 3 ti m
ve

es ) a ft e r t h e p reced in g ec li p s e ;
an ecli p s e o f t h e s un oc c u rs a t t h e p reced i n g o r foll owi ng
n ew m oo n bu t is v is i bl e fro mce rta in a rea s onl y of t h e
,

ea rth s s u rfac e
’
.

2 51
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORA LIA

T I P O BAHMA I A

H6 pi 3
70 1 p ?) 70 139 3
(1 1 70 1 9 5 S p évew m fi
nds , Lid 7
71 9 ofio fas

II P O B AHMA I B

Hm
I I
e ov p 6 0 1 1. mG I
a varr ep ov 70 a pn ovs c vaL r o vg a v
I i
I
f
I
m a v ra s
‘

a w ep a s 776 p L

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0
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“
p y p N

m
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S to i c t h s t o k e x m
e e e n o e s a s are ve r e as r
th p l of b solu t unc rta i nty of
s Em honi mi 9 7 A g i n t
e s e c a e a e e , .

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ld d elight n A cad m
'
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t he L ogi i n ii 147 t
c a I t wou s, . ic t o
, e c. a e

2 52
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. 12 — 13
, 741

of th e i r own to t h e conv e rsa ti ona l pool Unl e ss i n

de e d th e y a r e go i ng to s ay th a t th e y ta k e no sha r e
i n t h e s oci e ty of t h e wi n e ta bl e i n a ppro va l a n d
m la ti on of D e m m
-

e u osth e n e s a a n wh o n e v e r dr a nk ,
”
wi n e i n t h e whol e of his li fe Th a t I r e pli e d
mm
, ,

is not t h e r e aso n for thi s i uni ty of th e i rs Th e

m
.

’
fa ct i s th a t w e ha v e n t a sk e d th e a nythin g Unl e ss
ouh ave a m
.

or u s e ful s ugg st i on I i nt n d to p tu
to th e fro a mm m m
e e e
y ,

ong t h e q uest i ons in Ho e r b e long

i n g to t h e a d v oca t e s pro vi nc e on e th a t i n v ol v e s a
’

confli ct of for u m la s .
"

Q U E S T I O N 13
O n t h e p r ob l e min v olvi ng a co n fl ict of form
, ul as ,

in t h e th i rd r h a p so d y of t h e I lia d .
"

S pea k ers : Prot og en es P l u ta rc h So sp is G lauc ias, , ,

1 W HAT q ue sti on d o yo u ea n h e ask e d I m

a n d at t h e sa m e ti m
. .

wi ll t e ll you I r e pli e d
”
e set

m
th e s e g e ntl e e n th e ir probl e ; so le t th emp ay m
, ,

a tt e nt i on at onc e Y o uwi ll a gr e e tha t Ale x a n d e r s

’

m
.

cha ll e ng e was a de on e xpr e ss con di ti ons as follo w s

But th e mi d t mt h mwi th w rl i k M l u
my fight f H l
11! s a c e a e en e a s ,

Th t we d f ll h w eal th
ml b tt r mn
a a or e en an or a er
Wh oe r win s and r
p o v e s i se f t h e e e h
r h om
ve a ,

L e t hi s b e all the w ea lth

a n d w ife t o ca r y e.

H e ctor a g ai n i n a nno unc i ng a n d co uni c a ti ng mm

Me n e laii s ch all e ng e to all t h e w orl d us e d alm
b
, ,
’
ost ,

q ues ti on re fe rr ed t o b y E ust a thi us w ho sa ys ( 4 15 3 8 )

A , .

th at t he anci e n ts h eld t h e T roj a ns cas e t o b e t h e be tter ’

Th is vi e w h ere supported b y G lauc ias 1s p res um

.

, a bl y th a t of ,

Pl uta rc h s in ce i t re b uts tha t p revi ously p ut forward b y

,

S os p is
m
.

Ho er , Ilia d , iii 6 9 73 .
-
.

2 55
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P LUTARCH S M ORALIA
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-
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-
.
 TABLE TA LK I X -
. 13 , 742

a m
nno unc ed t h e te r s on whi ch th e y wo ul d fig ht t h e
du el whi l e thos e w ho as r e sp onde nts a cc e pt e d t h e
m
t e r s ca rri e d no authori ty w h e n th e y a dde d to th e m
,

N ow t h e cha ll e ng e w as not conc e rn e d wi th ki lli ng

a n d d e a th bu t wi th vi ctory a n d d e fe a t Qui t e
ri ghtly so too i t was prop e r th a t t h e w o m
'

.
,

a n sho u ld
m
,

b e long to t h e b e tt e r an an d t h e vi ctor is t h e b e tt e r
m
,

O n t h e oth e r h a n d i t oft e n occ u rs th a t e v e n

m
an .
,

good e n ar e ki ll e d b y b a d as w a s Achill e s l a t e r
W m
, ,

wh e n h e was shot b y P a ri s e sho u ld not I i a gi n e

.
, ,

th a t his d e a th w as a d e fe a t for Achi ll e s nor

m m
sa
y ,

sho uld w e ca ll i t a vi ctory for t h e a n wh o shot hi ,

bu t an u nfai r p i e c e of good l uck H e ctor on t h e .

,

oth e r h a n d wa s d efea t e d e v e n be for e h e w as ki ll e d

, ,

wh e n a t t h e a ppro a ch of Achi ll e s h e di d not sta n d hi s

gro un d b ut t ook to hi s h e e ls in fe a r Th e a n w h o . m
gi v e s up an d ru n s a w a y i s d e fe at e d be yon d po ss i b ili ty
of di sg u i s e an d has confe ss e d hi s a d v e rsa ry to b e
t h e be tt e r m
,

Th a t i s why i n t h e first i ns ta nc e
m
an .
, ,

Iri s wh e n gi vi ng h er e ssa g e to H el e n sa ys ,

W i th th e ir long sp ea rs th y will do bat tle fo you

e r

An th e yo
d n u h ll b e kn o
s w
an as o wn w i fe t o t h e v tor
i c
“
,

an d l at e r Z e us g av e t h e de cis i on i n t h e cont e st in
fav o ur of Me n ela ii s wi th t h e w ords ,

Th e v ic tory w as cl ea r for w arli k e Me nela ii s “ .

It w oul d i n de e d b el a ugha bl e sta t e of a ffai rs if h e

a

d e fe a t e d Po de s wi th a long rang e j av e lin shot c

m
- -

tha t ca ught hi un e xp e cti ng a n d o ff guar d b ut di d ,

I lia d , iii 45 7, b ut sp o en b y Ag a e n o n k mm Z eu
m
. s h as a
si il ar li n e, i v 13 . .

x
I li a d , vii 5 75 579 ; ere is n o w ord of th defeati ng
m u
-
.

P odes, b ut it is per aps i plied a M e nela h th t s s h o t was

m
’

fro a di s ance at an u
t ns usp e c i ng ta rget t .

2 59
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA
A I I
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1
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edW A n on 2 ( T u
L rn a . . a .

6 B ase l ed it ion
7 76 V.

2 Bas el d ition A
K76 vaL e K
'
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A g A n on 1 ( Turn ) 6o 9
W
‘ ’
7
76 o . . .

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‘
dd ed b y Du 7 ’

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3 L6 1p7 6vw1! Do e hn er elpnp évwv .
 TAB LE TA LK -
IX . 13 , 742 —743

si on It i s th e r e for e m op i n i on tha t t h e probl e m

n e v e r w as on e i nv ol vi ng confli ct of form
.
y
ul as s i nc e t h e
m
for e r a gr e em e nt i s e m
,

bra c e d b y t h e l a tt e r to a

ki ll gi v e s vi ctory b ut t h e vi ctor h as not n e c e ssa ril y

ki ll e d h i s oppo n e nt To s u up Ag am m m
,

. e n on di d ,

not s up e rs e d e H e ctor s ch all e ng e b ut cl a r i fi e d i t

’

N or di d b e cha ng e i t s t e rm
.

s h e a dde d t h e ca p i ta l
po i nt b y hi s sti p ul a ti on th a t vi ctory lay i n ki lli ng t h e
a dv e rs a r T h i s i s w h a t const i t u t e s co mpl e t e vi ctor

y oth e r ki n d a dm
y .
y;
an i ts of e xc u s e s a n d contro v e rs i e s ,

a s di d th a t of Me n e la ii s w h e n h e n e i th e r i nfl i ct e d a n
y
wou n d on hi s a dv e rs a ry nor follow e d up his r e tr e a t .

N ow i n r e a l i n s t a n c e s of co nfl i ct t h e j u ry gi v e th e i r
v ot e s to t h e ca s e th a t h a s nothi ng contro ve rs i al a bo u t
i t a n d di sr e g a r d t h e on e th a t i s l e ss plai n j us t so w e
must h er e r e gard as firme r an d mor e vali d t he agr e e
me nt tha t i n vol ve s an unquesti ona bl e an d a sc e rtai n
a bl e concl u s i on Th e m
. ost cog e nt po i nt of all is th a t
b y not r e ti ri ng or g i vi n g u p w h e n his oppon e nt
e sca p e d b u
, t b y tr av e rs i ng t h e cro w d i n a ll di rc e
ti ons
I n h ope of se tti ng e yes o n godlik e A lex a n d er)

t h e v e ry m a n w h o a pp e a rs to h av e t h e u pp e r h a n d
m
has gi v e n hi s t e s t i on y th a t t h e vi ctory w a s i n v ali d
a n d i n concl u s i v e b e c a us e h is a dv e rs a ry h a d m
, ad e

goo d hi s e sc a p e N or di d h e th e n forg e t w h a t h e
.

ha d sti p u l at e d
Bu t for w hi c h ev e r of u s d ea th s ta nds read y a nd doo m
L e t h im di e ; a n d wi th a ll sp e ed yo uoth e rs m
,

ay pa rt in

pe a ce . c
Th a t is wh y i t w a s n e c e ss a ry for h i mto h unt for
Cf H er mg S ta t 10
H om
. o e n es , . .

er , I lia d , ii i 450 . - . I lia d , iii . 101 103

-
.

2 63
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

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 PLUTARCH S M OR A L I A ’

A l G C I
7
mmm
( 43 ) V
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7
St a A fa g Hu e rt
b Pe rh ap s a noth er acc usat iv e has
f lle n out be fo re x m
.

a e ov .

B sel ed it i on di
ov
'
a . v.

W fi d i ob ious th deri ed fromthe t P olymni

ste m
t is
s p ly ( mu h mny) nd hym
e n v a a v
n o ( s ong o f p r i se ) a nd
d o not fin d it ea sy t o u nderst n d th at n a nc i e nt et ym
o c , a , a a ,

o l ogi st
woul d no t n e ess r ily th in k th i s i ncons iste nt with her n m
a a

es ’

i nd ic t i n g th t she i s the m em o ry (m n a ) o f mn y th i ng s
c a a
’

O i on is t i k é ( u gu ry) is o b i o usly d er i e d fr o m056710 ( b ird )

a a za a .

'

ng r i m i s fr o m is but th t d o es no t p rev e n t P l a t o
a v v 8

fro mfin d i ng i n the w o rd n allusi on t o oi é ia nou and

as a a a av , a

a s , s,

hi t o ic ( P h d ru
s r s 2 44 H e h as s o rt o f rea son on h is
ae ,
a

s id e fo r it c ould be argu ed th t u gury n eed not h a e been

, a a v

ca lled oi oni t i k é i t c o uld as well h e bee n 3 o ni t ho

but fo r the fact th t su c h a n m
s av r
'
.
,

s kop i a, e woul not h e a a av

2 66
 TAB LE TA LK IX -
. 14, 743

tion b ut as the y e n g age in th e b u

, s i ness p rop er to
ora tors a n d st atesme n Of the oth er M us es Clio takes .

l a uda tory eloq uen c e Jclea be i ng a n old n ame for p r aise ,

a n d Pol mni a h istor since she is the memor of

y y y ,

m a n y thi ngs Act uall y all the M uses a r e sa id to be

.
’
0

ca lled Mn ei ai ( Memories) in some p l a ces as is the cas e

For m
,

a rt I la ai m to some s h are in
b
in Chi os yp .
y cl
E uterp e a ls o if a s Chrysipp us s ays she h as a s her
,
°
,

ro vi nce th e p le a sa n t e u er es) a n d delightfu l ele

p (z pt
ments in co n v ers a tion an d informa l talk 4 S uch ta lk .

is a s m uch i n t he ora tors s p here as are liti g a tio n a n d ’

p u blic p olic y ; ex p ressions of goo d will s upp o rt of ,

o thers ca us es an d defenc e of others acts all h a v e

’ ’

W
,

the i r pl a ce i n co n v ers ation “ e a lso m a ke e xte n .

siv e us e of p ra is e or bla me in these co n texts if we

do so skilfu lly we a chie v e res u lts th a t are n eit her
,

c om b in ed the ele m e nts of oiés is n ous and his tor ic th at are , ,

in c l ud ed i n i ts n a t u
re
The p l ac e nam e is i ntrodu c ed by an u nce rta in e m
.

e n da
ti on there be i ng no co nfirm
-

, a to ry e vi d en c e .

S V F ii 109 9 cf Co rn utu s c h ap 14
No 3 le E ngli sh w o rd re p rese nts ho m
. . . . . . .
, ,

ilia wh ic h c o v e rs ,

no t only W at we ca ll c onversati on ( e g 69 9 r s up r a ) but . .

,

a ls o c on ti n u o us but un rheto ri ca l d i sc o u rse suc h as a p hil o

so p her m a y ad d re ss to a s m
, ,

all a u d i e nc e .

The text here is un ce rtain H er odes ap pea rs t o allude .

to the three bra nc hes o f o ra to ry for ens ic o r th at o f the law ,

c ou rts de l ib er at i ve o r that co ncer n ed wi th p ub li c po li c y

, ,

a n d ep i dn c t i c the o r at o r y o f di s p l a y
, H e w ishes to sh o w .

tha t c on versa t ion sh ares the func ti ons o f all three h avin g
p ra ise a nd bl a m e i n co m mon wi th e pi deictic o rato ry su p
,

po rt a n d d efe nc e wi th fo re ns ic o r ato ry a n d so m
,

eth ing else ,

( pe rh a p s a p a ir o f thi ngs ) wi th d eli be ra t iv e o r at o ry The .

w o rd tr a nsla ted exp ress ion s of g ood wi ll is no t ass oc iated

elsewhere wi t h deli be rati v e o rato ry th e no rm a l c h a rac te ri sti cs ,

o f wh ic h are pe rsu as i on a n d d issuas i on cf Ari sto tle Rhet ori c , .

, ,

13 58 b a p assag e whi c h esta bli shes the li n es o f a ll l a te r trea t

me n ts of thi s subj ect
,

2 67
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA
’ '
74
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-
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5
Th is gu ess t the se nse of the w ords l ost is based on
us E l ii 108 5 W
a
a p as sag o f S t o i c o r igi n i n S t ob
'

the g ood m
e ae , c . . .

i ii be i ng good t con
i s well a dap t d t o the m of mn ki n d as
an. , a

ver t i on
sa -
e as s a ,

2 68
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

(744) 61716 d vos 1D

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fi
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B ad rst d ed by Xyl nd e p ac e d H here by F S

H art m
a r, . . .

( 00 76 an . 07 L.

An n exac t p hr ase : i t is the first squ a re o f a n odd

i
p erfe ct ) num ber o r the squ are of the first odd p erfect )
n um
,

ber
tr i ngular n u m
.

A ber is on e th at
a ca n be rep rese n ted by
a tr i ngular p atter n of d ots thus
a , : as c an square a

2 70
 TABLE TA LK IX -
. 14, 744

fir st sq uare of th e first odd n umb er an d the first “

rod u c t of odd n umbers s i nce it ca n of co u rs e b e

di vided i n to three equal odd n um
p ,
”
bers
m
A m m
.

on i u
s smiled a t hi Y ou pu t up
. a good

fight b y yo ur recit al of the s e fa cts a n d you sho uld

ch more t h a t the n um
,

a dd to them t his m u ber ni ne

,

is comp o unded of two c ubes n a mel y t he first two , ,

o n e a n d eight a n d b y a di ffere n t a dditio n of two

, ,

tri a ng ul a r n umbers three a n d six e a ch of which is

, ,

al s o a
p erfect n umber ?
B u t wh a t h a d all t hi s to do

with the M us es an y more th a n with the rest of the

gods t o res ul t i n our h avi n g ni n e M uses b ut n ot
m
, ,

ni n e Demeters Athe n a s an d Art e i se s

, , I h ardly
s upp o s e t h a t you a r e co n vi n ced b y t he ex pl a na tio n
th a t ni n e M uses were bor n bec a use their mother s ’

c
n ame is s p elled wi t h th a t n umber of letter s ”
.

Herod e s l a ughed a n d there w as a silence where

mm
,

up o n A on i us e n co u ra ged us to a tta ck the p r o

blem (3 ) So m
.
y brother s aid th a t the a n cie n ts
knew of three M us es o n l y “ To gi v e p roof of this
m
.

fa ct he co n ti n ued in a com p a n y so n u ero us a n d

,
”
,

so le a rned wo uld be boorish p eda n try B ut the .

re a s o n for it does n ot lie a s some s ay in the three

t yp e s of melody di at om
, ,

, i c chrom a tic a n d enh a rmonic

, , ,
’

n or i n the three n otes th a t esta bli s h the interv als ,

nu m ber b y a squ a re p a tter n th us It m i ht be p o s

t e nu m
53 5
s ible t o tra nsl ate the text of the m
, .

a n usc r i p ts be r
nin e is c o m p o u”nd ed o f tw o of the p r i m a ry n u m bers n am ely ,

on e an d e ight exp l a i ni ng th at e ig ht is the first c ube ( 73 8 r )

a lly m
, ,

as on e is the first i n teg er B ut s in c e p é usu e a ns

p ri me nu m bers th is is d i fficult Alt h ou h e ight is so m
‘

. n rr a
”
e~
ti m
.
,

es reg a rded as the first c u be sin ce a c u e r equ i r es e ight

d o ts to d el i m i t it whe n G ree k a rithm eti c ians fo rget g eo m
,

, etry ,

they sp ea k of on e as be i ng a c ube
M ne m
.

o syn e Cf D i od oru s S ic u lus iv 7

E nh arm on ic m us ic e m
. . , . .

p l oys q uarte r tones -

2 71
 ’
P LUTARCH S MORALIA

( 744) dpa 6
V 77) K a i Ae u
'

p y m
i 15 i 77)
Z
'
, ne e r) oi eKa . K a L70 L

7a s Mo u o a lo v o u
’
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a a 9 o v7w 9 a w

M
ov 3 6 1 0
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'

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'
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9 10 0 K a ,T O
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29 Mova a 9 a wop a CO V
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’ ’
Kad
'

3 v va aew V 3 La Lp ov V7€ 9 e L9 p epn K a L ( Z3 ?) 7pe Ls

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’

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fiy p
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.

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ii fi
.

7 d L0 1 7L
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s
r ept a e e i io s l dt
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA
A
uA6yov
0 a
( 744)
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y ev
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z
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w p éq H ubert w q e qV
5
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m
676
p K A g A non ( A m
.

7
avpx tra y ot )
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6
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 TAB LE TAL K IX -
. 14, 744—745

co urse a bo ut v a lid tr ut h is a uni ty a n d th e M us es

’
a

common p rop ert y e a ch of the t hree ca tegories i n to

which it is di vided is th e p ro v ince of a gro up of th re e
and b a fur ther di visio n e ach of them singl y a tt e n ds
y
a n d embel li s hes the fa c u lt y she h as been a llo t ted I .

do n o t i m agine you k n ow th a t the p oets a n d the

, ,

a stro n omer s will ch a rge me with a ssin o v er their

p g
a rts ; t he u n derst an d j u st as well a s yo u do t h a t
y
astr o n om
y goes with geometry a n d p oe t ry with
m us i c
4 W
h a t of our art e x c l ai med Tryph o t he
W
.

doc t or at t he e n d of the s e rem arks h y o n e a rth .

h av e yo ub a rred the M us es tem p le to it There ’

a r e ma n others str u ck in Dion s i us of M e li t é “

y y , ,

whom youin vite to j oin yo ui n yo ur p rotest H ere .

a r e we fa rmers who cla im th a t Th a lia belo n gs t o u

°
s

a re an d he a l t h of fl
, ,

a ssignin
g to her the c o u r ishi ng

eu Bu
( ha lounton) p l a n ts a n d gro wi n g see ds
t t
’

.
,

s aid I youar e not p l a yi n g fai r Y o usee youh av e

, .
,

-
“
Demeter She wh o se n ds up gifts a n d Dio n ys us
— - -

, ,

E xulta ntly gi vi ng i nc re ase t o the o rc h a rd p l ot

i t ti m
-

Fru e s h o ly s p lend our

’
-

as Pi nda r s ays a n d we know th a t the doctors h a v e

0

As cle p i us a s the i r gu i de an d th a t the y m ake e v ery

us e of Ap ollo the He aler b ut n o n e of A p ollo the ,

Le a der of the M u s es All me n it is tr ue n eed the

.
, ,

l ; the r ig ht e m
M ea ni n g d o ubtfu end a ti on my still be
a
t o se ek
m
.

An A tti c de e .

Cf sc h o li ast on A p o ll on i us Rh odi u
. s , i ii . l.
4
Cf P au
. sa ni as i 3 1 4 , . . .

P in a , d r frag Snell qu oted aga in by Pluta rc h Mar

. 153 , , .

3 6 5 A , 757 r D i on ysus is a di vi n i ty o f all vege ta ti on a n d

.
,

o f trees in p articular .

2 75
 ’
P LUTARCH S M ORALIA
’ "

(745) 9pw770 L 9ed5v xa 76o va L

’
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3 6 77a V7L0 V 6K 6 LV0 9a v1La

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. i w v A6yov a L ya p .

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Mo ua a 9 77a p a t57o L9 600111 7ov K 6a pLov 7p Lxfi7ra V7a

’

)
m
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7 p 5 7/

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 ’
P LUTARCH S MORALIA

(745) dyK n p o v a LK 6V 3 [ 16 1061 K a i Mov a a L9 965o

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4
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6,11 770 Lo va av K a 76x6 LV K aL a T éSGLV L e o n ic us. : 6174 70 10 110 11
K a 76 6 L K a L K a 7a 3 6 L
x .

els Kr n F g der Var k E m

Di ped o les frag 116
C h r m ( Ch i ) w s used byy E m ym
a z , ra . so .
, c , . .

ed o l as a s on
fo r the os m
a c es
p
ar s a
ic fo rc e he usu lly lls Frie n dsh ip
b Cf P l to Ti m u 48 A where M ind p ersu ad es N ec es
c a ca
. a , ae s, ,

s it y t o gu id e the g rea test p rt o f the w o rld o f c h ng e t o the a a

2 78
 TABLE TAL K IX -
. 14, 745

sion th a t is a rti s tic , an d de ar to the M us es . Hence ,

I thi n k the M use ,

h teth in to ler ble N ec ess ity

a a

”
fa r more tha n does the Ch a rm of Em p edocles
mm
.

6 . She does i n deed sa id A on i us if yo u , ,

me a n the N ecessity of our world a constr ai ni n g c aus e ,

o utside the sp here of our will B ut th e n ecessi t y th a t .

holds swa y a mo n g t he gods is not i n tolerable nor

b
,

a s I beli e v e resis ta n t to
p ers u
, asi o n ei t her n or ye t
c oerci v e exce p t for wicked me n j u
, s t as i n a cit y the ,

law is for those who look to its best interests s ome

thi n g i nfie xi b le an d imm uta ble n ot bec aus e a ch a n ge ,

wo u ld be i m p ossible b u t be ca u s e it wo uld b e un ,

de s i ra ble N ow Homer s Sirens it is true frighten

.
’

, ,

us i n co n sistentl y with the Pl atonic myth b ut the

,

oet too co n v e ed a tru th s mbolic a ll n amel th at

p y y y y ,

the po wer of their m usic is not i nh um a n or d e st ruc

tiv e as s o u ls de p a rt from thi s world t o the ne xt so ,

it s eems a n d drift u , n certainl

y a ft er de a th it cre a tes ,

in them a p a ssio n ate lo v e for the he av enly an d

di vine an d forgetfulne s s of morta lity it p o s sess es
6
,

them a n d e n ch a n ts them with its s p ell so th at i n ,

best p oss ible res ult th t is to sa y the u ndes ig n ed fix ed

fac to rs in the p hys ica l w o rld ca n o fte n be m
: a ,

ade u se o f by
a d es ig n i ng i n te lli ge n c e see F M Co rnfo rd P l t o Co ’

mlogy pp 160 if Pluta rch s o wn i nterp reta ti on o f the

. . , a s s
’

P l to n i p assag e ( D e A n i m ae P r ocr ea zi one i n Ti m

o , . .

a c a eo 1014 ,
D,

102 6 ) ta k es N ec ess i ty to b e p s yc hi ca l no t p hys i l

f to r i n the wo rld Whe n A m mn ius proc eeds t o o mp re
B a , a ca ,

N ec ess i ty w ith l w i n ci ty he see m

ac . o c a

a s t o be th i nk i ng not
a ,

o f N ec ess i ty p e but o f N ece ss i ty

er s g uided by M in d
, as ,

be i ng ffec ted pe rh p s by the S to ic id e n ti fi t ion of N ecess i ty

w ith F te Z eus nd c os m
a a ca
a , ic l w , F o r the un des i r b ility of
a a . a

c h ngi ng l ws f Pl t o P l i t i s 2 9 9 c A ri st ot le P o l i t i
a a c . a , o ca , , , cs ,

12 68 b 2 7— 12 69 94 a .

Cf P l to C at ylu 403 c D
. a , r s, -
.

2 79
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA
f Qmma A A
(745) w
I 0
a g, 6 L 3 xp a9 6 770 V7 6 L K a L o v
p.776
p L7 \
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6V7 6 1300L 3 6 77p69 6p v3 p6 7 L9 0 50 V fi xd)

'

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' ’
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l t o Re ubli c 6 16 c I n o rdin ry G reek t he w ord

P
me ns d”ista g b ut Pl to used it i n t h arc h ic sense of
a , , . a

a a e a

sp ind le Cf Cl Rev xxxviii .

p 7 . ass . . . .

2 80
 P LUTARCH S MOR A LIA
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 TAB LE TAL K IX -
. 14, 746

orbits m a inta i n an d p reserv e th e h a rmony of th e

p la n ets with the fixed sta rs an d with one a nother ,

while one who ov ersees a n d p atrols the regio n

,

betwee n the e a rt h a n d the moo n gr a nts morta ls ,

thr o ugh s p eech an d song all th a t the i r n at ure allows

them t o p ercei v e a n d a cce p t of gra ce rh ythm an d , ,

h a rmo n y ca lli n g i n Pers ua s io n t he help meet of t he

,

a rt s of sta t e a n d societ to c a st her c almin s ell o n

y g p
the t umult uo us element i n us a n d ge n tly t o rec all ,

ou r err a n t ste s when t he h a v e l o s t the p a th a n d

p y
s et t hem i n t heir p l ace .

B ut all th ings th a t are stra ng ers to Z eus s l ov e ’

S hr i nk whe n they hea r the r ingi ng

Vo i c e o f the Pi eri des ,

”
Pi n da r sa ys a

m
m iu
as .

7
. A co n cl uded these rem a rks with his
on s

fav o uri t e q uo ta tion from Xe n o ph a n es

Le t thi s b e o ur o p i ni on wi th the l ook o f truth , ,

an d th e n urged e a ch of us to s p e ak up an d s ay wh a t
he tho ught For a s hort time I ke p t q u
. i et t hen I
sa id th a t Pl a to hi mself belie v es th a t he di s c o v ers the
po wers of the gods b y u s i n g the i r n a me s a s cl ue s
let u s then s imi l a rl y p l a ce o n e of t he M u ses i n the
“
he a v ens a n d s uppo s e her c o n cern to be with the
,

he av enly bo di es It is likel y e n o ugh th a t the y

h a vi n g a si n gle s im
.
,

ple n a t u re t o a c c o un t for them ,

qu o ted aga in by Pluta rc h M 7 16 7c

P yt hia ns , i 13 14,
The fo rm er p ss ag e mk es c le r the c onn ex ion of
.
-

, 0 .
,

the th o u ght here wi th Pl t o Ti m

109 5 1-3 . a a a

aeu s 47 D a , , .

D i els K r n Fr g def Vo ok X nop h n fr g 3 5

but t 40 1 P l t o m
-
a z , a . rs q e a efi , a . .

C at ylu 3 9 6 od ifies h is o p i ni on
the n m es sh o w wha t mn th i n k o f the gods not n ec essa ri ly
r s, A, a A a :
a e ,

the i r rea l n ature

U r n ia wh o se n am e is deri ed fr o mO ur nos ( hea ens )
.

a , v a v .

2 83
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 TAB LE TAL K IX -
. 14, 746 —747

to th a t p a rt of the soul th at lo v es le a rni ng a n d sto res

i t i n the memory— th a t i s why the S i cyoni a ns ca ll
one o f th e ir three Mu s es Polym a t hi a Then e v ery .
a

one wo uld refer to Euterp e the study o f the fa cts of

N ature a n d w o uld re s erv e no p ur er or finer enj oy
,

ments a n d deli ghts (terp sei s) t o an y o ther ki nd of

a ct i vi ty T o turn to des i re Th ali a con v erts our c o n
cern for food a n d dri nk fromsom
.
,

ethi ng s a va g e a n d
a ni m a l i nto a soc i al a n d c o n vi vi a l a ffai r Th a t i s why
we a pply the word tha lz az ei n (m erry m
.

a ki g to th os e
n )
who enj oy one a n o ther 5 com
-

’
a ny o v er wi ne i n a

a n d fri endly m
a
p g y
a nner not t o those who i ndulge i n
,

dr unk en i ns ults an d vi o lence And when o ur se xu al .

urgenc i es enj oy the p resence o f Era t o ”a ccomp ani ed

by r a t i on al app o s i te p er s u a s i on she e l im
,

i n ates an d
exti ng ui s he s the a d fr a nt i c ele mm
, ,

, ent i n the p le a sur e ,

whi ch then re aches a conc l us i on i n lo v e a n d tru s t ,

not r ap e an d deb a uchery As for the ki nd of p l e a

s ur e th a t co m
.

e s by e ar an d eye whether i t belongs

mainly to re as on or to e moti on o r i s the i r co mmon
,

p ro p erty the two rem a i ni ng M us es Melp o m

, en e a n d ,

Terp s i chor e ta ke i t under the i r c a re a n d g i v e i t

,

or d er li n e ss The result i s th a t on the o ne h a nd

.
c

there is enj o yment not ench a ntment on the other ,

”
not delus i on but de light .

Muc h l ea rning note on 743 n s up ra

S ee a lso
°

moured )
7. e. -
. .

Assoc iated wi th eran ( to b e e na

Me l po m ene for t h e ea r ( m
.

e lp ei n to s i ng ) T e rp s i c hore fo r
t h e e ye as i f T e rp si h oré ( t er p s i s e njo ym
, ,

ent 1 7 to see ) cf
C o rnutus c h ap 14 Th e fixed ass ign m
, 10 76 7
, , , , .

ent of fu ncti o ns to
Muses is a dev e lop m
. .
,

e nt th at h ad not ta k en p l ac e i n Plu
t arc h s ti m Fancy was long fre e
’
e . .

2 87
 ’
PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA

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p e i s i n t er a u t r ued t o
sl os oh ho s s
o
c ve r a ll g e ture t uid an d tati c ; t at tran ated
s bo h fl s h sl
“ ”
p ra e h s has as on e en e c ange of p a ce Th e w d s s h l or s
m m ms
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p a l m
.

B L aw er, Trans A P hilol 19 54, p p 148 if ) ,

m
. . . .

bu t to a ve h
een uid a n d ver app ing i n eaning Plu
b fl o l .

288
 ’

P LUTARCH S M ORALIA
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76 9 a

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.

rtistic fi e ld d ia t hes is c an connote ”t he desc ri pt iv e

I n t he
a rr ange m co m
a
o r rep res entati v e as pe ct of t h e ent or po s i
2 90
 TAB LE TA L K I X -
. 15, 745

whi le poses i s the nam e of the re pres enta ti o n a l

p os i ti ons to whi ch the mo v ements lea d an d in whi ch
they end as when dancers comp os e the i r bodi es i n t h e
,

a t ti tude of A ollo or Pan or a B a cch a nt a n d then

p ,

retai n tha t asp ect like figures i n a p i cture “ Th e .

thi rd element p o inti ng is somethi ng th a t doe s not

, ,

cop y t h e s ubj ect m a tter but ac tu ally sho ws i t to us

Poetry p ro vi des a p a rallel Poets e m
-
.
,

p loy the p ro p er .

na mes of thi ng s to i ndi ca te or denote them us i ng the ,

’
words Achi lles Ody sseus e a rth an d hea v en’ ’

ex act ly as they a re us ed by the ordi n a ry m

, , ,

an but ,

empl o y onom a top oe ia an d meta p hor i n the i r p ursui t

of i mi ta ti v e re presenta ti o n an d vi vi d sugges ti on .

Thus they sa y th at broken strea ms p la sh a n d

’
b abble an d tha t i ss i les fly longin g to ta ke the i r m
an d of a n e v enly m
b
,

fill of flesh a tched ba tt le equ al

he a ds h a d the m elley Then they oft en sha p e th e .
’
0

colloca ti on o f words i n the i r so ng s to i mi ta te th e

m a tter as does Euri p i des wi th
,

The layer s of t he G orgon i n hi s fl ight th rough Ze us s hol y ’

ae th e r
an d Pi n dar wri ti ng of the hors e ,

Wh en b nks of A lp h ii s he galloped
his form
a e ,

c oul d b e see n in t h e

ti on whic h is i ts origina l m ea ning Cf MO 7 17 B L ife of

L ife of Dcm
, . . . ,

Br u t u s xxi ii ( 99 4
, c t ri u c xxii ( 8 9 8 E ) A t h e , ,

naeus 196 f et c
Ho m
, , .

er I h ad xi 57 4 et c
I li ad xi 72 a m ted m
, . , .

, eta p ho r o f di s p u
. ea ning .

N au Tray Gr ace F rag E u r i ides 9 8 5

beg ins wi th a s um o n of 12 sho rt sy lab les
ck , . .
, , .

O l ym ta rc h s m em o ry failed h i m( see
.

p ia ns i 9 0 Pl u
’
, . .

cri ti ca l note ) p rov idi ng a longe r run of short syll ables than
,

t h e co rre ct text .

2 91
 PLUTARCH S MOR AL I A ’

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5
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. .
(de l eted b y a o z .

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7 .

6 11 6 ov B erg k : 6116 1
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1°
3 6f6 9 6 11 Mez iri ac u
s : 365 6 16 1 1.
 TAB L E TA L K -
IX . 15, 748

S imi la r fa ults ar e commi tted i n da nci ng whene v er

o i nti ng i s used wi th o ut p l a us i b i li ty gr a ce di gni ty
p , ,

a n d si m li c i ty In s hort one ca n tr a n s fer S i moni des

s a yi ng fromp ai nt i ng t o d a nci ng ( ri ghtly c a l li ng

p .
,
a
,

da nce ) s i lent p oetry an d p oetry a rt i cul ate da nce

m
.

Ther e see s to b e nothi ng of p ai nti ng i n p oetry o r o f

ai nt i ng n o r d oes e i ther a rt m
p oetry i n
p , a ke a n
y us e
wh a tsoe v er of the o th e r wh e re a s d a nci ng a n d p o etry ,

a r e fu l ly a ssoc i ated a n d the one i nv ol v e s the o ther

P a rt i cu l a rly i s thi s so when they c o m
.

b i ne i n th a t typ e
of c o m p o s i t i o n c a l l ed hyp or chem a in wh i ch the two ,

a rt s ta ken together e f fect a s i ng l e work a re p resenta

t i o n by m In co m
,

e a ns o f p oses an d words ”
p a ri son .

wi th p ai nt i n g the li nes o f v ers e a r e li ke the li nes th a t

b o und the s h ap es ( wh i l e the m ovem e nt s a n d
p oses
ar e li ke the c o l o urs a n d sh a e s ) And th a t e a ch a rt
needs the other i s m
p .

a de l a i n by the wri ter wh o h a s

b e en con s i dered to be m os t s ucc e ssful i n the co m

p
po s i
t i on o f hypor c/Lem a ta a n d n o wh er e t o h a v e ca rri ed

mo re convi cti on Ta k e thi s p a s sa ge

,

Pe l s n ho rse
a g ia c aea n or A my l b ound
4

M k your m od l as youwh ir l
O n om
a e e

pe titi t oe
C h as ing t h mlody s twists
c ve ,
’
e e

Cf P u ta rc , Mar 17 , 58 B , 3 46 P
l h F
b The hyp or che a w as a so n z c m mm mm
. . .

p an i ed b y a i eti c
h
d ance Th e Vi ew t at it w as a s lnct genre of p etry ee gz'

o s ms
ms m
.

t b e i ta en , cf H K le r, Di e Mi e s is i n der A nt i ke,
o ’
k . . ol
p p 16 6 fi
. .

h ss l
T e a y, a di tri ct o f w i c w as s n wn as P e a g ian h h k o l s
so r Pe las g iotis , w as ren wned for i ts ca va ry o l
ml o ml s
.

A yc ae , nce an indepe ndent t wn r v i ag e 2 } i e o o ll

ut of S pa rta , w as ea r y reduced S p arta n u
so h l
n ti ng d g h o s
mo s
-
.

were fa u .

11
11 666 0 7611 Me inek e : 677666 0 7011 .

2 95
 P LUTA RC H S M ORALIA ’

(748 )
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, , ho .

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ss or s s s h h
Wm
. . .

ila ow i t z ar itra ri y d e eted , r e q ub l l i rws a ve , 6 g L rb . .

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.

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2 96
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

K6 L
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110 11
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x p 7 6 7 70

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A l0 1 T
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LO Ls
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0
An ll us ion t o t h p rof ne n d h nl y L o of Pl to
S ym m
a e a a ea v e ve a ,

p o iu 18 0 E
b Although th s s nti mnts my b borrowed fro mso m
s , .

rl i r pe rh ap s P rip t tic m
e e e e a e e
or l i r ( f H K oll r q uoted
up r ) P l ut h my h thought th m
ea e , e a e , a ze c . . e ,

i n not o n 748
l rl y p t t o t he rt of t h p n tom i m so flou
e B s a , arc a a ve e

p rtic u
a a a rish i ng
a e a a,
 TABL E —TA LK IX . 15, 748

D a nci ng h as i ndeed m a de a
p rofa ne
p oetry her com
p a ni on a n d fa l len o ut of fav our wi th the other
he av e nly ki nd “ ; an d h a vi ng tyra nnou s ly broug ht
a lm os t a ll m us i c under her sway she i s mi s tress of ,
”
the ca p ri ce an d fo ll y of the the tres but h a s lo s t
her hon o ur a m ong m
a ,

e n wh o h a v e i ntelli gence a n d

may pr ope rly be called di vi ne ”

.
c

Thi s w as a bo ut the end S ossi us Senec i o o f t h e

, ,

l e a rned c o nv ers a t i on then held a t the fe ast of the

M uses i n the co m p a ny of the e xcellent A on i us mm .

i n hi s d ay d n r st r ormr
h r
T h e a c e w as e e t h e p e rf ( a nd
ms ns
. a e

otn
f e po p u
r dol sla i o rt d ) , up p e b y ho r uic i a and a c i
whos son s w r x l n tor d n wh r s y of t h e a c e , in t h e
m mor l st d n
e g e e e p a a e ea
d l
i ea hyp or che a of t h e son w r o n
a i a ce a n d

s m rson
g e e an

e u
q l oot n
a f d n r sn r
i g, a n d a ce a n d i g e t h e a e p e
so mt ms s d
.

wo rd
Th e t he i os is w k n d s ns
e i ue in a ea e e e e ,
mr llo s
e
u s "
Th e u
st on th t s n nt l n
gge i is i ce i e l i g e ce is
d n l mnt m
a ve . a ,

t he iv i e e e e toin nt l nt th t
a n , i t is t h e i e lige t he
s mt m l t r h m
a

word sho ld u b e app i e

l d At t h e a e i e P ua c
mnd t molo th t onn cts
. ay

h av e i n i an e y gy r th tr
a c e t hea t on ( ea e )
with f se d oJ lut a rc h , D e Mus ica , 1 140 , P i
P u E h lo
’
t he i
d ms m
o s , c .
-

e u, D e Mu s i ca , p p
. 13 , 6 7 K e k e .
 I NTROD U CTI O N

T 1115 work is a di alogue only i n form fo r the p resence

of Fl avi a n s er v es m
,
’
erely to i ntroduce Pluta rch s son ,

Au t ob u lu a n d l e a d u to th e rec i ta l of Pluta rch s

’
s
, p
own p a rt i n the deb a te on lo v e a t the s a nctu a ry o f
the M uses o n Heli c o n Thi s too k p l a ce ye a rs before
.
,

sh o rtly aft er our a uth o r s m a rri age a n d before hi s

’

son s bi rth so th a t the l a tt er kn o ws of i t o nly beca us e

’

hi s fa ther re m em
,

bere d the scene vi vi dly a n d re p e a te d ‘

i t o ften
m
.

The rec i ta l i s p unctu a ted a n d someti es m o ti va ted

by a ro m a nti c u he ava l i n the town of The s i a e below

A ri ch young wi d o w of the town i s seeki ng t o m

p p .

a rry

a h a ndso m e young m an, so m ewh a t her j un i or Hi s

.

fri e nds a r e di vi ded a bout the wis dom of thi s alli a nce
t h e deb a te i s a t fir st between the a dherents a n d
th e op p onents of p a ederasty But whi le both fri ends
.

an d enemi e s a r e a rgui n elsewh e re th e wi dow ta kes

g ,

c o ntrol of the s i tu a ti on an d a bducts the boy Thi s

reca ll fromp hi lo s o p hy to li fe s ca tters both p arti es
.

a n d Pluta rch i s left wi th th e m o re s eri ous m embers

o f the group to whom doctri nai re p a rti s anshi p is nu
sui ta b l e
.

N ow begi ns the a po l o gy for th e god Lo v e ( Eros)

i n whi ch his di vi ni ty 15 vi ndi ca ted hi s p o wer a ffirmed
, ,

hi s b enefits a ttested an d hi s ap oth eos i s as sured But

, .
,

in a p art of the n a rr ati v e now lost conj ug a l l o v e i s

,

3 03
 ’
P LUTARCH S M ORALIA
a tta cked an d the rest of the work p ro vi des a s pi ri ted
a n d occa s i on ally enetr a t i ng defence of the a rt th a t
p p
women pl ay i n the m arri age bond 8 0 fit t i n gly .
,

enough when Pluta rch a n d hi s fri ends a rri v e at Thes

p i a c they find to the i r del i ght th a t the m
,

, a rri age i s

under way a n d only a wai ts the i r p resence fo r i t s cele

bra ti on Lo v e the god i s a s a cti v e i n l i fe as he i s i n
.

p h i loso p hy .

The work has be en generally a dmi red th o se wh o

m
seek a n app rec i a t i o n of i t a y c o nsult the i nteresti ng
a n d enthus i a sti c ed i t i on of Robert Fla c e li er e P a ri s
( ,

Les Belles Le ttres wh i ch also cont ai ns a good

,

b i bl i ogr ap hy “ .

The p resent edi tor must a ckn o wledge a c o nsi der

a bl e debt to Flac e li er e s s p i ri ted tr a n s l a t i on
’
It often .

li ghtene d hi s tr o ubles when troub l es were brewi ng,

i n the s o mewh at p oor con di t i on of the text Bu t hi s .

chi ef debt i s t o hi s le a rned an d generous colle ague ,

W G R a b i nowi t z who went o v er e v ery w o rd of the

tr a nsl a ti on a n d remo v ed i nnu m
. .
,

era ble blemi shes He .

als o sugge s ted so m any i nterp ret at i ons th at a r e both

new an d true th a t if an y p art o f thi s edi ti o n i s an

i m p ro v ement on Flac e lier e an d Hubert ? the gr a ti
tude fo r thi s not i nc o nsi derable fe a t i s to be a ccorded
to Ra b i nowi t z an d to hi alone , m .

Th e di alogue i s tr a nsmi tted i n two MS S only E .

,

It m ay b e n oted th at t h e love c e l e b rated in th i s essay

i s n ot Ap h rod ite s en su a l lov e b u t E ros rom anti c p ass i on

T h e S toi cs h ad already adv ocated ro m antic m

.
, , ,

a rr i ed love

( ee Antip ater S t oi c Vet F rag iii p p 2 54 if ) an d Pl utarch

s , . . . , . .

ca rr ies h is p re ferenc e for it a step fu rther O f L A Post

Wom Tr ns A m
. . . . ,

an s P l ac e i n Men an d e r s Ath ens er

’ ’
, a . .

P hi lol A ss oc lxx i
. .
pp 42 0 ii es p e c i a
. ll y pp 4 52 —
45 4
.
, . .

T h e Te u b n e r ed iti on of 19 3 8 s ee C las s P hi l xxxvi:

fl
. .

"
pp 8 5 . .

3 041
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3 06
 T HE D I A L O G U E O N L O VE

( Fl av ia n a nd P l uta rch s son A utob ulus con rse

’
in t he
p res ence of so m
, , ve
e oth e rs 5 .

l . F L AVI AN It was on Heli con A ut ob ulu

. s th a t y o u , ,

sa y the con v er sa ti on on lo v e took p la ce of whi ch a t

our reque s t you ar e now going to gi v e us an a ccount

Ei ther you m a de a record o f i t or g o t i t by he a rt fr o m
frequent p rob i ng of yo ur fa ther .

A UTO B UL U S Yes Fl avi a n i t w a s on He li con i n the

.
, ,

s hri ne of the Muses whi le the p eo ple of Thes pi a e 0

were celebra ti ng the E r ot i di a fi Thi s they do e v ery

fo ur yea rs i n honour of Er o s as we l l as the M uses ,

wi th gre a t z e a l an d splendour .

FL A VIAN Are you a wa re of the p eti ti on th a t all of

us who h a v e co m
.

e to you i ntend to p re s ent P

A UT O B UL U S N o but I sh all be when you sta te i t
.
, .

FL A VIA N D i sca rd for the moment fr o m your t e

ci ta l the m
.

e a dows a n d sh a dy n ooks of th e
p oets the ,

g a ddi ng growt h of i vy a n d smila x an d all the other

m
,

com onpla ces on whi ch wri ters se iz e a s they e n ,

d eav ou r wi th more enthus i a sm th a n success to endors e

the i r work wi th Pl a to s Il issus hi s fa mous a gnus ’

,
°

cas tus a n d the gentle gr as s grown slo p e

My de a r Fla vi a n why shoul d m
-

A UT O B UL U S .
y di s ,

ll ag es lso F r rs Pau Bu
’
S ee
’

vi . a az e s an ia s , v , p p 140 fi t . .

C icer0 ( V077 sp ks . ii 4 13 5)
. . ea of t h e g eat ta tu r
e of E r as s os
Th es iae onl t r ct on
’

y a t a i
gee G ulic k on Ath n eus 56 1
5 .

e a , e, 69 9 a (L . CL
. .
)
P hae d ru
s 9 9 9 A 93 0 B , , .

3 07
 ’

PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

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n ap v v a n fi Herwerd e n .

Mne mosyne Memo ry .

lutarc h s b est fri ends H ap pea rs oft en in t he

n d i s a sp ea k er i n D e S oller t ia A n i m
’

m
O n e of P
m
. e

S y p os i acs a li u
' '
a .

3 08
 PLUTA RCH S MORALIA
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 THE D IA LO G UE O N LOVE , 749

At da wn Anthemi o n a n d Pis i as j o i ned the me n m ,

o f some sta ndi ng a n d atta ched to B acc h on who was

c alled The H a ndso m e a n d beca use of the i r c o mm o n
a ffecti o n for the youth th ere w as a ki nd of qu a rrel

between the m You must know th a t there li v ed a t

The sp i a e I sm
.

e n o d or a a wom a n cons p i cuous for her

,

we alth a n d breedi ng who led he av en knows o v e r

a n d a b o v e thi s a life o f decorum She h a d be en a
, ,

wi dow for so m
-

e li t tle ti me wi thout a word of ce n sur e ,

s st ll yo u
e en though she
v w a i ng a n d comely “ No w .

B acc h o n w as the s o n of a n i nt i m a te fri end of h ers

a n d I sm e n o d or a whi le p r o moti ng a ma rri a ge between

hi m a n d a g i rl re l a ted to her s elf h a d m a ny m

,

, ee t i ngs
a n d con v ersa t i on s wi th the y o uth The result w as
th a t she c am e to vi ew hi mwi th di fferent ey e s wh a t
.

wi th he a ri ng wh a t wi th sa yi ng m a ny ki nd th i ngs

m
,

a bout hi a n d obser vi ng the throng of noble lo v ers

who cour ted him she was ca rri ed so far as to fa ll i n

m
lo v e wi th hi herse lf Her i ntent i ons were fa r fro m
,

di s h o n o ur ab l e : she de s i red to m a rry hi ma n d be

.

hi s c o m p a ni o n for li fe The s i tu a ti o n w as sta rtli ng

.

enough i n i tself a n d the boy s mother h a d mi sgi vi ngs

’

th a t t h e di gni ty a n d s plend o ur of I sm
’
e n od ora s h ous e

ho l d were t oo gra nd to sui t her lo v e d one Some of

the boy s hunt i ng co m m
.

a ni on s s
’
oreo v er u ed the
di scre p a ncy i n a ges t o de t er hi m The i r m a ki ng a
p , ,

j oke of the m a rr i a ge ser v ed to c o unter i t m

.

o re e ffect
i v ely th a n di d the seri ous i nterv enti o n o f o thers .

H e was s t i ll a mi n o r a n d felt s hy o f m a rryi ng a

wi dow N e v ert h ele s s b e i gnored the o thers a n d left
.
,

the dec is i on to Pi sia s a n d Anthemi on The la tter .

w as a n older cous i n of hi s whi le Pi sias w as the most

,

S h e was a bo ut 3 0 yea rs of age , t o j udge fro m75 3 A

infra ,

wh i l e Bacc hon w as , as an ep hebus , betwee n 18 a nd

3 11
 PLUTARCH S M OR AL I A ’

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3 12
 PLUTA RCH S M OR A LIA ’

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 THE DIALO G UE O N LOVE , 750

f r o m Ci h c i a to A th e ns to look o v er the h an dso e

'

m
m
l ads a n d a k e the rounds wi th t h e N o doubt i t m
m
.

h ad bee n s o e such re a son th a t ori gi n ally ca u s e d

Protogenes j o urney fromhom ’
e .

4 Th i s r ai sed a l a ugh a n d Pr o togenes sa i d

. So ,

you thi nk tha t I m a t w ar wi th Lo v e n o w do you

’

, ,

a n d not fighti n on h i s s i d e a g ai ns t lechery a n d i ns o

g
lence when they try to fo rc e the fo ulest a cts a n d
ass i o ns i nto the c o m a ny of the most hono u r a ble

a n d di gni fie d of n a m
p p
es P
When you s ay foulest a ske d D ap hn a e u
y o u re ferri ng to m a rri a ge the uni on of m
, s ar e ,

an a n d
,

wi fe tha n whi ch there h a s n o t e x i sted now or e v er

m
, , ,

W
a fellowshi
p o re s a cred
”
h y o f course sa i d Pr o t o genes
’

, , s i nce i t s ,
’
necess a ry for p roduc i n g chi ldren there s no h a rm ,

i n legi sl a tors ta lki ng i t u p an d s i ngi ng i t s p r ai s e s to

the m a s s es But gen ui ne Lo v e h a s n o connexi o n
wh a tsoe v er wi th the w om
.

en s qu a rt e rs I deny th a t
’

i t i s lo v e th a t y o u h av e felt for wo m
.

en a n d gi rls
an
y more th a n fl i es fee l l o v e fo r mi lk o r be e s for h oney
or th a n c a terers a n d cooks h a v e tender e m o ti o n s fo r
the ca l v es a n d fo wls they fa tten i n the da rk
In a norm a l sta te one s desi re for brea d a n d m
.

’
eat

i s moderate yet suffi c i ent , but a bn o rm a l i nd ulgence

o f thi s desi r e cre ates the vi c i ous h a b i t c alled gluttony
and g o rm a n diz i ng In j ust the sa me way there
norm ally e xi s ts i n m e n an d w om
.

en a nee d for the

p le a s ure deri v e d from e a ch other ; b ut wh e n the
i m p uls e th a t dri v es us to th i s g o al i s so vi gor o us a n d
p owerful th a t i t beco m e s torr e nti al a n d a lm os t out of
contr o l i t is a m
, i st ake to gi v e the n am e Lo v e to i t .

Lo v e i n fa ct i t i s th a t a tta che s hi m s elf t o a young

, ,

X yla nd e r dwloglm
3
:
xfa .

3 15
 P LUTARCH S M ORA L I A ’

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0 ad ded b y ytt enb a c h .

m m t Cynos rg s w t h onl y
Th e y nas i u
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a a e as e on e
Ath ns w of
oth r ould fr q unt L if f Th m
ic h e i e
for ign m
e o e a e

e e i c l e e : e o e s t oc es ,

( 112 A) .

3 18
 THE D IALOGU E O N LOVE , 750—751

qua rters as b asta rds do i n th e Cyn osa rges Or .

ra ther j ust as there i s one e agl e ca lled the true or

mounta i n e agle whi ch Hom b
, ,
“
er qu ali fies as bl ack
,

an d the hunter th o ugh there ar e other b as ta rd

’

va ri eti es whi ch c a tch fish a n d slow—fl

,

yi ng b i rds i n
m a rshe s when they gr o w hungry as t h ey o ften do , ,

they i v a fami shed an d p l ai nt i v e scre a m— j ust so

g
there is only one genui ne Lo v e the lo v e o f boys It ,
.

i s not fl a shi ng wi th des i re a s A n ac r e on sa ys of the

’
c

lo v e of m
,

ai dens or drenched wi th unguents s hi ni ng

, ,

bri ght N o i t s a s p ect i s s im p le a n d unsp o i led You

.
’

,
.

Will see i t i n th e schoo ls of p hi lo so p hy or p erh a p s i n ,

the gymn a s i a a n d p al a estra e se archi n g for young ,

men Whom i t che e rs on Wi th a cle a r an d n o ble cry to d

the p ursui t of vi rtue when they a re found w o rthy of
i t s a ttenti on .

But th a t other la x a n d hous ebo und l o v e th a t

sp ends i t s ti me i n the b o soms a n d be ds o f wo m
,

en
e v er p ursui ng a soft li fe enerv a ted a m
,

i d p l e as ure
,

de v o i d of ma nli ness a n d fri endsh i p a n d i n s pir a ti o n

i t should be p ro scri be d as in fa ct Solon di d p ro scri b e
He forb a de sl a v es to m
,

it
. ake lo v e t o boys o r to

h av e a rubdown but he di d n o t res t ri ct the i r i nter

,

course Wi th women For fri en ds hi p i s a be a uti ful a n d

.

courteous rel a ti onshi p but mere p le a sure i s b ase a n d

m
,

unworthy of a free an F o r thi s re as on also i t i s n o t

gentlem anly or urb a ne to m
.

ake lo v e t o sl av e boys

suc h a lov e is mere cop ul at i o n li ke t he l o v e o f ,

women .

I lia d , xxi 9 52 ; iv 3 15 f xx lso Ari s totl e H is t

m ; se e a
. . .
, .

A n i a l i x 2 ( 6 18 2 6 b
dm
. .

F rag 13 a B ergk and Die

. hl ; frag onds (IAfla
. 62 E
G raeca , ii , p
m of base born eagl es
.

4
N ot t h e ta rv e ing c rea s l s -

L ife of S alon , 1 ( 79 A B cf Mar 152 n

. . .
 PLUTARCH S MORALIA
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 THE D I A LOGUE O N LOVE , 751

An d H er a cles is a sked by s ome one o r other ,

D id youp ers uade t h e g i r l or ta k e your f vour b y fo rce

a

But to consort wi th m ales ( whether wi thout cons ent ,

i n whi ch c a se i t i n v ol ves vi olence a n d bri g a nda g e or

i f wi th con sent there i s sti ll we a kne s s a n d e fl
, e i n a cy
’

m
on the p a rt of those who cont r a ry to n a ture allow , ,

thems el v e s in Pl a to s b words to be co v ered a n d

’

mounte d li ke ca ttle —thi s i s a co m p letely i ll fav o ured -

fa v our i ndec ent a n unlo v ely affront to A phr odi t e

, , .

Whence I conclude th a t those v erses I quoted

were wri tt en by Solon when he was sti ll qui te young
’
an d teemi ng as Pl ato s a ys , wi th a bun da nt ,

seed Here h o we v er i s wh a t he wrote when he

.
’

, ,

had re ached an a dva nced a ge 4

D ea r to m
e n ow a re t h e wor ks of t h e C yp rus born
m m m mrry
-
,

O f D ionys us an d th e M , works th at ak e en e ,

though a fter th e p elti ng storm of his lo v e for boys

m
as

he h a d brought hi s li fe i nto the p e a ceful se a of ar

ri a e a n d
g p hi loso p hy .

If then Protogenes we hav e reg a rd for t h e

truth e xc i te m ent a bout b o ys a n d w o m
, , ,

en i s one a n d
the sa m
,

e th i ng Lo v e But if for the sake of a rgu

ment you choos e to m
.
,

, a ke di st i ncti ons you Wi l l se e ,

th a t thi s b o y lov e of yours i s not pl a yi ng fai r li ke

an a ged m
-

a n s b a s ta rd
’
a l a te born son -

, a chi ld of ,

d arkne s s he tri e s to di s inh eri t the Lo v e th a t i s hi s

,

legi ti m ate a n d elder brother It wa s only yester da y .

,

my fri end or the da y before in consequence of youn g

, ,

N ane k
Trag Gr ace
, rag p 9 16 ,. . F . . Adesp oton 409 .

5
A pa rap ra e of P haedr us , 9 50
h s E f
o . La ws , 6 3 6 0.
La ws , 8 3 9 B
mo m
.

4
F 9 6 Di e ; frag 9 6 E d hl
nd s (E legy an d I a bu
2i
. a,
i, p 1 1 . .

323
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORA LIA

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PLUTA RCH S M ORALI A

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 THE D IA LO G U E O N LOVE , 752

m
thi nk th a t h u a n be i ngs who a cknowledge th at they
are locked li ke dogs by the i r s e xu a l p a rts to the

fem ale should da re to tra ns p ort the god fromhi s home

i n the gymn a s i a a n d the p a rks wi th the i r wholesome
fresh a ir life i n the s un a n d confine hi i n br o the ls
- 0
m
wi th the va ni ty c as es a n d unguents an d phi l tr es of
di s orderly fe m Decent wo m
-

ales en c a nnot of cours e , ,

wi thout im pr o p ri ety e i ther rece i v e or bestow a p as

”
s i on a t e l o v e .

At th i s p oi nt howe v er my fa ther rel ates th a t he

, ,

too a tt acked Protogenes a n d s ai d ,

T i h s word now ca lls t he A rg i ve host to rms” a .

I swe a r th a t i t s Pi si a s l a ck of m
’ ’
odera ti on th a t makes
me j o i n forc es wi th D ap h n a e us So m arri age i s to be .

a l o v eless un i on de v o i d o f god gi v en fri ends h i Yet

p
-

we ob s erv e th at an alli a nce once i t i s deserte d by ,

courtshi p a n d fav o ur c a n sc a rcely be held t o

,
’

gether by such yokes a n d re i ns a s sh a me an d fe a r

As fo r m
.

“
sa i d Pi si a s I d o n t t ake th is st a te
’’ ’

ment v ery s e ri ously B ut Daphn a e us I p erc ei v e i s

e , ,

.
, ,

a ct i ng li ke c o er It i s a fa ct th a t co
p p er i s n o t so
much a ffect e d by fir e a s i t is by molten copp er when
pp .

thi s i s p our e d o v er i t i t so ftens b i t by b i t a n d beco m

, es
flui d And i t i s n o t Lysa ndr a s be a uty th a t tr o ubles
d ’

hi m Ra ther by hi s p ro xi i ty a n d conta ct wi th one m

.

who i s all a bl az e a n d b urni ng he i s n o w him

.

self
’
ca tchi ng fir e It s e vi dent th a t if he doesn t come
.
’

runni ng to u s ’ he too wi ll go soft

, But I ob .

Cf P a to P hae d ru
. l , s , 93 9 c .

N au r
c k , T ay Gr a ce F r a g p 9 16 , A d es pot n 404
. . . . o -
.

S ee 75 1 1) su S ee 749 B su
mbl l
pr a p Ta
m
. .

P re u a y P u
s ta rc hi e f h s l .

f T a
t , if h e does n t c ange ide in a urry, he wi
h is h s s h l l lose
wh a tev er an m hoo
d he has eft l .

327
 PLUTARCH S M OR ALIA ’

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1°
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 ’
PLUTARCH S M OR A LIA

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Wk or s an d D ays , 6 9 6 —6 9 8 .
 THE D IALO GUE O N LOVE , 753

words of H es i od i f though he sa ys , ,

No m arri ag e muc h b efore t h e e of th i rty

N or m uch afte r i t th i s ti m
,

e s e ri pe o n e
’

L e t a wife b e m at ured four yea rs m a rr i ed t h e fifth ,

if, I we ar e go i ng to j o i n a reen i mm a ture m an

sa
y , g ,

to a wom a n as m any ye ars older th a n he as the bri de

groo mshould be older th a n the br de i b—
a n d so fo l low

the e x am p le of those who a rti fic i a lly p ollin a te da tes

a n d figs
c

Yes you sa y for she s i n lov e wi th hi mshe s

.

’ ’ ’

W
h o then p re v ents her fro mm
, , ,

all on fire a ki ng
’

re v el rout to hi s house fr om s i n gi ng the Co m

.
, ,

p l ai nt
-

,
“
Before the Clo s ed Door fr o m p utti ng noseg ays on ,

hi s p ortr ai ts from enteri ng the ri ng wi th h e r ri v als ?

,

These ar e the a c t i ons of true lo v ers Let her lower .

her brow renounce her e a sy l i fe an d p ut on the dre ss

, ,

of those who ar e i n the s erv i ce o f p a ss i o n But i f she

i s re a lly m
.

odest an d orderly let her s i t decently a t

m
,

home a wai ti ng s ui t ors e n wi th seri ous des i gns For i f

a wo m an m a kes a decl a r a t i on of lo v e a m
.
,

a n c o uld only ,

ta ke to hi s he els i n utter di s g ust let alone a cce p ti ng

an d fo und i ng a m arri a ge on such i nte mer a nce
,

p .

9 Protogenes sto pp ed an d my fat her s a i d

. Do ,

you o bserv e Anthemi o n th a t they a r e ag ai n m aki ng

p ubli c i ssue of the m
, ,

a a tt er forc i ng a rebutta l from ,

us wh o ne i ther deny th a t we ar e de v otees of conj ug a l

lo v e nor s eek to esc ap e fro mo u
,
r
p os i tio n
S ee E inar n e p anat i n ( C las sso s x l o xl x
’
P hi l i , p 2 78 ,
m m
. . .

n l) a rry in g B ac c h on to I s en od ora w u ld b e rev e r ing o s

m om
.

so s
He i d 3 0 for t h e an a nd 17for t h e w a n ( Cf 754 D —E
’
. .

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h
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 THE D IALO GUE O N LOVE , 753 — 754

her a n d fell i n lov e She grew to h av e such p ower a n d

such contem m
.

p t f o r h i t h a t she a ske d to be a llowe d

t o di rect the a ffairs of sta te crowned a n d se a te d on

,

hi s thr o ne for one day He gr a nte d thi s a n d i ssued

,
.

orders for e v eryone to s er v e an d obey her j u s t as they

would him self At first her co m mands were moderate
whi le she was m
.

a ki ng tr i al of the gu a rds then when ,

she saw th a t there w as n o opp os i ti o n or hesi ta ti o n on

the i r p a rt she ordered Ni nus to be se i z e d p ut i n
, ,

ch ai ns a n d fin all y p ut to de a t h When all thi s was

,
.

d o ne she rule d glori ously o v er Asi a for m any ye a rs

, .

Go o d he a v en s Wa sn t B e le st i ch é a b a rb a ri an
’

fe m a le bought i n the m a rket l a ce she to wh o m n o w

p ,

the Ale x a ndri a ns m a i nta i n shri nes a n d tem ples dedi

c at e d thr o ugh the ki ng s lo v e t o A p hr odi t e Beles
’

t i ch e And th a t wom a n down there b who s h a res a

t em p le an d w o r s hi p wi th Eros wh o se g i lde d st a tue

,

sta nds a t Delphi wi th th o se o f ki ngs a n d queens ,

wh a t dowry h a d she to s ubj ug ate her lo v ers c

The m e n th e se w o rthle s s fe m a les e x loi t e d b e c am

p e
‘

the i r prey unwi t tin gly thr o ugh the i r o wn we a kness

a n d so ftne ss ; yet other m e n t ho u h
g p oo r a n d o bscure
h av e m a rr i ed ri ch a n d noble wo m
, ,

en a n d h a v e n o t been
destroyed or l os t o ne p a rti cle of di gni ty they h av e
enj oyed honour a n d e xerci se d ben e v o l ent a uth o ri ty
to the end of th e i r life together But the m a n who

m
.

cram p s a n d di mi ni s hes his wi fe (as a thin a n does

hi s ri ng for fe a r i t m a
y fa ll of f) i s li ke th o se who she a r

O n e of t h e m i stresse s of P to l e m y II .

He p o ints down to Th es p i ae
P h ryne of T h es p i ae sh a r ed E ros te m
.

p l e th ere a n d d ed i
’

ca t ed a gold en s ta tu e o f h er se lf b y h e r love r P rax ite l es i n t he

p rec inct of Ap ollo a t D el p h i ( MO 7 3 3 6 c n ; 40 1 Pa u

-
.

s a n i as , x . 15 .

335
 PLUTA RCH S M OR A LI A ’

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 THE DI A LOGUE O N LOVE , 754

an
y young w i fe i n the world ? It I S true th a t yo ung
eo le fi n d i t di fficult to fus e a n d blend well wi th
p p
e ach oth er Only after a long ti m e do they a b andon
.

the i r sti ffness a n d self a sserti on At th e beg i nni ng

-
.

they h av e sto rmy we a ther a n d struggle wi th the i r

a rtners — a n d st i l l m ore so i f Lo v e i s i n vol v ed J ust
p .

a s a hi gh wi nd u sets a bo a t wi tho u t a p i lot so Lo v e

p ,

makes stormy a n d ch a o t i c a ma rri a ge of two p eop le

who ca n not both comm and a n d wi ll not e i ther of
’

them obe y .

The nurse rules the i nfa nt the te acher the b oy

m
, ,

the gy na si a rch the youth hi s a dmi rer the you n g

man who when he comes of age i s ruled by law an d
,

N o one i s hi s own m
, ,

his comma ndi ng gener al . a ster ,

no one i s unrestri cted S i nce thi s i s so wh a t i s th ere

.
,

dr ea dful a bout a sens i ble older wom a n pi l o ti ng t h e

l ife of a yo ung an m
She wi ll be useful beca us e of
her sup e ri or i ntel li gence she wi ll be sweet a n d
a ffe cti on a te beca us e she l o v es h i m .

To sum up my fa ther sa i d
”
, we ar e Boeoti ans
,

a n d s o should re v erence Her a cle s a n d not be sque a m

i sh a bo ut a ma rri a ge of di s p ro p o rt i ona te ag e s We .

know th at he m arri ed hi s own wi fe M eg ara “ a ged , ,

”
thir ty thr ee to I olaii s who was then only s i xteen
-

, , .

10 It w as at thi s p o i nt i n the con v ers a ti on s ai d

my fa ther th a t a fri end rode up fromthe c i ty wi th
.
,

hi s horse at a ga l lop bri n gi ng a re p ort to Pi s i as of a

surpri s i ngly a udac i ous occurrence
m
.

It seems th a t I s e n odora wa s convi nce d th a t ,

though B acc h on h ad no p ers o n al a nti p a thy to the

m arri a ge he w as emb a rra sse d by i t s detr acto rs
she re sol v e d not to let the young m
,

a ccordi ng ly an

m
,

e sc ap e She summoned those ma le fri ends who were

.

th e most vi gorous an d most sy p a theti c to her p as

33 9
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

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 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

(755) Li f e 8 1) Ka LLpLAev m fSnv Li l/T a ,

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Frag 9 8 6 N n ck Tr y G F p 6 78
Where t he women b y a conc rt
. a , a . ra ec . ra . . .

a nd ync s hroni d
e fiort sl ew all t h e m
, e ze
’

, en Ap ollodorus 1 , . 9 . 17.
3 42
 THE DIA LO GU E O N LOVE , 755

gre t a d
a m
i er of r i i “
Eur p de s , reci ted
Y ur ev el i n your wea lth ad a m m
K ee p thoughts upo n a m
o e ,

orta l p l ane .

But Pi s i as j um p ed up a n d shouted Good he a v ens ,

Wh a t end wi ll there be to the li cence th a t i s s ub

vert i ng our t o wn N ow alre a dy se lf g o v ernm ent
Yet i t m
-

i s on the w ay to a n archy a
y be absurd to
be p rotesti ng i n defence of l aws a n d st a tutes when
i t i s the v ery La ws of N a ture th a t a r e tr a nsgressed
when women ta ke o v er the sta te Di d e v en Le mnos
se e the li k e P b Le t s be off ! he cri ed
.

’
’
Le t s be
o ff a n d h a nd o v er the gymn a s i uma n d the Counc i l
.

Ch amber to the wom en s i nc e our c i ty i s by now

c o mp letely em a scul a ted S o Pi s i as r ushed o ff a n d
Protogenes tr ailed after hi mp a rtly bec a use he sh a red ,

hi s a nger p artly to c alm

,

An themi on rem a rked Such a bold stroke i s ,

certa i nly a str o ng a cti on re ally Lemni a n — w e ca n ,

0

a dmi t i t s i nce we re by ou It s hows t h e

’
fi
r s e lv e s

h a nd of a wom a n v ery m uch i n l o v e

s a sked wi th a li ttle s m
.

S oc lar u i le Do you re a lly ,

’ ’

thi nk th at i t s a c a se of ki dn app i ng a n d ra p e Isn t

i t r ath e r th e p l a us i ble c o unter stra t agem of a sens i ble
youn g m
-

a n who h a s s li
pp ed from t h e clutches of hi s
lo v ers a n d deserted to the a rm s of a ri ch a n d be a uti ful
wom an

Don t s ay such thi ngs S oc lar us a ns wered An

’

m
, ,

t h e i on . And d o n t be p utti ng sus p i c i o n on ’

Ha echon Ev en i f hi s ch a r acter were not na tur ally

.

h s ti mt h r f r nc h s sly twi st n d r efers to t h

T i e e e e e e a a a e
d ll i n of t h wid ow d a i n l d ies w i th t h A r gon uts
mnt
a a ce e e a a e a ,

t h fi rs t g nt r y to i s i t th i r i sl nd s inc th i r b r
e e v e a e e e ea v e e .

T h t is t h p ed r sts h in g d p rted w e n b fr n k
n d ad m wo m m
a , e a e a av e a , ca e a

a i t t h e worst en i n lo ay b e d ng e ro u s ve a .

3 43
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALI A
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Eur ip ides B accha e 2 03 , , .

 THE D IALOGUE O N LOVE , 755—756

S o I held my p ea ce a whi le ago ob s er vi ng tha t the ,

di s p ute was more a ma tter of p ri va te th a n of p ubl i c

concern B ut now th a t Pi si a s h a s le ft us I s hould
.
,

be de l i ghte d t o h e a r from y o u wha t cri teri o n those

wh o first dec l a red Eros to b e a g o d h a d i n mi nd when
they m a de the sta tement
Pem p t i d e s h a d fini shed a n d m
.

13 .
y fa ther h a d
beg un to a ns wer when a nother messenger a rri v ed
fro mtown wi th a summ o ns fr o m I s m e n od or a for

Anthe m i on The tum

. ult i n fa ct wa s gr o wi ng wors e
, ,

a s the gymn a s i a rchs di sa reed o ne h o ldi ng th a t they

m g ,

s h o u l d rec l a i B a cc h on the o ther th a t they should

not m
,

eddle So Anthemi on got up a n d set out

My fa ther a d dre ss ed Pe m m
. .

p t i d e s by n a me Pe p .

”
ti des he s a i d i t is I beli e v e a gra v e a n d da ngero us
ma tter tha t you ar e br o achi ng or ra ther you are
, , , ,

a ltogether vi o l a t i ng our i n vi o l a ble beli e f i n the gods

when y o u de m a nd a n a ccoun t a n d
p r o of of ea ch of
them O ur a nc i ent tr adi ti on al fai th is good enough
. .

It i s i mp o ssi ble to asse rt or di sco v er e vi dence more

al a ble th a n thi s fai th
p p ,

Wh atev er subtl e twi st s inv ented b y k een w it “

’

Thi s fai th i s a b as is as i t w e re a c o m mo n fo unda ti on

.

, , ,

of reli gi on if c o nfidence a n d settled us age a re di s

tu r b e d or sh aken a t a s i ng l e
p o i nt the wh o le e di fice ,

i s enfeebl e d a n d di s cre di ted .

You h av e no doubt he a rd wh a t a n u p ro a r burst

u p on Euri p i des when h e beg a n hi s Mela m
b
w th
'

pp é i
thi s v erse
Z eus who ev er h e i s for I know hi mo n l y b y re po rt
, , .

5
Frag 48 0 N a nek Tr g Gr ee F r ag p 5 10 fro m
Melan ipp é t he W
. , a . a . . .

is e A g ood p a rt o f t h e p rolog u e of th is p l a y
s inc l ud ing t he a m
.

1 5 b een rec orded on a p a p y ru end ed li ne

3 31ow
,

3 47
 ’

P LUTARCH S M ORALI A
756
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3 50
 THE D IALOGUE O N LOVE , 756—757

Ap h rod ite S h e sows an d giv es th at love

Fromwhi c h all w e up on th i s ea rth a re born .
“

Em p edocles b has c alled her gi v er of li fe an d

So p hocles fr ui tful both e p i thets be i ng p e rfectly
j ust a n d ap t And yet thi s gre a t a n d wonderful p ri
.

m a ry functi o n of Ap hr o di t e becomes only a seconda ry

ta sk of Eros when he a ccom p ani es the goddess If .

he i s not p resent wh a t oc curs i s p rec i sely a dre ary re

e a n d beco m
,

si du es
Unh onoured a n d without a friend .
‘

For i ntercourse wi thout Eros i s li ke hunger an d

th i rst whi ch c an be s ated but ne v er a ch i e v e a noble
, ,

end It i s by me a ns of E ros th a t the goddes s remo v es

.

the cloyi ng e ffect of p lea sur e a n d cre a tes a ffecti on

a n d fus i on Thi s is the re as on why P a rme ni des
.

decl are s tha t Eros i s the most a nci ent w o rk of Aph r o

di t e hi s words i n the Cosm ogon
y ar e

And first of all t he god s sh e ra m

f ed w as L o ve .

But Hes i od f i n my op i ni on was more sci enti fic when

, ,

he de p i ct e d Eros a s the firs t born of them all i n order

m
-

to m a ke hi i ndi s p ens able fo r the gener a ti on of all

thi ng s .

If then we stri p from Lo v e a ny o f his customa ry

, ,

h o n o ur s e v en thos e gi v en to A p hrodi t e wi ll not r e

,

m ai n undi s t urbed N or is i t i n fa ct p oss i ble to affirm

.

tha t there a r e some who r ai l a t Eros wi thout d is

F rag . 763 ( N a ne k , Tr ay . G raee . F rag .

p . of .

Aesc h ylus Choep hor oe 2 9 5 , , .

Frag 13 D iels ( op c i t i p
g y 12 0 ; of P l a to S ym m 178 B
. . .
, .

f Theo on
p os iu S ex tus
Em
, .
, , ;
p i rion s A d v P hys i i 11 18
, . . .
, .

3 51
 ’

P LUTARCH S M ORALIA

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 THE D I A LO GUE O N LOVE , 757

the a rts a n d Athen a wi s dom You s urely p erce i v e .

the a by s s o f a the i sm th a t e ng ulfs us if we li s t e a c h

se v era l god on a roster of e m o t i ons functi ons an d , ,
”
vi rtues

Yes I do p erce i v e i t s ai d P em
.

14 .
, p t i d es But
, .

if i t i s i mp i ous to i denti fy the gods wi th ou r

p a ss i ons ,

i t is equ a lly s o o n the other ha nd t o cons i der ou

, r ,
”
p assi ons a s gods
Well now m
.

”
y fa ther asked do you be li e v e
Ares t o be a god or a n e m
, ,

oti on of ours
P em p t i d e s re p li ed th a t he beli e v ed A res to b e a
god who o rdered the s p ir i te d an d c o ur ageous element
wi thi n us .Wh a t i s th is P e m p t i de s cri ed my
,

fa ther . So the wa rli ke i ni mi ca l a n d a nta go ni sti c, ,

element ha s a di vi ni ty whi le the a ffecti o n a te soc i able

, , ,

coup li ng i mp ulse is to be l eft wi thout a god When

men sl a y a n d a r e s l ai n i s there a god E n ya li os or , ,

S t ra t i os o v ersee i ng a n d p res i di ng o v er the i r a rms

,

a n d a rr o ws the i r stormi ng o f t o wns a n d the i r dri vi ng

,

of f of bo oty but when t h e y de s i re m a rr i a ge a n d a n

,

a ffecti o n th a t wi ll lea d t o c o nc o rd a n d c o o era ti on

p
-

i s there no god to wi tne s s a n d di rect to le a d a n d ,

help u s P

When men hunt roebucks a n d h a re a n d deer ,

ha v e they a goddess Artemi s Agrotera to urge a n d , ,

h all oo them on Do th os e who trap w o l v es a n d be a rs

wi th p i ts a n d nets p ra y to Ari sta e us ,

who fir st set sna r es b eas t s b

'

fo r

When Her a cles mkes r a ea dy hi s bow to s hoot at the

Cf M07 3 60 A 3 77 D
b A v er s e
. . .

n known origi n I t us d to
,

of u be referr ed to
Ca ll im
. e
a ch u
s by e S c hn i d e r ( f non 3 79 ) r a . a nd oth e rs b ut,

has n ot b een acce p ted b y Pfc

'

e r.

3 55
 ’
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 THE D I A LO GUE O N LOVE , 757— 758

god or di vi ni ty to s usta i n a n d p r o mote the i r p rogress 0

nor is there a god whose ca re i t is th a t a an grows m

s tr ai ght in the di recti on o f vi rtue wi th no de vi a ti on
or cr ushi ng of the m ai n ste m o f e x cellence through

l a ck of a p r o tector or by th e vi c i ousness o f thos e h e

encoun ters
Is i t not m
.

oreo v er shocki ng a n d u n gr a te ful of

the mt o s ay s uch thi n gs es p ec i ally as they conti nue
, ,

to p rofit by di vi ni ty s lo v e for m
,
’
whi ch i s e v ery
m
an ,

where di s p ens ed a n d a t no p o int fai ls hi i n hi s

needs e v en though so m
, e servi ces ar e necessa ry
r a ther tha n decor o us ? For ex am p le there i s th e ,

servi ce connected wi th p a rturi ti on whi ch wi th i t s

a cco mani ment of b loo d
,
b
a n d tr ava i l i s no lo v ely
p
thi n g yet enj oys the di vi ne sup ervi s i on of E i le i thyi a
,

a n d L oc h e ia It mi ght i n fact be bett er not to b e

.
, ,

bo rn a t all tha n to be born defecti v e for l a ck of a

good gu a rdia n a n d p rotector Dei ty does not a ba n
don m
.

a n e v en when he i s s i ck : there i s a s ec i al
p
god who s e mi ss i on i t is t o bri ng help a n d strength
0

a t such a ti m
e N ot e v en when a m an di e s is b e for

m
.

sa ken there is a g o d wh o c ares fo r hi an d lea ds

m
hi to the other world who is fo r the de a d a lord of
,
’
re p ose an escort of souls to Pluto s re alm 4
,

h
N ig t di d n ot b ea r me lo rd of t h e l yr e
N o r ye t ee rs or p h ys i i n b ut to b e gui de
c a , a

O f u
so ls .

These m a tters too i n v olv e m a ny di sa greea ble fea

, ,

ture s .
6

Lo v e on the other ha nd h as a functi o n a s holy

, ,

Ase l e ius .

N au Tr ay Gr ace Fr Adesp oto n 405 The

rm
c . . ag . p 9 16 ,
. .

g od is H e es .

T he c rude ugliness of b irth an d dea th .

3 59
 PLUTARCH S M ORALI A ’

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in Hes i odu , 48 ( B e rn ard ak is vol vi i , p , . .

3 60
 ’
PLUTA RCH S M OR A LIA

(758 ) Ka i dSe o wo r O V ciqSeLra L K a i 711 137 0 wi d ow) ; e

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T h i s p ass ge i s s ynop s is of Pl ato Ti m u
a , c, .

a a , ae s , 86 E— 87 A .

3 62
 THE D IALOGUE O N LOVE , 758

rotect i on — an d thi s when a bo v e a ll others i t needs

p
s urv e illa nce a n d gui da nce
Ye s sai d Z e uxip p u
,
s tha t would be v ery i i
,
”
logi c a l .

But my fa ther s ai d
, Pl a to s doctri ne mi ght
,
‘
1

help i n the di scu s s i o n a t thi s p o in t th o ugh i t i s a ,

di gress i on ?
There i s one fo rm o f ma dn ess th a t ri se s
fromthe body to the s oul when a n o xi ous e xh al a ti o n
is pu t i nto c i rcu l a ti on a s a re s ult of di s temp ers or
commi xture s o f a certa i n sort a m a dness e nsues ,

th a t i s s a va ge h a rsh a n d di se a sed
, , There is a .
°

second ki nd howe v er whi ch does n o t ex i st wi thout

, ,

di vi ne i ns p i r a t i on It i s n o t i ntri ns i c ally genera ted

.

but is ra ther a n e xtri ns i c a fila t us tha t di s p l a ces th e

, ,

fa c ulty o f ra ti o n a l i nference ; i t i s cre a ted a n d s et

in m ot i on by a hi gher p ower This sort of m a dness
be a rs the gener a l name of enthus i as m F o r j us t
.

’
.

as wha t p ossesses bre a th wi thi n i t i s ca lled bre a th

i ng a n d wh a t ha s s ens e i s c alled sens i b l e j ust so
’

thi s ki nd of a gi ta t i on i n the s o ul h a s been na m

,

ed
enthus i a s m beca us e i t sh a res i n a n d p a rt i c i p a tes
i n a po wer th a t i s di vi n e fl
There a r e se v er a l k i nds of enthu s i a sm the
p r o pheti c co m es fromthe i ns p i ra t i on a n d p o ssess i on
of A o ll o the B a cchi c from D i onysu s
p
Da nc e a fter t h e C or yb a ntes ,

s a ys Sop hocles the festi vals of Cybel e a n d Pan

6
for
m
,

h a v e much i n co m o n wi th the B a cchi c re v el s f

The thi rd ki nd c o m
.

es fr o m the M uses It ta kes .

4
E n— t hu
s ias m
is de i ved f r
en t heos , av ing a godro m h
With in.
”

. k
F rag 778 ( N a n e Tr ay Gr ace Frag p
, . . . .

f o o s
S ee n w D dd , The Gr eeks a n d t he I rr a t i ona l, p p 78 .

and 9 6, note 9 2 .

3 63
 PLUTARCH S M ORALI A
’

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(759 )
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Euri p ide s H ipp olyt u

s 478
Som
.
, ,

eth ing of t he so rt ( tho u gh hopes not p o etic ,

fanc i es i s a ttr ib uted to Pi nd ar b y S t ob a eus to ,

P l ato b y A elia n Va r La Hi s t x i ii 2 9 g a n d to Aristotl e b y

' . ’

. .
,

Di ogenes La e rt i u s v 18 S ee a lso P l ato E p i s t le v iii ( 3 5 7 D )

mably think ing of fresc o p aintin g
, . .
, .

Plu t a rc h i s p r es u
wh ic h if not reinforced s ee m s to h ave fad ed quic kl y ; doubt
l ess h e h ad s een m
, ,

a n y ruin ed fr e sc oes i n h i s d a y O t h er s .

transl ate on water rec all ing such p assag es a s S op hoc l es

”
, ,

fra 74 1 P l ato P hae dr u s 2 7 6 c ; C atu ll us lxx 4

g O f Life of Ca t o Ma ior ix (3 4 1 c )
. .
. , , ,

. , .

3 66
 THE D IALOGUE O N LOVE , 759

tri p od a n d i t s e x h al a ti ons In eroti c m a dness how

m
.
,

e v er when once i t h a s re ally se iz ed up on a an an d

m
,

s et hi on fire there i s no re a di n g of li ter a tur e no

no ch a nge of envi ronm
, ,
’
ma gi c i nca nta t i on ent
m
, ,

th a t res tores hi to calm He lo v es when p res ent .

a nd longs when a bsent

p ursues by day a n d h a unts
,

the door by ni ght s ummons h i s la d when sober an d

,

s i ngs hi s p rais es whi le he dri nks

Someone b h as s ai d th a t the i ma ges enterta i ned
.

by the p oeti c i m a gin a ti on beca us e they i mp o s e ,

themsel v es so vi vi dly a r e dr e ams of thos e wi de

a w a ke ; but thi s i s m
,

uch more true of the i m a ges

entert ai ned by the i ma gi n ati on of lo v ers who s p e a k
to the bel o v e d a n d embra ce hi mor chi de hi as m
though he were p resent For our s i ght seems t o .

p ai nt i t s other p i ctures on wet p l as ter they fa de

a w a y qui ckly a n d s li
p from i nd ; the i m m
a ge s o f the

bel o v ed howe v er burned i nto the mi nd by s i ght as

, , ,

i f u s i ng enca ust i c tec h n i q ue le a v e behi nd i n the

me m
,

ory sh ap es th a t mo v e a n d li v e a n d s p e a k a n d
rem ai n fore v er a n d e v er
Rom
.

a n C a to
d decl a red th a t the s o ul o f the l o v er
i s e v er p re s ent in th a t of the belo ve d form ,

Th re is a l cuna
e a at th i s p oint tho ug h , i t is not indicated
i n t he M 8 3 .

b now t th n ks th t th s o rr t ss
Ra i i z i i c up pa age has
conc t l ep u
so m
a a
affin t s w th l to
i ie i P a , P ha e dr u s , 2 52 M
B , a n d h as

ollow m n n
5?) e
w tha t h e f in g ea i g
Th t to a is orm
sa y, t he f or h r ct r
(1 6 5 180 5) c a a e of t h e
b lo d l t on s
v e — h i s w ay of i fe , h is ac it not m
— a ffec
( ifiovs
l d mto ch
e e 70 13
b low ) th e u
so lo r
l of t h e v e a n d ea h i l n th i ev e a e g y
s t o m s As o m to
e a
u ey in wif c p as
jo rn C cs . th e yni sa y, h e c es
d sco r th t ss to rt str n ous ue is
short e u
s m t m For
i ve a th e p a a ge vi a nd at
th e a e i e
’
so t he ul of t h e v e p row eds
lo r first to
th n to rt m fl
.

fi i e n ds h i p a n d e o n vi ue , w r on
vi g sw i ly, as i t e e,
the w ct on th
av e of a ffe i od s h l
wi th e g
’
e p
”
.

3 67
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORA LIA
(759 )
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O eovs SLa KpLvop ev sup p li ed b y Be rnard ak is to fill a lacuna

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3 68
 PLUTARCH S M OR A L I A ’

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S ee t h e note on 758 F s u : i t wo u ld b e untactful to m

dwell on Ph ryne s exp loits i n hesp i ae , of all p l aces
’
.

3 70
 THE D IALOGUE O N LO VE , 759—760

one not i n lo v e e v er endur ed p ai n or d a nger merely

fo r the s a ke of Ap hrodi t e s p le as ur es Thi s i s not ’

the p l a ce to menti on Phryn é m

.

y fri end whi le some ,

a
,

gi rl li ke La i s or G na t h ae ni on
Kind l es a t eve ning the g l ea mof h er la m
p
b
though they welcome an d soli c i t the i r doors
, ar e

often p assed by .

But sudd nl y t h wind wi ll r ise

e e

an d bri ng wi th i t lo v e an d des i re i n all i t s fo rce a t

once to thi s s a me a cti vi ty i t gi v es a worth equ al to
th e fa bulous we alth of Ta nta lus a n d the ki n gdom of
Gyges So we ak a n d q ui ckly s a ted ar e the fa v ours
of A p hro di t e if Lo v e h as not i ns pi re d the m
.

You wi ll find thi s e v en m

.

ore cle a rly i ndi c a ted by

m
the fa ct tha t a ny h av e sh ared the i r p le as ure wi th
others pl ayi ng the p a nder not merely to the i r
tr e sses but e v en to the i r wi v es An ex am p le m
,

y
m
.
, ,

fri end i s th a t n o tori ous Ro a n G a bb a He was

, , .
,

they say g i vi ng a di nner to M a ecen a s a n d obse rv e d

the l a tter toy i ng am
,

o rously wi th hi s wi fe when
gi v en the s i gna l t o do so ; s o he let hi s he a d nod
gently a s i f h e were sound a slee p But me a nwhi le .

one of hi s sl av e s gli ded i nto the di ni ng room a n d

sta rte d to ste al wi ne D am n you cri ed G a bb a
.
,

gl ari ng Don t you know th a t i t s only for Ma e

’ ’

cenas tha t I ma slee p ?

.

’ ’
Thi s p erhap s i s not so , ,

shoc k i ng for G abba was a b ufioon “ But a t Argos

'

.
,

N au k Tr ag Gr ae e Fr g p 9 17, Ades po ton 407

Ho mr
o , . . a . . .

e , x
I lia d , vi i 5 7 . .

T h t is cou rt j st r of August us B ut G abb is rea lly

q uoting f m ous li te r ary jok e of”L u ili us ( frag 2 5 1 Wrm
a , a e e . a

i ng
no n o m s d”o m
a a c . a
ton) ni bu io ec hoe d i n J u en l
r , i 57 v a , .

vi gi l nti st e rt re naso
a e .

3 71
 P LUTARCH S M OR A LI A ’

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Cf . M01 . 18 0 F . Cf A eli an , Va r i a His t i i i 9

. . . .
 THE D IALOGUE O N LOVE , 760

p l a yer The wench p le ased Ale x a nder a n d he a sked

.

An t i p at ri d e s Of cour s e you a ren t i n lo v e wi t h her

, , ,

Very much s o s a i d the o ther

’
a r e you i Well , .
,

damn you to hell the worst way cri ed Alex a nder

m
.

But he restra i ned hi self a n d di d not touch th e

woma n “ .

17 . An d n o w c o ns i der h e s ai d the e xtent of , ,

E r o s sup e ri o ri ty i n the s p here of b a ttle i n Ares

’ ’

s ph e r e f He i s n o t i dle a s E uri p i des s ai d he has

’
,
c

seen serv i ce i n the field he does not

S p end h i s nig hts on t h e so ft c h ee ks of rls “
gi .

A m filled wi th Lo v e h as no ne ed of Ares to fight

m
an

hi s enem i es if he ha s hi s o wn g o d wi th h i he i s ,

Read y to c ross fire a nd sea , t he a ir i tself ,

‘

on b eh alf of hi s fri end where v er the fri end ay b i d m

m
,

hi When the so ns o f Ni o b e i n S oph oc le s f p l a y ’

a r e be i ng sh o t a t a n d a b o ut t o di e o ne of the m
.

ca lls ,

for he l p — a n d for no other help er o r a l l y th a n h i s

lo v er
tm
°

O p l ac e a bo u e

Y o u kn o w of cour se the st o ry of Cle o a c h us of

, ,
m
Ph a rs ali a a n d the re a son for hi s de a th i n b a ttle
N o we don t s a i d P em
.

”
p t i d es a n d hi s p a rty
'
.
, ,

But we should be gl a d to he a r i t t o ld .

’
It s wort h he a ri ng s ai d my father O leom a
,
.

Q uoted i n 757 su i Ahi r Wth t s whol e c h a pte r cf

m m p a . .

P a , S y p os i u , 179
l to E A .

o ho l s
S p c e , A n t igon é, 78 3 .

N au c k , Tr ay Gr aee Ades poton 408

a g p 9 17
. , . Fr . . .

Fr f 410 ( N a u c k , op Th e text i s too

ci t
mt t d to d mt r stor t on
ag .
p . . .

uila e A h naeus 601 a b gi v es

, b u t e
s ml r to A sc h yl us Myr m
a i e a i t ,
—
,

us t he
ton te o f t h e r ag ed y, i i a i dons
e
’

( c i e i n 75 1 c sup r a )
td .

3 75
 ’
PLUTARCH S MOR A LIA

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 THE D I A LOGUE O N LOVE , 76 1

In ci ties of C h a lc i s L ov e , oo
, of i l ser lmbs ,

Th r i v e s s id e b y s i d e with c ou rage .

m
A n to n wa s t h e n a e of t h e lo v e r a n d Phi li s t us was
hi s b e lo v e d a s t h e po e t D i onys i u
, s r ela t e s in his
O gi ns
In yo ur c i ty Th e b e s Pe m
rz .

p t i d e s i sn t i t tr u
’
e th a t

t h e lo v e r m ad e hi s b e lo v e d a pr e s e nt of a co m
, , ,

pl e t e
m
s ui t of a r o ur w h e n t h e b oy w as r e gi s t e r e d as a
m an ? Pa n
e es
“ a mm a n v e r s e d i n lo v e
, m
ch a ng e d ,

t h e or de r of b a ttl e l i n e for t h e hopl i t e s c e ns u ri ng

Hom
-

b
,

er as knowi n g noth i ng a bo u t lo v e b e c a us e h e
a rr a n g e d t h e co m
,

p a ni e s of Ach a e a ns b y tri b e s a n d
cl a ns a n d di d not s ta t i on lo v e r b e s i de b e lo v e d i n ,

orde r to bri ng i t a bo ut th a t
S h i l d s up p ort
e ed s h i ld
e a nd h l mt h l mt
e e e e ,
°

for h e cons i de r e d tha t Lo v e i s t h e only i nvi nc i bl e

g e ne ra l It i s a fa ct th a t m e n d e s e rt th e i r fe llo w

tri b e sm
.

e n a n d r e l a t i v e s a n d e v e n ( G od kno w s ) th e i r

p a r e nts a n d chi l dr e n b ut lo v e r a n d b e lo v e d w h e n
th ei r god i s pr e s e nt no e n e m
,

h a s e v e r e nco u nt ered

gh In som
y ,

a n d forc e d h i s wa
y thro u e case s e ve n

w h e n th e r e i s no n e e d for i t th e y ar e m
.
,

ov e d to
e xh i b i t th e i r lo v e of da ng e r th e i r di sr e g a r d for m
,

e re

m
,

l ife Thi s w as w h a t pro pt e d Th e ron of Th e ss aly

.

to pl a c e hi s l eft h a n d on t h e wall dr aw hi s s w or d a n d
m
, ,

cu t o ff t h e th u b ch a ll e ng i ng hi s r i v a l to do t h e
s am m
,

e Wh e n a noth e r a n h ad fa ll e n i n b a ttl e on hi s
.

Cf i fl 6 18 L ife f x
P elop i da s , v i ii ( 2 8 7 0 iii )
mm m
. or . D : o .

Pa w as l p ol i i ca l a d ere n of E p a i no n d as ,
t h t
m
e n es a c os e

rd i ng to M07 8 05 E H o er, I li ad , ii 3 6 2
H om
a cc o . . . .

e r I li a d x ii i
, 13 1 , . xvi . 9 15 .

7
6776 LL7LV ad d ed b y K yla nder .

xLi 6u
\61/v ov K ylan d er K ai.

3 79
 PLUTARCH S M OR AL I A ’

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 THE D IALOG UE O N LOVE , 76 1— 76 2

fa ct Apollo a ls o was A d e t us lov e r a ccor di ng to

, m ’
t he
ta l e
H e s erv ed A d met u f
s or a mi g hty yea r
“
.

It i s fort un a t e th a t I m e nt i on e d t h e n a e of m
Alc e sti s Wo m e n h a v e no p a rt a t a ll i n Ar e s bu t
i f Lo v e poss e ss e s th e m i t l e a ds th emto a cts of
.

c ou h u
r a g e b e yon d t e bo n ds o n t r f u n to di ”
m
a e e v e e , .

If i t i s e v e r a n y us e to c i t e t h e e vi de nc e of ythology
m m
,

we a l ea rn fro t h e ta l e s a bo u t Alc e st i s a n d Pro

y
t e s i la ii s a n d Orph e u s E urydi c e tha t Lo ve i s t he onl y
’

on e of t h e go ds w ho s e co a n ds a r e ob e e d b
y y m
m
H a de s As for all t h e oth e rs a s Sophocl e s s a ys
.
, ,

He k now s n o k i n d ness n d n o f our a av ,

But i c on t e n t wi th j ut i e u
s nad orn ed s c .

To lo v e rs ho w ev e r h e sho ws r e sp e ct for th e a lon e m

m
, ,

h e c e as e s to b e i n fl e xi bl e i pl a c a bl e 4 So tho ugh
’

my fri e n d th at i t i s a goo d thi ng to b e

.
,

i t i s tr u
i ni ti a t e d i nto t h e m
e , ,

st e ri e s a t El e u s i s I obs e rv e

tha t c el e bra nts of Lo v e s m

y ’
,

yst e ri e s h av e a hi gh e r
pl a c e i n H a d e s It i sn t th a t I com pl e t e ly pe r
’ ’

m
y old ta l e s ye t I c a nn ot wi thhol d from m
.

su a de d b th e
m
,

so e cr e de nc e Th e y do w e ll to s ay— a n d i n de e d b y
m
.

so e di vi n e ch a nc e th e y to uch t h e truth w h e n th e y
s a — th a t lo v e rs a r e a bl e to r e tu rn to t h l i ght n
m
e e
y v e

fro H a d e s It i s tr ue th a t th e y d o not kno w w h e r e

.

A no th er l in e of un k now n ori h h
in , w i c w as fo rmerl y
a ttri b ut ed t o C alli m ac h u
er frag a n on
s ( S c hn e i bu t
is n ow r ej ec t ed b y P fei fl
. .
,

For thi s Alex a n dri a n v ers i o n o f

'

t h e fa m s ta l e o f A d m s s ee K F S m
er .

ou e tu i th on T i b ull us ii
S ee also L ife of N um
. . .
,

3 11. . a i v ( 6 2 c ) ; Mar 4 17 12 1 , .
-
7
.

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. .

Fr ag 703 ( N an ek Tr ay Gr aec F rag p

H om
. . . . .
,

e r Ilia d i x 158
4
. .
, ,

Cf Plato P hae do 6 9 c
.
, , .

3 83
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b S e e Mor 100 D T h e v e rs e i s a t r i ued o H o t b t t t he

m
. . e 1n

Con t es t of Ho er a n d Hes i od , 2 7 4 .

3 86
 THE D IALOGUE O N LOVE , 76 2

m
s u pt uo usly e nt e rtai ni ng str a ng e rs at a ba nq ue t
m
wh e n Alc i b i a de s stor e d drunk e nl y i n took a bo ut
m
,

ha lf t h e gobl e ts fro t h e t a bl e a n d w e nt a way Th e , .

s tr a ng e rs w e r e a nnoye d a n d s ai d How i nsol e ntl y

m
, ,

h ow cont e pt u ousl y th a t b oy tr e a ts you N ot

m
,

a t a ll sa i d An yt us
’
It w a s v e ry ki nd of hi w h e n
m ps to l e av e m
.
,

he i ght h av e t ak e n all t h e c u
m
e as

y as he di d
’
an

m
.

18 Z e u xi p p us w a s d e l i ght e d a n d r e a rk e d G oo d
h e av e ns h ow n e a r i t co e s to aki ng m m m
.
,

e r e no unc e
m
,

a n c e str a l fe ud w i th A n tu d ri vi ng as i t d o e s

m m
e
y y s ,

fro hi s tr e a t e nt of Socr a t e s a n d philosoph y i f i n ,

a lo v e a ffai r An t u s co u l d b e h a v e so li k e a w e ll br e d

m y
-

g e ntl e a n
Ve ry we ll th e n s ai d y fa th e r m
Do e sn t Lo v e
’

ch a ng e t h e i ll t em m m
.
,

p e r e d an d s ull e n an d ak e th e
mor e s oci abl e an d a gr e eabl e P
-

Vl h e n
'

h earth ’
s a bl a z e, a h ou s e a p p ea rs mr o e c h ee rful
li k e wi s e a an m
s e e s to b e co e m
or e r ad i a nt mm
thro ugh t h e h e a t of lo v e B ut p e opl e r e act irr at i on .

a ll
y : if th e y s e e a l i ght bl az i ng i n t h e ho u s e at
ni ght th e y cons i de r i t s up e rn a t ur a l a nd a rve l a t m
t w h e n th ey obs e rv e a m
,

it ; b u ean b as e i gnobl e , ,

so ul s udde nl y i nv a d e d b y hi gh tho ught s li b e ra li t y

m
, ,

asp i r a ti on ki ndn e s s g e n e ro s i ty th ey ar e not c o

t wi th T e l e m
, , ,

a ch u
p e lle d to cry o u s ,

S ur el y so mg
e od is Wi th i n
B y all t h e Gr a c e s , D a p hn a e u
”
he as k e d, i s not
m m
s,

thi s wond e rful I ea n t h e fa ct th a t a a n in lov e

H omer Odyss ey xi x 40 Tel m hu perce iv es t h e
mt
, , . : e ac s
l ig ht , a s ig n of A th e na ’
s p res en ce . Cf . a frag e n o f Plu
tarc h , 3 4 1 ( Be rn a rd a k is ,
. v ol. vii , p .

387
 ’
P LUTARCH S M ORALIA

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 THE D I A LO G U E O N LOVE , 763

Wh e n Daphn a e u s h a d r e c i t e d these v e rs e s ,
“ m
m m
y
fa th e r r e s u e d
”
In h e ave n s na e , h e a s k e d , i s
’
.

not t hi s a pl ai n c a s e of di vi n e pos s e ss i on Is i t not

a su p e rna t ur al a gi ta ti on of t h e so u l ? Is t h e di s t u r

b a nc e of t h e P ythi a gr a spi ng h e r tri po d so gr e a t ?

Do t h e fl ut e , t h e ta bo uri n e , t h e h y ns to Cybe l e, m m
m
c a us e so uch e csta sy i n a n y of t h e d e v ot e e s
More o v e r , w hi l e a ny b e hol d t h e sa e bo dy a n d m m
t h e i de nt i ca l be a u ty, only o n e , t h e lo v e r , i s s ei z e d
b y it . Why For s ur el
y w e ar e not i ns tr uct e d b y Me
na n de r b nor do w e un d e rsta nd wh e n h e s a ys ,

It
’
s ml a ad y of mi d th n a t t urn s t he sc ale
R ight glad l y i s t h e w oun d ed p i c r k ed by l ov e ;
r a th e r i t i s t h e god tha t a ke s t h e di ffe r e nc e b y
,
m
po un c i ng on on e a n d l e tti ng a noth e r go fr e e
m m
.

Th er e i s so e th i ng th a t i ght b e tt e r h av e be e n
st at e d at t h e b egi nn i ng b ut e v e n now ,

S in c e on l y n ow has i t co m t my lip
e o s,

as A e sch yl us s a ys— s i nc e i t i s v e ry i po rta nt I do m ,

not b e li e v e th a t I sh all l e av e i t unspok e n P e rha ps

m
.
,

fr i e n d our b e l i e f i n a ll o ur noti o n s e xc e pt thos e

de ri v e d fro mt h e s e ns e s co e s fro
y
m m
, ,

thr e e s o urc e s
myth law an d ra ti onal e xpl an ati on ; s o i t i s un
,

, ,

do u bt edly t h e po e ts t h e l e gi sl ators a n d thi r dly t he , ,

phi losoph e rs w ho h a v e be e n o ur g u i d e s a n d t e a ch e rs

Th er e is a long l ac una i n t he n ss as th oug h for t h e .

,

verses t o b e in se rted
Frag 541 7 8 ( K oc k C omA tt F rag i i i p 163 ; frag
.

-
. . , . . . .
, .

56 8 K ort e ) ; cf Pl u ta rc h frag 2 5 ( B er nard ak is v ol vii

. , .
, . .

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. . . .

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9 Reis k e: 8 15q
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in e nt of poe ts , h
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, a .

3 94
 THE D I AL O GUE ON L OVE , 76 3 —764

l e gi sl a to r si nc e h e s ee e d i n di sp uta bly to hol d t h e m

m m
,

p al of vi rt ue In j u s t t h e s a e w ay t he thr e e
.

fa ct i ons who th e ori z e a bo ut t h e go ds ar e a t v a ri a nc e

th e y di ffe r in th ei r v ot e s a n d fin d i t di ffic ult to a cc e pt
Y e t th e r e i s on e god a bo u
’
e a ch oth e r s ca n di da t e s t
m
who all firm m m
.

ly a gr ee The ost e i n e nt of po e ts .
,

l e gis l a tors phi losoph e rs j oi n tog e th e r i n e n rolli ng

m
, ,

Lo v e a ong t h e go ds
W i th on e v oi c e of gr ea t r
a pp o va l ,

as Alca e us sa ys t h e pe opl e of M i tyl e n e e l e ct e d

“

Pi tt a c us t yr a nt So w e s e e Lo v e chos e n as ki ng
m
chi e f a gi str a t e a n d h a rm
.
,

oni z e r b y H e s i od Pl a to
, , ,

Solon ” He i s bro ught d own wi th a cro w n on hi s

m m
.

h ea d fro H e li con to t h e Ac a de y R i chly a dorn e d

mph al proc e ssi on i n whi ch th e r e are
.
,

h e is gi ve n a tri u
m
y t wo hors e ch a ri ots bo u n d i n a co m
-
uni on of m
lo v e— not s uch a s E uri p i de s d e scri b e s 0
,

Y o k ed in b ond s n ot r
fo ged b y mte a l ,

for h e is i mposing
col d co nstr ai nt tha t is oppr e ss i v e
s e of sha m
a

i n pr a cti c e b e ca u N o thi s is a wi ng e d
m
m
e .
,

co uni on th a t so a rs to t h e r e gi on of t h e fai r e st
an d m ost di vi n e r e ali t i e s B ut of th e s e oth e rs “ .
,

ha v e spo k e n b e tt e r th a n I
19 Wh e n m y fa th e r h a d concl ud e d h is r e m
.

. a rks ,

S oc lar u s as k e d Don t yo us e e th a t thi s is n ow t h e

’

m
s e con d ti e th a t wh e n yo u e nco unt e r t h e s a m
,

m m
, e

s ubj e ct you a k e a de to ur a n d so e ho w br e a k o ff
m
,

vi ol e ntl
y and tu rn y o ur b a ck on i t If I ay sp ea k
mm y i n d i t s not gi vin g du
, e j u
s
’
ti c e to t he a rg u e nt m ,

Fr ag 59 5 ( N a u
. c k , Tr ay G race F rag p . . . . c f Mar
. .

96 C 48 2 A 53 3 A
m m
, , .

Pla to , no d ou bt , in t h e P ha ed rus an d t h e S y p osi u .

3 95
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 TI I E D IAL O GUE O N LOVE
-

, 76 4

and e xti ngu i sh e d so th e y hol d t h e sa e vi e w a bo u t m

m
,

lo v e tha t i t i s a orta l a n d unst a bl e thi ng Fi n ally

,
.
,

j ust a s a body not con di ti on e d b y e x e rc i s e ca nnot e n

du m
r e t h e s un wi tho ut da ag e n e i th e r ca n t h e gui di ng ,

of a n unc ul ti va t e d so ul s usta i n lo v e wi tho ut

ch d eg e n e r a t e s a li k e a n d be com e s a ffl i ct e d

m
,

bl a i ng t h e po w e r of t h e god a n d not i t s own

w ea kn e ss
Y e t th e r e is i t s e e m
.

s a di ffe r e nc e to b e po i nt e d
, ,

ou t : t h e su n wi th e q u a l ca nd o u r e xhi b i ts both t h e
be a uti fu l an d t h e u gly t o m e n s e es w h i l e Lo v e
’

m y ,

i ll u i n e s onl y wh a t i s b ea u ti ful O nl y thi s do e s h e

pe rs ua d e lo v e rs to cont e m
.

pla te a n d t urn to e v e ry
thi ng e ls e th e y us t o v erlook m .

N o w if th ey ca ll Aphr odi t e ea rth i n no r e sp e ct

m Th e m
,

d o th e y a ttai n a n y v e ri s i i li t u de oon ,

in fa ct is both e a rthl y a n d h ea v e nly a pl a c e w h e r e

m m m
, ,

t he i ”
or ta l i s bl e n d e d wi th t h e orta l i n e ffe cti ve
m
,

b y h e rs e lf a n d wi tho u t i ll u i n a t i on w h e n t h e s un i s
not shi ni ng on h e r j us t as Aphr od i t e is nothi ng
,

wi tho ut t h e pr e s e nc e of Er os
m
.

It i s th e n li k el y th a t t h e r e s e bla nc e s of t h e
m m
, ,

oo n to Aphrodi t e a n d of t h e s un to Eros a r e uch

s trong e r tha n tho s e w hi ch th e s e s ta rs h a v e to t h e
oth e r god s ye t th e y a r e b y no ea ns i d e nti ca l m
m
,

for bod y is not t h e sa e as s o ul b ut di ffe r e nt j ust as

m
, ,

th e su n is vi s i bl e w hi l e Eros is e r el
y i nt e lli gi bl e
m m m
.

O ne i ght e v e n s ay if t h e sta t e e nt is not t oo u

,

pal a ta bl e th a t th e s un s a cti vi ti es ar e dir e ctly oppos ed

’

Wil mwi t
'

up l i es A p h rod ite h as n o i ng i n th co mmo n

m
a o z s
wi th t he rth ut
th ose w”h o ca ll h e r t he oo n ha hi t
rese m
ea , ve
upo n a ce rta in bl nce a .

Cf Mar 4 16 z ; 9 3 5 B i nf ra76 6
tm
. . c ; .

This ig n o res t h e A r e i s A pollo rel a ti ons h i p to su

m
-
n a nd
oon : see Mor . 3 93 0 n ;
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43 3 13 111 ; l l SO A , al .

3 99
 ’
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 THE D IALOGUE O N LOVE , 76 4—76 5

no wh e r e b ut h e r e unl e ss i t s e c ur e s d i vi n e ch ast e
, ,

Lo v e “ to b e i ts phys i c i a n i t s savi o ur i t s g u i de
m
Lo v e wh o h a s co e to i t thr o ugh t h e e di umof m
.
, ,

bodi ly form m
,

s is i t s di vi n e cond uctor to t h e tr uth fro

m
,

t h e r ea l of H a de s h e r e Lo v e con duc ts i t to t h e
Pl a i n of Truth b w h e r e B e a uty conc e ntr a t e d a n d
m
,

p ur e a n d g e n ui n e h as h e r ho e Wh e n w e long to
m
.
,

e brac e a n d ha v e i nt e rco urs e wi th h e r a fte r o ur

s ep ara ti on i t is Lo v e wh o gra c i o us ly a pp e a rs to li ft
,

us o ut of t h e d e pths a n d e scort us up wa r d li k e a
m
,

yst i c g u i de b e s i d e u s a t ou r i n i t i a ti on
c
.

Bu t w hi l e w e a r e b e i ng bro u ght sa fe ly to th a t
hi gh e r gro un d Lo v e d o e s not a ppro a ch o ur so uls
m
,

i n i sol ati on b y th e s e l v e s b u t thro u gh t h e bo dy

m
.
,

Tea ch e rs of g e o e try w h e n th e i r p up ils a r e not ye t

,

ca pa bl e of i ni ti a t i on i nto p ur e l y i nt e ll e ct ua l c on c e p
ti ons of i ncorpor ea l a n d uncha ngi ng s ubsta nc e o ffe r
m
,

th e ta ng i bl e a n d vi s i bl e cop i e s of sph e r e s a n d c ube s

a n d d o d e ca h e dr ons m
i n t h e s a e w a y h e av e nly Lo v e
contri ve s for us a s i n a gl a s s b e a ut iful r e fl e cti ons
m
, ,

of be a uti ful r e a li ti e s Th e s e a r e ho w e v e r e rel

m y
.
, ,

orta l r e fl e ct i ons of t h e di vi n e corrupti bl e of t h e ,

i ncorr u pti bl e s e ns i bl e of t h e i nt e lli gi bl e B y sho w

m
, .

i ng u s th e s e i n t h e for a n d hu e a n d asp e ct of yo u ng
m e n r a di a nt i n t h e pri m
e of th e i r b e a u ty Lo v e
em m
,

g e ntl y e xc i t e s o u ory w hi ch is first ki ndl ed

m m
H e nc e so e b e ca us e of m
r ,

b y thi s e a ns
“ . a l a d ro i t
,

fri e n ds or r el a ti v e s who tri e d b y vi ol e nc e a n d un

r ea son ably to e xt in g uis h t h e fl a e of lo v e ha v e m
m
,

d e ri v e d no b e n e fit fro it i nst e a d th e y e i th e r fill

A s i n t h e E le u
s ini a n M yst er i es
'

4
Cf Pl a t o P hae d ru 92 50 c it This w h ole pas s ag e re
s for m mb er of
. , s , .

s h ap es in a c o n d e n sed a nd co n ti n u ou a nu
se pa ra te m ot ifs of t h e P hae d ru s : see 9 4 1 A 2 53 Q54 A ,
-

a nd i n ge n eral 9 50 a — Q56 E
, , .

403
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA
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Gr a eca , i , p . on ds t
c i es t h e E ty o o c

406
 THE D IA L OGUE O N LOVE , 76 5

2 0 N ow g e n e rall y poe ts who wri t e or si ng of t h e

m m m
.

god s e e to b e a kin g fu n of hi or ca ro u s i ng i n a

d ru nk e n r e v el b ut th e y h a v e som e s e ri o u
s pr od u c
ti ons to th e ir cr e di t e i th e r b e c a us e th e y ha v e ta k e n
,

ca r e ful tho ught or e ls e b y t h e god 3 h e lp th ey h av e

’

r ea ll y grasp e d t h e truth O n e s uch conc e rn s hi s .

bi rth a

M os t fea rful of th e ods

Wh omfa ir sa ndall I ris bo r e
-

T o Z e p h yr of t he gol d e n h a i r

unl e ss youh av e le t yo urs el v e s b e p e rs ua de d b y li t e

m
r a ry cri ti cs who a ffir th a t t h e i a g e ry s y boli z e s m m
t h e va ri e g a t e d bri lli a nc e b of t h e e oti on ”
m
W
.

D ap hn a e u s a sk e d h y wha t oth e r i nt e rpr e t a

, ,

ti on ca n on e gi v e to t h e w or ds
L is t e n s a i d m a cco u
”
fa th e r for th i s nt is
y
m
, ,

forc e d upon us b y t h e ph e no e non Wh a t ha pp e ns .

to o u r vi s on
i w h e n e s e e a r i nbo
w a w c i s of co u rs e , ,

r e fr a ct i on whi ch occ urs wh e n e v e r t h e s i ght e nco unt e rs

m m m
,

a sli ghtl
y o i st b u t s
, ooth an d o de ra t e ly thi ck
clo ud a n d h as cont a ct wi th t h e s un b y r e fra cti on .

S e e in g t h e r a di a nc e in thi s w ay prod uc e s i n us t h e
illu s i on tha t t h e thi ng w e s e e i s i n t h e clo u d N ow .

t h e d e vi c e s a n d r u
’
s e s of Lo v e s op era ti ons on nobl e
so uls who lo ve b ea uty a r e of t h e v e ry s a e ki n d h e m
mm
r e fr a cts th e i r e ori e s fro t h e ph e no e n a of thi s m m
w orl d whi ch a r e c a ll e d b e a uti fu
, l to t h e a rv e llo us , m
an um :Fl ow e rs a re sa id o b e e nd er eca u t t
se h ey gr ow tb
i n t h e sp ru fi h e p a rti cu la r s eas o n of l ov e is w h y Th t
fi
g
a .

A lca e us s Lo v e t h e c il d of t h e h es i n d a n d th e W t W
”
Ra i n owb .

Th e Ra i n o w bu b
t t h e w o rd ere re nd e red hrill i a n ce b
m may ea n ow ery,
"
fl
for w i c see t h e qu h h
o a i o n in t h e t t
p re ced ing n o e t .

Cf Mar 3 58 F f ; 8 9 4 B F ; 92 1
. . .
-
A .
 PLUTA RC H S M ORALIA ’

Io I Q A
Lu
9 3 9

(765) g a kn9w 9
A

Ka L e Ka L
pa y Lov ya K a Lov
p e K e Lvo KaL

9a vy Li o L0 v Ka Adv .

AM M
’
f
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o 71 0 0
'

'

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0 A I ’I

Aa q i w es M
'
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y e L
y y
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y e vng
'
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flm
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yyo s e a L K a 2 77Aafvo s
1 ’
“
L

m
,

ev v e Se o L K e vdv w o we
p 0 K La Ls 91) pw y ev0 v 7 d 7
’
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’ ’

A d 7d qba Lvdy evov

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p e O L 71 , .

Edqbv ofis 8 ep a 0 70 13 K a 2 a axppovo g Li Mo g 7p0

’ ’ ’ ' '

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.

A 7 1 I
K a /\0 v 8 o w a 7o s w
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p x KaL
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e ev v
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'

A
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V A
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fl
a K a L o v vw v K a L yey1) 9w s e 7 L y a Mo v e K
9 9
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y ,

71) v 8 Ldv0 La v
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ye 7d a wy ci 7w v
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dw e g eV7 a 139a 7 o u
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B 1) 1/ 7 0 L K a 2 9a vy Li C
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m m
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I A I ! I
71) v 7 eA e v71 v, 8 e v 0 7
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ALv8 0 6w a L 8 v0 0veLpa (pa w a o yLi fla LpL/\1) 8 Livw v K a 2

,

( LA
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p oa w y Li flv v i v8 cdv Ka 2 3 8
'

v va LK LBv LK a Lw g
L
p y 0 1
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e
p p y .

f f 3 A I
O a /\1) 9w g
I ‘ A

y p
'
w s a e
pe K og eK e L
y y
'
evo ev os
A
OL
fo LA o a I I I
\ 35 n
9
A

K a / 0 Ls
n g e7r7 epw7a L KaL
‘
Ka L T S y e ,

1 ' '
I fLovos W
in c el a n n : k m
91) pwy év v Re is k e : 91) pwy évo vs
p
.

7o Lv D oe h n e r
‘‘

7 a Lv .

O f 76 6. E i nf ra ; 9 44 r: Pla to , m m2 10 D E
S y p os i u , .
 ’

PLUTARCH S M ORA LIA

A
p yfa 0 7a L 8 La 7 eRe L
p 2 7 dv a 15 9e dv
l
(766 )
A

K a 7w Ka L 70 v 7re
'

L vwixp i o e i cov
y p \
K a 2 0 v 7re L710 / L3 v , 7rLi /
Li
xp\L Lv

e 29 E ek /5 ) ; K a 2 Aq 0 8 L717 m 9 A e L t fiva g e A
y 9021v
’ ' ’

K a 2 K a 7a 8 a 9a1v e 7e a s Li p r 7a L
’ ° ' ’
eve o ew s
x)
' ' ‘

p p y .

”
C AkAd 7 a fi7 a y ev
’

y e LC
' ' '
59677 o va g e e L 7 00V
x , ,
I I
wa po w w v Aoyw v v710 9e0 e Ls
Q I
7 )
A 8 E w 7 L Ka L
‘
N

a p .

A I V f
p 7 0 Lg a MO Lg 9e 0 L9
m
y I
K a 9a 7re
A A I
70 0 7 0 e ve 0 7 Lv Lo g

m
,
I I I
B u f8 1) s Lpn
I 0 I
a L e Lv a v9 w 7rw v v7ro
I
7 L wy evc
y p x p , p
’
K a 2 7 0 13va V7 L0 w e d eve 0 7a 7o s
ydp e 0 7 L 70 2 9 8 ex0
' '

y
I
'
A
y ev0 Lg eyy e zlw g a v70 v apu s 8 e TO L S a 7ra v 9a 8 L fl ’
‘
A
‘

'

ydp fe vw v K a 2 LK e7LT i 8 LK La s d
’ ' ’
ov 7e
‘
0 a y ev0 Lg 1v L

m
.

_ I ’I
n e o s o v7 e yo ve w v a pa g o Feve 9A
I f I U
Lo g 0 v7 w 8 Lw K e L
I
”
Ka2
' ' ’
e7e L0 L 7a e w g LL5 9 epa 0 7a Lg Li v y ovq9ei 0 Lv d
'’ ’

x
‘ ‘

y
Epw s dfds dwa K ov eL 761V Li 7ra L8 eLi7w v K a 2 157rep1)
' '

Li vw v K o A
¢ I
a or
fi s .

‘
T L ydp Li v AeyO L 7 19 Edfdv9e7ov K a 2 AevK O K d
’

I w
1 V c v Ku

m
H
5 7 7 1 I r
a v; 7 L 8e 7 w a a Kv7 T70 v o a v e 7L
y ) ppc
p
' ’ '
vfiv w o a a o ev o e v v ;
p y p y q 7 1 v
) P o 79 io w g
/0 1'

A Kp rjo ons flapa wkfi

'
D 710 Lv1) v O L5K Li K1) K 0 a r e cn a
‘

m
,

Ha pa K v 7770 v 0 37 7ra 90 1i ) s
' ’ '

) y ev
"
e K e Lv1
‘

I I
a 7reM 9w 91) wa pa K v Lfi a o a 7 0 v e a 0 71 v L8 e Lv e K K o L
A

p ) y
Coye vov
'
.

" '
T1); 8 d Pop yo vg A0 a v8 po g
'
' ‘
T LS ve o g
’ ’
2 yeve L Aa y wpdg
' ’
8 d Aa y wpé w ig
’

e7rLe LK7 9
7 Ka , eK e

1
Wytt en t dv
mW m
av70 v a v7 .

’
fla v9 a 8 w ay év s inc k el ann : dfla v9 w ay év04s E ’
r
m
a . a.7 a v

9a 8 u
1 §oy év g B .

3
Lbs B ase l e d i ion K0 2 t .

E dftiver ov Re is k e .

AevKoxdy a v ; 71 8 3 Ro de h AevK oyofe Sa

5 '
: .
 THE D IA LO GUE O N LOVE , 766

way, grows wi n gs a n d j o i ns i n t h e conti n u a l c e l e br a

“ m b
ti on of hi s go d s yst e ri e s , e scorti ng hi i n t h e
’
m
m
c e l e sti a l da nc e until i t is t i e for hi t o go a g ai n t o m
t he m e a dows of t h e M oo n a n d Aphrodi t e a n d fa ll

a sl e e p b e for e h e b e gi ns a noth e r e xi st e nc e i n th i s

w orl d
m
.

s ai d y fa th e r , ta k e us
”
Bu t th e s e top i cs ,
be yon d t h e p urpos e s of t h e pr e s e nt di sc us s i on Lo v e , .

li k e t h e oth e r go ds , as Euri p i de s sa ys ,
Ca n b e p l ea sed b y h onours gi v e n h i mb y m en

but he lso b e di s pl e as e d h e s aci o u i m ost gr

to tho s e wh o r e c e i v e hima s th ey sho ul d a n d s e v e r e
ca n a s

wi th thos e wh o ha v e st ubbornl y r ej e ct e d hi N e i th e r m .

d o e s t h e god o f Hosp i ta li ty so q u i c kl y p u rs ue a n d
a v e ng e wro ngs d on e to str ang e rs a n d s u ppli a nts n or
m
,

t h e god of t h e F a i l y a fa th e r s c u
’

rs e as i s Eros
swi ft to r e spon d to t h e co m
,

pl ai nts of o utr ag e d lo v e rs
an d q u i c k to p u ni sh t h e ill a nn e r e d a n d di s dai nfum l
W
-

h y t ell t h e tal e of E u xyn t h e t u s a n d Le u co

co m a Or r ep e a t t h e s to ry of t h e g i rl wh o i s sti ll
ca ll e d Para cyp t o us a f i n Cyprus Bu t p e rh a ps yo u
ha v e n t h e a rd t h e p uni shm
’

e nt of t h e Cr e ta n Gorgo

wh o w as tr e a t e d v e ry m
,

uch li k e Pa r acyp t ousa e xc e pt

mm
,

tha t t h e l a tt e r w a s turn e d to sto n e a t t h e o e nt

wh e n sh e p e e p e d o u t of t h e wi n do w to w a tch t h e
fun e ra l proc e ss i on of h er lo ve r
m
.

W ell a c e rta i n Asa n de r a n upri ght yo uth fro

m
, ,

a di sti ngu i sh e d fa i ly fell i n lo v e wi th Gorgo

, .

S ee Pl a to , P hae d rus 9 49 , A , 9 50 B if .

Cf 745 . up r a1: s . Cf 76 4
. D s up r a.

Hi pp olyt u
s 7 , .

See S trab o , x 4 19
mp h m
. . .

Cf An to n in us L i b e ra lis Meta 39 Th e
m
. , or os es , . na e
”
eans Th e P ee pe r .

411
 ’
P LUTARCH S M ORA LIA

(766) 7 a 7reLv d
i yy a 7a K a 2 Li 8 0 § La v Li ¢Lyy evo s oyw s
71pL '
1

“
.
y

7 dv i 711) § L0 v L11/ Li 71) v

’ ’
av o v 8 evds
’
L 8 L0L
71A0 v7 0 v w s e 0 LK e 7 1e L Li 1 70 v o v o a v K a 2 71 0 /
\ vy v1)
p y x)
0 7e v7 0 v, 1 7e L
)
'

y v va LK a ov
yye vfig w v, 71 0 / “u
o s exw v
"

Ka 2 L i ya 9o v s o v ve ww a v 7L i
1 L v7 a s
7 8e 70 v9
p
ag
p,
’
2
’ '
7re
p
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7 r) v K0
p1) v e 71L7
p0 710 vs Ka 2 0 LK e L0 v g 71 e7
1 eL

K ofig
V I I I
Aeyov o Lv a L7 La s K a L ye
I I 0
2 1 . E7 L 70 v as
I V a
! I I
E ve o e Ls Epw 7o s L8 La L y e v ov8 e7 epov yevov s e Lo L ,

dycfi
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'
o e pw v y
'

z
.

’
8 v 0 yeva T O LS epw7 LK 0 Ls K a 2 8 La 7p exow a K Lve Lv K a 2
‘

yapya /lLleLv 7 dv oyK ov e Ls 0 71 epy a o v voAL0 9a Lvow a

’ '

T O LS M o w 0 1 0 Ls o u8 v va 7 dv e v Li 71 d 71a L
x) a 7 L0
‘

y y y
8 w v Li 8 vva 70 v 8 Li 71 d yv va Lv
’

, ; K a 2 7 ds K a /\ds . .

I C
7a v 7a 9 K a L Lep a s a s a va v o e Ls K a/lo v e v 1
A 0 I I A

y n y ) y e L9 e 71 L
I I
7 0 9e L0 v K a L a /\1 9Lv0 v K a L 0 / \ v 71 L0 v e K e Lvo K a Mo g
A A

) y ,

a is L
I I n

/v ) \
5 I
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p 7 L a v K w/
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i 71d 71 a L8 w v K a 2 Li 71 d vea v
’
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'
71a p 9e vw v K a 2 0 7 a v 7 90 9 Li v dv K a 2 K O O
yv va Lv 5 y ,
' ”

F yLo v e v wpa K a 2 xLi pL7L y 0p¢1) s 8 La ¢a ve s ye vn7a L

’ '
'
,
i
K a 9L 71e
v
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p p 1 0 1
) y 0 v La v
c ,

) 0 7a v e v e L8 e 0 L K aAO Ls K a 2
’
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’
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3 71 a ''
'

y
'
e ev 1

1
018 0 520 1: B olk es t ei n ( cf 53 B , 6 9 c )
i
L
'
o uB ern a rd a k is m B h? B lac u
: d1r

oy K ov] yo vo v Ra i n owi z
. na i n

'
b
LL rc
-

t .
E .

as ad ded b y Ra in owi z aft er B ern a rd ak is b t .

i v K w AvO L B e rn a rd a k i s : K wkv eL E r, o dv K wkve L B

'
’
L .

a dd ed b y B ern ard a k is .

H ere unfo rtun a tely t he s tory e n ds th ough t he MSS i n d i

Th e ga p m
.
,

cat e n o l ac u ust b e a l ong on e for w h en t h e

med we h ave left the S hri ne of th e M uses
na .

di alog ue is res u ,

a n d are on t h e wa y bac k to Th esp i ae Z eu xi p p u

s h a s s po k en .

4 12
 ’
P LUTARCH S M ORALIA

9a p0 Ls o wya o Lv v 1) /\ a y71p a K e Lyev a

I w I A
/ x)
1
( 766 )
A

Ka Ll v 1 g

dp 9d K a 2 Li 9pv717 a K a 7 L8 Lo0 Lv 0 L 8 eLv0 2 7 w v

.
’
70 L0 v
’
7 Lov a L0 9Li ve0 9a L ;

O uydp o y ev ¢LA 75
’
8 0 VO S epw71) 9e 2s e Z

p s 91) Xv
d y Li Mo v
’
i 2
' ’'
71 v eL e L e 71 7 0L
pp e va
767K a 2 Li 710 KpLVLi ye vos ,

d710 v 7d K Li Mos , dp L8 e LfLo s

'

"
8 0 fe v i
' ' ’ '
o K e Lw s
p i
L710 K 9 y La s 0 8 dLva 0 9a L e7
1L v
°

Ka2
yevva Lo s o u7rp ds 7 d K a/\dv o v8 e 71) v
’
'

e
q vLa v a /Vla y opLLov 8 La <pop ds 710 Le L7 a L 70 v 9 epw
7a s .

Ka 2 cN m ms y év Liv1) p od8 ev fiw ov
' ’ ’
i
L 0 71 L i Ce7a L
H0 8 Li p y0 v 71) V edgbv i a v Ai91) s
’ ' ’
3
70 1 ‘
Aya y e '

'
2 9 a 7 Ld
'

y ) vove7 s 1
)p 3
1 7 Ka2 9 i pp eo L
xa LpeL
fl
0 0 L

d Li /l/ld K a 2 K e 6e L K a 2
'
A
'

y vov
p ooa s 7 p g a K a Lva g

m
.
,

O K UA
M
'
a Ka s
‘
d 88 o K aAog K a 2
‘

Lb LA afv 9
v 71 0 9 ix
dy aAo s e 0 7Lv o u 8 dy O Lo s Li y ¢0 7ep0 Lg 70 L9 ye ve O Lv
’ ’ '
'
,

¢opds epw
' ’
L a 7 Lw v 0 L0
y y evos e L va L 8 La

B 7w v yv va Lv K a 2 a v8 w v
'

p ,

Ka L70 L 1 7) v 1 L3 pa v
' '
Li l/ 90 9 Li 6 1 e lva L
P 79
l eyo vo L y1) ¢Li va L 8 Li v9e Lv 7 d
' ’
L , y 1) 8 e 710 Le Lv
H¢ G
¢
O LV € U U LG S 77 0 9 G GT V (1 7 0 7
P Q 7 0 1! € U T L K a L a
'
€
p y p
’

m
ly eva Mez ir iacu
x
Ke s K a2 K eL e va
y .

Li 9pv7r7a S tep h a n us 9pu 7r7d ( Ra b i n owi tz s u sp ec ts th a t .

d 'é K a2 d9pv717a a re an i nt e lat ed loss )

h e p rec ed ing
'
e le t i ng 17
’
AL91) s Aya yey vovens ‘
, t

w ord : AL91) v 71) v Aya e vovéqv

’ ’

y y
.

epan w v Rei s k e : epwv1 wv

’ '
.

N an e , op ci t p 9 06 , A d es p o
k . . . t on 3 55 ; K oc k , Co m .

A LL Fr ag i ii , p 476 , A d es p o o n 3 6 0
. . . t . S ee l
a so MO 1 . 34 A .

414
 THE D IALOGUE O N LOVE , 766 —76 7

cl ea rc ut tra c es of a s hi n ing so ul s tor e d up in be a uti ful

m
for s a n d p ur e bo di e s ar e p e rc e i ve d un di stort e d wi th
t a fl
,

ou aw b thos e c a p a bl e of s u ch p e rc e pti ons

y ,
.

In t h e pl ay t h e pl e as ur e lo v e r is as k e d wh e th e r
,
-

To w om en m ore th an m e n i s h e i ncli n ed

An d h e ns w e rs
a

\Vh ere th ere is b ea uty , he is a mb id t r us

ex e o .
‘

If h e i s to b e gi v e n cr e di t for an a ns we r w e ll s u i t e d to
l ust i t i s no l e ss true th a t t h e nobl e lo v e r of b ea uty
,

e ng a g e s in lo ve wh e r e v e r h e s e e s e xc e ll e nc e a n d

m
spl e n di d na t ur a l e n dow e nt wi thout r e g a rd for a n y
di ffe r e nc e i n ph ys i olog i cal d e ta i l .

A lo v e r of horse s ta k e s pl e a s ur e i n t h e e xc e ll e nt
q u li t e s of A e é Ag e non s
a i t h a m , a m
re b no l e ss
'
m
tha n i n thos e of t h e hors e Poda rgus Th e h unt e r h as
m
.

no sp e ci a l pr e fe r e nc e for a l e dogs b ut a lso k e e ps

m
,

Cr e ta n a n d La co a n b i tch e s So too will not t h e

'

m
.

lo v e r of h u a n b e a ut y b e fa i rl y an d e q uably di spos e d
tow a rd bo th s e x e s i ns t e a d of s uppo si ng tha t a l e s m
a n d fe m m
,

a l e s a r e a s di f
fe r e nt i n t h e a tt e r of lo ve as

th ey a re i n th e i r cloth e s ?
To b e s ur e th ey say th a t b e a uty IS t h e flo w e r of ‘

vi rt u ; ye t i t w o u ld b e a bs u
’
r d t o de ny th a t t h e
m
e

fe a l e prod uc e s tha t flow e r or gi v e s a pr e s e nta ti on

of a na t ur al b e nt for vi rtue A e sch yl us d is s ur ely
.
’

H om er I lia d xxii i 2 9 5 ; cf Mar 3 2 n ; 9 09 c ; 9 8 8 A ;

, , . . .

fh e S toics a nd sp ec i fica ll y C h rys ipp us v on Arnim

d g es i la fis ix ( 600
f ,

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 THE D IALOGUE O N LOVE , 768

of thi s — at l e as t t o you who ar e fe llow count ry e n m

a n d i ni ti a t e s of t h e o d— t I h a r dl th i nk i t ri ght
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.
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un abl e t o obta i n t h e l a dy s cons e nt e i th e r b y forc e or

’

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m
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’
sp e nt t h e gr e at e r p a rt of h er ti e i n t h e go dde ss
tem pl e an d r e c e i v e d no on e tho ugh m an
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.

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m e t h i mg av e hi m m
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, h e r h an d le d hi to t h e alt a r of
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t h e go dd e s s a n d po u r e d as a li b a ti on
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h ydr om mm
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e l wh i ch was it s ee s , i x e d wi th po i son , .

Th er e upon sh e dr a nk off h alf of i t h e rs e lf a s tho ugh

i t w e r e a to as t a n d g av e t h e r e st to t h e G al a ti a n .

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ph a n d utt e r e d t h e de a d a n s ’

nam e. It w as sh e cri e d d ea r e st h usb a n d b e

,
’

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ca us e I was a w ai t i n g thi s day th a t I h av e e n d ur e d

my tortur ed life wi tho ut you N ow r ej oi c e an d t ake
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42 3
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. . . . .

Son a n c e p o i n ts up t h e a n t i th e s is of H yb r i s ( i nsole n ce) a n d

Cypris (love) .

42 4
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA
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01 .
 THE D IALO GUE O N LOVE , 76 8 —76 9

m
tyra nt of A b r a c i a ask e d hi s i ni on wh e th e r h e , m
was not ye t pr e gn a nt t h e b oy fe ll i nto a r a g e a n d
sl e w hi m .

On t h e oth e r h a n d i n t h e c a s e of l a wful wi v e s , ,

ph ys i ca l uni on i s t h e b e g i nni ng of fri e n dshi p a

m
,

sha ri ng as i t w e r e i n gr ea t yst e ri e s Pl eas ur e is

short ; b ut t h e r e sp e ct a n d k i n dn e ss a n d m
.
, ,

utua l
af fe ct i on a n d lo ya lty th a t dai ly spri ng fr omi t con
vi cts n e i th e r t h e D e l hi a ns of r a vi ng wh e n th e
y ca ll
p
m
Aphrodi t e H a r ony nor Ho e r w h e n h e d e s ig b m
na t e s s uch a uni on as fri e ndshi p It a ls o pro v e s th a t ’

Solon w a s a v e ry e xp e ri e nc e d l e gi sl a tor of m
.

a rri a g e
C

l aw s He pr e scri be d th a t a m a n sho u l d consort wi th

m m
.

hi s wi fe not l e ss th a n thr e e t i e s a onth— not for

pl ea s u r e su r el
y bu t a s c i ti e s r e n e w th e i r m ut ua l
m mm
ti e t o ti e } j us t so h e m m
,

a gr e e e nts fro ust h av e

wi sh e d thi s to b e a r e n ew al of m a rri a g e a n d wi th

s uch an ac t of t e n de rn e ss to wi p e o ut t h e com pl ai nts

m
tha t a c c u ula t e fro e v e ryda y li vi ng m
o um m
.

Bu u
’
t t h e re is ch th a t is b a d

m m
a sa
y , y y ,
’ ’
an d a d i n t h e lo v e of wo en A n d d o e sn t th a t of
m
.

bo ys ha ve e v e n or e
S ee in g a k i nd r ed s h a p e I s w oo n ed a wa y .
‘

B ea rdles s soft a l ov el y b o y
Clas ped in h is a r m s I d di e a n d fin d m
, .
,

y e p i ta p h
’
.
’

Bu t ju s t a s thi s is b oy mdn ss so th a t oth e r a ffl i cti on

m
-
a e ,

i s to b e w o a n cra z y -
n e i th e r is lo v e .

Cf M07
15 6 c m
mr
. . .

Ho e , I lia d , xi v £ 2 09 a n d oft en . .

Life of S olon , (8 9 c) xx .

Cf M07 143 n
th h i m
. . .

L ik e N a c issu r
s , fa i n g in ove wi ll l s lf
co m o t
e .

f A b y un n ow n
ll k
ic p e s : oc K k i ii p 4s l , , .
, A d es po ta
92 2 2 2 4
-
.

42 7
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P LUTARCH S M ORALIA

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P LUTARCH S M ORALIA

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‘
.
 THE D IALO GUE O N LOVE , 76 9

to ri val an d be forc e d to r e p ea t the of t h e m

mdy
cr an
a
y
in t h e co e

W r tc h th t
e a I a mt o in j ur suc h
e a wi fe

m
For i n a rri a g e to lo v e i s a gr e a t e r b oon tha n to b e
lo v e d : i t r e sc ue s us fro m m
,

an e rrors — o r r a th e r

fr o m a ll e rrors th a t w r e ck or i
y
p ai r w e dloc k m
Do not m
.

24 d ea r Z e u xi u s b e a fr ai d of th a t

s h a rp p a i n whi ch co m
y pp
m
.
, ,

e s a t t h e b e gi nn in of a rri a g e
g
—d on t fe a r i t a s tho u gh i t w e r e a w oun d or a b i t e
’

_ .

A n d e v e n if th e r e w e r e a w o u n d th e r e i s nothi ng ve ry
m ni on i s wi th a goo d wom
,

al a r i n g i n th a t wh e n t h e u an

i t i s li k e gra ftin g a tr e e Anoth e r w o un di n g i s a

pr e lim m
.

i n a ry to pr e gn anc y for th e r e is no i pr e gn a ,

t i on wi tho ut r e c i proca l h urt .

St udi e s ar e di sturb i ng to bo ys a t t h e v e ry b e gi n
ni ng a n d phi losophy up s e ts yo ung m b t thi s
m e for th e m m
n

sti ngi ng s art d o e s not r e ai n t h e s am

e e
y

m
for e v e r Th e sa e is tr ue of lo v e rs ; j ust a s wi th t h e
m i ds lo v e s e e m
.

i xi n g of t w o li q u s a t first to c a u se
som e efl m
,

bu
’

e rv e s c e n c e a n d a gi ta t i on t a s ti e go e s ,

on i t s e t tl e s d o w n a n d i s r e d uc e d a n d prod uc e s t h e
b e st sort of sta b i li ty For thi s trul y i s wha t i s ca ll e d
m m m
.

i nt e gr a l a alg a a t i on th a t of a a rri e d co upl e ,

’
c

who lo v e e a ch oth e r ; b ut t h e uni on of thos e w h o

m erel
y li v e tog e th e r i s li k e t h e co nta cts a n d i nt e r
l a c in g of Epi c ur us d a t o s whi c h colli de a n d r e bo un d
’
m , ,

K oc k p 450 A d espo ton 2 2 1

, . , .

b
Cf Pl a to R ep u b li c 53 9 B
As t h e m
. , , .

S ee MO 7 142 r f ( tra ns B a bb i tt ) i xi ng o f
l i q uid s a cc o r di n g t o w h at m
. . . :

e n of sc i e n ce sa y e xten ds th rou h
th e ir e ntire con te nt so als o i n t h e case of m
, g .

a rri ed peo p l e
th er e ought to b e a m utual a m a lga m
,

a ti o n of th e i r b od i es ,
”
p rop e rty f r i e n d s a n d rel a t io ns S ee a lso A n ti pa t er fra g
6 3 ( v o n A rn i mS V F i p
, , .
, .

, . H
,

Cf MO 7 1 1 12 c ( E p i c u
. . rus frag 2 8 6 U sen er) , . .

43 1
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

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l
E uri p ides frag 8 9 8 7( N auck
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, p . V erses 1 an d 2
w ere q uoted i n 7 56 D su p ra .

43 2
 PLUTARCH S M ORALIA ’

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 THE D IALOGUE O N LOVE , 770

an d m
bloo i ng a n d th e n d e c am p a s tho ugh fro ma
hosti l e co untr y E v e n . m
or e vulg a rl y t h e sophi s t
B i on us e d to ca ll t h e b e ar ds of b e a uti ful boys Har
mo di us and Arist o geit on b ecaus e abs t h e h ai r grows
0

m
, ,

i t fr e e s th e ir lo v e rs fro a b e au ti ful tyr a nn y ! It i s ,

ho w e v e r un j ust to bri ng th e s e ch a rg e s a g ai nst true

E uri p i de s r e m
,

a n d ge nu
’
i n e lo v e rs a rk i s cl e v e r

pon e m
.

h e obs e rv e d u bra ci ng a n d ki ss i ng Ag a thon ,

tho ugh t h e l at t e r s b e a r d ha d a lr e a dy grown t hat e v e n

’

m a n d e v e n am
,

t he a u t u n of t e fai r i s fa i r
h d
ong
m
.

wri nkl e s r e ai ns flo uri s hi ng i n de e d ri ght up to t h e

m m
,

to b Th e r e ar e v e ry few e x a pl e s of a d ur abl e
m m
.

r el a ti o nshi p a ong b o y lo v e rs b ut co untl e ss n u b e rs

of s ucc e s s ful uni ons wi t h w o m en m m
,

b e e n u e ra t e d

m
a
y ,

di st i ng u i sh e d fro b e gi nni ng to e n d b y e v e ry sort of

fi de li ty a n d z e a lo us loyalty I sho ul d li k e to t e ll you
m
.

of on e s uch e v e nt th a t occ urr e d i n o ur ti e d uri ng

t h e r e i gn of Ve sp as i a n .

25 C i v ili s who sti r r e d up t h e r e v olt i n G a ul ha d

‘
3

m m m
.
, ,

n a tur all y any a s s oc i at e s A ong th e w as S a b i n us

m a n of goo d fam
.
,

a
y o u ng i l y who s e w e alth a n d r e
,

p uta t i on w er e s e con d to non e of t h e G a uls Wh e n .

th e i r gr e a t e nt e rpri s e coll a ps e d i n t h e e xp e cta ti on

m m m
,

of r e pri s a l so e ki ll e d th e s e l v e s a n d so e tri e d to
e sc a p e b u t w e r e c au ght S ab i n us a ffa i rs w e r e not ’

m
s uch a s to pr e ve nt hi fro mg e tti ng aw ay an d a ki ng m
.
,

S ee 76 0 B s u p ra
m
.

O r ad op t i ng Pos s c orrect ion , a onst ro us yra nn y

, t ’ ”
t .

Cf Mar 177 A B
. . I nf e of A lc i b za dea, 1 ( 19 2 ) A .

H ere follow sev e ral la c un ae , art i ally in d i ca ed i n o n e t

MS Th e se n se t o b e s upp l ied i s ou l es s d bt
A a n y ra e t t
m mt m m
.

t h e l ov e of c as t e w o e n a d i s n o a uu n b u
h t ev e n a i d t ,

h
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W
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43 5
 ’

PLUTARCH S MORALI A
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é k u fxip S tep h anus : d A ¢61 u

3
va e evaL va eL Leva
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Th i s m ay m ea n th a t t h e d i al ogu e w a s wr i tt e n a fte r A D . .

116 117 d u ri n g w h ic h yea r t h e o nly wa r i n Eg yp t b etw ee n

t h e d ea tho f D o m
,

i t ia n a nd th a t of Plu ta rc h w as b r iefl y fought

( C ic h ori us Ro ,
’

mi h sc e S tudi en , p p 406 if . .

43 8
 THE D IALOGUE O N LOVE , 771

M ea n whi l e sh e di sgu i s e d Sa b in u s co pl e t ely b y m

r e fashi onin g hi s cloth e s b y cli pp i ng a n d b i n di ng up
m m
,

hi s ha i r a n d too k h i wi th h er to Ro e s i nc e th e r e
m m
,

was so e hop e of a p a r don Bu t s h e a cco pli sh e d

noth i ng a n d r e t urn e d hom
.

e a g a i n now s p e n di ng t h e

m
,

gr ea t e r p a rt of h er li fe wi th hi un de rgro un d ye t
fromti e to t im m
,

e go i ng to to w n to show h e rs e lf

to h e r fri en ds a n d r e l a ti v e s A n d w h a t i s ost i n
. m
cr e di bl e of all sh e s ucc ee de d i n k e e p i ng t h e kno w
m
,

l e dg e of h er pr e gn a nc y fro th e s e l a di e s e v e n
m m
,

tho ugh s h e b a th e d wi th th e Th e r e is an o i nt e nt
m m
.

whi ch w o e n r ub on th ei r h a i r to a k e i t gol d or
r e d ; i t conta i ns gr ea s e whi ch fills or
pu fl s ou t the
'

fl e s h a n d pro duc e s a sort of di la ti on or swe lli ng S h e

m
.

s pr e a d thi s o int e nt i n profu s i on on a ll oth e r p a rts

of h e r bo d
y e xc e pt t h e a b d o m e n a n d th u s conc e al e d
i t s s iz e a s i t s w e ll e d a n d fill e d o u t She e ndu r e d h er

b i rth p a n gs co m
.

pl e t e l y a lon e li k e a l i on e ss i n a d e n
, ,

d e sc e n di ng i nto t h e e a rth to r ej o i n h e r h u sb a n d ;
s h e bro u m
ght up s e cr e tly t h e al e c ubs th a t w e r e born
Th e r e w e r e t wo of th e m on e s on w as kill e d i n
.

Egypt b ut t h e oth e r vi s i t e d us r e c e ntly i n D e lphi

0

His na m
.
,

e w as Sa b i n u s

Tho ugh C a e s a r p ut h er t o d e ath ye t h e p ai d t h e

m m
,

p e na lty for thi s urd e r w h e n hi s fa i ly was to ta lly

e xti ng u i sh e d i n a short ti e m
N o a c t of hi s pri nc i
.
°

b Th ere i s p o a y a ac u r b bl na le e , s a i ng th e c i rc u
h r t t m
s a n ces of S ab i n u
t s ev e n u t l
a di s c ov e
y A cc ord ing t o ac i u
r T t
’
. s
he e u ld ed h i s p us u r r
e s for n i n e yea s D i o a ss i us (lxv 16 )
r C
ml m ml
. .

sa ysth ta t h e w o e fa h l
i y w as ou g tobr o e a nd i pht
i es R
th t th ey w e e e ecue d b y V es p as i a n
r x t Bu ua c s p e r Pl t r h
’
a t .

so n a ev i d e n c e a o u t h e s uvi v a o f t h e so n s cas s d o u
l b t r l t bt
mt h m
on
th s
i .Th e wi fe , a t a n y a e , us av e ee n a e n t o o e
r t b t k R .

A ual y V esp as i a n d ied ( p eacefuly

ct l ‘
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mt m
s .

fio in AD
79 a n d D o i i a n w as n ot
. . urd e ed un i 9 6 r tl .

43 9
 ’
PLUTARCH S M ORALIA

( 771)
I
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O F PROPER N A MES A N D OF
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A : see alp h a Agat h ar chi d as , 1 9 7: ee hi s Gr k
A bd r 49 t w f Th tr
m
e a, : o n o r ace o i an
A d i 2 53 A th
A dm Pt m
ca e cs . ga oc les 3 3 3 an d n ote I i s~
tr
,

ca ye 11 5 th h l f e sc oo o s s of
e o le y IV
p hy f u d d b y Pl t A th A th
,

p h il oso o n e a o ga on 57 73 43 5 : eni an
t A th tr t r
, , ,

a e ns ag i c p oe ci ca 447 400
A h n 2 43 2 57 3 79 t h
-

ag nu t
s c as u
,

c aea
G r k t T roy
ee s a
s, , , : e
m s 3 07
A gri gen t u 3 73
A r
tci y of S i cily
,

A h r 2 03 3 9 3 ri r f th B t f t
,

c e on, : ve o e g i oni a 1 11 oeo i an es i v al

D
, ,

l w r w rld i on ys u
th t Art m
o e o of s
A hill 11 41 151 2 2 1 2 43 2 59 Ar r
Ahr m
c es , g o t e a, 3 55 : ep i e of e is
t b 3 8 1 Gr k t Pr
, , , , , ,

2 91 3 2 1 i an 3 6 5 n o e b : e si a n
h r in t h T roj W
no e : ee
t
, , ,

e o e an ar di vi ni y
A r rin th 42 1 t h i t d l f
c oc o e c a e o Aj x
a 4 1 2 2 9 2 4 1 2 49 : one of -

Cori nth Gr k h r
, , , ,

r
A d mtu 3 8 1 3 8 3 ki g f r m
t he ee e oes at T oy
e s, : n o r
ak as i a ak at Ls a ak ratos 1 6 1
'

A
-

P h r in T h ly lca e u q t
,

uo ed
, , ,

e ae ess a s 7 16 1
A d i ( ) 3 49 b lo d f t
, , ,

on s es : e ve o r
3 9 5 407: ly i c p oe of Les b os ,
A p hrodi te b r r
, ,

o n ci ca 6 2 0 B C
A gin 2 49 i l d in th S r ni A t
. .

f
e a, : s an e a o c
m
lces i s 3 8 1 3 8 3
tu e s
, wi e of Ad , .

A e neas , 2 39 Tr j hr o an e o Al i bi d 73 3 8 5 3 8 7 A th
c a es , : en
A lu 2 9 3 f H ll p li ti i
, ,

eo s, so n o e en i an o d g r l ir c an an en e a
A h ylu 101 3 2 1 415 qu t d , c ca
esc s, o e 450—404
Al x d r 1 13 117 2 03 —2 2 3
, , ,

3 2 1 3 51 3 57 3 65 3 9 1 41 7 : e an e
A th ni tr gi p o t i r 52 5 G r t 3 56 3 2 3
, , , , , , , , , ,

e an a c e , c ca 3 73 3 75 , th : e ea ,

A t he 41 5 A g m m r i ng
456 B O
Al x d r 2 55 2 57 2 6 3 2 65
. .

'
e a e non s ac e an e
P ri p ri
, , , , , .

f Tr y
A g mm
a s, l nce o o see a s o
P ri
h r ;m
a n
e 57 9 3 2 2 5 2 57 2 6 1
on , a s
th Gr k g Al x d r 42 5 f P—
, , , , ,

2 6 3 41 5
, rl t e ee en e a a e an e , : o e ae as
T roy te r of T h ess aly 3 6 9 3 58

44 3
 I N DE X
Al xe an dr i ans ,
335 A nti th n 73 : S r ti p hilo
s e es , oc a c
P th r ph r
mr
Alexi cra t es , 1 75 a y ago ean so e
con t e p o a y wi lua c r th P t r h A to 3 79 of Ch l i
n n, a c s
A x
le i o, 2 7, 2 9 ( and cf 3 09 ) A yt u
n 385 387s, A th ni n : e a
P t r h f th r r f A l i bi d
.

lua c s a e ln law ur
, ,
’
- -
l ov e do c a es an acc s e
h fi t tt r
alp a , 2 2 7 2 3 3 t h e rs le e of f S r t
o oc a es
A p hr di te 51 2 3 72 41 2 9 3 3 2 3
-

Gr
t he h bt
ee k alp a e o -

r t r r
, , , , ,

Alp h e ii s , 2 9 1 : t h e la ges i ve 3 2 5, 3 3 5, 3 51, 3 53 3 61, 3 69 ,

P elop o nn es u
mrth A t m Gr k t
of th e
b rac i a 42 7 a
s
ee ci y
3 71, 3 9 7, 3 9 9 , 411 42 1 , 42 5,
42 7: t h e god d es s , s ee als o
c iu
,

C r
mm
no of yp is
A oni u s 13 1 , 1 3 7 141 , 2 15, -
Ap i s 1 1 7, 1 18 no e a t h e sac ed t r
b u t
, ,

2 19 , 2 2 1, 2 2 7, 2 2 9 , 2 41, 2 43 , ll of E gyp
2 6 5, 2 6 9 , 2 71 , 2 79 , 2 8 3 , 2 8 9 , Ap ollo, 73 , 11 5 151, 2 3 5, 2 49 , 2 6 5,
P trh
lua c s i ns u tr t r
,

2 75, 2 9 1, 3 57, 3 6 3 , 3 8 3 , 3 9 9
'
2 99 : c o in
h h
A mh t
p ilosop y n ot e 0 t h e god
p i c yon , 149 : ep ued ou
r t f r Ar t
a u q t
uo e d , 141 C
A mh t
n de s, ili ci an
t r
A mh t
of t h e p i c yons p oe , ci ca 3 15 2 49
A m
-

p i c yons , 43 r a eli i ons Ar ces ilaiis , 51 cad e i c p ilo h

le agu t rD hr
so p e , ci rca 3 15—2 4 1
h rm
e of ci i es n e a e lp and
k M
A mh
T e op y lae Ar ch ela iis . 42 5 i ng of ace
t r
fr mA m
d oni a 413 —3 9 9
Ar h m
a own i n L oc i s
m p i ss a , 3 8 1
A y cle an , 2 9 5 : o y clae , c ida us , 3 09 : T es p i an, fa
h
r rt th r
e of D ap hn a eu
a t own n ea S p a a
m
s
A r
n ac eo n , q79 uoted , 3 19 A h h q
r c iloc u s, b
uot ed , 3 13 : i a i c
r t xth tur
ly i c p oe of t h e si ce n y t h th
an d ele gi ac p oe of t h e ei g or
th t r
ce n uy
Am
B C se v en
A th l y r Ar h t P
. .

i 3 53n e, r es e s a e c
y as , 12 1 r o ean
A nk e
na N i ty see eces s p i los op e of t h e ou
h hr rt cen
A x gor 13 9 141 — I ni
na a as , o an tur y
A r 101 3 53 3 55 3 6 5 3 69 3 75
,

h
p ilosop h r i 500 42 8 e c rca es , , ,

A x ch u 49 2 2 3
, , , , ,

na ar nd n ot e s,: a 0 3 8 3 3 93 t h god e
p hilosop h r f A b d r A rgi 3 2 7
, ,

A xi m d r 18 5 I ni n p hilo
e o e a v e,
na an e o a A g 2 49 3 71 : it y f t h
r os , c o e
p h r f t h sixt h ce tu u
, ,

so e o ry e n P I p e O on n es s
and r i 93
ea, A ri t u 3 55 : h r
s ae s, f e o, s on o
A nt l i d
a c 91 S p rt n “r
as , a a a e A p ll o o
on i b l f th n oto ri ou
e or e s A i ti
r s 3 09 on ,f th r f S l : a e o oe a
p e e of 3 8 7
s s

A th mp ac
n i n 3 8 5 : A th ni n f
e o e a a A ri ti p u 3 17: C yr i p hi l
s s, en a c o
th r of A nyt us
, ,

A nth m A ri t d m
e sop er
ie 3 11 3 13
on ,32 9 333 -
s o u 57: fri d f S
e s, en o o
3 43 3 47 n t i e of T h p i ae r t
, , ,

A ri tod m
a v es c a es
A nth teri on 2 09 nd note c u 13 1 143 f C yp ru
,

A th ni n mnth
es a s e s, o s
A th i n
, ,

e a o A i t og i t
r s 3 73 43 5
e on, en a
A n ti g u 3 3 7 —G n t ki ng f tyr nni id kill d i 514
,

A i t m
on s, o a as , o a c e, e n
M d ni 2 8 3 2 3 9 h r f th
ac e o
fM t p tum a r s o
d M
381
W P lu
e n es , : e o o e

A ti m hu 2 09 f C l p h
A t il
n 3 73
eo n : o e a on S eco n i esse n an ar .
n ac s, o o o on , t r h wr t hi lif
a c o e s e
p t f t h f urt h tury
oe o e o ce n A i t 413 d t
r s on , p hil an no e 3 : o
A ti p t r 3 04 t 43 1 t
n a e no e a, no e 0 ph r
so e
S t i p h il A ri t 115 P l to f th r
,

ph r f t h
’
o c d oso e o e sec on s on , a s a e
ce ntury a ri ston :
An t i p t n d a 3 73 3 75 fri nd f
es , e o Aris t oni ca 33 3 an d n ot e 6 : not
Al x d t h G r t
, ,

e an er e ea

444
 I N DE X
Chi os 2 6 7: lar g i l nd off t h e e s a Cyren aeans 115
t f A sia Mi nor t
, ,

o c as o
'

C r
y en ai cs 47, 417n o e a h
p ilo
t
,

ch l r 19 3
o e a, h
sop i cal sec
Chry ip p u 19 5 2 6 7 3 53 415
s s,
n t f S toi c
, , ,

o e th p ill r
c e a o
p hilos op h y ir 2 8 0—2 07 , c ca D AP HN AE U S 3 09 . 3 13 , 3 15 3 2 1
, ,

ci d
ca as , 16 9 41 7 3 2 7 3 57 3 65 3 8 7 3 8 9 and
t
, , , , ,

C ili i 19 9 3 15 h
Cim t t sm
c a, n o e f 3 9 1 407 417 T es p i an
A th ni n — D au t Ph
, , , ,

on 3 8 1 n e a s a e a lis , 16 9 : c i y i n oc is
D th H ad
,

n d g n er l
a ir e 512 449 a , c ca ea : s ee es
ch r ac t r i n a p l y r
f P l to Com m
m
Ci n i 83
es as , a e a d ee , 2 5, 3 55 see als o s t ags
o i cu
a s dci p , 1 6 1, 16 8

C i ili 43 5 : G i n J uli us n obl

v s, a s e D e los 1 49 sac ed r A
e gean i s lan d
B at i n wh o l d t h —gr eat D h
, ,

av a e e e lp i , 2 3 , 6 7, 149 , 1 8 1, 2 49 , 3 3 5,
reb lli on i n G ul A D 69 70 P th
Cl i t o m h u 75
e a 49 3 see als o y o
gr e t at hl t
, . .

Cl m h u 3 75 3 77 P h r li n m
Delp hi ans , 151, 2 73 2 77, 42 7
e ac s, a e e
D tr
,

m e e ( s) , 2 7 1 , 2 75 god d
eo ac s, a sa a e
D tr iu t
,

g n r l e e a e e s II, 2 2 2 no e c ,
Cli 2 6 7 2 8 5 Mu k M ac ed on 2 3 9—2 2 9
m
o, se i ng of
C lotho 2 77 on of t h e F tes
,

C md y : N w C m D mr t
e a D e oc ri t eans , 19 9
oc i u s , 13 9 , 2 05 2 09 ; u q t
,

C md y tm
o e d y O ld see e o e e o ed -

1 41 : t h e lau
, ,

h
m m g in g a o i c p hi
o e
co i tus sa 1 65 los op h er of Ab r r
d e a, ci ca 46 0
Cori nth 2 2 3 42 1 l o A ro
,

mh
s ee a s c 3 70
r i th D r t
, ,

co n e os t en es , 2 3 9 , 2 55 g ea
C ri nth i 149 2 2 3
o an , , A tt rtr
i c o a o , 3 8 4—3 2 2
r
co ona , 16 5 deni es , 1 6 5
C ry b t 3 63 : ecs t tic d
o an es , a ev o D exi p p u s se e D i oxi p p u s an d 1 5
t of C yb le o A tti
e es e r s t
no e d
C oryb nti 3 6 5 D i caear ch u Pr tt
C m y 3 51 : p oe moi P
a c, s , 12 3 e i p a e i c of
fouth ntury
m on
t R om
os og ar r ce
di t tor 42 ]
,

ni d e es c a e a
Cr t 42 5 l yer f A h l ii D iog n 441 n ti f Thesp i ae
,

A th ni n m
e es e , s a o rc e a s e es , a ve o
C t i nu
ra s 83 i e a co c D i g n 113 : f S in p—e Cyni c
o e es , o o
poet of t h fift h n tu
, ,

ry e ce p hi l ph r
os o ir 400 3 2 5
e c ca
Di og 2 2 0 not
,

C t n( ) 9 3 151 2 9 7 3 8 1 41 1 enes , 2 21 hool sc

i 15
r a s e a,
t A th n
, , , , , ,

a e s
r od il 3 5
c oc es, D i ogeni anu
s 73 77 8 1 8 5 111
Cr nu 2 6 1 f th er of Z eus
, , , , , ,

c
o
ut t l fi h 2 05e s
s, a 113 , 1 19 , 1 2 9 , 18 7, 19 1 , 1 9 3 ,
1 9 9 , 2 03
P trh
of e ga u , i end Pr mmfr
Cyb le 3 63 3 9 1 t h e god d lua c
,

e
C ycl p n 179
, , ess
D
of
m
i o ed es , 2 3 7, 2 3 9 : Gr k h r
W
o ea ee e o
C y l p 13 3 8 9 n t 0 t h e n
,

rj
mth r
c o s, o e o e i n t h e T o an ar
ey d gi n t
,

D i né ’ 2 9 3 : o of A p hro
g
e a e
C yni c ) 1 1 3 3 6 9 : p hilosop hi l
s ca ité
D u
, ,

é
sec i onysi s , 2 65, 2 75 : i end of fr
Cyn rg 3 18 not P t h
luar c
gym m
osa 3 19 :
es , e a,
n iu t A th e
as a ns D i onysi u s, 3 7 9 p oe t
C yp ri n 3 69 a D i on ysi u s I , 113 y an of S y a tr t r
u
,

C yp ri 2 3 9 3 53 42 5 ; see l o
s, a s c se 406 —3 6 7
A p hrodi te D i onys u
, ,

s , 47 , 75, 9 5, 101, 111 ,

C yp ru 143 411 s, 2 09 , 2 3 1 2 49 , 2 75, 3 2 3 , 3 57,
.

yp u b rn 3 2 3
,

r s -
o 3 63 t h e god
C yp lus 1—49 tyr nt f C ri nth D i oxi p p u t
,

ci r
se
6 55 6 2 5
ca
, a o o s , 1 5 and n o e d , 1 7
H i p p ocr atean edi cal au o i y m th r t
446
 I N DE X
d og( s ) 3 5 3 9 , 19 1, 2 03 , 3 3 7, 415 all roun d Alex n dr—ian s h olar
-
a c
n d p oe t
, ,

d og fis h , 18 5
-
a ir 2 75 19 4 c ca
d og s t a , 7 S i i u trians 3 77 of E uboea
,

r r
mt
s
mr Er e
-

D t
,

r
m
o i i an, 43 9 n o e c : e p e o cri ep ha rago i 11 ,

of Ro e A D 8 1—9 6 . . r
E os 8 1 3 07 3 09 3 13 3 19 3 2 3
, , , ,
-

, ,

k
d on ey , 2 43 3 2 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 9 3 43 3 53 3 59 , -

D r
o u H
, , , , ,

s , 2 93 son of ellen 3 6 1 3 6 9 3 71 , 3 75 3 79 3 8 3 3 8 7,
, , , ,
-

Do t i on, 2 9 7 p lai n i n T essaly h 3 9 5 407 4 11 42 1 42 5 42 9 43 3

-

,
-

, ,
-

44 1 god of L ov e
EAG E L , 3 19 Er ot i di a 3 07 es t i v al of E os a t
, f r
Ec h o, 81 h
T es p iae
ed erc, 16 5 th
E i op i a 3 2 9
t 113 145 177 2 3 5 3 45 tr r
E uia 1 6 7
,

E gyp -

t 43 9 tr
E u
, , , , , , ,

43 8 no e a , sca n( s ) 1 6 7 1 77
E gyp ti n( ) 3 5 11 7 1 77 1 79 b leu t th t
, ,

a s E uu s 95 anci en ep i e of
D iony u
, , , , , ,

E il i th yi
e 3 59 g dd
f hild b i rt h
a,pr t : o ess o eo Eu c na u s m
38 1
s s
w a i o of A , rr r m
tor o c
l ph ti i 18 7 19 1 Eu
p hi ssa
do u x ni d u C mth
e e a n as s ,
E l uini
e s an ,
El ui 3 8 3
403 n t M y t ri
t w i A tti
,

o e c s e es m s 12 1 of
a ti ci an an d as
408 —3 55
,

ono e
s a e
c i ca tr mr r ,

Eleu
e s s,
th er eus , 103 i onysu s
o n n
D
ca
m
E u aeu s 41 16 1 e oi c swin e
O
hr
d ysse u
, ,

hr
ellop s 1 7
m
5 e d of s
cu t
,

Elp e no 2 47 cor p ani on of p kr oné 9 4 no e a 9 5

O d ysse u Eu q t
,

uo ed 13 : A t h e
, ,

m s
E p ed ocles , u
q t o ed 175,
2 79 3 49 3 51 : S i c ili a n p i lo
,

h
polis 8 3
m
ni an co i c poe
tur
,

of t h e
,

t
,

fifth
ce n y 3 0
fifth t r ur
.

ce n uy t
, , .

hr
m E i p i es , 55, 75, 113 . 3 2 9 no e c ,
sop e of t h e d
E p ed ocles 1 73 , 1 75 : i end of fr 3 47, 43 5 ; o ed , 1 5 8 9 , 103 , q ut
P trh
lua c
, ,

m
E p ona , 43 7441 : wi e of S a i f b 3 51 , 3 53 ,
2 9 1,
3 8 5,
At
-

u
n s 3 9 5, 401, 41 1 , 43 3 : h eni an
Ar tr ci ca 4 4— t r 8
m
E n yali os , 3 55 :

tt m
E pa i nond as , 38 1
es
heb n
r ci rca
T
al,
a ur
agi c p oe
E ydi ce, 3 8 3
u
406 3 0
elov ed of O r
,

b
. .

s a es an and gene p he s
42 0 3 62 u
E s trO p h s 33 39 : u en ia n A th
A th ni n fri end
-

h bu 19 9 : Plut r h
, .

Ep e s, e a fri e nd of a c
f P lu trh Mu
,

Eu
o
E p h esi an letter
a c
Eu
t e rp é 2 6 7 2 8 7
t h yd e u
,

m , se
t
m
55 n d not e s, a c s 2 1 23 a nd n o e c,
Ep i u r n( ) 413 notes M 417 t u
, ,

c ea s rr
2 5 : a co n e p o a y of Pl
n ot trh
, ,

e a a c
Ep i cu rus 2 07 405 n te 43 1 ; Eu u Cr t r
u m
o a, xyn t h et s , 41 1 e an lov e
quoted 1 3 3—: A theni n p hilo
, ,

a of Le coc o a
u u d t
,

sop h er 3 42 2 7 r
E p i de m
1 3 0 E ven s , ‘ ote 5: L
y i c p oe of
h t
.

cen u
, ,

ics 18 7 : w rk of At h no, o e he fii t ry

neps y 3 45 tno e c F ATES 2 77

fi 2 45 i o R pu Pl t F av ori n u
, ,

t
m
b li n a e c s an d n o e c
E ra i s tr tu 9 G rh t r
, ,

2 07: a ou f
,

mdi l wri t r f t h thi rd

d t d 11 1 5 an alli c e o i cia n ,
s a s, no e s
A
, ,

e ca e o e r
ci ca D 8 0—150
tur y
. .

ce n fis h, 18 5, 3 1 7, 3 19 -

E r to 2 8 7 M u
a se P latte s" , 13 : 1) la y of E u
r p oli s '
E r to 2 15 2 19 2 2 1 2 6 5 y u
,

Fla vian 3 07: i end of lua c s fr P trh

ma
ui l fri d f Plut r h
,

s ca
ng ,

en
,

o
,

a c
: o
son A u t o b lu
,

s u
E r t o th n
a squ t d 15 : great
e es, o e , lo u
F r s, 7, 1 3 and no e b, 2 1, 2 5, t
447
 I N DE X
3 3 , 3 5, 55, 59 , 6 1 , 111, 11 5, 119 , H el n 2 55 2 59 wif of M nelaiis
e -
e e
M tr H li n 55 3 07 3 09 : larg t
,

1 2 3 , 12 5, 2 03
Flo u s,
i end of lu
fr
rin u
L
en i al
t a ch
es
R o an
i na

P
fl
r
t
.

m m
e
ou
co
n t i n of B oeoti
,

a
H li u 18 3 18 5 2 51 nd note I
e s,
, ,

a
a
es

fl fi 3 9 7 401 43 3 : t h e S u
, , ,

H ellen 18 5 2 9 3 : epo ym
y ( les ) , 1 71, 3 15 -
n
F 0 etf u th ,

lness see Le e ou n s
tor of th e H ll n
, ,

fow 3 15 se e also c i c ens , h k an ces e e es

h n( ) H ll n : see G reek( )
H lle pont 18 3 : t h e m
e s e e es s
Fury ( F ui e r s ) 3 3 3 3 53 e s od ern
D r d n ll
, , ,

a a e es
GAB B A 159 3 71 : a co u
rt j es ter h n( ) 2 1 117 169 ;
e s also see
A ugutu C r
-

, , , , ,

c hi k n f wls
G l ti 42 3 : G uli h ki ngd om H xl t u 2 69 3 2 1 3 8 9 : t h
of s s aes a c e s, o
a a s
8 él
a, a e i aes s, e
i n A i Min r
, ,

s a o c
G l t i ( ) 42 3
a a an s H r 2 2 3 2 49 2 9 3 3 2 1 409 e a,
G ul 43 5 qu n
, , , , ,

a t dd no e c z
g2 93 3 2 3 3 3 9 8 55
ee
H r l zg
ess -

G uli h 43 7
,

a s e ac es ,
G ul 2 03 43 5
, , , , ,

381 : h r
a
m
l ui
s,
t ry 119 if 403
e ,
,

H r li tu q u t d 3 45 t h , e ac s,
e o
o e , e
a c as9 1 9 5 2 5 3 2 55 2 6 1 w p i ng I ni n p hil ph r f ee o a os o e o
A th i n rh t r d fri d f
,

ixt h turi
, , , ,

d fift h
H m
en a th e o an en o e s an ce n es
P lut r h
m tm
2 27 2 29 2 33 23 7
a c i er e as , -

G n t h ni n 3 71 : cou rt p r r y wi th
, ,

a ae o t esa n eo e er con e o a
G n th 6 1 nd n t
,

p r it lu trh
in N w C m
a o, a o e a : a as e a e
e dy oH rod tu qu t d 3 2 9 f H li
e e o s, o e o a
u hi t ri
,

f mu p hi t
t 23 f th P
Wr
oa , n car ass s, s o an o e er
or 101 16 9
as , i a o s so s s an a s
t h fift h tury H i d 2 7 3 7 18 5 2 3 1 2 65 2 73
,

o e ce n es o
G rg 411 413 f Cr t t b 3 95
, , , , , ,

o o, 28 5 3 51 3 92 o e e no e
q u t d 2 5 2 9 3 9 59 157 2 2 1
.

Gorg 2 9 1
, , ,

on , o e
G r e( ) 73 9 1 3 6 1 3 8 7 42 9 2 2 7 2 93 3 2 1 n t
. , , , , ,

H i p p r hu 19 7 f mu
ac s 331 o e 0,
t h Ch ri ti
, , , , , ,

m
e a es a c s, a o s as
Gr ee ce , 145 2 9 3 42 1 42 5 t f th d tuy ron o er o e secon cen r
G r k ( ) 9 1 9 5 113 153 163 165
, , ,

ee s 0
m B
-

t
, , , , , , . .

t m u mdi l w i t r f u
18 3 1 8 5 2 2 5 2 3 9 2 41 2 5 7
, , H i pp t 15
, th , , , oc ra es , e os
3 9 7 43 7 a o s e ca r e o e
G yg —3 71 ki ng f L yd i i r t i qu i t y p r b b ly fifth
,

es , f th
o a c ca o a o e
d f ut h nt u
,

68 5 6 57 ri an o r ce es
H ip pol hu 42 1 f Th ly oc s, o essa ,

H s s or onon 3 3 2 n t b 3 3 3 r fL i
Th m m
A l o e ov e o a s
th r Th S t lli
, ,

Hi
’
i to l
’
e s c es th 45 o e o oros , e a on s
H d ( D th ) 2 45 2 47 2 8 1 tu ”

H mr 2 5 55 8 7 93 109 t
a es ea p a a ne
l o P lu
, , , , ,

3 8 3 403 t see a s o o e no e a ,
t b 235 t 237
, , , , , ,

h r ( ) 18 1 3 55
H m
a e s 19 1 2 2 1 no e n o e 0,
d i u 43 5 : A th ni n t y
, , , , ,

ar o s, 2 49 2 55 2 6 5 2 79 3 9 3 42 7 e a -

qu t d 5 1 1 13 41 57 73 9 3
, , , ,

kill d 514
h rm i
nni i d
ra c e, e o e , , , , , , , ,

H mni u 2 44
a on a , 2 45 1 1 5 145 151 157 16 1 16 5 18 3 -
,

t b 2 45
, , , , ,

ar o s, 18 5 19 1 2 01 2 03 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 7
no e .
-

f th r f E
, , , , ,

H rmny 42 7
a e o 2 3 5 2 3 9 2 43 2 47 2 55 2 6 5 2 6 9
r ,
-

, ,
-

a o 2 77, 2 9 1, 2 9 3 , 3 19 , 3 53 , 8 57, 8 6 1
H rp i 6 7
,

a es , 8 6 5, 3 71 , 3 79 , 3 8 7, 3 9 7, 415
H c te 6 7: ancient Ch th oni an
e a 42 7, 43 3 ; see also I li ad .
O
m( )
,

god d ess dyssey

H tor 1 1t 2 55 2 59 2 63 : t h e
ec -
h r
o ses , 415 ; see also are s ,

t
, ,

h ero of I roy s alli on

44 8
 I N DE X
M e ga ri
18 5 ans , N ar vn s
'
15, 65, 13 3 , 2 8 7, 3 43
M elani p p é 3 47, 3 49 t h e aged y tr 43 3 al.
,

of E ui p i d es
,

u
,

r na sea , 1 9 3
Melani p p i d es , uo ed 3 6 1 : ly i c q t r N ni
a s os a , 1 44 n te b p ri nc ss of o e
t Ph e i
,

p oe a ac a
Melani p p u tr N x 2 49 i l nd of t h e centr l
s, 3 7
A gri gen t u
3 : y anni ci d e of
m a os , s a a

N t 2 77 n m
A e e an
Meleage , 3 8 1 r
e o of t h e Caly hr ea e of Mu a a se
u b h t N c i ty 2 77 2 79
m N tor 173 18 5 : c ntem
d oni an oar n e ess
A tt
, ,

Mellt é , 2 75 ic d e e es p or ary o
t f P lu trh
, ,

2 8 7 a nd n o e 0 o a c
N t r 9 3 ki ng f P ylo h r
Men aec h us m mh mt i es o
f t h T roj n W
, o s, e o

N w C m
, 12 1 at e a ~
o e a ar
c i an e dy 8 3
o e
M q uot N i i 149 — A th ni n p oli tician
,

r
m
ena nd e 55, 8 3 , 8 5 ; ed , 53 c as , e a
A th
, , ,

2 43 3 91 e ni a n co i c ir
c 470 413
ca
t Ni l 7 11 p hy i i n con
,

r
tm
i — 9
p oe c ca 3 42 2 0B C o as , s c a
M
.

p or r y wi th P lu trh
, .
,

e nelau s , 55, 5 7 2 55 2 59 , 2 63 -
e a a c
rt N i l ii ( ) 143 147 n d n ot
,

hr r
f D m u cout hi
S p a an e o a t T oy co a s es a e
Pr b
, ,

Menep h ylus 2 49 , 2 6 5, 2 77
h
e i
hr
,

m o
t ri n f H rod t h G r t
a asc s, r s

milti 2 074 rob b h t

p at e t i c i los op e con t e p o o o
pP t r h
a e e ea
lua c
,

r r
a y wi t o -

Meni s cu t hr
M
mm
s , 2 8 9 : d an c i n
e n o , 19 9 edi c al me ac e
t er
’
c p o
of P o tu
o
s i m nt
: p
n
s, ly t e i y
s ea
a c

N i tr tu 3 73 : A r
m tm
a a 165 cos a s,con ve
Mesa, 2 77 n a e of a u M P p V of
,

p r ry
mt h of
se e o a
r M d n
m
e ap o , 2 9 1 ac e o
Met ap ont u , 3 73 : ci y i n S ou t i t
cos ra t u 9 1 9 5 9 7 A th eni n s, a
t h t f Plut r h
, ,

m
M
t h ern I aly
etop oron 2 09
ilesi an , 3 3 3
,
os
ni gh ti ng l
n i k é 1 45
169
o
a e,
a c

h f t N il 153 157 1 77: t h e ri er of

,

Mi t ylen e, 3 9 5 c i e ci y of L es e, -

, v

m
E gyp t
Nm
l os
Mnei ai uses M u 3 3 3 3 3 5 : ki ng of A yri
M m Mm
2 6 7: na e of t h e
,

s, ss a
t N i ob e 3 75 d ught r of T nt lus
, ,

mth ros yn e, 3 08 n o e a
if e of A m
ne e o a e a a
M and W
,

o e of t h e uses ( cf 2 6 7 p hi on
M rt P th r
.

od e a u
m
s , 16 7 y a go ean
O DYSSEUS 41 178 note 18 3
t h e H om
ole 2 3 0,
M t
, , , ,

oo n , 2 51 and n o e f , 3 9 9 an d 2 49 2 8 1 2 91 eri c
t
, ,

hr
m m
n o es , 411 , 43 3
ou O dy y 2 3 7 ee also H mr
e o

mmm O nth e 3 3 3 nd ote I m

se ( i c e) , 1 8 3 , 1 9 9 ss e s o e
u t r
,

lle , g ey, 18 3 en a a n o
Mu i us , 2 2 3 Lu th r f Ag t h ocl
,

225 c ius e o a ea
Ah
c a i cu C r th
,

O ld C md y 8 1
s , s ack ed o in 1 46 i
o nos , 97

O lym
B C o e
Mu y hi 3 3 7 i t d l f t h
. . ,

n
P ir u
c
ae
Mu ( ) 51 55 9 1 11 1 2 18 t
a,
s
: c a e o e
O lym
p i n 413
pi
nd r t h
2 93
a
m
as ,
Gr t
th er of A l x
,

o e
se s no e a
mt e e
, , , , , ea
a, 2 19 2 2 7 2 3 5 2 6 5 2 8 5 2 8 7 -
ono a op oei a, 2 91
t 2 9 9 3 07 3 09 3 2 3
, , , ,

and n o e c, op s on , 16 1
O rigi n 3 79 : a work of D ionysius
, , , ,

3 53 3 61 3 63 3 8 5 3 8 9 3 96 s,
t t ; O rp h u 3 8 3
, , , , ,

no e 412 0, l no e a see a so e s,
P i ri d O rp hi 147
My m id m3 2 1
e es c,
r t b tr g d y
o no e a a e O i ris 1 77 3 9 3 E gyp tian di
s
f A ty
, , ,

o h ylu es c s vini

450
 I N DEX
owls, 47 Ph aeaci an( s ) ,145, 18 3
or , 2 3 0 no e t a, 231 Ph ra salia , 3 75 ci y of T essaly t h
r r
oyst e s , 2 01 p ha ynx, 13
P ha yllu s, 3 73 : gi v e co n e Ar t m
Ph M
mr h r p orary of ili p of a c ed on
P ro erbi Ph r t h
ala

m
m
clev e
ed es ,
e o
23 7 the p v

t
ally e ae , 42 5 : c i y of T essaly
p hid it ia 9 3 : t h e co , on esses m
mm
herent of E p am
Pa e nes , 3 79 an d no e a
T hb e an ad i non P hi lin u s , 1 6 5, 1 6 7an d n o e c, 1 71 t
fr P t h
i end of luar c
m
P a p h ylia n, 2 45 Ph
S ym
ili p , 71, 73 fl
b u oo n i n
m
X eno
'

ph n p s u
m
’ i

P an 8 1 2 9 1 3 63 o s o
P P hili p 73 79 8 5 of P u S to i
, , ,

r
o nte m
an d e os 3 9 7 E os -
r sa , c
p o r ry f P lu trh
, , ,

p a n is , 1 65
mt
c a o a c
-

P an t h eia 55 : o a n i c e oine r hr P hili p II 57 9—9 2 3 9 : ki ng of

X M ed n 3 59 3 3 6 B C
, , , ,

of h
e n op on s C yr op aede i a
’
ac o
rb t P hili p V 2 2 2 note 2 2 3 3 73
. .

8 1 : t h e p oe s ad
’

p a a asi s c,
d ess to th e au h ou
t r h k ing of M w d n 2 2 1 1 79 B C
, , ,

r di ence g a o —

P hili p p i 2 7: tow in M ced oni

, . .

c o u
h r s and co yp ae u
r h
C m
s i n O ld n a a
f und d b y P hili p II
, ,

o ed y o e
P arac yp t ou t 3 1 7 A th eni p oe t
of N ew C m
sa 411 an d no e I P hi li p p id es , an
P r
,

r
P hili ti n 1 5 : f Lo ri m
a is 2 57 2 59 2 65 p i nce of dy o e
A x r
, , , .

r
P rm
T oy ; see also le and e s o edi c l o c a
wri te r of fout h n tu
, ,

a h h
e ni d es 3 51 : p ilosop er of ry B C r ce
fifth century B C P hili t u 3 79 : belo ed of A to n
.
, .

. s s, v n
p rr t wrasse 1 8 3 P hil 18 6 not
.

o n te m
a o -
o, 18 7 1 9 1 e a,
p art ri dges 169 por ry wi t h
, ,

p hy i i n s c a c a
Plutarch P lut r h
, ,
’
P t o leas
a r c 2 1 23 s a c
f Croton Py t h
, ,

g e n con te m
son i l w h a P hilola f 12 1 ls , o a
P troclu 3 2 1 n t b : Achilles
- -

p o r ry wi t h So
,
’
a s, o e ot a a
cr t
P us ni 175 f i end of E m P hilomla 168 note
a es

pe
m 169
a a as , r e a,
d u gh te r of P n di t
,

mo p ho ed in to w ll w
do l c es a a on , e a
P i th : see Persuasi n
e o o r s a s a o
Pelasgian 2 9 5 P hil x nu 3 8 9 : of C y th r
P l u 2 43 f th r f A hill
P m
e e s,
.

3 45 3 47 3 55 3 65
a e o c es t h yra
o e
m b ic
di
s,
p oe t ,
e a,

e p ti d es , B C
Pho i n 3 8 1
, , , , . .

sp ker i n t he a ea c a s.
Di l gu n L o
a o e o ve P h i 41
oc s , u t ry f C t r l : co n o en a
Pen l pe 55 : wif of O d ysse u
e o e s Gr eece
p e nt t hl n 2 2 9 3 3 8 n ot b Ph i i n 2 3 1 2 3 5
,

P rg m um73 1 13 : ci t y of My
a o e oe n c a
u (P h r y ) 2 8 1 d t
, , , ,

e a Ph orc s o c s an no e
f th r f th S ir
, , ,

P eri nd r 42 5 : ty rant of Am
d : a e o e e ns
P hrygi 3 65
Phry e 3 3 5 t 3 71 f mu
a e a n.
br i
,

ac a n no e c, a o s
P ri p t tic( s) 65 147 urt n f T h p i
,

e a e co e sa o es ae
hool f A ris P h yn i h u qu t d
, , ,

2 49 2 77: t he sc o r c 19 5 38 9 s, o e
A t h i tr gi p t l t i xt h
, , ,

tot l e e n an a c oe a e s
Per p h ne 2 47 queen of t he rly fift h turi
,

se o an d ea C ce n es B
Pi rid 2 8 3 t h Mu q
. .
,

l w r w rld
o e o e es , e ses , v.
P r u 2 9 1 : Go rgon slayi ng h ro t b
.

e se s, -
e Pi d r 45 1 13 2 9 7
n a n o es c,
P rsia 3 9 t b ; qut d 47 51 55
, , , ,

e 3 66 no e o e
2 9 1 2 97 n t
.

P er i an 8 9 9 5 : see l o M d e( )
, , , ,

s as e s 19 5 2 75 2 8 3 o es
Pers u i n 2 69 2 77 2 8 3 b 3 2 1 3 57 3 8 9 3 93 Th b n
, , , , ,

as o c, e a
lyri po t 518 43 8 B C
, , , , , , ,

p ette t, 6 5 c e -
. .
,

45 1 -
 I N DE X
m k r
Pr m
Pi sias , 3 11, 3 13 325 329 333 ,
-
, , P ri s 41 2 6 1 i ng of T oy
h
,

3 3 7 3 43 3 47 441 T esp i an ob le s S ci ent ific , 2 03 wo rk of

Ar t t
-
, , ,

r h
,

lov e of Hae c on i l
s o e
P i th i gi 2 09 d t fir t P r e 168 note 16 9 d ughter
m tm
o a, an no e 0 : s oc n
l A th t ri
a, a
d y f t h f ti f P
,

orp h o d
Pi tt u 16 1 3 9 5 —t t m f
a o e es va n es e a o di n an o e a se
i nt nigh t i ng le
,

ac s, s a es an o o a a
Mi tyl e i r 6 50 570 P rot g r 13 : of A bd r o e
,

en c ca B C a o as , e a, n
Pl t 7 9 13 17 57 t 73
, . .

a o, ,
-

, n o e 0, of t h e li t f t h e ear p hi t es o so s s
Prot 3 73 : M
, ,

75 79 9 3 1 11 115 12 3 12 8 -
eas , d ni n b o ace o a r
t b 2 3 4 t b 2 41 2 49 th r f T h od oru
, , , , , ,

no e no e -
e o e s
t
, ,

P t il ii 3 8 3 : h ub n d of L
,

d m
2 77 2 8 5 2 98
-
3 07 3 12 no e a, ro es a s, s a ao
t 3 13 t 3 6 3 3 66 t
, ,

no e a , n o e c, no e i
a a
t Pr tog n 7 10 n t b 11 143
,

b 3 67 3 69 3 8 5 3 95
n o e 0, o e es , o e
t d 42 9 43 1 t b
, , , , , , , ,

3 9 7 403 no e , no e 149 2 15 2 2 7 2 2 9 2 53 2 55
t d 441 n t ; q ut d
, , , , , , , , ,

f i nd of
Plut r h fr mT r u
43 3 no e , o e a o e , 3 09 3 13 3 3 1 3 43
,
-

, r e
2 1 55 8 1 , 9 7, 1 01 , 119 12 3 , -
a c o a s s
Pro i d ce 13 1 13 2 not a
, ,

141, 2 45, 2 47, 2 8 1 2 8 5, 3 13 , -

v en e
P u 73 i ty f B i th yni
, ,

P ryt n um9 3 t A th n
3 2 3 , 3 63 , 3 6 5, 3 9 7, 403 , 41 9 : r s a, c o
A th
a
h hr r
Pt l m
en ia n p ilos op e , ci ca a e a e s
y I I 2 2 2 not
,

42 7—3 47B C o e 223 kin g e a,

P t A th t
.

f E gyp t 2 8 5—2 46 B C
.
,

C m
la o, 8 3 eni an p oe of t h e o
8 0 n te b 8 1
. .

O ld o ed y P yl d i
a c, d es o an c
P t P yr ip hl g th 2 03 ri r of t h e
,

la oni c , 2 79 . 3 9 7 e e on , ve
P t t t
la oni s s , 413 n o e at l w r world
o e
P trh
lua c , 2 7, 2 1 2 7, 3 3 , 3 9 , 43 , y hi d n 2 8 9 nd n t b o e
gy t h g
,
-
rr c a ce , a
53 , 55, 6 3 , 65, 73 77, 8 5, 9 1 , , a oras ,39 12 3 12 9 16 7 , , , ,

111, 1 19 , 12 7 13 1, 18 7, 143 171 1 77 1 79 p hi l p h r of : os o e

-

t h e ixt h n tu
, ,

153 159 . 16 5 1 73 , 1 79 , 18 7,
,
-
s ry B C ce . .

1 9 1 19 5 2 03 , 2 05 2 15, 2 2 7 2 3 3 ,
- -

yt h g a orea n ( ) 1 65 1 7 5 1 79 18 3 s -

3 65 3 9 1 : t h p r p h t i
, , , , ,

2 53 , 2 55, 2 6 5, 2 8 9 , 3 07, 3 09 , yt hi a, e o e c
t p ri t t D lp h i
,

3 13 , 3 2 7 an d no e 0, 3 3 1 3 41 , -
es es s a e
3 47 441 -
hr
p ilos op e and b i o h P ythi n 43 115 149
a
D lp hi q
, , ,

r hr
g ap e Ch r
of r
a e on ea, ci ca
"

yt h 1 51
o, e , . v .

A D 46 12 7 y t h ol ii 42 5 : l w hi
a s, lo r s e s ve
Al xand er of P h r
-

luo, 3 59 : lo d of t h e u
P t
. . ,

r r nd e e e ae
H
P
P
r
wo ld
od ar gu
see als o
M
s , 415
rj
uh r
fr
od es , 2 59 : T o an ,
n
e e
ad es
la s
’
o se
i end of
RED S
h
R od es
m , 19 7
227 is lan d off t he
H tor uth ern c oast A Mi r
,

P ly h m
ec so of si a no
u 3 3 159 : A th ni n roebucks 3 55
Poly rat 2 53 tyr nt of S m m
o c ar s, , e a ,

c es , o a a s R o an( s ) 5 3 3 3 5, 3 9 , 1 63 , 1 6 7,
, , ,

r 540 52 2 B C
ci
m ca
m
3 6 7 3 71 8 8 9
-
. . , ,

287 R o e , 3 5 79 , 1 6 7, 42 1, 43 9
mf
P oly hi at a, S i cyonia n
M
,

use s
P l mi 2
na t he
e or
u M ble G ul
P m
o y n a, 6 7, 2 8 5 se S AB I N U S 43 5 43 9 -
a no a
Gr t
,

o p e y , 113 , 2 2 5 : t h e
106—48 B C
ea ,
m
hi s sons , 43 9

m
S ala i s, 113 : t h e a le of 48 0B C b tt .

P r t
. . .

o s on s law, 2 9 3 no e d S a i an , 3 3 3
’

P h t
m
os ei d on , 18 5, 2 49 , 2 51
ra n di u , 163
t h e god S ap p o, 79 , 3 8 9
q t
409 n o e b
uo ed 3 2 1 3 8 9 t h e os
,

mt
g br t t
, ,

mr r
raxi t eles , 1 43 , 149 , 1 51 : geO gr a cele a e d of an ci en p oe t ess es ,
h er con e p o a y wi t
P lu th b b r r
of L es os , o n ci ca 6 12 B C
t r
. .

rh
r m
a c Sa y , 8 1
Pr y r
a e s, 3 93 the n in th b k oo of S ci ent ific P oble s , 2 03 : wo of rk
t he I liad Ar t t
is o le

452
 I N DE X ‘

h rm town ne r T y i eu f th r D iom
t h f mu p
T e op ylae 2 03 s, 2 3 9 of
é
a a e e
lyi ng b tw n
,

e a o s ass , e ee es
Th ly nd P h i
m
ess a a oc s T y nd ares 111 115, 11 9 12 5 1 75 -

rt
P t t
, , ,

Th r e on , 3 79 Th li n essa a S p a an la onis , cont e po

Th u 149 A tt i h r rr th P t r h
lua c
Th e m m9 3 t A th n
es e s, c e o a y wi
ot h t u
s e e a e s
3 06 n t
,

Th p i
es ae , 3 07 3 11 412 o e a, -

U R AN I A 2 8 3 t d Mu no e se
n t town i n B ti
,
,

441
o e a, oe o a U rani os , 3 9 7 E r os
Th p i n
es 3 09
a s, te 3 41 no c,
Th li ( ) 3 77 42 1
an s
ES PASIAN t
mr r
ess a

m
, ,
V 43 5, 43 9 n o e 0, 441
T h essaly 3 79 42 1
,
, , e pe o of R o e A D 6 9—7 9
Th 3 77
. .

r ac e ,
T hr i n 3 3 3
ac a
WO LF ( WOLVES )
Wk
3 5, 3 55
T hr y b u lu 2 50 n te b 2 51
,

A th i n t t mn nd g n H esi od
,
as s o

m and D ays , 2 2 1
, , ’
or s s
en a s a es a a e
r l di d 3 8 8 B C p oe
bulu 2 8 9 : ont m ras rrot wr
e a e
w
. .

po r r y
se s ee pa -
as se
Th r as s, c e a
of lu trh a e
T h ras y llu X nn ocnar ns 53 , 19 7 42 9 dis
mm s 1 3 1 1 41 , 143 so n of :
Pl t —
, ,

h
A dm
, ,

A on i u s c i p le of a o a nd ead of t h e

T u h c yd i d es , 19 7 t he g ea r t X ph
y 3 3 9 3 14 B C
ca e
qu t d 2 8 3
. .

h r
i s t o i a n of t h e P e10p onn es ian eno 3 93 an es ,
°
o e

W G r k p hil p h r ir 570
,

ar, ci ca 46 0—400 B C r
mr
ee os o e , c ca

t P
. .

Ti ae u s , 12 8 n o e b , 12 9 la to s 49 8 C B
’

X ph
.

t
.

71 73 75
m
wo k e no on , no e a , :
G r k hi t ri — d g r l
,

T i aeu s 113 S i cili an i s o i an ,

, h tr ee
uth r i r 43 0 3 54 D C
s o an an en e a
r
ci ca 3 50—
mth 2 60 B C a o c ca
Xuth u 2 9 3 f H ll n
, . .
.

tfi
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