Tech Manual Excerpt
System Design
Membrane System Design Guidelines for 8" FilmTec™ Elements
Membrane System The factor which has the greatest influence on the membrane system design is the
Design Guidelines fouling tendency of the feedwater. Membrane fouling is caused by particles and
colloidal material which are present in the feedwater and are concentrated at the
membrane surface. The Silt Density Index (SDI) value of the pretreated feedwater
correlates fairly well with the amount of fouling material present. The concentration
of the fouling materials at the membrane surface increases with increasing
permeate flux (the permeate flowrate per unit membrane area) and increasing
element recovery (the ratio of permeate flowrate to feed flowrate for a single
element). A system with high permeate flux rates is, therefore, likely to experience
higher fouling rates, requiring more frequent chemical cleaning.
A membrane system should be designed such that each element of the system
operates within a range of recommended operating conditions to minimize the
fouling rate and to help avoid mechanical damage. These element operating
conditions are limited by the:
maximum recovery
maximum permeate flowrate
minimum concentrate flowrate
maximum feed flowrate
The higher the fouling tendency of the feedwater, the stricter are the limits of these
parameters. The proposed limits are recommended guidelines based on many years
of experience with FilmTec™ Elements.
The average flux of the entire system, i.e., the system permeate flowrate related to
the total active membrane area of the system, is a characteristic number of a design.
The system flux is a useful number to quickly estimate the required number of
elements for a new project. Systems operating on high-quality feedwaters are
typically designed at higher flux values, whereas systems operating on poor-quality
feedwaters are designed at lower flux values. However, even within the same
feedwater category, systems are designed with higher or lower flux values,
depending on the focus being either on minimizing the capital expenses or
minimizing the long-term operational expenses. The ranges of flux values given in
the tables below are typical numbers for the majority of systems.
Page 1 of 4 Form No. 45-D01695-en, Rev. 13
October 2024
A continuous RO/NF process designed according to the system design guidelines
Membrane System
and with a well-designed and operated pretreatment system will show stable
Design Guidelines
performance with no more than about four cleanings per year in standard
(Cont.)
applications. Exceeding the recommended limits may result in:
more frequent cleanings
reduced capacity
increased feed pressure
reduced membrane life
A moderate violation of the limits for a short time may be acceptable as long as the
physical limits – the maximum pressure drop and the maximum feed pressure (refer
to the element product data sheet) – are not exceeded. On the other hand, a
conservative approach is to anticipate a higher fouling tendency and to design the
system according to the stricter limits in order to benefit from a trouble-free system
operation and an increased membrane life.
Page 2 of 4 Form No. 45-D01695-en, Rev. 13
October 2024
Membrane System Design Guidelines for 8-inch FilmTec™ Elements
The following tables show the recommended guidelines for designing RO systems
with 8-inch FilmTec™ Elements according to feedwater type.
Table 1: Design guidelines for 8-inch FilmTec™ Elements in water treatment applications
Feed Source RO Well Wastewater
Permeate Water Surface Water (Filtered Municipal Effluent or Industrial Seawater
Effluent)
Ultrafiltration Generic Generic Ultrafiltration Generic Conventional Well or Open Open Intake Open Intake
membrane conventional membrane pretreatment Intake with with generic with generic
filtration or pretreatment filtration Ultrafiltration membrane conventional
filtration or pretreatment
advanced (MBR/MF/UF)
advanced
conventional conventional
pretreatment treatment
Feed Silt Density Index
SDI < 1 SDI < 3 SDI < 2.5 SDI < 3 SDI < 5 SDI < 2.5 SDI < 3 SDI < 5 SDI < 2.5 SDI < 3 SDI < 5
(%/min)
Maximum Element
30 19 19 17 15 15 14 13 15 14 13
Recovery (%)
Active Membrane Area Maximum Permeate Flow, gpd
365-ft2 elements 10,200 8,500 8,500 7,200 6,600 6,300 5,900 5,200 --Not Recommended--
370-ft2 elements 10,200 8,500 8,500 7,200 6,600 6,300 5,900 5,200 7,800 7,400 7,000
380-ft2 elements 10,700 8,900 8,900 7,500 6,900 6,500 6,000 5,300 7,900 7,600 7,200
390-ft2 elements 10,920 9,200 --Not Recommended-- --Not Recommended-- --Not Recommended--
400-ft2 elements 11,200 9,300 9,300 7,900 7,300 6,800 6,400 5,700 8,400 8,000 7,600
440-ft2 elements 12,300 10,300 10,300 8,700 8,000 7,600 7,100 6,300 9,200 8,800 8,360
Design Flux Range, gfd 21 – 25 16 – 20 16 – 20 13 – 17 12 – 16 11 – 15 10 – 14 8 – 12 9 – 11 8 – 10 7 – 10
(lmh) (36 – 43) (27 – 34) (27 – 34) (22 – 29) (20– 27) (19– 26) (17 – 24) (14 – 20) (15 – 19) (14 – 17) (12 – 17)
Max. Element Flux, gfd
28 (48) 22.7 (39) 22.7 (39) 20 (34) 18 (31) 17 (29) 16 (27) 14 (24) 21 (36) 20 (34) 19 (32)
(lmh)
Element Type Minimum Concentrate Flowrate , gpm (m3/h)
BW/NF elements (365 ft2) 10 (2.3) 13 (3.0) 13 (3.0) 13 (3.0) 15 (3.4) 14 (3.2) 14 (3.2) 16 (3.6) --Not Recommended--
BW/NF elements (400 ft 2
10 (2.3) 13 (3.0) 13 (3.0) 13 (3.0) 15 (3.4) 14 (3.2) 14 (3.2) 16 (3.6) --Not Recommended--
and 440 ft2)
Mesh-wrap elements ‡ 25 (5.7) 25 (5.7) 25 (5.7) 25 (5.7) --Not Recommended--
Hypershell™ ‡ 20 (4.5) 20 (4.5) 20 (4.5) 20 (4.5) --Not Recommended--
SW elements 10 (2.3) – NR– --Not Recommended-- 14 (3.2) 14 (3.2) 16 (3.6) 13 (3.0) 14 (3.2) 15 (3.4)
Element Active
Area Maximum Feed Flowrate , gpm (m3/h)
Type
ft2 (m2)
BW elements 365 (33.9) 65 (15) 65 (15) 65 (15) 63 (14) 58 (13) 52 (12) 52 (12) 52 (12) --Not Recommended--
BW/NF
400 (37.2) 75 (17) 75 (17) 75 (17) 73 (17) 67 (15) 61 (14) 61 (14) 61 (14) --Not Recommended--
elements
BW elements 440 (40.9) 75 (17) 75 (17) 75 (17) 73 (17) 67 (15) 61 (14) 61 (14) 61 (14) --Not Recommended--
Mesh-wrap
390 (36.2) 115 (26) 110 (25) 110 (25) 105 (24) --Not Recommended--
elements ‡
Hypershell™ ‡ 390 (36.2) 105 (24) 100 (23) 100 (23) 95 (21) --Not Recommended--
SW elements 370 (34.4) 65 (15) – NR– --Not Recommended-- --Not Recommended-- 63 (14) 60 (13.5) 56 (13)
SW elements 380 (35.3) 72 (16) – NR– --Not Recommended-- --Not Recommended-- 70 (16) 66 (15) 62 (14)
SW elements 400 (37.2) 72 (16) – NR– --Not Recommended-- --Not Recommended-- 70 (16) 66 (15) 62 (14)
‡
Maximum feed flow for Mesh-wrap and Hypershell™ includes bypass. Consider that maximum feed flow inside the element is 80gpm (18.2 m3/h).
Page 3 of 4 Form No. 45-D01695-en, Rev. 13
October 2024
Excerpt from FilmTec™ Reverse Osmosis Membranes Technical Manual (Form No. 45-D01504-en), Chapter 3, "System Design."
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Page 4 of 4 Form No. 45-D01695-en, Rev. 13
October 2024
