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Gateways to Engineering Studies - C J Bam & A F May

Gateways to
Engineering
Studies

Quantity Surveying
N5

CJ Bam
AF May
Published by
Hybrid Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd
4 Golf Park Building
Mowbray
Tel: 021 460 4488
Email: [email protected]

© 2014 Christopher Brink and Associates

First printed 2013
Second edition: 2014

ISBN: 978-1-928203-73-5

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission
of the publisher author.

Editor: Chris Brink

Proofreaders: Vanessa Brink
Book design: Chris Brink
Cover design: Sarah Buchanan
Technical Illustrations: RA May
Typesetting and layout: Chris Brink/Sarah Buchanan

Printed and bound by: FormsXpress

Acknowledgements
Every effort is being made to trace the copyright holders. In the event of
unintentional omissions or errors, any information that would enable the
publisher to make the proper arrangements will be appreciated.

It is illegal to photocopy any part of this book without the prior written
permission of the copyright holder. Apply in writing to the publisher.
Contents
Module 1: The role and responsibilities of a Quantity Surveyor .......................................... 1
1.1 Introduction 1 1.6.1 Contract conditions 2
1.2 Pre-contract duties for a client 1 1.6.2 Contract drawings 3
1.6.3 Specifications 3
1.3 Post-contract duties for a client 1 1.6.4 Bills of Quantities 3
1.4 Pre-contract duties when working for a 1.6.5 Schedule of rates 3
contractor 2 1.7 Preparation of valuations for payment
certificates 3
1.5 Post-contract duties when working for a
1.7.1 The retention fund 4
contractor 2 1.8 Preparation of final accounts 6
1.6 Contract documents 2

Module 2: Foundations ................................................................................................................ 9

2.1 Introduction 9 2.2.1 Measuring or checklist ?
2.2 Measurement 9 2.3 Measurement of the excavations ?

Module 3: Basements ................................................................................................................. 19

3.1 Introduction 19 3.3 Specifications 20
3.2 Working with basements 19

Module 4: Fence walls ................................................................................................................ 27

4.1 Introduction 27 4.3 Measuring fence walls with attached
4.2 Specifications 28 brick piers 29

Module 5: Reinforced Concrete Structures ............................................................................ 31

5.1 Introduction 31 5.2 Specifications 32

Module 6: Plumbing and Drainage ......................................................................................... 37

6.1 Introduction 37 6.3 The rodding iron drainage system 42
6.2 Manhole system 37 6.3.1 Specifications 43s
6.2.1 Specifications 37

Module 7: Timber roof construction ........................................................................................ 45

7.1 Introduction 45 7.2.1 Specifications 48
7.2 Measurements 45 7.2.2 Measuring list 48

Module 8: Timber Casement Window ..................................................................................... 55

8.1 Introduction 55 8.2 Specifications 57

Module 9: Leveling of Uneven Ground ................................................................................... 61

9.1 Introduction 61 9.2 Specifications 61

iii
 N5 Quantity Surveying

Module 10: Preparing and Drawing of Bills of Quantities ................................................... 65

10.1 Introduction 65 10.3 Abstracting 66
10.2 Squaring and checking dimensions 65 10.4 Billing 68

Past examination papers............................................................................................................. 71

We use different icons to help you work with this book; these are shown in the table below.

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Assessment / Activity Multimedia

Checklist Practical

Demonstration / Observation Presentation/ Lecture

DID
YOU
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Did you know? Read
?

Example Safety

Experiment Site visit

Group work/ discussions,

role - play, etc. Take note of

In the workplace Theoretical - questions, reports,

case studies, etc.

Keywords Think about it

iv
 The role and
Module 1 responsibilities of a
Quantity Surveyor
Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:
• Describe the most important duties of a quantity surveyor.
·• Describe the most important documents a quantity surveyor would be dealing with as well as their
uses.
• Demonstrate the steps to be followed when drafting:
o interim valuations
o final accounts

1.1 Introduction
A quantity surveyor may work either for the client or the contractor, working in
an office or on site. They are involved in a project from start to the settlement of
the final account. Quantity surveyors use their skills to determine the cost of
building work.
The quantity surveyor's detailed knowledge of construction costs allow them to perform
the following tasks independently of whether they are working for the client or the
building contractor.

1.2 Pre-contract duties for a client

These are duties a quantity surveyor performs from the inception of a project to the
appointment of a main-contractor for the project.
• The preparation of bills of quantities to assist in the tender process.
• The preparation of schedules of rates to speed up a tender process.
• The preparation of estimates to define project budgets.
• Cost planning and cost control to refine the budget.
• The preparation of specifications when required to do so.
• Assist in the tendering process.
• Assist client and architect with advice regarding the design and building materials.
• Prepare and analyze costs for tenders.

1.3 Post-contract duties for a client

These are the duties a quantity surveyor performs from the appointment of a main-
contractor for the project to the finalization of the final account.
• Checking of the main-contractor's priced bills of quantities.
• Control all costs during the construction period.
• Assessment of contractor's claims and preparation of monthly valuations.
• Preparation and negotiate final accounts.

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N5 Quantity Surveying

• Valuation of variation orders.

• Assessment of specialist sub-contractor's claims and agree valuations.
• Measure and agree provisional quantities in the bills of quantities.

1.4 Pre-contract duties when working for a contractor

• Preparation of tender price.
• Establish site location, conditions, municipal services available, road entrances and
other information useful in the tender process.
• Prepare tender documents from drawings if a bills of quantities is not available.
• Assist when negotiating for a contract.
• Prepare priced bills of quantities.

1.5 Post-contract duties when working for a contractor

• Regular visits to the site to assess working progress.
• Prepare monthly valuations.
• Check on site instructions and variation orders issued.
• Assess work done on day-works with regard to labour, plant and materials used.
• Work with sub-contractors with regard to their monthly claims and negotiate and
agree new prices if required.
• Do sub-contractor payments.
• Work closely with the client's quantity surveyor to agree valuations, new rates and the
final account.

Some Building Definitions:

• Arris: The rounding of a sharp edge usually formed by any two surfaces meeting at
an angle.
• Attic: Habitable room entirely within the roof space of a building.
• Balcony: Platform enclosed by a railing or balustrade, projecting from or recessed into
the face of a wall of a building or structure.
• Capital: The head of a column or plaster immediately under a beam.
·• De-watering: The removal of water from the ground by pumping out of a drowned
caisson or foundation.
• In-situ: Latin for 'in place' referring to materials that are cast or assembled in their
permanent position in a building or structure as distinct from being cast or assembled
before installation.
• Jamb: A vertical side member of a door frame, door lining or window frame.
• Nib: a) A small projection in a wall, floor or other surface.
b) A small projection on a casting for fixing purposes, as on a roof tile.
• Plinth: Slight widening or thickening projection at the bottom of a wall, pedestal or
column.

1.6 Contract documents

The contract documents consists of the information required that will constitute a legal
binding between the contractor and the client from the date of tender to the finalisation of
the contract. The following documents, if agreed and signed by all the parties concerned,
will be accepted to be contract documents.
1.6.1 Contract conditions
All the information in this document will be a layout of the terms and conditions under
which the contract will be administered. This document is also applicable to the sub-
contractors who perform their work under the supervision of the main-contractor.

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 Quantity Surveying N5

1.6.2 Contract drawings

The contract drawings means the set of drawings that form a part of the legal contract for
services between two or more parties. It typically includes a site plan, plans views,
elevations, diagrams, details of several projections. These drawings must be signed and
dated by both parties.

1.6.3 Specifications
Specifications must be read together with the drawings. It will fully describe the quality of
the materials to be used on the project as well as clear description of the quality of the
workmanship. If there is a conflict, the specifications on the drawings will take preference
over the specifications or work schedules.

1.6.4 Bills of Quantities

This is the document compiled by the quantity surveyor. This document is a complete
reproduction, word form, of the designer's ideas and specifications for the project and
strictly in accordance with the rules as laid down in the Standard System of Measuring
Builder's Work.

1.6.5 Schedule of rates

This is a document also compiled by the quantity surveyor in the event where time cannot
be wasted to compile a bills of quantities. It will consist of all the trades and items that will
be applicable, but without any quantities. The tenderers will be required to insert rates for
these items for submission at tender date.

1.7 Preparation of valuations for payment certificates

Most standard forms of contract have a provision to pay the contractor on a stage
payment, as the work proceeds. The stage payments or interim accounts are prepared
usually on a monthly basis by the contractor's surveyor (building or contract surveyor) and
the client's surveyor (professional quantity surveyor).

When preparing an interim valuation the following items may be included, if applicable:
• Preliminaries as per bills of quantities.
• Measured work as included in the bills of quantities.
• Value of variations and extra works.
• Work carried out by nominated sub-contractors and suppliers.
• Materials on site.
• Cost fluctuations (escalations).
• Approved loss and expense claims.

The following information will be collected:

• The quantity surveyor will visit the site to establish the % of builders work completed
measured in the bills of quantities for each trade.
• The quantity surveyor will valuate all variation orders issued by the architect and
include in the valuation.
• Cost of specialist materials delivered to site must be established and included in the
valuation.
• Work done by nominated sub-contractors must be measured and included in the
valuation.
• The cost of any materials on the site as well as materials stored off site, must be
estimated and included in the valuation.
• The cost of work done as day works must be valued and included in the valuation.

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N5 Quantity Surveying

• To establish the value of provisional quantities allowed in the bills of quantities, such
work must be measured as the work proceeds on site.
• Cost fluctuations must be calculated for materials, labour and plant.
• An amount will be withheld and deposited in a retention fund.

The draft valuation will be scrutinized by the architect. If in agreement, the architect will
issue a valuation certificate. The client will now be instructed to make the payment as
certified to the contractor.

1.7.1 The retention fund

This is a fund established in the names of the contractor and the client with a reputable
financial institution for the safekeeping of monies withheld from the contractor.

The maximum value of this fund may not exceed 5 % of the contract amount. It is common
practice in the building industry to withhold every month 10 % of the interim payments
until such time the fund reaches the required amount.

Retention is withheld for the purpose to repair any defects that might arise after the
contractor has left the building site. It is expected from the contractor to return to the site
to do these repairs.

In the event of the contractor not being available, the retention monies will be used to
finance the work. All retention monies are included and paid to the contractor when the
final account is agreed.

BILLS OF QUANTITIES
SUMMARY

Preliminaries R 150 300,00

Earthworks R 95 500,00

Concrete, Formwork & Reinforcement R 475 750,00

Masonry R 250 520,00

Waterproofing R 27 000,00

Roof Covering R 205 300,00

Carpentry & Joinery R 75 350,00

Ceilings R 25 750,00

Floor Coverings R 45 500,00

Ironmongery R 7 800,00

Metalwork R 43 500,00

Plastering R 35 650,00

Plumbing & Drainage (provisional) R 55 700,00

Glazing R 20 500,00

Painting R 45 550,00

External Works R 65 450,00

Provisional & Prime cost sums R 125 300,00

Contingencies R 55 000,00

R 1 805 420,00

Table 1.1

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Worked example 1

Consult the final summary of the bills of quantities shown in Table 1.1 and prepare the
FIRST partial payment to the contractor based on the following information established on
site.
• The contract period is 10 months
• All the earthwork is complete
• 20 % of the concrete work and 10 % of the masonry is complete
• A further R 6 400,00 for plumbing & drainage pipes is allowed
• The value of unfixed materials on site is 7 000,00
• Allow a 10 % deduction for the retention fund.
• All calculated amounts must be rounded off to the nearest TEN (10) rand.
Solution:
Preliminaries 1/10 of R 150 300,00 R 15 030,00
Earth Works 100 % of R 95 500,00 R 95 500,00
Concrete 20 % of R 475 750,00 R 95 150,00
Masonry 10 % of R 250 520,00 R 25 050,00
Plumbing R 6 4 00,00
Builder's work complete R 237 130,00
Add unfixed materials R 7 0 00,00
Total value of 1st claim R 244 130,00
Less 10 % for retention fund R 24 410,00
Payment to contractor R 219 720,00

Worked example 2
1

Consult the bills of quantities final summary shown in Table 1.1 and prepare the SECOND
partial payment due to the contractor based on the following information collected on
site:
• Earthwork is 100 % complete
• Concrete is 25 % complete
• Masonry is 40 % complete
• Plumbing is 20 % complete
• Value of the unfixed material is R 6 500,00
• The contractor was paid R 219 720,00 after retention was deducted.
Solution:
Preliminaries 2/10 of R 150 300,00 R 30 060,00
Earthwork 100 % of R 95 500,00 R 95 500,00
Concrete, Formwork &
Reinforcement 100 % of R475 750,00 R 475 750,00
Masonry 40 % of R 250 520,00 R 100 210,00
Plumbing & drainage 20 % of R 55 700,00 R 11 140,00
Builder's work complete R 712 660,00

Add unfixed materials R 6 500,00

Total value of work done for 2nd month R 719 160,00
Less 10 % for retention fund R 71 920,00
R 647 240,00
Less 1st month payment R 219 720,00
2nd payment due to the contractor R 427 520,00

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1.8 Preparation of final accounts

The preparation of final accounts is the process whereby the contract price sum is adjusted
to take into account all variations, savings, extra work which may have arisen during the
course of a contract to reflect the final cost of the works.

Similarly to the preparation of the interim valuation, the final account is also drawn up in
draft form and would include all known variations, together with the adjustment of prime
costs and provisional sums allowed in the bills of quantities to show the final costs of the
respective nominated suppliers and nominated sub-contractors accounts.

The final account is sent to the architect in draft form for his comments and confirmation. If
any adjustments needs to be made, it will made prior to the final agreement with the
contractor.
When preparing a final account, the following points must be borne in mind;
• The contingency sum must be deducted from the tender price to establish the
original contract amount.
• Adjust all provisional prime cost and provisional sums also taking into account added
profits and attendances allowed by the contractor.
• All provisional quantities allowed in the original bills of quantities must be omitted
and replaced with the measured quantities as the work was executed on site.
• Check that adjustments are made due to errors in the original priced bills of quantities
submitted by the contactor when tendering.
• Check that all savings or extra costs occasioned by the architect's instructions have
been included in the final account.
• Check that costs fluctuations for materials, labour and plant is calculated and
included in the final account.
• Check that calculated amounts are not rounded off as when the interim valuations
are prepared. Every cent must be paid out to the contractor.

Worked example 3
1

Prepare the draft final account for this project using the information supplied below;
• Preliminaries to be adjusted to R 166 325,55;
• Earthworks to be adjusted to R 105 312,33;
• Masonry to be adjusted to R 240 675,99;
• Plumbing & Drainage to be adjusted to R 54 344,87;
• Provisional & Prime Cost sums to be adjusted to R 122 500,00;
• Cost increase amounted to R 75 820,66;
• Payments made to the contractor R 1655 370,00.

Solution overleaf ...

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Solution:
Tender amount R 1 805 420,00
Less contingency amount R 55 000,00
Original contract amount R 1 750 420,00

SAVINGS (To be deducted from the account)

Masonry R 250 520,00 – R 240 675,99 = R 9 844,01
Provisional & Prime Cost sums
R 125 300,00 – R 122 500,00 = R 2 800,00
Plumbing & Drainage
R 55 700,00 – R 54 344,87 = R 1 355,13 R 13 999,14
R 1 736 420,86
EXTRAS (To be included in the account)
Preliminaries R 166 325,55 – R 150 300,00 = R 16 025,55
Earthworks R 105 312,33 – R 95 000,00 = R 10,312,33
Increased costs = R 75 820,66 R 102 158,54
Recalculated contract amount R 1 838 579,40
Less previous payments made to contractor R 1 655 370,00
Full and final payment to contractor R 183 209,40

Activity 1.1

1. What are the most important duties of a quantity surveyor?

2. What are the most important documents a quantity surveyor uses?
3. Describe their uses.
4. What steps should be followed when drafting
a) interim valuations and
b) final accounts?

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N5 Quantity Surveying

Self Check

I am able to: YES NO

• Describe the most important duties of a quantity
surveyor.

• Describe the most important documents a

quantity surveyor would be dealing with as
well as their uses.

• Demonstrate the steps to be followed when drafting:

o interim valuations

o final accounts

If you have answered 'no' to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak to
your facilitator for guidance and further development.

8 Module 1: General drawing technique Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Module 2 Foundations

Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:

• Demonstrate how to measure internal walls

• Describe how to clarify the measuring face brickwork

2.1 Introduction
This module will describe how to measure internal walls and how the
measuring face brickwork should be clarified.

2.2 Measurements
Figure 2.1 is a sketch that shows all the work that needs to be on your check list when
measuring the foundation section of dwelling;
• Arrow A shows the concrete surface
bed. Bear in mind to include
striking off and curing of the top surface. A
• The damp proof sheeting is the darker
shaded line between NGL B
arrow A and B.
• Arrow B shows the hard
core filling, consisting of
a mixture of sand and C
rubble. D
• Arrow C indicates the position of E
the risk of collapse, and the same
will apply on the other side of the
trench. The height would be the F
distance between the undersides
of the concrete foundation and
Figure 2.1
the hard core.
• Arrow D shows to the foundation brick wall.
• Arrow E shows to the areas where backfilling must be measured.
• Arrow F shows to concrete strip foundation.
On this level you will be required to measure foundations but the internal walls will be
included. Study the drawings shown in Figure 1.1, together with the specifications for
this dwelling shown in Table 1.1.

9
N5 Quantity Surveying

220

75mm thick concrete floor 75mm thick concrete floor

G.L. G.L.

825
600
700 x 200 500 x 200 700 x 200

The notes will not make use

SECTION A-A A
of the complete dimension 500

220
WV1
sheet, but will deal with each

500
Plain opening
item separately.

2.2.1 Measuring or

Plain opening
4 500
ROOM 1 STOEP
check list
• Site clearance (s.c.)
• Excavation (excav.)
• Risk of collapse (r.o.c.)
220

• Water (h₂o)
• Concrete in footings (conc.) B C
• Foundation walls (fdn. wls.)
4 500

• Backfilling (bflg.) ROOM 3 ROOM 2

• Hard core (h.c.)
• Waterproofing (d.p.c.)
• Facings (fcgs.)
• Concrete surface bed (c.s.b.)
220

WV1 220 WV1

220 3 000 3 000 220

Figure 1.1 Plan view of a dwelling A

The first item for this foundation is the cleaning of the building area. If no clearing
distance from the building is provided, allow 3 meters all around the building.
In this case we are told to allow 1,5m. We now need to calculate the dimensions for this
item. It is a rectangular building, thus two dimensions must be calculated.

Thus:
width = 2 x 3,000 = 6,000 length = 2 x 4,500 = 9,000
3 x 0,220 = 0,660 3 x 0,220 = 0,660
6,660 (ext. width) 9,660 (ext. length)
2 x 1,500 = 3,000 2 x 1,500 3,000
9,660 m 12,660 m

Note:
We measure over the openings for doors as well as plain openings.

12,66 C.s. of all debris, veg. matter &

9,66 Rubbish & prepare site for builders
work.

Table 2.1 An example of the item for the site clearance

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 Quantity Surveying N5

Note:
• Site clearance is measured in square meters, thus two dimensions are required. *
• The general site clearance item will include trees not exceeding 200mm girth.
• Draw a line below the two dimensions to indicate a square meter item.
• Do not forget to bracket the whole item including possible side casts.

* Consult your Standard System, page 6, clause 4.

The site is now clean and ready for the building to be set out. Allowance will be made in the
preliminary and general section of the bills of quantities for setting out.
We will now measure all the other items in the earthwork trade, starting with excavation.
Let us first calculate the centre lines for the external and internal foundations.

Note:
Our drawing clearly indicates that the external 220mm thick walls are not built in the
centre of the foundations, but rather the external 330mm thick foundation wall.
Therefore, if we have established the centre line of the 330mm thick external wall, we have
also established the centre line of the external trench.
Let us now calculate the centre line of the external 330mm thick wall.

Thus:
2 x 6,660 = 13,320 this length is the total length around the outside of the
+ 2 x 9,660 = 19,320 building or we can also say the external perimeter of
32,640m the building.

The centre line would be 32,640m less 4 x 0,330 (4 corners) = 31,320m.

We now need to establish the centre line of the internal 220mm thick walls which is built in the
centre of the 500mm wide foundation. The length 9,660m is the external length of the building.
Therefore if we deduct 2 x 0,330m, the length of the 220mm wall along the length would be
9,000m.
The width would be 6,660 less two wall thickness of 0,330m = 6,000m less another 220mm where
the walls cross, leaving us with a length of 5,780m.
Thus, the centre line of the internal 220mm thick walls is = 9,000 + 5,780 = 14,780m.
These centre lines can be used to measure the items for excavation, risk of collapse, backfilling as
well as the 0,330 and 220mm thick walls later.

Note:
Now that we are dealing with internal walls, we have the problem of over measuring at all
the intersections. The over-measured area at these intersections are called passings.

At this stage it is advisable to get used to one method. We can later look at another method to
reduce the amount of passings.

2.3 Measurement of the excavations.

We know at this stage that excavations are measured in cubic meters.

Consult your Standard System, page 6, clause 6.

Thus we would need three dimensions.

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N5 Quantity Surveying

When two or more items are 31,32 Excav. in earth for surface
bracketed together, both or 0,70 trenches n.e. 2m deep from
all share the same
0,80 the ground level.
dimensions. The total
volume of soil excavated will 14,78 Ext. trench
be transferred to the 0,50
abstract sheet where the 0,80 Int. trenches
adjustment will be made for Collections:
the volume of soil used for
filling. Depth : 0,600 + 0,200 = 0,800m
The sketches in Figure 2.2 &
show an example of where Excav. mat. Available for filling
a passing has occurred. See & rem. to be carted away.
areas crossed out. A passing
only means that something Table 2.2
has been measured more than once, and an adjustment will have to be made.
The drawing on the left shows a T-junction between the external 330mm wall and the
internal 220mm wall. This occurs 4 times. The following drawing shows a cross intersection
between the 220mm thick internal walls. A passing would occur twice directly opposite
each other.

700 500
185 330 185 140 220 140

Passing Passing

140

500
220
140

FOUNDATION T-JUNCTION (B) FOUNDATION CROSS-JUNCTION (C)

Figure 2.2 Ddt.

The intersection above has 4 0,50 Excav. forsurface trenches as before.
occurred 4 times. See if you 0,19
can spot them on the plan 0,80
view. Table 2.3 shows how 2 Intersections with ext.trench
the over measurement is 0,50 Intersections at 220mm wall crossing
taken care of. These items are 0,14 Collections:
0,80 Width of
all DEDUCT items.
backfill: at 330mm wall = 185mm
at 220mm wall = 140mm

&
Ddt.

Excav. mat. for filling as before.

Table 2.3

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 Quantity Surveying N5

The next item to be measured is risk of collapse. If you consult the Standard System, risk of
collapse is measured in SQUARE METERS.

Consult your Standard System page 7,clause 10.

Take special care of the category, which is either

not exceeding 1,5m or exceeding 1,5m when R.o.c.
2 31,32 to sides of surface trenches n.e. 1,5m
the excavation depth is deeper than 1,5m. Two
0,80 deep from the g.l.
dimensions are required, namely the length and
the depth of the excavations. See Table 2.4; 2 14,78 Ext. r.o.c.
0,80
We have an over measurement for risk of Int. r.o.c.
collapse at the six intersections. Let's do the
adjustment for that now. Table 2.4

Our next item to measure would be water. The Ddt.

cost to keep excavation dry could vary from 4 0,50 R.o.c. as before.
none, to a small expenditure, depending on the 0,80 Ext. intersection
water level for surface trenches, to very high 2
0.19
expenditure when more sophisticated methods 0,80 Ext. intersection
are required when excavations for a basement 2 0,50
needs to be done. 0,80 Int. intersection
2
0,14
Measurements for water are impossible to
0,80
establish. The Standard System therefore requires
that an estimate for water expenses be allowed Table 2.5
when tendering.

Consult your Standard System, page 7, clause 13.

Water is thus measured as an ITEM in the bills of

Item Allow to keep excav. dry.
quantities. Table 2.6 shows an example for the
measurement of water.
The measurement of concrete in the foundation Table 2.6
footing will be no different from the measurement of the excavations. The only difference
would be the height of the concrete footing. Concrete is measured in CUBIC METRES.

Consult your Standard System, page 13, clause 2.

31,32 15 Mpa. Mass conc. in strip

0,70 foundations.
0,20 Ext. footing
14,78
0,50
0,20 Int. footings

Table 2.7

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N5 Quantity Surveying

If there were passings for

excavations, there would also Ddt.
4 0,50
be passings for the footings. 0,19 15 Mpa. Mass conc. in strip foundation
We thus need to do an 0,20 as before.
adjustment. See Table 2.8. 2
0,50 Ext. intersections
0,14
0,20 Int. intersections

Table 2.8
The next item on our measuring list is the brickwork in the foundations. You will notice
that brickwork is measured under the trade name of MASONRY.
All brickwork is measured in SQUARE METRES, except when piers or mass brickwork is
measured.

Consult your Standard System, page 18, clause 6.

We will measure the brickwork using ordinary or plaster bricks. An allowance needs to
be made for the face brickwork on the outside later.

Note:
The item needs to include the wall thickness, type of bricks, the mortar mixture, where the
wall is built, as well as the bond it is must be built in.

The standard system is very

31,32 330mm Thick foundation wall in ord.
clear that different wall 0,83 bks. in 1:4c.m. mix blt. In stretcher
thicknesses must be bond.
measured separately. The
next item will then be for the Table 2.9
220mm thick foundation wall.
You will notice that no
collections for the wall height 14,78 220mm Thck. fdn. bkwl. in ord bks.
need to be made, as it is 0,83 in 1:4c.m. blt in s.b.
provided on the drawing.
There are also no passings
Table 2.10
because we are using the
centre line dimension of the walls.
The next item to be measured is the backfilling.

Consult your Standard System, page 8, clause 14, (the last paragraph).

You will see that backfilling is 2

31,32 Backfilling to the sides of the
also measured in CUBIC 0,19 foundation walls.
METRES, therefore we need 2 0,60
three dimensions. 14,78
0,14
On the drawing you will 0,60
notice the height of the
backfilling to be 600mm. Table 2.11
The width has been calculated previously.

14 Module 2: Foundations Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

Note:
The dimensions are multiplied by two, because we are backfilling on both sides of the
walls. Also note that passings does occur, so an adjustment needs to be made.

Ddt.
All the passings in the foundation are now taken 4 0,50
care of. To reduce the amount of passings we will 0,19 Backfilling to sides of fdn. walls as
have to establish the centreline length of the 0,60 before
trenches. 2
0,50 Ext. intersections
The centre line length of the external trench 0,14
would in our case remain the same, thus 0,60 Int. intersections
31,320m.
Table 2.12
A new length, however for the internal trenches will have to be established as follows;
The length of 14,780m will be shortened by 4 x 0,185 at the external wall intersections and
therefore: 14,780 – (4 x 0,185 + 2 x 0,140) = 13,760m.
If the trench centre line were to be used, we will have no passings for the excavation and
concrete footing items. However, we would still have to do the following adjustments for
the risk of collapse and backfilling items.
2. Ddt.
4 0,50 R.o.c. to the sides of s.t. as before.
0,80 4 ext. added 2 int.
Ddt.
0,22 Backfilling to sides of fdn. wls.
2
0,19
0,60 4 ext.
2
0,22
0,19
0,60 2 int.

Table 2.13
The next item to be measured is for hardcore. The hardcore is between the 330 mm thick
walls. Hardcore is measured in CUBIC METRES.

Consult your Standard System, page 8, clause 14.

The length and width between the external If we use the first dimension
330 mm thick walls are ;
Hardcore filling under conc. surface
9,660 – 2 x 0,330 = 9,000m and 9,00 bed.
6,660 – 2 x 0,330 = 6,000m 6,00
0,23

Table 2.14
You will notice that we have also included the Ddt.
internal walls, for which we will have to make
an adjustment as follows; H.c. filling a.b.
14,78
0,22
0,23

Table 2.15

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 2: Foundations 15

N5 Quantity Surveying

Consult your Standard System, , page 25, clause 1.

Damp proof sheeting is

measured to the external 9,66 Damp proof sheeting under conc.
dimensions and is measured 6,66 surface bed.
in SQUARE METRES.
Table 2.16

The measurements for the 4

concrete surface bed is given 4,50 15 Mpa mass conc. in s.b. incl. striking
on the drawing, between the 3,00 off & cure the horizontal top surface.
0,08
220mm superstructure walls.
Table 2.17
The last item on our measuring list is face
brickwork.

Consult your Standard System, page 20, clause 25. You will notice that
the Standard System requires you to measure an 'EXTRA OVER' item.

This simply means that Extra over ord. brkwrk. For facings.
because the 330mm 32,64 Collections: Height
foundation brick wall is being 0,38 0825 – 0,600 = 0,225
measured already, you need (two courses below g.l.)
to measure an additional 0,225
item that will cover the + 0,150
0,375 m
difference in cost for labour
and material to change the
Table 2.18
external face to face
brickwork.

To do this we need the external perimeter dimension, which is 26,640m, previously

calculated.

Activity 2.1

1. Describe how to measure internal walls correctly.

2. Explain how to clarify the measuring face brickwork.

16 Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

Self Check

I am able to:
YES NO
• Demonstrate how to measure internal walls

• Describe how to clarify the measuring face brickwork

If you have answered 'no' to any of the outcomes listed above, then
speak to your facilitator for guidance and further development.

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 2: Foundations 17

N5 Quantity Surveying

Notes

18 Module 2: Foundations Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Module 3 Basements

Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:
• Demonstrate how to take care of the different categories when measuring deeper than 2 meters
into the earth.
• Demonstrate how the creation of working space is measured.

3.1 Introduction
When measuring basements it is important to note the different categories
when measuring deeper than two metres into the earth. It is very important to
measure correctly when creating working space.

3.2 Working with basements

When measuring a basement, the excavation of the basement hole needs special
attention. When excavating deeper than 2m into the earth, additional items are to be
measured for each successive depth of 2m.

Consult your
20
Standard System,
page 6, clause 6. 110 220
250

Face Plaster
The category for the item for risk of bricks
collapse will also change to deeper than
20mm Masric Asphalt
1,5m.
The danger of the excavation walls
collapsing is obvious. To ensure the safety
of the workers and to allow extra space, an 100mm Grano skirting
3500

50

item for working space must be measured.

150

Consult your
20

Standard System,
150

page 7, clause 11.

300

350
The other trades that need to be measured
were dealt with in N4.
300

A sectional view of a basement is shown.

The external dimensions of the basement
is 6,5 m long and 4,5 m wide. 1000

19
N5 Quantity Surveying

3.3 Specifications
Earthwork
• The site is to be cleaned to an area 2 meters from the basement wall.
• Excavation is in ordinary earth.
• Excavated soil can be used for filling.
• Excess soil must be carted away to a dumping site approximately 10 kilometers from
the building site.
• Allow 1m “working space” horizontally from the external half-brick skin wall.
Concrete
• 25 Mpa.

Brickwork
• Local stock bricks.
• 1:4 Cement mortar.
• Face bricks externally.
Before measuring any building, it is important that we study the drawings available,
together with the specifications given. The next step would be to make a list of all the
items to be measured to build this building, starting from the ground level, then
excavations into the ground from where we then proceed back to the ground level.
The work above the ground level will then follow. It is important that we measure
systematically.
We will now draw up the measuring list to measure this basement:
- Site clearance (S.c.) - Conc. flr. - Bulk excavations
- 220mm wl. - Basement trench - Grano. screed
- R.o.c. - Grano. Skrtg. - Working space (w.s.)
- Int. plast. - Water - Ext. facings
- Conc. footing - 350 mm wl. - 110 mm wl.
- Backfilling - H.c. - Hor. mastic asphalt
- Vert. mastic asphal - Mastic asphalt fillet - Conc. flr.

Definition: Fillet
Small angle moulding or strip formed in wood, stone, concrete, plaster and tanking.

The next step before we start measuring, a good practice would be to do some waste
calculations in order to minimize the calculations during the taking off exercise.
For our purpose, we will do a waste calculation for each item, if required, followed by the
measurement of the item.
For site clearance we need a length and a width of the area;

Thus: Length Width

6,500 4,500 10.50 C.s. of all debre, veg. matter
8.50 & rubbish & prep. Site for
+ 2 x 2,000 = 4,000 4,000 bldr'swrk.
10,500 m 8,500 m
Table 3.1

As discussed previously, the setting out of the building is taken care of in the preliminary &
general section of the bills of quantities.

20 Module 3: Basements Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

We will now measure the bulk excavations for the basement hole:

Thus:
We need the external backfilling width, which is;
1,000 – 0,350 = 0,650 ÷ 2 = 0,325m
Hole length = 6,500 + 2 (0,325) = 7,150m 7,15 Bulk excav. in ord. earth for basement
5,15 hole n.e. 2m deep from the g.l.
Hole width = 4,500 + 2(0,325) = 5,150m 2,00

As discussed previously, the categories for Ditto, but exce. 2m n.e. 4m dp. from
excavations deeper than 2m need to be 7,15 the g.l.
5,15
taken care of. Therefore for a depth of 1,50
3m to the bottom of the hard core, we will
have two categories, not exceeding 2m Depth for this category:
and exceeding 2m not exceeding 4m. 3,500 – 2,000 = 1,500m

Now that we have measured the hole, Note: All the soil excavated is available
we can now proceed to measure the for filling.
basement trench.
7,15 Excav. soil avail. for filling and rem.
We now need to calculate the centre line 5,15 to be carted away.
of the trench. 3,50

2 x 7,150 = 14,300 Table 3.2

2 x 5,150 = 10,300
24, 600 m = perimeter of 20,60 Excav. in ord. earth for basement
the basement 1,00 trench n.e. 2m dp. from the basement
hole 0,60 flr. level.
-4 x 1,000 = 4,000
20,600 m Depth: 2 x 0,300 = 0,600 m

&

Excav. soil avail. For filling.

Table 3.3
The next item to be measured is for risk R.o.c. to the sides of the basement
of collapse. You will notice that there are 24,60 hole exce. 1,5m dp. from the g.l.
risk collapse to protect the walls of the 4,10
hole as well as the internal side of the External depth = 3,500
trench. + 0,600
4,100 m

16,60 Ditto, but n.e. 1,5m from the

0,60 basement flr. level.

Internal perimeter of trench:

24,600
-8 x 1,000 8,000
16,600 m
Table 3.4

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 3: Basements 21

N5 Quantity Surveying

The next item we need to Excav. for w.s. approx. 1m hor. from
measure is to create space for 22,00 The basement wl. n.e. 500mm dp.
the workers inside the hole 0,50 from the g.l. incl. backfilling & comp.
that will be excavated. of excav. material.
To measure the working
space, the Standard System Ext. perimeter of the basement wall:
2 x 6,500 = 13,000
requires following information 2 x 4,500 = 9,000
in the description. 22,00 m

Table 3.5
The content of the description
does not replace the items measured in clause 6 of the
earthwork trade.
22,00 Ditto, but exce. 500mm n.e. 1,5m dp.
• The horizontal distance 1,00 ditto.
and from where.
• The category of each item. Depth = 1,500 – 0,500 = 1,000m
• The backfilling of the soil
removed.
22,00 Ditto, but exce. 1,5m n.e. 3m dp. ditto.
1,50
Depth = 3,000 – 1,500 = 1,500 m

22,00 Ditto, but exce. 3 m n.e. 4,5 m

0,50
Depth = 3,500 – 3,000 = 0,500 m

Table 3.6

Note:
Working space is measured in SQUARE METRES.

20,60 25 Mpa. Mass conc. in basement ftg.

The next item is water which 1,00
you should be able to do at 0,35
this stage. So let's proceed to
measure the concrete in the Note: The width and the thickness of
basement foundation. the footing is given on the drawing

Table 3.7
Let us proceed to measure the 350mm and 110mm thick walls. Keep in mind the
information that must be provided in the descriptions when brick walls are measured.

You would have noticed that it 20,60 350 mm Thick basement wl. In ord.
was not necessary to calculate 0,45 bks. in 1:4 c.m. blt. In stretcher bond.
centre line of the 350mm wall
because we already had the Height= 0,300 + 0,150 = 0,450m
information when the centre
line of the trench was Table 3.8
calculated. But we will have to
calculate the centre line of the 110mm wall.

22 Module 3: Basements Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

The external perimeter of the basement 110 mm Basement skin wl. In ord. bks.
21,56 in 1:4 c.m. mix blt. In stretcher
wall is 22m. 3,30 Bond.
Thus: 22,000 – 4 x 0,110 = 21,560m
Height of wall =
3,500 – 0,450 = 3,050
+ 0,250
3,300 m

From our drawing you will see that Table 3.9

backfilling must be measured next to Backfilling to sides of basement wls.
the 110mm brick wall As well as on 23,30
the internal side of the 350mm brick wall. 0,33 Height of ext. backfill = 3,500 + 0,300
We cannot use the centre line of the 3,80 -ext. = 3,800 m
Trench because the heights are not the 15,30
same. Thus we need to calculate 0,33
the centre lines of both. 0,30 -int.
Centre line of the ext. backfilling Table 3.10
= 22,000 + 4 x 0,325 = 23,300m
Centre line of the int. backfilling
= 16,600 – 4 x 0,325 = 15,300m

The next item to measure is the hard core 5,80 H.c. filling under basement conc. slab.
3,80
filling. To measure it, we need the length 0,15
and width of the area on the inside of the
350mm thick basement wall.
Thus: Table 3.11
The length would be 6,500 – 2 x 0,350 = 5,800m
The width would be 4,500 – 2 x 0,350 = 3,800m

The basement must be completely waterproofed. Waterproofing is measured in SQUARE

METRES.

Consult your Standard System, page 25, clause 2.

The type of waterproofing membrane 6,28 20mm Thick mastic asphalt to hor.
4,28 surface of basement.
requires that the manufacturer's
instructions be strictly followed.
The labour intensity is different between 21,04 Ditto, but to vert. brk. Surface.
3,30
the vertical and horizontal applications, Centre line of vert. membrane:
therefore it would be advisable to keep 2 x 6,280 = 12,560
them separate. The intersection between 2 x 4,280 = 8,560
them must be properly sealed and requires 21,120
Less 4 x 20 0,080
extra labour and material to form a fillet. 21,040 m
We now need to calculate the horizontal
The height = half brick wall =3,300m
length and width.
Thus: 6,500 – 2 x 0,110 = 6,280m
21.12 Extra for forming fillet @ intersection
4,500 – 2 x 0,110 = 4,280m between vert. & hor. membranes.

Table 3.12

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 3: Basements 23

N5 Quantity Surveying

We have the dimensions of 6,28 25 Mpa mass conc in basement flr.

the concrete floor, so we can 4,28 Incl. striking off & cure hor. top surf.
proceed to measure this item. 0,15
When concrete floors or slabs
are measured, we must not Table 3.13
forget that labour will be used to strike off (level off ) the top surface as well as to keep
the concrete wet, as specified, to allow for the chemical reaction in the mixture. This
information must be included in the description.
To measure the 220mm thick wall we will need the centre line as well as the height of
the wall.
The centre line = 2 x 5,800 + 2 x 3,800 = 18,760
+ 4 x 0,220 0,880
19,640m
The height is = 3,300 – (250 + 20) = 3,030m
All that is left to measure 220mm Thick basement wl. In ord.
now is the internal finishes. 19,64 bks. in 1:4 c.m. mix blt in stretcher
Let us measure the 3,03 bond.
granolithic floor screed.
Table 3.14

Consult your Standard System, page 42,clause 1.

5,80 50mm Thick grano. screed to bsmnt.

This concludes the 3,80 conc. flr.
measurement of all the
work for this basement. 2
5,80 100mm Grano. Skrtg.
2
3,80

21,12 19mm Thick int. pls. to vert. bk. wls.

2,83 In bsmnt.

Height = 3,030 – (150 +50) = 3,830m

Table 3.15

This concludes the measurement of all the work for this basement.

Activity 3.1

1. How are the different categories taken care of when measuring deeper than
2 metres into the earth?
2. How is the creation of working space measured?

24 Module 3: Basements Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

Self Check

I am able to:
YES NO
• Demonstrate how to take care of the different categories when
measuring deeper than 2 meters into the earth.
• Demonstrate how the creation of working space is measured.

If you have answered 'no' to any of the outcomes listed above, then
speak to your facilitator for guidance and further development.

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 3: Basements 25

N5 Quantity Surveying

Notes

26 Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Module 4 Fence Walls

Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:
• Explain why screen walls are basically the implementation of the measurement of all the trades
already dealt with previously.
• Be confident in measuring any fence wall.

4.1 Introduction
Fence walls are built on the boundaries of properties. To build such walls, a plan
would be required for submission to the local municipality for scrutiny and
approval. Fence walls are built on a strip
430 x 150mm Coping
foundation if materials such as bricks or
150

blocks are used.

330
Piers are normally used to break not only the monotony
of a continuous wall, but also to strengthen the wall.
The top of the wall is normally decorated with a coping Face bricks
3000

on the wall and a pier cap on the piers. The requirements

for a precast slab wall would be different and the
measurement of such walls will not be dealt with in DPC
this course.
The drawing herewith shows the plan, sectional and
front views of a typical fence, garden or boundary wall.
1000
220

960

A-A
315 6000 4200 6000 315
330
2130

A A
315

PLAN
Figure 4.1

27
N5 Quantity Surveying

Note:
The wall will be measured from the top of footing to the underside of the precast concrete
coping. The opening for the door will not be considered.

4.2 Specifications
Earthwork:
• The site is clean and ready for builder's work
• Excavation in ordinary earth.
Brickwork:
• Ordinary plaster bricks.
• 1:4 Mortar mix.
Concrete:
• 15 Mpa.
Painting:
• One coat plaster filler coat and two coats P.V.A. paint.
Let us now draw up a list of all the work to be done to build this wall;
• Excav. • D.p.c. • R.o.c.
• Bkfll. • Water • P.c. conc. coping
• Conc. ftg. • Plast. • 330 mm bk. wl.
• Pt.
The first item to be measured is the excavation of the trench.
On the plan view of your drawing the backfilling width is given. Let us calculate the length
of the wall first, then we only need to add twice the backfilling width at both ends.
Thus:
6,000 + 4,200 + 6,000 + 2 (2,130 ) = 20,460 m – This is the length of the wall.
+ 2 x 0,315 0,630
21,090m – This is the length of the trench

21,09 Excav. in ord. earth for s.t.n.e.

0,96 2m
1,22 Dp. from the g.l.

Collections
Depth = 1,000 + 0,220 = 1,220 m

Table 4.1

We will now measure the risk of collapse and water. The dimensions for the risk of collapse
are available, so lets proceed with the taking off.

2 21,09 R.o.c. to sides of s.t.n.e. 1,5 m dp. from

1,22 the g.l.
2 0,96
1,22

Item Keep excav. free of water

Table 4.2

28 Module 4: Fence Walls Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

We will now measure all the items left on our list. We will need the heights of the wall and the
plaster. Remember we need to add at least two layers of brickwork to be plastered below the
ground level.
For teaching purposes we would allow 75mm for one course thickness, although the correct layer
thickness should be 75 + 10 mm = 85mm.
Height of the wall: 3,000 + 1,000 = 4,000 m
Height of the plaster = 3,000 + 2(75) = 3,150 m

20,46 330 mm Thck. Bk. wl. In ord. bks. in 20,46 430 x 150mm P.c. conc. coping.
4,00 1:4 c.m. mix blt. In st.bnd. 2
20,46 19mm Thk. plas. to ext. vert. bk. wl.
3,15
0,33
20,46 D.p.c. layer 2 3,15 Wall ends
0,33
&
2
21,09 Bckfll. to sides of bk. wl. 1Ct. plast. Filler & 2cts.
0,32 p.v.a. pt. to vert. plast. wl.
1,00
20,46 1Ct. plast. Filler ct. & 2cts. P.v.a. pt. to
2 0,33 0,87 p.c. conc. surfaces exce. 300mm girth
0,32
1,00 Wall ends Collections:
2 20,46 OR 450 – 330 =120 ÷ 2 = 60
0,32
1,00 0,450
+2x150 0,300
2 0,96 +2x60 0,120
0,32 0,870m
1,00
Trench ends

Table 4.3

Note:
The wall is 330mm wide which means that the plastering to the wall ends is on a surface wider
than 300mm.

If you consult your Standard System, page 42, clause 3, you will see that if the width
of the wall was smaller than 300 mm, the plaster to the edge should have been
measured as plaster in narrow widths, not exceeding 300 mm wide, but still measured
in SQUARE METRES. Also consult the painting trade in your Standard System, page 57,
clause 3.

In the case of the edges being narrower than 300mm and a different colour, it must be measured
as narrow widths not exceeding 300mm wide and measured in METRES. If there is no difference in
the colour it must be included with the flat area which is measured in SQUARE METRES.

4.3 Measuring fence walls with attached brick piers:

There are three important points that need to be taken into account when brick piers are
measured:

Consult your Standard System, page 18, clause 5.

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 4: Fence Walls 29

N5 Quantity Surveying

1. Standard system on page 18, clause 5:

1.1 Brick piers are measured in CUBIC METRES,
1.2 Irregular shapes shall be measured separately.

2. If the pier is not attached to the wall, it will be called an isolated pier and measured as
such. If the pier is built attached to the wall, it must be measured as an attached pier
and measured as such. It might require more time to build a combination of wall and
the pier together.

3. It would be easier to keep the measurement of all the work to the strip footing
separate from the pier bases.

Activity 4.1

1. Why are screen walls the implementation of the measurement of all the trades
previously dealt with?

2. Why should you be confident when measuring any fence wall?

Self Check

I am able to:
YES NO
• Explain why screen walls are basically the implementation of the
measurement of all the trades already dealt with previously.
• Explain why will I be confident in measuring any fence wall.

If you have answered 'no' to any of the outcomes listed above, then
speak to your facilitator for guidance and further development.

30 Module 4: Fence Walls Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Module 5
Reinforced Concrete
Structures
Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:
• Demonstrate the measurement of concrete in bases, columns, slabs and beams.
• Demonstrate measurement of formwork to the bases, columns and beams.
• Demonstrate the measurement of PROVISIONAL SUMS, (reinforcement in this case.)

5.1 Introduction
Reinforced concrete structures consist of columns, beams and slabs
constructed with a concrete mixture and strengthened with reinforcing steel
bars. Any concrete structure must be designed by a registered civil engineer.
The engineer must calculate the strength or aggregate mixture of the
concrete.
Concrete cube samples must be cast with each concrete cast for testing purposes. The
number and diameter of each steel bar, the shape and length must be carefully calculated
and designed for each element of the structure.

Definition: Secondary beam

A beam that transfers its load to the main or primary beam.

Such information is neatly presented on a bending schedule drawn up by the engineer. It is

the quantity surveyor's responsibility to include the reinforcement in the bills of quantities
to be priced by the tenderer or if the information is not available, the approximate value for
the reinforcement can be included in the form of a provisional sum.

All provisional amounts will be adjusted at the end of the contract in the final account.

The drawing on the following page shows the plan view and the vertical section A-A
through the concrete structure. The plan view shows a 300mm wide ring beam cast on top
of two L-shape, two square and two circular columns. A 300mm wide internal beam is cast
between the two circular columns.

On the diagonal line, the slab thickness is indicated. Section A-A shows the beam heights,
which include the slab thickness. The columns will be measured from the top of the
concrete base to the underside of the beams. Study the drawing for further details before
continuing with the measuring of the concrete structure.

31
N5 Quantity Surveying

600

350
3000
NGL
500 350

1400 1100 1400

SECTION A - A
1400 1400
450
1100
450

b
Sla
m
0m
15

A A
7300
300

B
4300 4300
300 300 300
1100 1100 1100
Figure 5.1 PLAN VIEW
1 2 3

Note:
To maintain our systematic method of measuring, we will again start with the clearing of the site,
followed by the bases, then the columns and then the beams and slab. The information of the
steel rod reinforcement is not available, thus a provisional amount will have to be measured.

5.2 Specifications
Earthworks:
• Excavation in firm ground.
• Clear the site 3 metres around the structure from the concrete columns.
• Use material from excavations for filling.
• Allow working space of 300 mm in bases.

32 Module 5: Reinforced Concrete Structures Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

Concrete Formwork & Reinforcement:

• 30 Mpa concrete in bases and columns.
• 25 Mpa concrete in beams and slab.
• Formwork around the columns bases.
• Allow the provisional of R 25 000,00 for steel rod reinforcement.

Measuring list:
• C.s. • Frmwrk. In bases • Excav. Bases
• Conc. Bases • R.o.c. • Col. frmwrk.
• H20 • Conc, in cols. • W.s.
• Bms.&slabFrmwrk. • Prov. Sum. • Conc. in bms. & slab
Let us do the waste calculations for the site clearance:
Length
2 x 4,300 + 3 x 0,300 = 9,500
2 x 3,000 6,000 15,50 C.s. of all deb. veg. matter & rub.
15,500m 14,05 & prep. site for bldr'swrk..
Width
7,300 +0,300 + 0,450 = 8,050
Table 5.1
6,000
14,050m
Depth of the excavations of the bases: 0,350 + 0,500 = 0,850 m
Girths of square bases for risk of collapse and working space;
4 x 1,400 = 5,600 m (A1 & A3)
4 x 1,100 = 4,400 m (A2, B1,B2,B3)

2
2 1,40 Excav. in firm grnd.for pier 5,60 Excav. 300mm back
4 1,40 Bases. 4 0,50 hor. from sides of col.
0,85 A1,A3 4,40 bases for w.s. n.e.
1,10 0,50 500mm dp. for placing
1,10 & removal of frmwrk.
0,85 A2, B1, B2, B3

2 2
R.o c. to sides of col. Bases n.e. Ditto, but exce.
5,60 1,5m from g.l. 5,60 500mm n.e. 1,5m
4 0,85 A1, A3 4 0,35
4,40 4,40 Depth
0,85 A2, B1, B2, B3 0,35 0,850 – 0,50 = 0,35 m

Item Keep excav. free of water.

Table 5.2

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 5: Reinforced Concrete Structures 33

N5 Quantity Surveying

The information to measure the steel rod reinforcement is not available, but a provisional
amount for the sum of R 25 000,00 must be provided. Below the method to measure a
provisional sum will be shown.

Note:
The following information must be provided;
• The type of specialist work to be done.
• The monetary value must be stated.
• The monetary value must be written out in word form.
• Additional items must be included to allow the main-contractor to add for profit on the
nominated sub-contractor's work as well as for attendance upon the sub-contractor.

Item Allow the prov. amount of R 25 000,00

(Twenty Five Thousand Rand) for steel rod
reinf. supplied, cut, bent, del. to site and
placed in position.

&

Add …….% for profit if desired.

&

Add ………% for attendance upon nom.

Sub-contractor.

Table 5.3
The provisional items were written up in 'taking off' form above. The same items will now
be written up in bill form below.

1 Allow the provisional amount of

R 25 000,00 (Twenty Five Thousand Rand ) for steel Item 25 000,00
rod reinforcement, supplied, cut, bent, delivered to
site and placed
In position.

2 Add ……..% for profit if desired. Item

3 Add ……..% for attendance upon nominated Item

sub-contractor.

Table 5.4
2 4
1,40 Frmwrk. around conc. bases.
4 0,50 A1,A3
We will now measure 4 1,10
the formwork around 0,50 A2,B1,B2,B3
the concrete bases as
2 1,40
well as the concrete
1,40 30Mpareinf. in bases.
in the bases. All the 0,50
information is available, A1,A3
so let us measure the 4 1,10
1,10 A2,B1,B2,B3
items mentioned.
0,50

Table 5.5

34 Module 5: Reinforced Concrete Structures Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

We will now measure the formwork around the columns as well as the concrete in the columns.

To measure the formwork, you need to consult your Standard System,

page 14, clause 14.
When a column is shaped differently from a square or rectangle, it must be kept separate. The
reason being that the setting up of an L-shape, round or a column with more than four sides
would be more difficult.

Note:
Formwork to columns is measured in SQUARE METRES, but a round column in METRES stating
the diameter of the column.

2
4 0,30 Frmwrk. to sides of cols. 2 0,60 30Mpareinf. conc. in cols.
3,35 0,30
B1,B3 3,35 A1,A3

Height = 2 0,30
2 3,000 + 0,350 = 3,350m 2 0,30 Collections:
4 0,45 0,25 3,35 Centre line of L-shape cols.
3,35 Ditto, but to L-shape cols. B1,B3
A1,A3 P 0,30
0,30 2 x 0,450 = 0,900 – 0,300
Ditto, but for round cols. 3,35 = 0,600m
2 300mm dia.& 3,350 m high.

A1,B2 A2,B2

Table 5.6 Table 5.7

Note:
Formula to calculate a circle: A = P R ² or P D². The latter was used.
4

We will now measure the items of the formwork to the slab and the beams. The dimensions for
the decking under the slab is given on the drawing.

Consult your Standard System, page 14, clause 13.

The requirement that propping 2

4,30 Frmwrk. to soffits of slabs exce. 1,5m n.e. 3,5m high.
for heights must be indicated. 7,45
The clause under the heading
for slab thicknesses must also be 7,300+ ( 0,450 – 0,300)= 7,450m
taken into account. 33,90 Ditto, but to soffits of bms. exce. 1,5m n.e. 3,5m high.
0,30
Ring beam
7,45
0,30
Internal beam
Centre line of ring beam: 2 x 9,500 = 19,000
2 x 8,050 = 16,100
35,100
- 4 x 0,300 = 1,200
Table 5.8 33,900 m

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 5: Reinforced Concrete Structures 35

 N5 Quantity Surveying

Consult your Standard System, page 14, clause 12.

Definition: Soffit
The lower surface or under of anything such as beams, slabs or roof ceiling.

We are therefore allowed to measure across where The measuring of the concrete to the slab and the
beams intersect for the sides of beams, as well as in beams would be the last item for the measurement
the case of the soffits of beams where it runs over the of this concrete structure.
tops of the columns.

2 35,10 Frmwrk to the sides of the bms. 9,50 25 Mpareinf. conc. in slab incl.
0,15 8,05 striking off & cure hor. top
33,90 Slab 0,15 surface.
0,45
2 7,45 33,90 Ditto, but in bms.
Ring beam
0,35 0,30
Internal beam 0,45 Ring beam
7,45
Ring beam height less the slab 0,30
thickness 0,35
600 – 150 = 450mm Internal beam

Table 5.9 Table 5.10

Activity 5.1

1. How is concrete measured in a) bases, b) columns c) slabs and d) beam?

2. How is formwork measured in a) bases, b) columns and c) beams?
3. How are provisional sums (reinforcement), measured?

Self Check

I am able to:
YES NO
• Demonstrate the measurement of concrete in bases, columns,
slabs and beams.
• Demonstrate measurement of formwork to the bases, columns
and beams.
• Demonstrate the measurement of PROVISIONAL SUMS,
(reinforcement in this case.)

If you have answered 'no' to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak to your
facilitator for guidance and further development.

36 Module 5: Reinforced Concrete Structures Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Module 6
Plumbing and
Drainage
Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:
• Describe the following systems:
o traditional drainage system, (using manholes),
o Rodding eye system,(using the cleaning eyes)
• Demonstrate how drainage work is measured.

6.1 Introduction
The plumbing and drainage work can be classified as specialist work, similar to
the electrical installation in a building. The completed work must be tested for
leakages and signed off by a qualified plumber who possesses a license for the
trade.
The quantities measured for plumbing and drainage are in most cases provisional due to
the difficulty to produce accurate measurements at tender stage. In this course, only the
drainage systems will be measured. We will be looking at the rodding eye cleaning system
as well as the manhole system. In the former system the provision of cleaning eye entries
replaces the building of manholes.

6.2 Manhole system

In Figure 6.1, a typical layout of a drainage system with manholes is shown. Two vertical
sectional views through a manhole are shown. The information given in the attached
schedule refers to the depth from the ground level to the internal level of the channel. The
given sizes are the internal measurements of each of the manhole.
6.2.1 Specifications
Earthworks:
• Excavations in ordinary soil.
• Excavated soil to be used for filling and remainder to be spread on site.
Concrete :
• 15 Mpa
Brickwork:
• Plaster bricks
• 1:4 Cement mortar

37
N5 Quantity Surveying

Plumbing & drainage:

• 110 mm u-pvc drain pipes.
• Allow R1 000,00 for municipal connection.
• Allow for the testing of the drainage system.
When measuring drainage pipe trenches, the Standard System allows us to use either one
of two methods.

Consult your Standard System, page 46, clause 5.

In method “A” the trenches must be measured similar to when trenches for strip
foundations are measured. Take special note to the depth category as well as the trench
width. The pipework will be measured in METRES. In method “B” all the earthwork items
may be described in one description, including the laying of the pipework. The unit of
measurement is METRES.
The manholes must be measured in accordance with the relevant trades.

Consult your Standard System, page 46, clause 10.

Our measuring list will be as follows:

• Earthwork
• Manholes
• Pipework
The drawing indicates four manholes to be measured. The internal dimensions of
manholes 1 and 2 are similar and manholes 3 and 4 is similar. The invert levels of all the
manholes are different due to the fall of the pipework.

Definition: Invert
The lowest part of the inner surface of a sewer, pipe channel or tunnel.
17

0
00

130

Invert level (mm) Size (mm)

1 350 600 x 500 MH1
11

2 425 600 x 500

00

3 613 750 x 500

4 951 750 x 500
2500
840

540

MH2
MH4 MH3
1600 9500 7900

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.1 is a typical plan view layout of a drainage system. The sizes of the manholes as
well as the invert levels for each manhole is given in the schedule below the drawing.

38 Module 6: Plumbing and Drainage Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

220

Variabe invert
level

180
Benching

150
Channel
150

Figure 6.2 VERTICAL SECTIONS THROUGH MANHOLE

Let us start by doing a few waste calculations:

Length and width of the holes for manholes 1 and 2
0,600 0,500
2 x 220 = 0,440 0,440
2 x 150 = 0,300 0,300
1,340m 1,240m

Length and width of the holes for manholes 3 and 4

0,750 0,500
2 x 220 = 0,440 0,440
2 x 150 = 0,300 0,300
1,490m 1,240m

Depths of manholes: mh1 mh2 mh3 mh4

0,350 0,425 0,613 0,951
+ 0,150 0,150 0,150 0,150
0,500m 0,575m 0,763m 1,101m

Girth of holes for mh1 and mh2:

2 x (1,390 + 1,240) =5,260m

Girth of holes for mh3 and mh4:

2 x (1,490 + 1,240) = 5,460m
Centre line of the backfilling for mh1 and mh2:
5,260 – 4 x 0,150 = 4,660m

Centre line of the backfilling for mh3 and mh4:

5,460 – 4 x 0,150 = 4,860m

We will now measure all the earthwork items to build the manholes.

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N5 Quantity Surveying

1,34 Excav. in ord. earth for manhole R.o.c. to sides of holes n.e. 1,5m dp.
1,24 holes, n.e. 2m dp. fromg.l. from the g.l.
0,50 5,26
0,50
1,34 M.H.1 5,26 m.h.1
1,24 0,58 m.h.2
0,58 M.H.2 5,46
0,76 mh.3
1,49 5,46 m.h.4
1,24 1,10
0,76 M.H.3
1,49 4,66 Bckfll. in manholes
0,15 m.h.1
1,24 0,35
1,10 M.H.4 4,66
0,15 m.h.2
0,43
4,86
0,15 m.h.3
Item Keep excav free of water 0,61
4,86
0,15 m.h.4
0,95

Table 6.1
The items for the building 2 15 Mpa. Mass conc. in
of the manholes will now 1,34 manhole bases.
1,24
be measured, starting with 2 0,15 M.h.1, m.h.2
the concrete bases or 1,49
floors of the manholes. 1,24
0,15 m.h.3, m.h.4
The dimensions for this
item has been calculated.
Table 6.2
Let us now measure the brickwork. We will need the centre lines of the 220 mm thick walls.
The dimensions of manholes 1 and 2 are the same and manholes 3 and 4 are the same.
Thus: mh1 and mh2 mh3 and mh4

2 ( 0,600 + 0,500) = 2,200 2 (0,750 + 0,500) = 2,500

+ 4 x 0,220 0,880 0,880
3,080m 3,380m

The heights of the walls 220 mm Thick m.h. bk. wl. In

would be the same as the ord. bks. in 1:4 c.m. mix blt.
depths of the invert levels 3,08 in stretcher bond.
as shown on the drawing. 0,35
3,08 m.h.1
0,43 m.h.2
3,38
0,61 m.h.3
3,38
0,95 m.h.4

Table 6.3

40 Module 6: Plumbing and Drainage Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

The next item to be measured now is the Weak conc. mixture in

benching in the manholes. Benching benching 180 mm extreme
2
consists of a weak concrete mixture height, in m.h. size 600 x
placed and neatly smoothened off on 500 mm.
m.h.1, m.h.2
either side of the half round channels laid
inside the manhole. Ditto, but in m.h. size
2
The Standard System does not specify 750 x 500 mm
how it should be measured and leaves it
m.h.3, m.h.4
to the discretion of the tenderer.
The description will indicate the sizes
of the manholes, and will be measured Table 6.4
in NUMBER.
The items left to complete the 'taking off' of the manholes are the channels, plastering,
manhole covers as well as the holes in the brick walls that will allow the pipework into the manholes.

110 mm h.r. pvc straight Vert. pls. in confined areas

channel 750 mm long 2,20 of m.h.
1 encased in conc. 0,17
benching 2,20
e.m. 0,25 Internal girths
2,50
mh. 4 0,43 m.h. 1 & 2
2,50
0,77 2 ( 600 + 500 ) = 2,200m

1 Ditto,ditto, but with two m.h. 3 & 4

branches, ditto.
2 ( 750 + 500 ) = 2,500m
mh. 3
Heights

m.h. 1 = 0,425 – 0,180

1 110 mm pvc h.r. channel = 0,170 m
with 95 deg. Bend ditto.
m.h. 2 = 0,425 – 0,180
m.h.2 = 0,245 m

m.h. 3 = 0,613 – 0,180

1 110 mm h.r. pvc straight = 0,433 m
channel, but with three
branches,ditto. m.h. 4 = 0,951–0,180
=0,771m
m.h. 1

Leave or form hole for

4 450 x 450 mm cast iron 11 110 mm dia. Pipe in 220
m.h. steel cover and mm wl.
frame.
No. of holes

m.h. 1 3
m.h. 2 2
m.h. 3 4
m.h. 4 2
11no.

Table 6.5
Alternatively, you will notice that the Standard System also allows for manholes, and the like, to be
measured in NUMBER. The description must include all the different trades we have just measured.
To measure the pipework, you must remember the information mentioned at the beginning.

You will notice that the depth at manhole no. 4 is not deeper than 1 metre. Therefore we can keep
the trench width the same for the full length of the system.

Width of trench = 0,110 + 2 x 0,300 = 0,710m

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 6: Plumbing and Drainage 41

N5 Quantity Surveying

Excav. in ord. earth for

19.30 drainage n.e. 1 m dp. and
710 mm wide, and lay 110
mm u-pvc pipe, incl.
making provision for r.o.c.
water and bckfil. Of excav.
mat.

Note: All the pipe lengths

are provisional
1,900
0,900
1,000
3,000
4,500
6,000
2,000 =19,300m
Item Allow for testing sewer
system

Allow the prov. amount of

R1000,00 ( One Thousand
Rand) for mun. connection.

&
Item Allow for attendance upon
mun. workers.

&

Allow for profit

Table 6.6

6.3 The rodding iron drainage system

The rodding iron drainage system does not have manholes, but allows entry into the
system through an opening provided at the ground level
for cleaning or unblocking the drainage system.
Such entry pipes are placed at various points in the
system and spacing
CE1
0

should not be more

130

than 25 meters apart. 350

3200

0 CE2
160
17300
00
16
CE3 PLAN VIEW
GL
Figure 6.3
300

C.E.1 ELEVATION

The drawing above shows the plan view of a rodding eye drainage system. All the relevant
information is given on the drawing.

42 Module 6: Plumbing and Drainage Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

6.3.1 Specifications:
Earthworks:
• Excavations is in ordinary soil.
Drainage:
• 110 mm diameter u-pvc drainage pipes laid to 1:40 fall.
• Use method 'B' to measure the work.
• The municipal connection is in place before the building work commenced.
• Allow for a plain bend at the 2 water closets, 1 sink, 3 cleaning eyes and 2 in the pipework

Let us first establish all the extras required in this drainage system.
Plain bends -8 Gulley head & p-tap -1
Y-junctions -5 Inspection eye stopped ends - 3
Double Y-junction - 1

Let us measure the pipes, extras and other relevant items to install this drainage system.

3,00 Excav. in ord. earth n.e. 1m dp. & 3 Extra for110mm u-pvcs.e.
11,00 710mm wide for 110 mm
2,00 u-pvc pipe laid to 1:40 falls incl.
2 3,00 r.o.c., water & bckfll. of excav. mat.
1,00
1,10 Width of trench:
0,110 + 2(0,300) = 0,710m 1 'Universal' gulley head & frame.
0,35
0,43
0,75 Ditto, but vert. for i.e. entries.
&

1:40mm fall means the pipe falls

1m for every 40m. Thus 25mm for Extra for u-pvc p-trap.
every metre.

At point 1 the depth is 350mm.

At point 2 the depth is + 3 x
25mm = 425mm. Item Allow for testing sewer system
At point 3 the depth is 350mm +
16 x 25mm = 750mm.

8 Extra for 110mm u-pvc plain bend.

5 Extra for 110mm u-pvc

Y-junction

1 Ditto, but double y-junction

Table 6.7

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 6: Plumbing and Drainage 43

N5 Quantity Surveying

Activity 6.1

1. What are the features of the traditional manhole drainage system?

2. What are the features of the rodding eye system using cleaning eyes?
3. How is drainage work measured?

Self Check

I am able to: YES NO

• Describe the following systems:

o traditional drainage system, (using manholes),

o Rodding eye system,(using the cleaning eyes)

• Demonstrate how drainage work is measured.

If you have answered 'no' to any of the outcomes listed above, then
speak to your facilitator for guidance and further development.

44 Module 6: Plumbing and Drainage Gateways to Engineering Studies

Module 7
Timber Roof
Construction
Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:
• Demonstrate how to measure:
o a lean-to roof construction
o a roof with a gable end and a hip end
o bolted or nailed trusses
o prefabricated trusses

7.1 Introduction
A timber roof truss is a structural framework of timbers designed to bridge the space
above a room and to provide support for a roof. Trusses usually occur at regular
intervals, linked by longitudinal timbers such as purlins. The space between each
truss is known as a bay.

7.2 Measurements A
A line diagram of a roof truss is shown
B
in Figure 7.1. Take special note of
the different parts of the truss in F C
order for you to be familiar
D
with the terminology used.
E

G
H

I J

Figure 7.1

• Arrow A shows to the highest point of the truss and is called the APPEX. The same point on a roof
is called the RIDGE.
• Arrow B shows to the member in the centre of the truss and is called the KING POST.
• Arrow C shows to the RAFTER. On a full truss we will have two rafters.
• Arrow D shows to a DIAGONAL STRUT and in this truss we also have two diagonal struts.
• Arrow E shows to another vertical member and is called a QUEEN POST. This truss also has two
queen posts.
• Arrow F shows to a dimension and is called the RISE of the truss.
• Arrow G shows to the WALL PLATE.
• Arrow H shows to a space and is called the EAVE space.
• Arrow I shows to another dimension and is called the horizontal EAVE DISTANCE.
• Arrow J shows to the horizontal member of the truss and is called the TIE BEAM of the truss.

45
N5 Quantity Surveying

Definition: Eave
The lower part of a roof projecting beyond the face of a wall.

• If you consult your Standard System, you will find that the measurer has different
methods that can be used to measure a roof construction.
• The complete roof construction must be fully described in such a way as to allow the
tenderer to price the work. In this instance the roof is measured in NUMBER.
• If the roof construction is made up of pre-fabricated trusses, also known as plate-nailed
or gang-nailed trusses, the Standard System is very clear as to how the work must be
measured.

Consult your Standard System, page 30, clause 5.

• If the trusses are to be assembled on the site, the truss members at all intersections
must be joined together with bolts, with allowance made for timber connectors
between timbers.

Consult your Standard System, page 30, clause 4.

46 Module 7: Timber Roof Construction Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

We will now look at a typical timber roof construction made up of bolted trusses. See the plan
view of this roof shown in Figure 7.2, a sectional view through the roof in Figure 7.3, and the
detail of the hip rafter in Figure 7.4. The drawing shows a hip end on the one end and a gable end
at the other end.
250

220
225 x 50 BARGE BOARD
114 X 38
SPROCKETS

225 X 50 FASCIA BOARD

225 X 50 FASCIA BOARD
9186

8746

J3 J3 114 X 38
22

JACK
S

5
ER

X
HALF TRUSS

TRUSSES
FT

38
RA

HI
P

J2 J2
HI

RA
38

FT
X

ER
5

S
22

J1 J1
500

220

500 6500 500

Figure 7.2 PLAN VIEW OF ROOF CONSTRUCTION

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 7: Timber Roof Construction 47

 N5 Quantity Surveying
786

Collar

28
48

J3
08

2470
37

2409
2
254
J2

116
36
25

7
112

1193 T2 2153 T3
75

5 J1
136

SECTION THROUGH
ROOF CONSTRUCTION

Figure 7.3

J3 ER
FT
RA
P
HI
38

J2
X
5
22

8
599
TRUE LENGTH OF
J1
HIP RAFTER

DETAIL OF HIP RAFTER

Figure 7.4

Definition: Hip
The external angle formed by the intersection of two inclined roof surfaces. The opposite of
a valley (the internal angle).

7.2.1 Specifications
Carpentry & Joinery:
• All timbers are Sawn South African Pine.
• Wrought (smooth) all exposed timbers.
• 114 x 38mm Wall plate.
• Treat wall plate with carbolinium oil.
• 200 x 30mm Timber fascia and barge boards.

Definition: Barge board

A board fixed along the edges of a gable.

48 Module 7: Timber Roof Construction Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

Painting:
• Knot, prime, stop and paint all exposed timbers.
Metalwork:
• 10mm Diameter mild steel bolts with one nut and two washers.
• Mild steel timber connectors between timbers.
Roof covering:
• Plain cement roof tiles 265 x 165mm laid to 60mm lap on 38 x 38mm
• Timber battens and approved insulation below battens.
• 250mm half round ridge and hip tiles.
7.2.2 Measuring list
• W.p. & treatment • Full trusses • Half truss
• Hip rafters • Jack trusses • Sprockets
• Fascias • Barge boards • Roof covering

Note:
More detail will be added to the items on the measuring list during the 'taking off'
process. A good measurer will at all times strive top measure systematically not
confuse the person who will have the responsibility to do the checking.

Thus, let us start by determining the length of

Wall plate
the wall plate.
5,000 – (2 x 0220) = 4,560 22,28 114 x 38 mm S.S.A.P. tbr. w.p. incl.
2 x 8,746 = 17,492 Bedding in c.m.
2 x 0,114 = 0,228
22,280m 22,28
0,30 Treat tbr. w.p. with carbolinium oil.
Remember that it is required that the wall plate
needs be treated for protection. Provision must Girth:
also be made to ensure the wall plate rests on a 2 x 114 = 0,228
2 x 38 = 0,076
level surface.
0,304m
The next item on the list is the full trusses.
From the drawing you will notice that we
have 9 (nine) full trusses to measure. All nine END OF WALL PLATE
trusses are similar, thus if we concentrate
on one truss only whilst measuring, all the Table 7.1
items measured will then be multiplied by nine.
It is important also to know the truss members as we will use them for our sign posting
(reference notes).

Please consult your Standard System to measure the structural

timbers, page 30, clause 4.

We will now measure all the items for one full truss first. All the items will then be multiplied by 9,
as all the full trusses are identical.
• All the timbers not longer than 2,4 m.
• All the timbers longer than 2,4 m but not longer than 3,9 m.
• All the timbers longer than 3,9 m but not longer than 6,6 m.
·• 14 Bolts and 14 timber connectors.
·• Labours to the truss ends.
• Routing of the timber rafter ends, meaning the smooth planning of the rafter ends.
• Painting of the exposed timbers.

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 7: Timber Roof Construction 49

N5 Quantity Surveying

The following in measurement of 9

9 No. full trusses fixed approx. 3m 9
above the ground level
2 1,17 2 2 Once vert. & once hor.
114 x 38 mm S.S.A.P. tbr. n.e. Cut to tbr. rafter ends.
0,79 2,4m long.
Diag. strut
9
9 Collar 2
2 Wrought rafter ends approx. 550mm
2 2,54 long.
Ditto, but exce. 2,4m n.e. 3.9m long. 9
Diag. strut
2
9 0,55
6,27 0,30 Pt. tbr. rafter ends.
9
2 4,83 Ditto, but exce. 3,9m n.e. 6,6m
Tie
Rafter Total girth of rafter:
Length = 6,500 – 2 x 114 = 6,272m
2 x 114 = 0,228
9 10mm Dia. Stl. Bolt 100mm long 2 x 38 = 0,076
14 w. 1 nut & 2 washers. 0,304 m

Length = 2 x 38= 0,076 – Tbrs.

2 x 2 = 0,004 – washers
0,010 –nut
0,010 – extra leverage
0,100m
&

Mild stl. tbr. connector END OF 9 No. FULL TRUSSES

Table 7.2
The next item in our roof construction to be measured, as indicated on our measuring
list, is the half full truss. Most of the items measured on the full trusses will be repeated.
The Following in measurement of
1No. half full truss fixed approx. 3m 7 Mild steel tbr. connectors a.b.
above the ground level
1,17
0,39
114 x 38mm S.S.A.P. tbr. n.e. 2,4m long.
Diag. strut 1 Wrought rafter ends approx. 550mm
Collar long a.b.

0,786 ÷ 2 = 0,393 m

2,54 0,55 Pt. tbr. rafter end sa.b. once vert. &
3,14 Ditto, but exce. 2,4m n.e.3.9m long. 0,30 once hor.
Diag. strut cut to tbr. rafter ends.

Tie 1 Once vert. & once hor.

cut to tbr. rafter end a.b.
6,272 ÷ 2 = 3,136 m

Ditto, but exce. 3,9m

4,83 n.e. 6,6m long.

Rafter
END OF 1 No. HALF FULL TRUSS
7 10mm Dia. St. Bolt 100mm long w. 1
nut &2 washers a.b.

Table 7.3
50 Module 7: Timber Roof Construction Gateways to Engineering Studies
 Quantity Surveying N5

Before we measure the hip rafters, it would be expected that you fully understand the detailed
drawing of the hip rafter shown in Figure 7.4.

Note:
We will only measure the rafters and the additional work that must be done.

The following in measurement of

2No. hip rafters fixed approx.. 3m
above the ground level
2
6,00 225 x 38mm S.S.A.P. tbr. exce.3,9m
n.e. 6,6m long.

2 2 Wrought rafter ends approx.

600mm long.
2 0,60 Pt. tbr. rafter ends
0,30

Twice vert. & twice splayed cuts at

the top ends.
2
&

Twice vert. twice splayed & once

hor. cut at the bottom ends

END OF 2 No. HIP RAFTERS

Table 7.4
We will now measure jack trusses. Please study the sectional view through the roof
construction shown in Figure 7.3. The vertical dashed lines on the left side of the truss shows
the jack trusses at the various positions. These positions were established as follows.
• Measure the horizontal distances from the wall to where the rafters meets with the hip rafter.
• Use the same distances and measure horizontally on the tie beam of the full truss.
• Now draw vertical lines from the various distances marked on the tie beam.
Now that we have established our jack trusses, we can proceed to measure them.

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 7: Timber Roof Construction 51

N5 Quantity Surveying

The following in measurement of Jack 10mm Dia. Stl. Bolt 100mm long
trusses fixed approx.. 3m above the 4 1 w. 1 nut &2 washersa.b.
ground level.
4 3 J2
114 x 38 mm S.S.A.P.
4
1,37 tbr. n.e. 2,4m long. J3
4 1,19 Rafters (J1)
&
4 2,15 Ties (J2)
Mild stl. Tbr connector
4 1,17 Ties (J3)
Diag. strut (J3) 4 3 Once vert. & once hor.
Cut to tbr. rafter ends.
4 3,71 Ditto, ditto, but exce. 2,4m n.e. 3,9m
long. &
4 2,54
Rafters (J3) Wrought rafter ends approx.
550mm long.
4
Rafter (J2) 3
4 0,.55 Pt. tbr. rafter ends.
1 0,30
4 Once vert. splayed cut to ties & rafters.
2 END OF JACK TRUSSES
2 Ties(J1)

Ties & rafters (J2, J3)

Table 7.5
Now we are left with the measurement of the timber sprockets. The reason for
sprockets would be to provide solid timber for the fixing of the barge boards. The
sprockets are nailed to the side of the timber rafters, also built into the gable
brickwork.
6 114 x 38 mm S.S.A.P. tbr. sprockets in
0,52 short lengths n.e. 2,4m long.

Length = 0,050 rafter to wall

0,220 wall
0,250 Verge distance
0,520m

6 Vert. plumb cut to ends of tbr

sprockets

&

Wrought ends of tbr. sprockets

approx.. 250 mm long.

6 0,25 Pt. to exposed tbr. a.b.

0,30

END OF TIMBER SPROCKETS

Table 7.6
All timber trusses needs to be secured by either fixing bolt or steel hoop iron which is
built into the brick wall. If the drawing requires bolts, the length of the bolt will have to
be established. Similarly also if hoop iron is required. In both cases the unit of
measurement will be in NUMBER.
We now need to measure the timber fascia and barge boards. The fascia boards are
fixed to the timber rafter ends and the barge boards to the timber sprockets. These
boards are fully wrought and ready to be painted.

52 Module 7: Timber Roof Construction Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

Definition: Fascia
A board fixed horizontally to the lower ends of the rafters. Also forms the outside board of
a boxed eave.

We now need to calculate the length of the fascia board. The length of the barge board would
be the same length as the truss rafters.
225 x 50 mm W.S.A.P. tbr. fascia
The length of the fascia board is; 25,87 nailed to ends of tbr. rafters.

2 (9,186 + 0,500 + 0,250) = 19,872 25,87

5,000 + 0,500 + 0,500 = 6,000 0,55 Pt. tbr. fascia brd. exce. 300mm girth.
25,872 m
Girth: 2 x 0225 = 0,450
2 x 0,050 = 0,100
The last few items would be all the work 0,550 m
to the roof covering of this dwelling.
2 3,71 225 x 50 mm W.S.A.P. tbr. barge brd.
nailed to ends of tbr. sprockets.
The measuring list of the work would be;
• Roof tiles, tile battens, insulation
2
• Ridge cover 3,71
• Hip cover 0,55 Pt. tbr. b.b. exce. 300mm girth.
• Hip stopped ends
• Close ends of hips
• Close intersection @ hips & ridge. Table 7.7

Sloping length of the roof = 3,714 + 0,050(projection over the fascia = 3,764m.
Horizontal length of the roof = 9,186 +0,500 + 0,250 + 0,050 = 9,986m.

2 9,99 Plain cement roof tiles 265 x 165mm

3,76 laid to 60mm lap on 38 x 38mm
tbr. battens and approved insulation
under battens.

250mm half round ridge tiles.

6,99
Length = 9,986 – Half of 6,000
= 6,986m

2 4,66 Ditto, but for hip tiles

Length = 4,614 + 0,050 = 4,664m

1
Extra for ridge s.e.

2
Close bot. ends of hips.

1 Close opening @ intersection

between 1 ridge & 2 hips.

End of roof covering

Table 7.8

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 7: Timber Roof Construction 53

N5 Quantity Surveying

If the specification of the same roof requires the roof trusses to be changed to
prefabricated roof trusses, the full trusses, half truss and the jack trusses would be
measured differently as illustrated below.

Consult your standard system, page 30 and clause 5.

9 Double pitched pre-fab. full truss w.

5m span, 1,815 rise, two diag. struts
& 500mm hor. eave projections.

1 Single pitched half truss, but w.

2,5m span & two diag. struts.

Note:
Jack 1 is not a truss. Therefore it is
not measured as one.

2
Sets Single pitched pre-fab. jack truss w.
916mm span, 1951mm rafter &
500mm eave projection.

2
Sets Ditto, but w. 1656mm span,
3852mm rafter, 1diag strut &
500mm eave proj.
Table 7.9

Activity 7.1

1. How do you measure bolted or nailed trusses?

2. How do you measure prefabricated trusses?

Self Check

I am able to: YES NO

• Demonstrate how to measure:

o a roof with a gable end and a hip end

o bolted or nailed trusses

o prefabricated trusses

If you have answered 'no' to any of the outcomes listed above, then
speak to your facilitator for guidance and further development.

54 Module 7: Timber Roof Construction Gateways to Engineering Studies

Module 8
Timber Casement
Window
Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:
• Demonstrate how timber windows are measured.
• Demonstrate how glazing sizes are calculated.
• Demonstrate how the different categories for glazing are established.

8.1 Introduction
When measuring timber windows, it is of utmost importance that you know the
different parts of the window. If you consult your Standard System, you will find that
timber windows are measured under the trade 'carpentry & joinery'.

Consult your Standard System, page 30.

On page 31 and clauses 7 and 8 speak about sashes, fanlights, mullions, transoms and
frames. Fabricators normally provide a catalogue in which windows of standard sizes are
shown.

Definition: Transom
An intermediate horizontal member of a window or door frame.

Definition: Mullion
An intermediate vertical member of a window or door frame.

These windows will all have codes or reference numbers that are used to differentiate
between types of designs. The measurer can then make use of these reference numbers.

Definition: Casement
Window sash hinged or pivoted in the vertical plane.

In such cases the size of the window must be provided, and the window must be fully
described with reference made of the code or reference number. The window will then be
measured in NUMBER.

55
N5 Quantity Surveying

There are also referred to the term 'purpose made'. In this instance no catalogue will have
any information of it as it will be made to a specified size and design. In cases such as this,
the timber window must be measured as required by the Standard System.
A line diagram of a timber window frame is shown in Figure 8.1 below. Please take special
note of the different members of the frame;
A
Arrow A - HEAD.
Arrow B - STILE
A window always has
two stiles. F1 F2 B
Arrow C - TRANSOME
The horizontal member.
Arrow D - MULLION
C
The vertical member .
Arrow E - CILL
The bottom member.
Spaces F1 & F2 G1 G2
- where the FANLIGHTS D
will be fitted.
Spaces G1 & G2 E
- where the SASHES or
CASEMENTS will be Figure 8.1
fitted. 220

A
55

75 x 110
350
35

75 x 110
1930

B B 40 x 44
1435

50 x 44
55

200 x 75

A FRONT VIEW 6 x 50

SECTION A-A

55 550 40 550 55

SECTION B-B
Figure 8.1 Timber window and sections

56 Module 8: Timber Casement Window Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

Study the drawings of this window carefully before looking at the measurement of the timber
window below.

Note:
The window has two fanlights, one fixed light and one three glass paned sash.

8.2 Specifications
• All timbers to be meranti.
• Priming to backs of frame.
• Two coats clear varnish to exposed timber surfaces.
• Brass hinges, Two per fanlight and three per sash.
• Brass stay and fixing pin to sash and fanlights.
• 3mm Thick clear float glass.

The measurement will be strictly according to the following measuring list;

• Frame:
- Stiles
- Head
- Sill
- Transom
- Mullion
- Priming
- Varnish
• Fanlights and sash
- Varnish
- Glazing
- Ironmongery

Note:
The drawing does not show any horns to the frame, therefore our measurements will
be net. Allowance will be made for mortise and tenon joints at intersections. The
brickwork around the window is also not measured.

The stiles of the frame as well as the head has one rebate and can be measured together. Let's use
the measurement of 20mm for the rebate.

Definition: Construction joint

Joint between one pour which has been completed and allowed to harden and another
pour placed against it.

Thus:
The length of the stiles and the mullion would be 1 ,930m
The length of the head, transom and cill is the same the width of the window, thus 1,225m.
The head and the stiles can be measured together as all requires one rebate.
The mullion and the transom can be measured together as both requires two rebates.

Definition: Expansion joint

Joint arranged between sections of wall ,floors, roof etc. to allow them to expand or
contract with rise or fall of temperature.

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N5 Quantity Surveying

The cill must be measured separately as it requires two rebates, it must be weathered and is
also grooved.
110 x 75 mm Meranti tbr. once
We will now measure the rebated.
window frame bearing in 2 1,93 Stiles
mind the information 1,26
above. The description will Head
first make reference of the 110 x 75 mm ditto, but twice
timber size and must 1,26 rebated
describe the machining 1,93 Transome
work to it.
Mullion
1,26 200 x 75 mm Meranti tbr., twice
The next step will be to rebated, once weathered and once
measure the priming of grooved.
the frame. This would be
Cill
all areas against the wall.
The frame is primed to
make sure the timber is
waterproofed. The exposed
areas of the frame will be
varnished.
Table 8.1

Consult your Standard System, page 57, clause 6 for the

measurement of the painting.

Varnish to the timber frame is measured in SQUARE METRES. We are now going to calculate
the girth areas of all the timbers of the frame.

Girth of the stiles and the head

would be identical: 2 1,93 Prime backs of tbr. window frame.
2 x 75 + 110 = 0,260m. 2 1,26
2 1,93 Two cts. Clear varnish to tbr. window
Girth of the mullion and
transome also the same: 0,26 frame.
1,26 Stiles
2 x 75 + 2 x 110 = 0,370m. 0,26
1,93 Head
Girth of the cill; 0,37
1,26 Mullion
2 x 75 x 200 = 0,350m.
0,37
1,26 Transome
0,35
Cill

Table 8.2

To measure the fanlights and sash, you need to consult your

Standard System, page 31 and clause 7. The element must be
fully described and measured in NUMBER. Also consult your
painting trade, page 57 and clause 7.
The full flat area must be used, thus measured in SQUARE METRES.

58 Module 8: Timber Casement Window Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

550 x 350 mm Meranti tbr. fanlight

2
frame 50 x 44mm, once rebated.

550 x 1435mm Meranti sash frame

50 x 44mm, once rebated and two
1
40 x 44mm twice rebated glazing
bars.

2
0,55
Two cts. clear varnish to tbr.
0,35
fanlights and sash.
0,55
1.44
Fanlights

Sash

Table 8.3
We will now measure the glass.

Consult your Standard System, page 55, clause 1.

Glass must be grouped in the different categories but also according to the type, quality, thickness
and size. Clause 3 also requires the method of glazing and the material that will receive the glass.

Let's say, the rebate in the frame where the glass is fitted into is 15 x 15mm deep.

Thus 50 – 15 = 35mm 40 – 2 x 15 = 10mm

50 40

The size of the fanlight glass would then be: The sizes of the panes would be:
Length = 0,550 – 2 x 0,035 = 0,480m 1,435 – (2 x 0,035 + 2 x 0,010) = 1,345 ÷ 3 = 0,448m
Width = 0,350 – 2 x 0,035 = 0,280m

Thus, the sizes of the fixed light = 0,450 x 1,345 m

Thus, the length is = 0,480 m
3mm Thick clr. float glass exce.
and the width is = 0,448 m
2 0,48 0,1n.e. 0,5m² in tbr. frame.
0,28 Fanlight
3 0,48
0,45
0,48 Sash
The term, 'ironmongery' would refer to 1,35
items like hinges, stays, locks and any
other decorative fixtures. Fixed light
Table 8.4

2 2 Brass hinges fixed to tbr. frame

3 Fanlights
Sash
2
2
1 Brass stay and fixing pin
Fanlights

Sash
Table 8.5

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 8: Timber Casement Window 59

N5 Quantity Surveying

Activity 8.1

1. How are timber windows measured?

2. How are glazing sizes calculated?
3. How would you establish the different categories for glazing?

Self Check

I am able to: YES NO

• Demonstrate how timber windows are measured.

• Demonstrate how glazing sizes are calculated.

• Demonstrate how the different categories for glazing

are established.

If you have answered 'no' to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak to your
facilitator for guidance and further development.

Table 7.3
60 Module 8: Timber Casement Window Gateways to Engineering Studies
Module 9
Levelling of Uneven
Ground
Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:
• Demonstrate the method used to measure open faced bulk excavations.
• Demonstrate the calculation of average depths areas.

9.1 Introduction
The standard system of measuring builders work requires all excavations to be
measured in CUBIC METRES. Levelling of uneven ground would mean to reduce or fill
an open stand to a required level.

Consult your Standard System, page 6 clause 6.

If you consult your standard system, page 6 clause 6, you will notice that no distinction
needs to be made for depths because excavations are not done into the ground. Thus no
allowance for water or risk of collapse is necessary.
What you would need and do to be able to measure open faced excavations;
·• A site plan.
• The existing ground levels at various points.
• Divide the open stand in known areas.
·• Determine the existing ground levels at the corners of each area.
• You now need to calculate the average depth of each area.
• After the reduced level is deducted from the average depth calculated, the answer
could be either positive or negative. If negative it would mean the area needs to be
FILLED, and positive, it would mean the area needs to be CUT.
The next drawing illustrates a typical plan and section of an uneven ground, which has to
be excavated to form a level building site. We will now measure the bulk excavation in open
faces.

9.2 Specifications
·• Excavated soil must be carted off the site.
• Allow 10% for excavations in soft rock.
• Allow 15% for excavations in hard rock.
·• The spot levels provided are in relation to a datum level of 80,000.
·• Excavate the building site area to an level plane of 85,700.

61
N5 Quantity Surveying

Definition: Datum
A clearly defined and accessible marker from which the required levels of a building or site
can be readily measured during construction.

115,000 115,000 115,000 115,000

83,50 86,80 91,30 90,50 92,70

115,000
I G D C

83,50 85,70 89,50 87,30 91,20

Y J Y

115,000
H E B

83,50 87,80 86,20 88,30

57,500
F A

85,10 84,00 87,60

PLAN

89,50 91,20
87,30
85,70

83,50
DATUM LINE 80,000 EXCAVATION LEVEL 85,700
SECTION Y - Y
Figure 9.1

We will start by doing detailed waste collections for the average depths for each section as
shown on our drawing. Let us start with area A and end with area J. The procedure would
be to add all the levels for each area and divide by the amount of levels for that area.

The depth of CUT or FILL will be determined by deducting the 85,700 from the answer.

62 Module 9: Levelling of Uneven Ground Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

Area A Area B Area C Area D Area E Area F

87,600 88,300 91,200 87,300 86,200 84,000

88,300 91,200 92,700 90,500 87,300 86,200

84,000 86,200 87,300 89,500 87,800 87,800

86,200 87,300 90,500 91,300 89,500 85,100

346,100 353,000 361,700 358,600 350,800 343,100

Table 9.1

All the answers above are divided by 4 to arrive at the answers below less the new level.
86,525 88,250 90,425 89,650 87,700 85,775

-85,700 - 85,700 - 85,700 - 85,700 - 85,700 - 85,700

0,825m 2,550m 4,725m 3,950 m 2,000m 0,050 m

Table 9.2
Area G Area H Area I Area J
86,800 85,700 83,500 83,500

91,300 89,500 86,800 85,700

89,500 87,800 85,700 83,500

85,700 83,500 83,500

353,300 346,500 339,500 252,700

Table 9.3
252,700 ÷ 3 = 84,233 – 85,700 = - 1,467 m (AREA J)

All divided by 4 as above;

88,325 86,625 84,875
We now have the calculated average depths of
- 85,700 -85,700 - 85,700 each area. Remember, all positive depths are areas
to be CUT and all negative depths are areas to be
2,625m 0,925m - 0,825m FILLED.

Table 9.4

You will notice that areas B-E, G, H are all squares with the same side lengths and can be grouped
together. Areas A,F,I and J are different shapes and can be grouped together, but keeping cut and
fill areas apart.

Let us now measure up all the items as listed in the check list for this open stand.

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 9: Levelling of Uneven Ground 63

 N5 Quantity Surveying

Open faced bulk excav.

(cubed x 115 x 115= ) 115.00 From excav, soil,fill&
2,55 B 86,25 compact.
4,72 C 0,83
3,95 D 0,5 115,00 I
2,00 E 57,50
2,63 G 1,47 J
0,93 H
&

Excav. soil avail. For fill & rem. to be Ave. Length

c.a. 115 + 57,5 ÷ 2 = 86,250m

10%
115,00 (cubed x 115 x 115= M³ ) Extra over bulk excav. for soft rock
57,50 Ditto
0,83
115,00 A
57,50
0,05 F 15%
Extra over bulk excav. for
& Hard rock

Excav. soil avail. For fill & rem. to

be c.a.
END OF OPEN FACED BULK
EXCAVATIONS.

Table 9.5

Activity 9.1

1. Give a detailed description of the method used to measure open faced bulk excavations.
2. Explain how to calculate average depth areas.

Self Check

I am able to: YES NO

• Demonstrate the method used to measure open faced bulk
excavations.

• Demonstrate the calculation of average depths areas.

If you have answered 'no' to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak to your
facilitator for guidance and further development.

64 Module 9: Levelling of Uneven Ground Gateways to Engineering Studies

Module 10 Preparing and Drawing
of Bills of Quantity
Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:
• Demonstrate the term 'squaring' & the steps that must be followed.

10.1 Introduction
Squaring is done by a person who fully understands the 'taking off' procedure and
who has the ability to check the work of the 'Taker off' measured from the information
on the drawings and specifications used.

10.2 Squaring and checking dimensions

The first step when squaring would be to check if the waste calculations (collections done
before the 'taking off') and side casts (collections done during 'taking off') are correct. See
Table 10.1.

1. This procedure would begin by checking the correctness of all the dimensions taken
from the drawings. All the dimensions used not given on the drawings, must clearly
show how they were calculated.

All the dimensions which the checker agrees with must be clearly ticked The checker
does not have the authority to make any corrections to the work of the 'taker off' but
must bring it to his/her attention who will have to do the corrections if he/she is in
agreement.
Collections:
Length 3,785 (Waste calculations)
5,330
9,115m

Excav. in ord. earth for s.t.n.e. 2m dp.

fromg.l.

Depth 0,300
0,250 (Side casts)
0,550 m
Table 10.1

2. The second step would be to check if the dimensions inserted in the dimension
column next to the item described in the description column, is correct. The checker
must also show by using a tick that the dimensions are correct. If it is found that a
dimension is wrong, the whole sequence must be cancelled out and the correct
dimensions must be inserted directly below.

65
N5 Quantity Surveying

Note:
The word NIL is written in the answer column. See Table 10.2.

Collections:
Length 3,785 (Waste calculations)
5,330
9,115m
8,12
0,70 Nil Excav. in ord. earth for s.t.n.e. 2m dp.
0,55 fromg.l.

9,12 Depth 0,300

0,70 0,250 (Side casts)
0,55 0,550m
Table 10.2

The third step would be to multiply the groups of dimension sequences and to insert
the answers in the answer column of the dimension sheet. See Table 10.3.

Collections:
Length 3,785 (Waste calculations)
5,330 ü
9,115m ü
8,12
0,70 Nil Excav. in ord. earth for s.t.n.e. 2m dp.
0,55 fromg.l.

9,12 ü Depth 0,300 ü

0,70 ü 0,250 ü (Side casts)
0,55 ü 0,550m ü
3,51
ü

Table 10.3

The fourth step would be to have such multiplications checked by another checker
before final answers are established.

Note:
Once all the dimension sheets of a particular section, have been checked and
rechecked, it is important to number each description column at the bottom. These
numbers will be used as reference numbers on the abstract sheets.

10.3 Abstracting
Abstracting is a summary or gathering together of identical or similar items with their
respective quantities into their correct order within their respective trades, in
preparation for writing the bills of quantities.

Abstracting can only begin once the checking process has been completed and the
'taking off' numbered in the correct order. Abstracting is the first stage of the
'working up' process. The person responsible for this task is called the 'worker up'.

Table 10.4 illustrates how the items in the 'taking off' are marked off. A vertical line
must be drawn through each description once you have transferred the item and the
quantity applicable to it.

66 Module 10: Preparing and Drawing of Bills of Quantity Gateways to Engineering Studies
 Quantity Surveying N5

The same procedure must be followed for every item until all the items are transferred to the
correct trade on the abstract sheets. Each sheet must clearly indicate with a 'tick' when all the
items on a sheet were transferred.

NEW OFFICES

20,56 ü 220mm Thick bk. wl. in 2 3,56 ü Fair raking & cutting
2,45 ü 50,37 S.S. in ord. bks. in 1:4 c.m. 7,12 ü
5,50 ü mix.
0,25 ü 1,38
ü
5,50 ü 8,25 Rect-angle
1,50
60,00 Tri-angle

ü
&

E.o. ordbkwrk. forfcgs.

(1) (2)

Table 10.4
The transferring process will have to be checked by another person who in turn will draw another
vertical line through the same items, but in a different ink colour.

Table 10.5 will show what the abstract sheet looks like and how it must be used. The important
information that needs to be provided on the abstract sheet is the following;
• The section work • The trade
• The unit of the item • The reduced amount

A
A A

D E D E D E

B C C C
B B

Table 10.5
A The arrow indicates the space where the items are to be written.
B This is the column in which all the positive quantities are to be written.
C This is the column in which all the negative quantities are to be written.
D This is the column in which the positive page numbers are written.
C This is the column in which the negative page numbers are written.

Table 10.6 overleaf, shows how the information that is transferred from the 'taking off', is to be
written up on the abstract sheet.

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 10: Preparing and Drawing of Bills of Quantity 67
N5 Quantity Surveying

Superstructure of new offices

MASONRY

Superstructure
M²

E.o. ord. bkwrk. forfcgs.

Fcgs
60,00 1

Fair raking & cutting

7,12 2
60 M²

7M
M²
220 mm Thck. bk. wl. in
ord. bks. in 1:4 c.m. mix
blt. in stretcher bond.
M
60,00 1

60 M²

Table 10.6
You will notice that the items are written on the abstract in the same order as
indicated in the Standard System. If for instance a cubic meter item was measured, it
would have preceded the square meter items.

Note:
The items are written up in staggered formation.

All the quantities are positive, therefore no quantities will appear in the negative
column. The item description and the reduced quantity will now be transferred to
the bill paper sheet.

10.5 Billing
The bills of quantities will form part of the documentation of a legally enforced
contract. It is therefore very important that the quantity surveyor pays special
attention to its presentation.

The following basic principles when preparing a bills of quantities must be followed:
(i) The rules and requirements as laid down by the Standard System of measuring
builder's work must be adhered to.
(ii) Descriptions must be clear, concise, unambiguous and fully written out as far as
possible.
(iii) The various descriptions should be consistent both in their wording and the
order in which details and sizes are given.
(iv) Good grammar and punctuation are essential; descriptions should be as brief as
possible and repetitive wording should be avoided.
(v) Use the term 'ditto' carefully, to rule out wrong interpretations.

Table 10.7 shows a typical bill sheet, how it must be used and all the information
required on it. As the items are transferred to the bill sheet, a diagonal line is used to
cross out the item and quantities on the abstract sheet.

68 Module 10: Preparing and Drawing of Bills of Quantity Gateways to Engineering Studies
 Quantity Surveying N5

These transfers will be checked by a 'checker' who will in turn draw another diagonal line
across the first diagonal line, but he will use a different colour. The written up draft bills of
quantities will now be edited to sort out any errors before it will be presented in typed
form.

Superstructure of new offices

Bill no.1
MASONRY
Brickwork
1 220mm Thick brick wall in ordinary bricks in 1:4
Cement mortar mix, built in stretcher bond.
M² 60
Face bricks
2 Extra over ordinary bricks for facings. M² 60
3 Fair raking and cutting. M 7
Carried to summary R

Table 10.7
Before the typed 'original' sheets of the bills of quantities go through for photocopying or
printing, a proof- reader checks them against the hand-written draft bills, to ensure that
no typing errors were made.

Note:
(i) Each page of the bills of quantities should have a page summary that will be
carried forward to a trade summary page. The summary of each trade will then
be carried forward to a final summary page at the back of the bills of quantities.
(ii) Any numbering method may be used depending on system in use.
(ii) Do not use any of the abbreviations used during the 'taking off' or 'abstracting'
stages, in the bills of quantities. The bills of quantities must be reader friendly and
the meaning of some of these abbreviations might not be known to them.

Activity 10.1

1. What does the term 'squaring' mean?

2. What steps should be followed when 'squaring'?

Self Check

I am able to: YES NO

• Demonstrate the term 'squaring' & the steps that must be followed.

If you have answered 'no' to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak to your
facilitator for guidance and further development.

Gateways to Engineering Studies Module 10: Preparing and Drawing of Bills of Quantity 69
N5 Quantity Surveying

Notes

70 Module 10: Preparing and Drawing of Bills of Quantity Gateways to Engineering Studies
 Quantity Surveying N5

Past Examination Papers

APRIL 2013

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
QUANTITY SURVEYING N5
(2050015)
5 April 2013 (X-Paper)
09:00 – 13:00
REQUIREMENTS: Dimension paper (BOE 8/12)
Abstract paper (BOE 8/10)
Billing paper (BOE 8/11)

Candidates may use their own unmarked STANDARD SYSTEM

OF MEASURING BUILDING WORK.
Calculators may be used.

This question paper consists of 6 pages and 3 addenda.

TIME: 4 HOURS
MARKS: 100

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Read ALL the questions carefully.
3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.
4. Use only BLUE or BLACK ink.
5. ALL the work in SECTION A must be done on the appropriate paper.
6. ALL the work in SECTION B must be done in the ANSWER BOOK.
7. Write neatly and legibly

Gateways to Engineering Studies Examination Papers 71

 N5 Quantity Surveying

SECTION A
ADDENDUM B (attached), shows the front view of a timber door frame with a three glass panel fixed on both
sides of the door opening and view of section 8-B.
ADDENDUM C (attached) shows views of sections A-A and C-C.

SPECIFICATIONS:
CONCRETE: 15 MPa and 100 mm surface bed

MASONRY: Ordinary brickwork

Face brickwork externally
114 x 75 mm prefabricated lintel
CARPENTRY AND JOINERY: 2 032 x 813 x 44 mm meranti three-panelled door
110 x 76 mm solid meranti door frame

PLASTERING: 19 mm thick plaster internally

25 mm thick cement mortar screed

FLOOR COVERING: Vinyl floor tiles

IRONMONGERY: 100 x 45 mm brass butt hinges

Three-lever mortise door lock and furniture
Stainless steel door anchors (three both sides of the frame)
40 mm weather bar

PAINTING: TWO coats clear varnish on ALL exposed timber surfaces

Prime coat to backs of the frame
TWO coats PVA paint to plaster surfaces
ALL the work in SECTION A must be done on dimension, abstract and billing paper.

QUESTION 1
Measure the items regarding the door using the measuring list below.

1.1 Measure the items regarding the door using the measuring list below.
The timber door (2)

1.2 Varnish to timber surfaces (4)

1.3 Mortise lock (2)

1.4 Brass hinges (2)

[10]

QUESTION 2
Measure the items regarding the door frame using the measuring list below.

2.1 The solid timber door frame (8)

2.2 Prime backs of frame (3)

2.3 Varnish the exposed areas of the frame (7)

2.4 Stainless steel anchors (2)

2.5 Weather bar (2)

2.6 Damp proofing around the frame (3)

2.7 Glazing (5)

[30]

72 Examination Papers Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

QUESTION 3
Measure ALL the items for the adjustments to the internal and external finishes using the measuring list
below.

DEDUCT:

3.1 The 220 mm brick wall (5)

3.2 The external face brickwork (4)

3.3 The internal plaster and paint (6)

ADD:

3.4 The finishes to the reveals (7)

3.5 The concrete lintels in the head (3)

3.6 The concrete and vinyl floor tiles in the threshold (5)

[30]

QUESTION 4
Draw up a tender document for the ironmongery trade only.

4.1 Do the squaring for QUESTION 1 and QUESTION 2. (6)

4.2 Abstract only the ironmongery items. (7)

4.3 Bill the ironmongery items only. (7)

[20]

TOTAL SECTION A: 90

Gateways to Engineering Studies Examination Papers 73

 N5 Quantity Surveying

SECTION B
ALL the work in SECTION 8 must be done in the ANSWER BOOK.

QUESTION 5
Prepare the final account for the shopping centre and calculate the final payment due to the contractor
based on the relevant items in the summary of the bills of quantities as set out on ADDENDUM A (attached).

The following adjustments need to be made:

l Prime cost and provisional sums must be adjusted to R150 500,00

l Net extra on variation orders to be R37 678,00
l Remeasurement of foundations R95 778,89
l Remeasurement of plumbing and drainage R112 567,99
l Remeasurement of site works R 129 456,96
l Increased cost amount to R95 785,45
l Payments previously received amount to R 1 106 345,00 [15]

QUESTION 6
Contingencies is the term used in the bills of quantities to make provision for changes to the original
contract. Explain the steps to be taken to establish the financial implication for each of the following
variation orders:

6.1 The client requests that work already executed be demolished and replaced
by new work (5)

6.2 The client requests that work that is not related to measured work in the original bills of
quantities be executed. This results in extension of the contract period (5)

6.3 ‘Day works' (5)

[15]
QUESTION 7
A professional quantity surveyor provides various services to a client. Name FIVE services
provided during each of the following periods:

7.1 Pre-contract period (5)

7.2 Post -contract period (5)

[10]

TOTAL SECTION B:40

GRAND TOTAL130

74 Examination Papers Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

ADDENDUM A
SHOPPING CENTRE
FINAL SUMMARY PAGE

Bill No. Description Page Amount

1. Preliminary & General 80 R88 575,00

2. Earthworks 96 R121 241,33
3. Concrete, Formwork & Reinforcement 100 R90 500,25
4. Masonry 112 R126 667,84
5. Waterproofing 115 R10 345,99
6. Carpentry & Joinery 123 R77 546,00
7. Floor Coverings 154 R49 699,98
8. lronmongery 168 R6 700,00
9. Metalwork 168 R72 678,78
10. Plastering 175 R45 765,00
11. Tiling 185 R4 587,00
12. Plumbing & Drainage 190 R89 692,99
13. Glazing 198 R45 034,99
14. Painting 203 R23 435,87
15. Site Works 213 R132 435,96
16. Prime Cost and Provisional Sums 220 R135 259,45

17. Contingency Sum R55 500,00

FINAL TENDER PRICE R 1 175 666143

ADDENDUM B

Gateways to Engineering Studies Examination Papers 75

N5 Quantity Surveying

ADDENDUM C

76 Examination Papers Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

Past Examination Papers

NOVEMBER 2012

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
QUANTITY SURVEYING N5
(2050015)
15 November 2013 (X-Paper)
09:00 – 13:00
REQUIREMENTS: Dimension paper (BOE 8/12)
Abstract paper (BOE 8/10)
Billing paper (BOE 8/11)

Candidates may use their own unmarked STANDARD SYSTEM

OF MEASURING BUILDING WORK.
Calculators may be used.

This question paper consists of 5 pages and 2 annexures.

TIME: 4 HOURS
MARKS: 100

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Read ALL the questions carefully.
3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.
4. Use only BLUE or BLACK ink.
5. ALL the work in SECTION A must be done on the appropriate paper.
6. ALL the work in SECTION B must be done in the ANSWER BOOK.
7. Write neatly and legibly

Gateways to Engineering Studies Examination Papers 77

 N5 Quantity Surveying

SECTION A
On ANNEXURE A (attached) the floor plan and sectional views of a mountain hut are shown. The
specifications for the different traders are as follows:
SPECIFICATIONS:
Earthworks: - Excavation is in ordinary earth
Concrete: - 15 MPa
Masonry: - Ordinary bricks built in stretcher bond
- Facebrick externally
- 1 :4 cement mortar
NOTE: Use dimension paper to answer QUESTIONS 1 - 3.

QUESTION 1
Calculate the following:

1.1 The length of the external perimeter of the hut (4)

1.2 The centre line of the external 330 mm foundation wall (3)

1.3 The centre line of the internal 330 mm foundation wall (5)

1.4 The height of the risk of collapse (2)

1.5 Determine the height of the 330 mm foundation wall (1)

[15]
QUESTION 2
Use the dimensions calculated in QUESTION 1 above to measure the following:

2.1 Excavate for surface trenches excluding water and carting away of surplus material (3)

2.2 Passing for excavation of surface trenches (4)

2.3 Risk of collapse in ALL the foundation trenches (3)

2.4 Passing for risk of collapse (4)

[14]
QUESTION 3
Measure the following:

3.1 330 mm thick foundation wall (3)

3.2 Mass concrete in footings (3)

3.3 Passing for concrete in footings (3)

3.4 Backfilling in trenches(3)

3.5 Passing for backfilling in trenches(4)

[16]
QUESTION 4
Refer to the answers in QUESTION 2 and QUESTION 3 and do only the following:

4.1 Square only the earthwork (4)

4.2 Abstract ALL the earthwork items (5)

4.3 Bill ALL the earthwork items (6)

[15]
TOTAL SECTION A: 60

78 Examination Papers Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

SECTION B
Use the ANSWER BOOK to answer the questions in this section.

QUESTION 5
Prepare the interim valuation for the fourth partial payment to the contractor.
ALL calculated amounts to be rounded off to the nearest 1 0 rand.
The summary of the bill of quantities is shown on the attached ANNEXURE B.

l The contract period is 9 months

l 1 00°/o of the earthwork is complete
l 1 00°/o of the concrete work is complete
l 85°/o of the masonry is complete
l 1 0°/o of the waterproofing is complete
l 15°/o of the carpentry and joinery is complete
l The value of unfixed material on site is R6 500,00
l A retention fee of 1 0°/o is withheld to a maximum of 5°/o contract value
l The contractor was paid a total amount of R682 350,00 for the first three months. [10]

QUESTION 6
6.1 State the principles laid down by the Standard System how the following should be measured:

6.1.1 Stripping of topsoil (3)

6.1.2 Open face excavations (4)

6.2 Explain the following terms:

6.2.1 Nominated suppliers (4)

6.2.2 Nominated sub-contractors (4)

[15]

QUESTION 7
Consult the Standard System and in your own words, state how the following items should be measured:

7.1 Face-brick in reveals (3)

7.2 Paint reveals not wider than 300 mm (3)

7.3 Plaster in narrow widths not wider than 300 mm (3)

7.4 Pre-cast concrete lintels (3)

7.5 Paint on steel windows (3)

[15]

TOTAL SECTION B:40

GRAND TOTAL100

Gateways to Engineering Studies Examination Papers 79

 N5 Quantity Surveying

ANNEXURE A

ANNEXURE B

BILLS OF QUANTITIES

1. Preliminary & general R 125 300,00

2. Earthworks R 99 510,00
3. Concrete, Formwork & Steel Reinforcement R 457 678,00
4. Masonry R 220 300,00
5. Waterproofing R 17 453,00
6. Roof coverings R 205 321,00
7. Carpentry & Joinery R 67 423,00
8. Ceilings R 25 308,00
9. Floor coverings R 41 523,00
10. Ironmongery R 6 789,00
11. Metalwork R 42 834,00
12. Plastering R 20 318,00
13. Plumbing & Drainage R 45 756,00
14. Glazing R 15 909,00
15. Painting R 45 778,00
16. Contingency Sum R 62 155,00
R1 492 375,00

80 Examination Papers Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

Past Examination Papers

APRIL 2012

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
QUANTITY SURVEYING N5
(2050015)
15 November 2013 (X-Paper)
09:00 – 13:00
REQUIREMENTS: Dimension paper (BOE 8/12)
Abstract paper (BOE 8/10)
Billing paper (BOE 8/11)

Candidates may use their own unmarked STANDARD SYSTEM

OF MEASURING BUILDING WORK.
Calculators may be used.

This question paper consists of 6 pages and 2 annexures.

TIME: 4 HOURS
MARKS: 100

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Read ALL the questions carefully.
3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.
4. Use only BLUE or BLACK ink.
5. ALL the work in SECTION A must be done on the appropriate paper.
6. ALL the work in SECTION B must be done in the ANSWER BOOK.
7. Write neatly and legibly

Gateways to Engineering Studies Examination Papers 81

 N5 Quantity Surveying

SECTION A
Use only dimension, abstract and billing paper to answer the questions in SECTION A.

ANNEXURE B shows the front view and sectional details of a solid three-panelled timber door and frame
built into a 270 mm thick external cavity wall.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Concrete - 25 MPa

Brickwork - Ordinary brickwork built in stretcher bond

- 1:4 cement mortar
- Facing bricks externally

Floor covering: - Vinyl tiles to floors

Carpentry and joinery: - All timbers to be meranti timber

- 75 x 19 mm Timber skirting internally
- 2 032 x 813 x 44 mm Three-panelled door
- 114 x 76 mm solid timber door frame

Ironmongery: - 3 No 100 x 75 mm Brass steel hinges

- 1 No 3 lever door lock and furniture

Plastering: - 19 mm thick internal plaster

- 30 mm thick floor screed

Painting: - Two coats clear varnish to all timber surfaces

- PVA paint to plastered walls

QUESTION 1
Measure the work to be done strictly to the following measuring list:

1.1 Door (2)

1.2 Paint to door (5)

1.3 lronmongery (4)

1.4 Door frame (6)

1.5 Paint to door frame (2)

[20]

QUESTION 2
Measure the adjustments to the external and internal finishes according to the following measuring list:

2.1 270 mm thick cavity wall. (3)

2.2 External facings and facings to reveals and head. (4)

2.3 Internal plaster and paint and plaster and paint to reveals and head. (9)

2.4 Concrete in threshold. (2)

2.5 Build cavities solid. (2)

[20]

82 Examination Papers Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

QUESTION 3
You are required to present a bill for the Carpentry & Joinery trade only.

3.1 Do the squaring exercise (5)

3.2 Do the abstracting exercise (7)

3.3 Draw up the bill (8)

[20]

TOTAL SECTION A: 60

SECTION B
Use the answer book to answer the questions in SECTION B.

QUESTION 4: QUANTITY SURVEYING TERMS

Give ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions by choosing a word/term from the list below.
Write only the word/term next to the question number (4.1 - 4.1 0) in the ANSWER BOOK.

ditto; purpose made; nett measurement; practical completion; contingencies; interim

valuations; interim payment certificate; extra labour and material; preambles; primary
cost amount; provisional amounts; specifications; escalations

4.1 A reasonable budget estimate of the total value of the works satisfactorily executed.

4.2 A lump sum included in the tender to cover any costs of unforeseen items which may occur during
the execution of the project.

4.3 Term used to describe work over and above some items already allowed for in the bills of
quantities.

4.4 Term used to save repeating long and similar descriptions in writing.

4.5 The certificate issued by the Architect indicating the amount due and payable by the client to the
contractor.

4.6 The term used to specify that the measurement for any item excludes extras, waste and laps.

4.7 An item which must be specially manufactured for a project.

4.8 A brief specification on workmanship and quality of materials under each trade.

4.9 A sum of money provided in the bills of quantities for materials and goods to be obtained from a
supplier nominated by the Architect

4.10 An amount allowed in the bills of quantities to provide for specialist work to be carried out by a
specialist sub-contractor selected by the Architect
[10]

QUESTION 5: QUANTITY SURVEYING DUTIES

5.1 State FIVE duties of a quantity surveyor during the pre-contract period. (5)

5.2 State FIVE duties of a quantity surveyor during the post-contract period. (5)

[10]

Gateways to Engineering Studies Examination Papers 83

 N5 Quantity Surveying

QUESTION 6: INTERIM VALUATIONS

Consult the summary of a bills of quantities shown in ANNEXURE A (attached) and
prepare the first partial payment to the contractor based on the following information:

l The contract period is TEN months

l All the earthwork is complete
l 20% of the concrete work is complete
l 10 % of the masonry is complete
l A further R6 000,00 for plumbing and drainage pipes is allowed
l The value of the unfixed material on site is R7 000,00
l Allow for a 10 % for the retention fund
l Round off all calculated amounts to the nearest TEN rand (R10).

[10]

QUESTION 7: THE STANDARD SYSTEM

Consult your Standard System for Measuring Building Work and extract only the TRADE and UNITS to
which the following should be measured:

7.1 Tree stumps. (2)

7.2 Surplus excavation material. (2)

7.3 Working space. (2)

7.4 Plate-nailed trusses. (2)

7.5 Ceilings. (2)

[10]
TOTAL SECTION B: 40
GRAND TOTAL: 100

ANNEXURE A
BILLS OF QUANTITIES

SUMMARY

1. Preliminaries R 250 000,00

2. Earthworks R 95 600,00
3. Concrete, Formwork & Reinforcement R 430 300,00
4. Masonry R 175 000,00
5. Waterproofing R 17 300,00
6. Roof covering R 80 220,00
7. Carpentry & joinery R 75 500,00
8. Ceilings R 30 300,00
9. Floor coverings R 40 300,00
10. Ironmongery R 5 200,00
11. Metalwork R 36 500,00
12. Plastering R 36 300,00
13. Plumbing & drainage R 75 000,00
14. Glazing R 15 300,00
15. Painting R 45 500,00
16. External works R 60 300,00
R1 488 620,00

84 Examination Papers Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Quantity Surveying N5

ANNEXURE B

Gateways to Engineering Studies Examination Papers 85

N5 Quantity Surveying

Notes

86 Examination Papers Gateways to Engineering Studies

 Other titles in the Building and
Quantity Surveying N5 is one of Civil Construction Gateway series are:
many publications introducing
the gateways to Engineering
Studies. This course is designed n N1 Building Drawing
to develop the skills for learners n N2 Building Drawing
that are studying toward an n N3 Building Drawing
artisanship in the building and
civil construction fields and to n N1 Building Science
assist them to achieve their full n N2 Building Science
potential in an civil engineering n N3 Building Science
career.
n N1 Plumbing Theory
This book, with its modular n N2 Plumbing Theory
competence-based approach, is
aimed at assisting facilitators n N1 Bricklaying and Plastering Theory
and learners alike. With its n N2 Bricklaying and Plastering Theory
comprehensive understanding
of the engineering environment, n N1 Woodworkers Theory
it assists them to achieve the n N2 Carpentry and Roof Work Theory
outcomes set for course.
n N3 Building and Civil Technology
The subject matter is presented
as worked examples in the
n N4 Quantity Surveying
problem-solving-result
n N5 Quantity Surveying
methodology sequence,
n N6 Quantity Surveying
supported by numerous and
clear illustrations.
n N4 Building and Structural Surveying
Practical activities are included n N5 Building and Structural Surveying
throughout the book. n N6 Building and Structural Surveying

The authors are well known and n N4 Building Administration

respected in the building and n N5 Building Administration
civil construction fields. Their n N6 Building Administration
extensive experience gives an
excellent base for further study, n N4 Building and Structural Construction
as well as a broad understanding n N5 Building and Structural Construction
of civil technology and the n N6 Building and Structural Construction
knowledge to success.

Published by
Hybrid Learning Solutions (Pty) Ltd
4 Golf Park Building
Mowbray
Tel: 021 460 4488
7 781928 203735
Email: [email protected]

G ateways to Engineering Studies - C J Bam & A F May