Lecture 6: Quadratic surfaces

http://www.math.columbia.edu/~dpt/F10/CalcIII/

September 23, 2010

Announcements
Midterm on Thursday, September 30.
Review on Tuesday. You are allowed one handwritten page of notes, both sides. No other aids. Professor Lipshitz will administer. If you have a disability requiring accommodation, contact ODS. Do that now.

Oce hours change:

Monday 1011AM, 24PM, Mathematics 614. No oce hours on Wednesday.

New TA: Sherin George <[email protected]>. Oce hours: F 24PM in Barnard Math Help Room (Milbank 333). Check your e-mail. Todays lecture is interactive. Screenshots will be posted afterwards.

Lecture 6: Quadratic surfaces

Introduction Conic sections review Quadratic surfaces Uses Last word on lines and planes

Quadratic surfaces
A quadratic surface is a surface in space dened by a quadratic equation:

{(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1} {(x , y , z ) | x + y + z = 1}
2 2 2 2 2 2

Cylinder Sphere

{(x , y , z ) | x + 2xy + y + z 2z = 5} ?? We study them for several reasons. Build 3-dimensional intuition. Techniques useful for contour plots, which you will see more. These surfaces are useful. Will see some of them later in the course. Basic technique: traces. Fix (say) z-coordinate to (say) 0. Consider resulting curve. Result is a quadratic curve, a conic section.

Quadratic surfaces
A quadratic surface is a surface in space dened by a quadratic equation:

{(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1} {(x , y , z ) | x + y + z = 1}
2 2 2 2 2 2

Cylinder Sphere

{(x , y , z ) | x + 2xy + y + z 2z = 5} ?? We study them for several reasons. Build 3-dimensional intuition. Techniques useful for contour plots, which you will see more. These surfaces are useful. Will see some of them later in the course. Basic technique: traces. Fix (say) z-coordinate to (say) 0. Consider resulting curve. Result is a quadratic curve, a conic section.

Quadratic surfaces
A quadratic surface is a surface in space dened by a quadratic equation:

{(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1} {(x , y , z ) | x + y + z = 1}
2 2 2 2 2 2

Cylinder Sphere

{(x , y , z ) | x + 2xy + y + z 2z = 5} ?? We study them for several reasons. Build 3-dimensional intuition. Techniques useful for contour plots, which you will see more. These surfaces are useful. Will see some of them later in the course. Basic technique: traces. Fix (say) z-coordinate to (say) 0. Consider resulting curve. Result is a quadratic curve, a conic section.

Quadratic surfaces
A quadratic surface is a surface in space dened by a quadratic equation:

{(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1} {(x , y , z ) | x + y + z = 1}
2 2 2 2 2 2

Cylinder Sphere

{(x , y , z ) | x + 2xy + y + z 2z = 5} ?? We study them for several reasons. Build 3-dimensional intuition. Techniques useful for contour plots, which you will see more. These surfaces are useful. Will see some of them later in the course. Basic technique: traces. Fix (say) z-coordinate to (say) 0. Consider resulting curve. Result is a quadratic curve, a conic section.

Lecture 6: Quadratic surfaces

Introduction Conic sections review Quadratic surfaces Uses Last word on lines and planes

Conic sections
A conic section (or quadratic curve) is dened by a quadratic equation:

{(x , y ) | Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0}

Three basic types: Ellipse (including circle) Hyperbola Parabola

{(x , y ) | x 2 +

y2 = 1} 2

Conic sections
A conic section (or quadratic curve) is dened by a quadratic equation:

{(x , y ) | Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0}

Three basic types: Ellipse (including circle) Hyperbola Parabola

{(x , y ) | x 2 +

y2 = 1} 2

Conic sections
A conic section (or quadratic curve) is dened by a quadratic equation:

{(x , y ) | Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0}

Three basic types: Ellipse (including circle) Hyperbola Parabola

{(x , y ) | y = x 2 }

Classication of conic sections

Theorem
The type of a conic section

{(x , y ) | Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0} depends on B 2 4AC : B 2 4AC < 0: An ellipse (or circle, empty, or degenerate) B 2 4AC = 0: A parabola (or degenerate) B 2 4AC > 0: A hyperbola (or degenerate)

Examples
{(x , y ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1}: B 2 4AC = 4: Circle {(x , y ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1}: B 2 4AC = 4: Hyperbola {(x , y ) | x 2 + 2xy + y 2 + x y = 0} = {(x , y ) | (x + y )2 + (x y ) = 0}: B 2 4AC = 0: Parabola

Classication of conic sections

Theorem
The type of a conic section

{(x , y ) | Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0} depends on B 2 4AC : B 2 4AC < 0: An ellipse (or circle, empty, or degenerate) B 2 4AC = 0: A parabola (or degenerate) B 2 4AC > 0: A hyperbola (or degenerate)

Examples
{(x , y ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1}: B 2 4AC = 4: Circle {(x , y ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1}: B 2 4AC = 4: Hyperbola {(x , y ) | x 2 + 2xy + y 2 + x y = 0} = {(x , y ) | (x + y )2 + (x y ) = 0}: B 2 4AC = 0: Parabola

Classication of conic sections

Theorem
The type of a conic section

{(x , y ) | Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0} depends on B 2 4AC : B 2 4AC < 0: An ellipse (or circle, empty, or degenerate) B 2 4AC = 0: A parabola (or degenerate) B 2 4AC > 0: A hyperbola (or degenerate)

Examples
{(x , y ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1}: B 2 4AC = 4: Circle {(x , y ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1}: B 2 4AC = 4: Hyperbola {(x , y ) | x 2 + 2xy + y 2 + x y = 0} = {(x , y ) | (x + y )2 + (x y ) = 0}: B 2 4AC = 0: Parabola

Classication of conic sections

Theorem
The type of a conic section

{(x , y ) | Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0} depends on B 2 4AC : B 2 4AC < 0: An ellipse (or circle, empty, or degenerate) B 2 4AC = 0: A parabola (or degenerate) B 2 4AC > 0: A hyperbola (or degenerate)

Examples
{(x , y ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1}: B 2 4AC = 4: Circle {(x , y ) | x 2 + y 2 = 1}: B 2 4AC = 4: Hyperbola {(x , y ) | x 2 + 2xy + y 2 + x y = 0} = {(x , y ) | (x + y )2 + (x y ) = 0}: B 2 4AC = 0: Parabola

Lecture 6: Quadratic surfaces

Introduction Conic sections review Quadratic surfaces Uses Last word on lines and planes

Trace method
Suppose you didnt know what {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1} represented. How could you gure it out? Fix z-coordinate to xed value. Consider resulting curve. What happens to the curve as z varies? Interactive graphics courtesy of Sage (http://sagemath.org), a free, open-source, and excellent mathematics software system. Available for Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows, or use it online. 3D graphics by K3DSurf (http://k3dsurf.sourceforge.net). Available for Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows.

Basic types of quadratic surfaces

Lets try some more surfaces.

{(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 /2 + z 2 /3 = 1}: An ellipsoid {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of one sheet {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of two sheets {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 0}: A cone {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 + y 2 }: An (elliptic) paraboloid {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 y 2 }: A hyperbolic paraboloid You can take traces by setting x or y to be a constant as well; that gives dierent information.
Lets get some examples from you!

Basic types of quadratic surfaces

Lets try some more surfaces.

{(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 /2 + z 2 /3 = 1}: An ellipsoid {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of one sheet {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of two sheets {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 0}: A cone {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 + y 2 }: An (elliptic) paraboloid {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 y 2 }: A hyperbolic paraboloid You can take traces by setting x or y to be a constant as well; that gives dierent information.
Lets get some examples from you!

Basic types of quadratic surfaces

Lets try some more surfaces.

{(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 /2 + z 2 /3 = 1}: An ellipsoid {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of one sheet {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of two sheets {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 0}: A cone {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 + y 2 }: An (elliptic) paraboloid {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 y 2 }: A hyperbolic paraboloid You can take traces by setting x or y to be a constant as well; that gives dierent information.
Lets get some examples from you!

Basic types of quadratic surfaces

Lets try some more surfaces.

{(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 /2 + z 2 /3 = 1}: An ellipsoid {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of one sheet {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of two sheets {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 0}: A cone {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 + y 2 }: An (elliptic) paraboloid {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 y 2 }: A hyperbolic paraboloid You can take traces by setting x or y to be a constant as well; that gives dierent information.
Lets get some examples from you!

Basic types of quadratic surfaces

Lets try some more surfaces.

{(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 /2 + z 2 /3 = 1}: An ellipsoid {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of one sheet {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of two sheets {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 0}: A cone {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 + y 2 }: An (elliptic) paraboloid {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 y 2 }: A hyperbolic paraboloid You can take traces by setting x or y to be a constant as well; that gives dierent information.
Lets get some examples from you!

Basic types of quadratic surfaces

Lets try some more surfaces.

{(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 /2 + z 2 /3 = 1}: An ellipsoid {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of one sheet {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of two sheets {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 0}: A cone {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 + y 2 }: An (elliptic) paraboloid {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 y 2 }: A hyperbolic paraboloid You can take traces by setting x or y to be a constant as well; that gives dierent information.
Lets get some examples from you!

Basic types of quadratic surfaces

Lets try some more surfaces.

{(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 /2 + z 2 /3 = 1}: An ellipsoid {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of one sheet {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 1}: A hyperboloid of two sheets {(x , y , z ) | x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 0}: A cone {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 + y 2 }: An (elliptic) paraboloid {(x , y , z ) | z = x 2 y 2 }: A hyperbolic paraboloid You can take traces by setting x or y to be a constant as well; that gives dierent information.
Lets get some examples from you!

Lecture 6: Quadratic surfaces

Introduction Conic sections review Quadratic surfaces Uses Last word on lines and planes

Parabolic reectors

Photo by Steve Jurvetson.

A paraboloid turns out to be the ideal shape for a satellite dish. . .

Parabolic reectors, cont.

. . . a reector for photography (or in a ashlight). . .

Parabolic reectors, cont.2

. . . or solar cooking.

Hyperboloid

A hyperboloid can be made out of straight lines.

By Flickr user Mlisande.

Hyperboloid gears

Taiwans Antique Mechanism Teaching Models Digital Museum. Model NTUT-F02 Hyperboloid Gear Mechanism

This makes hyperboloids the right shape for certain gears, when you want to change the angle of rotation.

Hyperboloid gears in practice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Differentialgetriebe2.jpg

A cut-away view of the dierential in a Porsche Cayennne.

Lecture 6: Quadratic surfaces

Introduction Conic sections review Quadratic surfaces Uses Last word on lines and planes

Intersections of planes
The intersection of two planes is a line. With lines, main problem is to nd direction vector, parallel to line. The direction vector lies in both planes, so is perpendicular to both normal vectors. Find it using cross product. If youre given two equations, can think of each as a plane: x +y +z =1 x y =3 n1 = (1, 1, 1) n2 = (1, 1, 0) n1 n2 = (1, 1, 2) Also need to nd one point r0 on the line. Any one solution will do. Alternative approach: Find any two points on the line and take the dierence.

Intersections of planes
The intersection of two planes is a line. With lines, main problem is to nd direction vector, parallel to line. The direction vector lies in both planes, so is perpendicular to both normal vectors. Find it using cross product. If youre given two equations, can think of each as a plane: x +y +z =1 x y =3 n1 = (1, 1, 1) n2 = (1, 1, 0) n1 n2 = (1, 1, 2) Also need to nd one point r0 on the line. Any one solution will do. Alternative approach: Find any two points on the line and take the dierence.

Intersections of planes
The intersection of two planes is a line. With lines, main problem is to nd direction vector, parallel to line. The direction vector lies in both planes, so is perpendicular to both normal vectors. Find it using cross product. If youre given two equations, can think of each as a plane: x +y +z =1 x y =3 n1 = (1, 1, 1) n2 = (1, 1, 0) n1 n2 = (1, 1, 2) Also need to nd one point r0 on the line. Any one solution will do. Alternative approach: Find any two points on the line and take the dierence.

Intersections of planes
The intersection of two planes is a line. With lines, main problem is to nd direction vector, parallel to line. The direction vector lies in both planes, so is perpendicular to both normal vectors. Find it using cross product. If youre given two equations, can think of each as a plane: x +y +z =1 x y =3 n1 = (1, 1, 1) n2 = (1, 1, 0) n1 n2 = (1, 1, 2) Also need to nd one point r0 on the line. Any one solution will do. Alternative approach: Find any two points on the line and take the dierence.

Distance to lines and planes

For a line in R2 , distance is given by dot product with normal: L = {r R2 | n r = n r0 } dist(p , L) = compn (p r0 ) n (p r0 ) n For a plane in R3 , distance is given by dot product with normal: P = {r | n r = n r0 } dist(p , P ) = compn (p r0 ) n (p r0 ) n

In both cases, sometimes easier to look at unit normal vector

n . n

Question
Whats the distance from (5, 6, 7) to the plane through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1)?

Answer
We computed the normal vector earlier: n = (1, 1, 1). (1, 1, 1) (4, 6, 7) 17 Distance = compn ((5, 6, 7) (1, 0, 0)) = = . (1, 1, 1) 3

Distance to lines and planes

For a line in R2 , distance is given by dot product with normal: L = {r R2 | n r = n r0 } dist(p , L) = compn (p r0 ) n (p r0 ) n For a plane in R3 , distance is given by dot product with normal: P = {r | n r = n r0 } dist(p , P ) = compn (p r0 ) n (p r0 ) n

In both cases, sometimes easier to look at unit normal vector

n . n

Question
Whats the distance from (5, 6, 7) to the plane through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1)?

Answer
We computed the normal vector earlier: n = (1, 1, 1). (1, 1, 1) (4, 6, 7) 17 Distance = compn ((5, 6, 7) (1, 0, 0)) = = . (1, 1, 1) 3