Part 3.

Gasdynamics

Measurements in Supersonic Flow

The aim of this laboratory experiment is to familiarise students with a simple application of
the rules of gas dynamics. To complete the work successfully a student will need to
understand the behaviour of supersonic flow along with the equipment and techniques
required to perform measurement of this flow. A secondary aim is to familiarise students
with alternate methods of theoretical flow prediction. In this case direct molecular
simulation of gas flow can be applied to the near-continuum region to determine its accuracy
against the known solutions provided by classical gas dynamic theory.

Experimental Procedure.
Observe the set up of the apparatus. Take note of each piece of equipment and its
function. The high-pressure gas supply line is attached via a manually operated valve to the
converging-diverging two-dimensional nozzle. Once the valve is open to give sufficient
upstream stagnation pressure, the nozzle will choke giving Mach 1 flow at the throat.
Downstream of the throat (area A*) the flow Mach number will depend primarily on the area
ratio of the channel (A/A*) and a supersonic flow slightly above Mach 2 will be obtained.
Click here to see nozzle geometry.
 With a steel wall containing static pressure ports on the side of the nozzle, static pressure
variation along the nozzle length can be determined. The static pressure to stagnation
pressure ratio at any point along the channel can be used to predict local Mach number. This
result can be compared to area ratio predictions and discrepancies due to boundary layer
effects, shock waves or surface imperfections can be evaluated. Click here to see a diagram
of the manometers used for this experiment.
With an empty test section, open the control valve and establish supersonic flow in the
channel. Measure the static pressure readings along the length of the nozzle. Measure the
total pressure reading for the upstream flow. Measure the atmospheric pressure in the lab.
Recorded data can be written in the Tables shown here.
With glass walls on the side of the nozzle and by means of a Schlieren optical system, the
shock/expansion wave system produced by objects placed in the flow can be seen. These
flow patterns can be recorded on film. Click here to see a diagram of Schlieren optical
system.
Install a test shape into the test section of the channel. Again open the valve to establish
supersonic flow. Record the shock and expansion wave patterns using the Schlieren optical
system.
Some examples are shown below,

Axi-symmetric Cone at M=1.7, M=2.2 and M=3.0

Image enhanced versions of the above Cone flow

Flow at the nose of a bluff body at Mach 2.2

Experimental Results
Plot a graph of Mach number versus axial length from throat based on the above
experimental measurements. Include both methods, Mach number predicted from nozzle
area ratio and Mach number predicted from static/stagnation pressure ratios.
Comment on the differences in Mach number predicted by these two methods. Give
explanations.
Estimate the flow Mach number in the part of the channel section into which objects are
placed.
Compare oblique shock wave angles and Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan angles for the
measured flow with perfect gas theory models.

Extended comparison with DSMC Gas Simulation Method

Using the experimental result for Mach number determined above, set up a direct
molecular simulation (DSMC) of the flow for one of the test objects used in the experiment.
Compare the simulation flow patterns to those obtained experimentally in the nozzle test
section. Quantitative comparisons can be made of the wave angles and percentage errors
estimated. Include comparisons with ideal perfect gas flow theory. Click here for a
demonstration program showing ideal gas solutions of supersonic flow over a two-
dimensional wedge. </TD< tr>
 Give a brief discussion of the accuracy obtained by molecular simulation theory in
comparison to experimental results and in comparison to simple perfect gas theory. Based on
these comparisons give your view on the type of flow problems to which DSMC is suited as
compared to other conventional CFD methods.

(DSMC) Molecular Simulation of Rarefied Gas Flow

The following program is a demonstration of the Direct Molecular Simulation (Monte-

Carlo) (DSMC) technique. This program has been supplied by Emeritus Professor G.
A. Bird, a principal researcher in this field.

Executable Program : DSMC(413k)

Aircraft Performance

SECTION 1: The calculation of the performance of a fixed wing aircraft

Properties of the can be done using a set of simple force equilbrium
Atmosphere equations. In most flight conditions an aircraft will have
force equilibrium in all three dimensions. If a wind axis
SECTION 2 : system is used with vertical being defined at right angles to
Aircraft Weight, Geometry, the freestream velocity vector then the applied vertical forces
Lift/Drag Coefficient and will be a combination of lift, aircraft weight and ground
Engine Thrust Properties. support reaction forces. For the horizontal axis parallel to the
stream direction the applied forces will consist of a
combination of thrust, drag, weight components and ground
friction effects. In the case of a turning aircraft the crosswind
axis equilibrium also needs to be considered as there will be
additional inertial forces generated by centripetal
acceleration.

When the aircraft is not in equilibrium then the resulting

accelerations will cause dynamic motion which will need to
be analysed by applying the equations of flight mechanics
and control. In this chapter it is assumed that the aircraft is in
 equilibrium, or near equilibrium, so that the simpler aircraft
performance equations can be applied. Calculations of take-
off roll, field length, climb rate, climb gradient, ceiling,
range, endurance, turn rate, descent angle and landing roll
will be shown using basic equilibrium equations.

International Standard Atmosphere

Sea Level Conditions

Property Metric Value Imperial Value

Pressure 101.3 kPa 2116.2 lbf/ft2

Density 1.225 Kg/m3 0.002378 slug/ft3

Temperature 15 oC or 288.2 K 59 oF or 518.69 oR

Speed of Sound 340 m/s 1116.4 ft/s

Viscosity 1.789x10-5 Kg/m/s 3.737x10-7 slug/ft/s

Kinematic Viscosity 1.460x10-5 m2/s 1.5723x10-4 ft2/s

Thermal Conductivity 0.0253 J/m/s/K 3.165x10-3 lb/s/oR

Gas Constant 287.1 J/Kg/K 1715.7 ft lbf/slug/oR

Specific Heat Cp 1005 J/Kg/K 6005 ft lbf/slug/oR

Specific Heat Cv 717.98 J/Kg/K 4289 ft lbf/slug/oR

Ratio of Specific Heats 1.40 1.40

Gravitational Acceleration 9.80665 m/s2 32.174 ft/s2

Variation with Altitude

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Altitude Temperature Kinematic Speed
m ft o
C Pressure Density Viscosity Viscosity of
Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio Sound
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
0 0 15.2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 340.3
152 500 14.2 0.9821 0.9855 0.9973 1.0121 339.7
304 1000 13.2 0.9644 0.9711 0.9947 1.0243 339.1
457 1500 12.2 0.9470 0.9568 0.9920 1.0367 338.5
609 2000 11.2 0.9298 0.9428 0.9893 1.0493 338.0
762 2500 10.2 0.9129 0.9289 0.9866 1.0622 337.4
914 3000 9.3 0.8962 0.9151 0.9839 1.0752 336.8
1066 3500 8.3 0.8798 0.9015 0.9812 1.0884 336.2
1219 4000 7.3 0.8637 0.8881 0.9785 1.1018 335.6
1371 4500 6.3 0.8477 0.8748 0.9758 1.1155 335.0
1524 5000 5.3 0.8320 0.8617 0.9731 1.1293 334.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1676 5500 4.3 0.8166 0.8487 0.9704 1.1434 333.8
1828 6000 3.3 0.8014 0.8359 0.9677 1.1577 333.2
1981 6500 2.3 0.7864 0.8232 0.9649 1.1722 332.6
2133 7000 1.3 0.7716 0.8106 0.9622 1.1870 332.0
2286 7500 0.3 0.7571 0.7983 0.9595 1.2020 331.4
2438 8000 -0.6 0.7428 0.7860 0.9567 1.2172 330.8
2590 8500 -1.6 0.7287 0.7739 0.9540 1.2327 330.2
2743 9000 -2.6 0.7148 0.7620 0.9512 1.2484 329.6
2895 9500 -3.6 0.7012 0.7501 0.9485 1.2644 329.0
3048 10000 -4.6 0.6877 0.7385 0.9457 1.2807 328.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3200 10500 -5.6 0.6745 0.7269 0.9430 1.2972 327.8
3352 11000 -6.6 0.6614 0.7155 0.9402 1.3140 327.2
3505 11500 -7.6 0.6486 0.7043 0.9374 1.3310 326.6
3657 12000 -8.6 0.6360 0.6932 0.9347 1.3484 326.0
3810 12500 -9.6 0.6236 0.6822 0.9319 1.3660 325.4
3962 13000 -10.6 0.6113 0.6713 0.9291 1.3840 324.7
4114 13500 -11.5 0.5993 0.6606 0.9263 1.4022 324.1
4267 14000 -12.5 0.5875 0.6500 0.9235 1.4207 323.5
4419 14500 -13.5 0.5758 0.6396 0.9207 1.4396 322.9
4572 15000 -14.5 0.5643 0.6292 0.9179 1.4588 322.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4724 15500 -15.5 0.5531 0.6190 0.9151 1.4783 321.7
4876 16000 -16.5 0.5420 0.6090 0.9123 1.4981 321.0
5029 16500 -17.5 0.5311 0.5990 0.9094 1.5183 320.4
5181 17000 -18.5 0.5203 0.5892 0.9066 1.5388 319.8
5334 17500 -19.5 0.5098 0.5795 0.9038 1.5596 319.2
5486 18000 -20.5 0.4994 0.5699 0.9009 1.5809 318.5
5638 18500 -21.5 0.4892 0.5604 0.8981 1.6025 317.9
5791 19000 -22.4 0.4791 0.5511 0.8953 1.6244 317.3
 5943 19500 -23.4 0.4693 0.5419 0.8924 1.6468 316.7
6096 20000 -24.4 0.4595 0.5328 0.8895 1.6696 316.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------
6248 20500 -25.4 0.4500 0.5238 0.8867 1.6927 315.4
6400 21000 -26.4 0.4406 0.5150 0.8838 1.7163 314.8
6553 21500 -27.4 0.4314 0.5062 0.8809 1.7403 314.1
6705 22000 -28.4 0.4223 0.4976 0.8781 1.7647 313.5
6858 22500 -29.4 0.4134 0.4891 0.8752 1.7895 312.9
7010 23000 -30.4 0.4046 0.4806 0.8723 1.8148 312.2
7162 23500 -31.4 0.3960 0.4723 0.8694 1.8406 311.6
7315 24000 -32.3 0.3876 0.4642 0.8665 1.8668 311.0
7467 24500 -33.3 0.3793 0.4561 0.8636 1.8935 310.3
7620 25000 -34.3 0.3711 0.4481 0.8607 1.9207 309.7
----------------------------------------------------------------------
7772 25500 -35.3 0.3631 0.4402 0.8578 1.9484 309.0
7924 26000 -36.3 0.3552 0.4325 0.8548 1.9766 308.4
8077 26500 -37.3 0.3474 0.4248 0.8519 2.0053 307.7
8229 27000 -38.3 0.3398 0.4173 0.8490 2.0345 307.1
8382 27500 -39.3 0.3324 0.4098 0.8460 2.0643 306.4
8534 28000 -40.3 0.3250 0.4025 0.8431 2.0947 305.8
8686 28500 -41.3 0.3178 0.3953 0.8402 2.1256 305.1
8839 29000 -42.3 0.3107 0.3881 0.8372 2.1571 304.5
8991 29500 -43.2 0.3038 0.3811 0.8342 2.1892 303.8
9144 30000 -44.2 0.2970 0.3741 0.8313 2.2219 303.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------
9296 30500 -45.2 0.2903 0.3673 0.8283 2.2553 302.5
9448 31000 -46.2 0.2837 0.3605 0.8253 2.2892 301.9
9601 31500 -47.2 0.2772 0.3539 0.8223 2.3239 301.2
9753 32000 -48.2 0.2709 0.3473 0.8194 2.3592 300.5
9906 32500 -49.2 0.2647 0.3408 0.8164 2.3952 299.9
10058 33000 -50.2 0.2586 0.3345 0.8134 2.4318 299.2
10210 33500 -51.2 0.2526 0.3282 0.8104 2.4692 298.6
10363 34000 -52.2 0.2467 0.3220 0.8073 2.5074 297.9
10515 34500 -53.2 0.2410 0.3159 0.8043 2.5463 297.2
10668 35000 -54.1 0.2353 0.3099 0.8013 2.5859 296.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------
10820 35500 -55.1 0.2298 0.3039 0.7983 2.6264 295.9
10972 36000 -56.1 0.2243 0.2981 0.7952 2.6677 295.2
10999 36089 -56.3 0.2234 0.2971 0.7947 2.6751 295.1
11277 37000 -56.3 0.2138 0.2843 0.7947 2.7948 295.1
11582 38000 -56.3 0.2038 0.2710 0.7947 2.9324 295.1
11887 39000 -56.3 0.1942 0.2583 0.7947 3.0768 295.1
12192 40000 -56.3 0.1851 0.2462 0.7947 3.2283 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
12496 41000 -56.3 0.1764 0.2346 0.7947 3.3872 295.1
12801 42000 -56.3 0.1681 0.2236 0.7947 3.5540 295.1
13106 43000 -56.3 0.1602 0.2131 0.7947 3.7290 295.1
13411 44000 -56.3 0.1527 0.2031 0.7947 3.9126 295.1
13716 45000 -56.3 0.1456 0.1936 0.7947 4.1052 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
14020 46000 -56.3 0.1387 0.1845 0.7947 4.3073 295.1
14325 47000 -56.3 0.1322 0.1758 0.7947 4.5194 295.1
14630 48000 -56.3 0.1260 0.1676 0.7947 4.7419 295.1
14935 49000 -56.3 0.1201 0.1597 0.7947 4.9754 295.1
15240 50000 -56.3 0.1145 0.1522 0.7947 5.2203 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
15544 51000 -56.3 0.1091 0.1451 0.7947 5.4773 295.1
15849 52000 -56.3 0.1040 0.1383 0.7947 5.7470 295.1
16154 53000 -56.3 0.9909-1 0.1318 0.7947 6.0300 295.1
16459 54000 -56.3 0.9444-1 0.1256 0.7947 6.3268 295.1
16764 55000 -56.3 0.9001-1 0.1197 0.7947 6.6383 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
17068 56000 -56.3 0.8579-1 0.1141 0.7947 6.9652 295.1
17373 57000 -56.3 0.8176-1 0.1087 0.7947 7.3081 295.1
17678 58000 -56.3 0.7793-1 0.1036 0.7947 7.6679 295.1
17983 59000 -56.3 0.7427-1 0.9878-1 0.7947 8.0454 295.1
18288 60000 -56.3 0.7079-1 0.9414-1 0.7947 8.4416 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
18592 61000 -56.3 0.6746-1 0.8972-1 0.7947 8.8572 295.1
18897 62000 -56.3 0.6430 -1
0.8551-1 0.7947 9.2932 295.1
19202 63000 -56.3 0.6128-1 0.8150-1 0.7947 9.7508 295.1
19507 64000 -56.3 0.5841-1 0.7768-1 0.7947 10.231 295.1
19812 65000 -56.3 0.5566-1 0.7403-1 0.7947 10.735 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
20116 66000 -56.3 0.5305-1 0.7056-1 0.7947 11.263 295.1
20421 67000 -56.3 0.5056 -1
0.6725-1 0.7947 11.818 295.1
20726 68000 -56.3 0.4819-1 0.6409-1 0.7947 12.399 295.1
21031 69000 -56.3 0.4593-1 0.6108-1 0.7947 13.010 295.1
21336 70000 -56.3 0.4377-1 0.5822-1 0.7947 13.650 295.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Part 4. Aircraft Performance

Aircraft Performance - Weight, Geometry, Lift and Drag Properties.

Weight.

The weight (W) of the aircraft and its aerodynamic properties are the primary factors
determining its flight performance.

The weight of the aircraft can be broken down into fundamental components:
the empty weight of the vehicle;
the weight of the pilot, passengers and payload;
the weight of the fuel.
There will be limiting weight values due to the aircraft design and flight regulations:
maximum weight of payload;
maximum fuel load or fuel tank capacity;
maximum take-off weight (MTOW);
maximum landing weight.

It is not simply a matter of adding the components together to obtain a final answer for
the aircraft weight. For example it may be necessary to remove fuel weight so that
additional payload may be carried while still maintaining the requirement of a maximum
take-off weight. For stability and hence flight safety considerations an accurate "weight
and balance" calculation should be performed prior to the flight of the aircraft.
In flight the aircraft weight will change as fuel is burnt by the propulsion system or
possibly dumped in an emergency situation.

All the weight specifications will need to be identified from data given by the aircraft
manufacturer before force equilibrium calculations can be applied.

Aircraft Geometry.

A typical aircraft planform layout is shown below.

The wing planform area (S) is shaded as shown. The wing taper ratio can be calculated as
the ratio of tip chord to root chord,
The mean aerodynamic chord can be found by integrating the individual section chords
across the span.

For wings with simple linear taper, the mean aerodynamic chord will roughly equal the
mean geometric chord,

The aspect ratio of the wing will be,

and for wings with rectangular planform this will simplify to,

Lift and Drag Coefficient

The aircraft generates lift by moving quickly through the air. The wings of the vehicle
have aerofoil shaped cross-sections and for the given flow conditions the aerofoil shapes
will create a pressure difference between upper and lower wing surfaces. There will be a
high pressure region underneath and a very low pressure region on top. The lift produced
will be proportional to the size of the aircaft; the square of its velocity; the density of the
surrounding air and the angle of attack of the wing to on-coming flow.

To simplify the problem, lift is typically measured as a non-dimensional coefficient.

In the normal range of operations the variation of lift coefficent with angle of attack of
the vehicle will be approximately linear,

up until a maximum lift coefficient value at which point the wing flow stalls and lift
reduces.
The values of the lift curve gradient and maximum lift coefficient are effected by the
shape of the wing, its twist distribution, the type of aerofoil section used, the flap
configuration and most importantly by the amount of downwash flow induced on the
wing by the trailing wing tip vortices.

A simple approximation for straight, moderate to high aspect ratio wings is to assume an
elliptical spanwise load distribution which gives the following result,

where it is assumed that the ideal two-dimensional result for the section used is .

Calculation of zero angle lift coefficient or zero lift angle can be done by crudely
assuming that the zero lift angle for the aircraft equals the combination of zero lift angle
of the aerofoil section and wing incidence setting. Calculation of maximum lift
coefficient can be again take as approximately equal to the two dimensional section data
minus 5% due to the negative lift needed at the tailplane to maintain moment equilibrium.

For swept wings, wings with complex taper or wings with flaps, a more accurate
calculation needs to be undertaken using either lifting line theory or the vortex lattice
method.

Drag and Drag Coefficient

In moving through the air the aircraft experiences a resistive drag force. This force is
made up of several distinct components
Friction drag
Pressure drag
Compression drag
Lift induced drag

In theory the drag can be predicted by using a simple parabolic drag assumption,

If the offset due to camber is neglected then this can be written simply as,

This lumps friction and pressure components into a constant base drag term and then
treats the variation due to friction, pressure and most importantly lift induced drag, as a
quadratic function of lift.
The effect of compressibility can be predicted by the use of a correction factor for speeds
ranging from M=0.4 up to transonic.

For the more complex flows obtained in the transonic and supersonic regions, CFD
analysis or experimental data is required to correctly estimate Cdo.

The lift dependant component can be approximated as

where e is the wing planform efficiency factor. Values for these drag constants for
various categories of aircraft are shown in the following table.

Aircraft Type Cdo e

Single Engine
Light Aircraft 0.024 0.8
No Struts
Single Engine
Light Aircraft 0.026 0.8
With Struts
Multi Engine
0.019 0.84
Widebody Aircraft
Twin Engine
0.017 0.85
Widebody Aircraft
Twin Engine
0.021 0.85
Commuter Aircraft
Military Aircraft
0.028 0.70
with external stores
Vintage Bi-plane
0.038 0.70
with struts and bracing wire

Production of Thrust

Thrust to overcome drag is produced by engines generally using one of the following
configurations,

(a) Reciprocating Piston Engine driving a propeller.

(b) Gas Turbine Engine driving a propeller (turbo-prop).
 (c) Podded High By-Pass Gas Turbine (subsonic) (turbo-fan).
(d) Internal Low By-Pass Gas Turbine (supersonic) .

Propeller Thrust

For cases (a) and (b) engine horsepower performance data will be provided from the
engine manufacturer. To find thrust, a reasonable estimate of propeller efficiency is
required.

Propeller efficiency can be measured against advance ratio, the ratio of forward to
rotational speed of the propeller,

where V is forward speed of aircraft, n is the propeller rotation speed in revs/sec and D is
the diameter of the propeller.

A typical fixed pitch propeller performance graph will be as follows,

For detailed methods of calculating propeller performance see the chapter on Blade
Element Theory.
Typically maximum efficiency will be around 80% and for a fixed pitch propeller this
will be achieved at an advance ratio corresponding to cruise speed and engine RPM
settings.

By using a constant speed unit on the engine and thus varing the pitch in flight it is
possible to maintain high efficiency for a range of advance ratios. The propeller will then
run at maximum efficiency (80%) from take-off speed, through climb speed to cruise and
high speed cruise. The constant speed units typically have a fixed range of pitch change
so that again below take-off speed and above high speed cruise the propeller efficiency
will rapidly decline.

More advanced turbo-prop units have a greater pitch range including the options of
reverse thrust and feathered (aligned with airflow, min drag with no rotation) positions.

Given information regarding the propeller efficiency, the engine horsepower output and
the speed of the vehicle then thrust produced by the propeller can be predicted by,

Prandtl Lifting Line Theory (3-D Potential Flow)

A simple solution for unswept three-dimensional wings can be
obtained by using Prandtl's lifting line model. For
incompressible, inviscid flow, the wing is modelled as a single
bound vortex line located at the 1/4 chord position and an
associated shed vortex sheet.
The span-wise lift distribution is assumed to be elliptical with a
small modification due to wing planform geometry. The assumed
vortex line strength is thus a Fourier series approximation.

The required strength of the distribution coefficients (An) for a given

geometry and set of freestream conditions can be calculated by
applying a surface flow boundary condition. The equation used is
based on the usual condition of zero flow normal to the surface. For
3-D wings the condition is applied at several span-wise sections by
matching flow and surface angles. The local flow angle of incidence
for a 2-D section of the wing must be equal to the sum of the wing's
angle of attack, the section twist and the downwash induced flow
angle. This downwash component is caused by the induced flow
from the trailing vortex sheet.
  2-D = -  i + t
i= wi/V
where  is the 3-D wing angle of attack,  t is the wing twist
angle and wi is the velocity induced by trailing vortex sheet.
The vortex strength distribution in the trailing sheet will be a
function of the changes in vortex strength along the wing
span. The mathematical function describing the vortex sheet
strength is thus obtained by differentiating the bound vortex
distribution.

A solution for the magnitude of the Fourier coefficients

A1,A2,A3... is obtained by firstly predicting the downwash
velocity induced on the wing by the trailing sheet.

Then find the 2-D section lift coefficient as a function of the

local flow incidence and the bound vortex strength at this span
location.

where ao is the section lift curve slope ( Cl/ ),  o is the

zero lift angle and c is the section chord.
Rearranging and substituting for the local angle of incidence.

Substituting for  and  i in terms of the Fourier series

approximations then a final boundary condition equation is
obtained. The equation contains the unknown coefficients and
the known geometric properties of the wing.
If a fixed number of coefficients (A1,A2,A3,A4...AN) is used
then a set of simultaneous linear equations will be obtained by
applying the above equation at "N" spanwise locations. A
cosine distribution of spanwise locations should be used to
match the assumed wing loading distribution. The number of
coefficients used will determine the accuracy of the solution. If
the wing loading is highly non-elliptical then a larger number
of coefficients should be included. The solution for coefficients
(A1,A2,A3,A4...AN) is obtained by the reduction of the resulting
matrix of equations.
It should be noted that in cases were the wing loading is
symmetric then even coefficients (A2,A4,A6,....) will be zero
and can be deleted from the calculation.
The lift coefficient for the wing at a given angle of attack will
be obtained by integrating the spanwise vortex distribution.

so that CL =  .AR.A1, where AR is wing aspect ratio.

The downwash velocity induced at any span location can be
calculated once the strength of the wing loading is known. The
variation in local flow angles can then be found. A
consequence of this downwash flow is that the direction of
action of each section's lift vector is rotated relative to the
freestream direction. The local lift vectors are rotated
backward and hence give rise to a lift induced drag. By
integrating the component of section lift coefficient that acts
parallel to the freestream across the span, the induced drag
coefficient can be found.

so that CDi =  .AR. (nAn2)

No real information about pitching moment coefficient can be
deduced from lifting line theory since the lift distribution is
collapsed to a single line along the 1/4 chord.

Special Case of Elliptical Loading

If the wing planform is elliptical, then it can be assumed that
the wing load distribution is also a purely elliptical function.
 (y) = 4sV A1sin( ) = osin( )
In this case a single general boundary condition equation
 results containing only one unknown, the vortex line strength
at the wing root. The exact solution of this equation leads to
the following simple answer for lift coefficient and induced
drag coefficient.

,
o(2D) = o(3D)
Prandtl Lifting Line Program
The following computer program allows the user to define
wing planforms (without sweep) and to define wing root and
wing tip section properties. The program assumes a linear
variation of section properties between wing root and tip and
that the loading will be symmetric about the wing root. The
program uses the above lifting line equations to get solutions
for lift coefficient versus angle of attack and induced drag
coefficient versus lift coefficient2. For a given angle of attack
the program will display the resulting distribution of section
lift coefficient across the span.

A flapped section can also be input. The percentage of wing

span with flap must be input to create a flapped wing section.
The flap section properties are assumed to be those entered for
the wing root section. These section properties will be kept
constant across the flapped portion of the span. The section
properties used outboard of the flap will also be constant and
assumed to be equal to those of the wing tip.

Vortex Lattice Method (3-D)

A solution for three-dimensional wings of any general form can be obtained by using a
vortex lattice model. For incompressible, inviscid flow, the wing is modelled as a set of
lifting panels. Each panel will contain a single horse-shoe vortex. A bound vortex is
located at the panel 1/4 chord position with two trailing vortex lines shed from each end.
Both span-wise and chord-wise variation in lift can be modelled as a set of step changes
from one panel to the next.

The required strength of the bound vortex on each panel will need to be calculated by
applying a surface flow boundary condition. The equation used is the usual condition of
zero flow normal to the surface. For each panel the condition is applied at the 3/4 chord
position along the center line of the panel. The normal velocity is made up of a
freestream component and an induced flow component. This induced component is a
function of strengths of all vortex panels on the wing. Thus for each panel an equation
can be set up which is a linear combination of the effects of the strengths of all panels.
A matrix of influence coefficients is created which is multiplied by the vortex strengths
and equal to a right hand side vector of freestream effects.

The influence coefficient Aij will represent the induced flow on panel i due to the vortex
on panel j. If all panels are assumed to be approximately planar then this influence
coefficient can be calculated as a relatively simple application of the Biot-Savart law
along the three component vortex lines.

The result of this integration leads to the following formulae for influence coefficients
in general.

The right-hand side terms for the boundary condition equations will depend upon the
freestream velocity, the angle of attack for the wing and the slope of the panels due to
camber effects.
A solution for the strength of the vortex lines on each panel is found by solving the
matrix of equations.

The lift coefficient for the wing at a given angle of attack will be obtained by integrating
the panel lift distribution. The lift on a particular panel can be found using the Kutta
Law.

The downwash velocity induced at on a panel can be calculated once the strength of the
wing loading is known. The variation between local flow angles for the panel and the
freestream velocity can be found. A consequence of this downwash flow is that the
direction of action of each panel's lift vector is rotated relative to the freestream
direction. The local lift vectors are rotated backward and hence give rise to a lift induced
drag. By integrating the component of panel lift coefficient that acts parallel to the
freestream across the span then the induced drag coefficient can be found.
The induced flow angle (alpha i) represents the amount of rotation of the lift vector
backward and must be calculated from the velocities induced on the bound vortex of the
panel by other panels and the freestream.

Pitching moment about the wing root leading edge can be calculated by summing the
panel lift multiplied by a moment arm which extends in the x-direction from the leading
edge of the wing to the centre of the bound vortex for the panel.

Vortex Lattice Method Program

The following computer program allows the user to define wing planforms and
geometries. The program assumes a linear variation of section properties between wing
root and tip and that the loading will be symmetric about the wing root.

The aerofoil section data for the wing root and tip is input from a file containing section
coordinate data points. Files for all the standard 4 and 5 digit NACA sections can be
created using the program provided in Chapter 4 NACA 4 & 5 Digit Aerofoil Sections.
Data for other sections can be input provided the file uses the same ASCII data format
as those used for NACA sections.

The program uses the above vortex lattice method equations to obtain solutions for lift
coefficient versus angle of attack, pitching moment coefficient versus angle and induced
drag coefficient versus lift coefficient2. For a given angle of attack the program will
display the resulting differential pressure coefficient distribution.

Part 5. Propulsion

Analysis of Propellers
Glauert Blade Element Theory
A relatively simple method of predicting the performance of a propeller (as well as fans or windmills) is the
use of Blade Element Theory. In this method the propeller is divided into a number of independent sections
along the length. At each section a force balance is applied involving 2D section lift and drag with the thrust
and torque produced by the section. At the same time a balance of axial and angular momentum is applied.
This produces a set of non-linear equations that can be solved by iteration for each blade section. The resulting
values of section thrust and torque can be summed to predict the overall performance of the propeller.

The theory does not include secondary effects such as 3-D flow velocities induced on the propeller by the shed
tip vortex or radial components of flow induced by angular acceleration due to the rotation of the propeller. In
comparison with real propeller results this theory will over-predict thrust and under-predict torque with a
resulting increase in theoretical efficiency of 5% to 10% over measured performance. Some of the flow
assumptions made also breakdown for extreme conditions when the flow on the blade becomes stalled or there
is a significant proportion of the propeller blade in windmilling configuration while other parts are still thrust
producing.

The theory has been found very useful for comparative studies such as optimising blade pitch setting for a
given cruise speed or in determining the optimum blade solidity for a propeller. Given the above limitations it
is still the best tool available for getting good first order predictions of thrust, torque and efficiency for
propellers under a large range of operating conditions.

Blade Element Subdivision

A propeller blade can be subdivided as shown into a discrete number of sections.

For each section the flow can be analysed independently if the assumption is made that for each there are only
axial and angular velocity components and that the induced flow input from other sections is negligible. Thus
at section AA (radius = r) shown above, the flow on the blade would consist of the following components.

V0 -- axial flow at propeller disk, V2 -- Angular flow velocity vector

V1 -- section local flow velocity vector, summation of vectors V0 and V2

Since the propeller blade will be set at a given geometric pitch angle () the local velocity vector will create a
flow angle of attack on the section. Lift and drag of the section can be calculated using standard 2-D aerofoil
properties. (Note: change of reference line from chord to zero lift line). The lift and drag components normal
to and parallel to the propeller disk can be calculated so that the contribution to thrust and torque of the
compete propeller from this single element can be found.

The difference in angle between thrust and lift directions is defined as  =  -  . The elemental thrust and
torque of this blade element can thus be written as

 T =  L cos( ) -  D sin( ),  Q/r =  D cos( ) +  L sin( )

Substituting section data (CL and CD for the given  ) leads to the following equations.

L = CL1/2V12c.dr and D = CD1/2V12c.dr per blade

where is the air density, c is the blade chord so that the lift producing area of the blade element is c.dr.
 V0 -- axial flow at propeller disk, V2 -- Angular flow velocity vector

If the number of propeller blades is (B)

then T = 1/2 V12 c (CL cos( ) - CD sin( )). B.dr. . . . . . . . .(1)

Q/r = 1/2 V12 c (CL sin( ) + CD cos( )) .B.dr

Q = 1/2 V12 c (CL sin( ) + CD cos( )) .B.r.dr . . . . . . . . . .(2)

2. Inflow Factors

A major complexity in applying this theory arises when trying to determine the magnitude of the two flow
components V0 and V2. V0 is roughly equal to the aircraft's forward velocity (Vinf) but is increased by the
propeller's own induced axial flow into a slipstream. V2 is roughly equal to the blade section's angular speed
(r) but is reduced slightly due to the swirling nature of the flow induced by the propeller. To calculate V 0 and
V2 accurately both axial and angular momentum balances must be applied to predict the induced flow effects
on a given blade element. As shown in the following diagram the induced flow components can be defined as
factors increasing or decreasing the major flow components.

So for the velocities V0 and V2 as shown in the previous section flow diagram,

V0=Vinf + a.Vinf where a -- axial inflow factor

V2=r - b. r where b -- angular inflow factor (swirl factor)

The local flow velocity and the angle of attack for the blade section is thus
So for the velocities V0 and V2 as shown in the previous section flow diagram,

V1 = sqrt(V02 + V22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)

 =  - tan-1(V0/V2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4)

3. Axial and Angular Flow Conservation of Momentum

The governing principle of conservation of flow momentum can be applied for both axial and circumferential
directions.

For the axial direction, the change in flow

momentum along a stream-tube starting
upstream, passing through the propeller at
section AA and then moving off into the
slipstream, must equal the thrust produced by
this element of the blade.

To remove the unsteady effects due to the propeller's rotation, the stream-tube used is one covering the
complete area of the propeller disk swept out by the blade element and all variables are assumed to be time
averaged values.

 T = change in momentum flow rate

= mass flow rate in tube x change in velocity

=  2 r.dr.V0 (Vslipstream - Vinf)

By applying Bernoulli's equation and conservation of momentum, for the three separate components of the
tube, from freestream to face of disk, from rear of disk to slipstream far downstream and balancing pressure
and area versus thrust, it can be shown that the axial velocity at the disk will be the average of the freestream
and slipstream velocities.
So for the velocities V0 and V2 as shown in the previous section flow diagram,

V0 = (Vinf + Vslipstream)/2, that means Vslipstream = Vinf ( 1 + 2a)

Thus

 T =  2 r Vinf ( 1 + a). (Vinf (1 +2a) - Vinf). dr

T =  2 r Vinf2( 1 + a). 2a. dr

T =  4 r Vinf2( 1 + a). a. dr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5)

For angular momentum

 Q = change in angular momentum rate for flow x radius

= mass flow rate in tube x change in circumferential velocity x radius

=  2 r.dr.V0 (V (slipstream) - 0(freestream)). r

By considering conservation of angular momentum in conjunction with the axial velocity change, it can be
shown that the angular velocity in the slipstream will be twice the value at the propeller disk.

V (slipstream) = 2b r,

Thus

Q =  2 r Vinf ( 1 + a). (2b r). r.dr

Q =  4 r3 Vinf( 1 + a). b . dr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)

Because these final forms of the momentum equation balance still contain the variables for element thrust and
torque, they cannot be used directly to solve for inflow factors.

However there now exists a nonlinear system of equations (1),(2),(3),(4),(5) and (6) containing the four
primary unknown variables , Q, a, b. So an iterative solution to this system is possible.
So for the velocities V0 and V2 as shown in the previous section flow diagram,

4. Iterative Solution procedure for Blade Element Theory.

The method of solution for the blade element flow will be to start with some initial guess of inflow factors (a)
and (b). Use these to find the flow angle on the blade (equations (3),(4)), then use blade section properties to
estimate the element thrust and torque (equations (1),(2)). With these approximate values of thrust and torque
equations (5) and (6) can be used to give improved estimates of the inflow factors (a) and (b). This process can
be repeated until values for (a) and (b) have converged to within a specified tolerance.

It should be noted that convergence for this nonlinear system of equations is not guaranteed. It is usually a
simple matter of applying some convergence enhancing techniques (ie Crank-Nicholson under-relaxation) to
get a result when linear aerofoil section properties are used. When non-linear properties are used, ie including
stall effects, then obtaining convergence will be significantly more difficult.

For the final values of inflow factor (a) and (b) an accurate prediction of element thrust and torque will be
obtained from equations (1) and (2).

5. Propeller Thrust and Torque Coefficients and Efficiency.

The overall propeller thrust and torque will be obtained by summing the results of all the radial blade element
values.

for all elements), and QQ (for all elements)

The non-dimensional thrust and torque coefficients can then be calculated along with the advance ratio at
which they have been calculated.

CT = T/( n2D4) and CQ = Q/( n2D5) for J = Vinf/(nD)

where n is the rotation speed of propeller in revs per second and D is the propeller diameter.

The efficiency of the propeller under these flight conditions will then be

 (propeller) = J/(2 ).(CT/CQ).

6. Software Implementation of Blade Element Theory

Two programming versions of this propeller analysis technique are available. The first is a demonstration
So for the velocities V0 and V2 as shown in the previous section flow diagram,

program which can be used to calculate thrust and torque coefficients and efficiency for a relatively simple
propeller design using standard linearised aerofoil section data. The blade is assumed to have a constant pitch
(p) so that the variation of  with radius is calculated from the standard pitch equation.

p = 2 r tan( ).

Click here to download Program 1: Propel.exe

The second is a MATLAB script file for the implementation of this method. The source code in this script is
by default a simple propeller design with linear properties. However with the inclusion of your own propeller
geometry and section data a more accurate analysis of the specific propeller design can be obtained.

Click here to download Program 2: Propel.m

clear all;
chord=0.10;
pitch=0.0;
dia=1.6;
R=dia/2.0;
RPM=2100.;
%pitch angle setting at tip
tip=25.0;
xt=R;
%pitch angle setting at 25% radius
hub=65.0;
xs=0.1*R
tonc=0.12*chord;
rho=1.225;
n=RPM/60.0;
omega=n*2.0*pi;
coef1=(tip-hub)/(xt-xs);
coef2=hub-coef1*xs;
rstep=(xt-xs)/10
r1=[xs:rstep:xt];
k=0;
eff0=0;
V=60;
thrust=0.0;
torque=0.0;
for j=1:size(r1,2),
rad=r1(j);
theta=coef1*rad+coef2+pitch;
t2(j)=theta;
th=theta/180.0*pi;
sigma=2.0*chord/2.0/pi/rad;
a=0.1;
b=0.01;
finished=0;
 sum=1;
while (finished==0),
V0=V*(1+a);
V2=omega*rad*(1-b);
phi=atan2(V0,V2);
alpha=th-phi;
cl=6.2*alpha;
cd=0.008-0.003*cl+0.01*cl*cl;
Vlocal=sqrt(V0*V0+V2*V2);
DtDr=0.5*rho*Vlocal*Vlocal*2.0*chord*(cl*cos(phi)-cd*sin(phi));
DqDr=0.5*rho*Vlocal*Vlocal*2.0*chord*rad*(cd*cos(phi)+cl*sin(phi));
tem1=DtDr/(4.0*pi*rad*rho*V*V*(1+a));
tem2=DqDr/(4.0*pi*rad*rad*rad*rho*V*(1+a)*omega);
anew=0.5*(a+tem1);
bnew=0.5*(b+tem2);
if (abs(anew-a)<1.0e-5),
if (abs(bnew-b)<1.0e-5),
finished=1;
end;
end;
a=anew;
b=bnew;
sum=sum+1;
if (sum>500),
finished=1;
end;
end;
a2(j)=a;
b2(j)=b;
thrust=thrust+DtDr*rstep;
torque=torque+DqDr*rstep;
end;
disp(thrust);
disp(torque);
t=thrust/(rho*n*n*dia*dia*dia*dia);
q=torque/(rho*n*n*dia*dia*dia*dia*dia);
J=V/(n*dia);
if (t<0),
eff=0.
else
eff=t/q*J/(2.0*pi)
end;

Part 6. Data Sheets

Conversion Factors
LENGTH:
1 m = 3.2808 ft 1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 km = 0.6214 mile 1 mile = 1.6093 km
1 nautical mile = 1.852 km

AREA:
1 m^2 = 10.76 ft^2 1 ft^2 = 0.09290 m^2
1 acre = 43560 ft^2
 1 sq. mile = 640 acres

VOLUME:
1 litre = 1000 cm^3
1 litre = 0.03532 ft^3 1 ft3 = 28.32 litres
1 litre = 61.02 in^3 1 US gallon = 231 in^3
1 Imperial gallon = 277.42 in^3

MASS:
1 Kg = 0.06852 slug 1 slug = 14.5943 Kg
1 Kg = 1000 grams 1 lbm = 0.4536 Kg

DENSITY:
1 Kg/m^3 = 0.0019403 slug/ft^3 1 slug/ft^3 = 515.38 Kg/m^3
1 Kg/m^3 = 0.06243 lbm/ft^3 1 lbm/ft^3 = 16.018 Kg/m^3

VELOCITY:
1 m/s = 3.2808 ft/s 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s
1 m/s = 2.2369 mph 1 mph = 0.44704 m/s
1 m/s = 3.6 km/hr 1 mph = 1.6093 km/hr
1 m/s = 1.943 knots 1 knot = 0.5144 m/s

FORCE:
1 Newton = 0.2248 lbf 1 lbf = 4.448 N
1 Newton = 105 Dynes

PRESSURE:
1 mm Hg = 133.32 Pa 1 in Hg = 3.3865 kPa
1 Pa = 10^-5 Bar 1 in H2O = 249.1 Pa
1 Pa = 1.45 x 10-4 lbf/in^2 1 lbf/in^2 = 6895 Pa
1 Pa = 0.02089 lbf/ft^2 1 lbf/ft^2 = 47.88 Pa

ENERGY:
1 Joule = 1 Nm = 0.7376 ft lbf 1 ft lbf= 1.35582 J
1 Joule = 0.0094787 BTU 1 BTU = 1055.06 J
1 Joule = 0.2389 Cal 1 Cal = 4.1868 J
1 Joule = 2.78 x 10^-7 kilowatt hrs
1 kwh = 3.6 x 106 J

POWER:
1 Watt = 1 J/s = 0.7376 ft lbf/s
1 Watt = 1.341 x 10^-3 HP 1 HP = 745.6 W
1 Watt = 3.4118 BTU/hr 1 HP = 550 ft lbf/s

VISCOSITY:
1 Poise = 0.1 Kg/m/s 1 Stokes = 10^-4 m2/s

ANGLE:
1 radian = 57.296 deg 1 deg = 0.01745 Rad

Appendix 2. Densities of Liquids

Values shown are for liquids at atmospheric pressure
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
| Liquid | Density Kg/m^3 | Temp oC |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| Water (fresh) | 998 | 20 |
| Water (sea) | 1030 | 20 |
| Mercury | 13550 | 20 |
| Ethyl Alcohol | 791 | 20 |
| Methyl Alcohol | 810 | 0 |
| Kerosene | 820 | 20 |
| Gasoline | 710-750 | 20 |
| Oil (crude) | 850-930 | 20 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------

International Standard Atmosphere

Sea Level Conditions

Property Metric Value Imperial Value

Pressure 101.3 kPa 2116.2 lbf/ft2

Density 1.225 Kg/m3 0.002378 slug/ft3

Temperature 15 oC or 288.2 K 59 oF or 518.69 oR

Speed of Sound 340 m/s 1116.4 ft/s

Viscosity 1.789x10-5 Kg/m/s 3.737x10-7 slug/ft/s

Kinematic Viscosity 1.460x10-5 m2/s 1.5723x10-4 ft2/s

Thermal Conductivity 0.0253 J/m/s/K 3.165x10-3 lb/s/oR

Gas Constant 287.1 J/Kg/K 1715.7 ft lbf/slug/oR

Specific Heat Cp 1005 J/Kg/K 6005 ft lbf/slug/oR

Specific Heat Cv 717.98 J/Kg/K 4289 ft lbf/slug/oR

Ratio of Specific Heats 1.40 1.40

Gravitational Acceleration 9.80665 m/s2 32.174 ft/s2

Variation with Altitude

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Altitude Temperature Kinematic Speed
m ft o
C Pressure Density Viscosity Viscosity of
Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio Sound
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
0 0 15.2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 340.3
152 500 14.2 0.9821 0.9855 0.9973 1.0121 339.7
304 1000 13.2 0.9644 0.9711 0.9947 1.0243 339.1
457 1500 12.2 0.9470 0.9568 0.9920 1.0367 338.5
609 2000 11.2 0.9298 0.9428 0.9893 1.0493 338.0
762 2500 10.2 0.9129 0.9289 0.9866 1.0622 337.4
914 3000 9.3 0.8962 0.9151 0.9839 1.0752 336.8
1066 3500 8.3 0.8798 0.9015 0.9812 1.0884 336.2
1219 4000 7.3 0.8637 0.8881 0.9785 1.1018 335.6
1371 4500 6.3 0.8477 0.8748 0.9758 1.1155 335.0
1524 5000 5.3 0.8320 0.8617 0.9731 1.1293 334.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1676 5500 4.3 0.8166 0.8487 0.9704 1.1434 333.8
1828 6000 3.3 0.8014 0.8359 0.9677 1.1577 333.2
1981 6500 2.3 0.7864 0.8232 0.9649 1.1722 332.6
2133 7000 1.3 0.7716 0.8106 0.9622 1.1870 332.0
2286 7500 0.3 0.7571 0.7983 0.9595 1.2020 331.4
2438 8000 -0.6 0.7428 0.7860 0.9567 1.2172 330.8
2590 8500 -1.6 0.7287 0.7739 0.9540 1.2327 330.2
2743 9000 -2.6 0.7148 0.7620 0.9512 1.2484 329.6
2895 9500 -3.6 0.7012 0.7501 0.9485 1.2644 329.0
3048 10000 -4.6 0.6877 0.7385 0.9457 1.2807 328.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3200 10500 -5.6 0.6745 0.7269 0.9430 1.2972 327.8
3352 11000 -6.6 0.6614 0.7155 0.9402 1.3140 327.2
3505 11500 -7.6 0.6486 0.7043 0.9374 1.3310 326.6
3657 12000 -8.6 0.6360 0.6932 0.9347 1.3484 326.0
3810 12500 -9.6 0.6236 0.6822 0.9319 1.3660 325.4
3962 13000 -10.6 0.6113 0.6713 0.9291 1.3840 324.7
4114 13500 -11.5 0.5993 0.6606 0.9263 1.4022 324.1
4267 14000 -12.5 0.5875 0.6500 0.9235 1.4207 323.5
4419 14500 -13.5 0.5758 0.6396 0.9207 1.4396 322.9
4572 15000 -14.5 0.5643 0.6292 0.9179 1.4588 322.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4724 15500 -15.5 0.5531 0.6190 0.9151 1.4783 321.7
4876 16000 -16.5 0.5420 0.6090 0.9123 1.4981 321.0
5029 16500 -17.5 0.5311 0.5990 0.9094 1.5183 320.4
5181 17000 -18.5 0.5203 0.5892 0.9066 1.5388 319.8
5334 17500 -19.5 0.5098 0.5795 0.9038 1.5596 319.2
 5486 18000 -20.5 0.4994 0.5699 0.9009 1.5809 318.5
5638 18500 -21.5 0.4892 0.5604 0.8981 1.6025 317.9
5791 19000 -22.4 0.4791 0.5511 0.8953 1.6244 317.3
5943 19500 -23.4 0.4693 0.5419 0.8924 1.6468 316.7
6096 20000 -24.4 0.4595 0.5328 0.8895 1.6696 316.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------
6248 20500 -25.4 0.4500 0.5238 0.8867 1.6927 315.4
6400 21000 -26.4 0.4406 0.5150 0.8838 1.7163 314.8
6553 21500 -27.4 0.4314 0.5062 0.8809 1.7403 314.1
6705 22000 -28.4 0.4223 0.4976 0.8781 1.7647 313.5
6858 22500 -29.4 0.4134 0.4891 0.8752 1.7895 312.9
7010 23000 -30.4 0.4046 0.4806 0.8723 1.8148 312.2
7162 23500 -31.4 0.3960 0.4723 0.8694 1.8406 311.6
7315 24000 -32.3 0.3876 0.4642 0.8665 1.8668 311.0
7467 24500 -33.3 0.3793 0.4561 0.8636 1.8935 310.3
7620 25000 -34.3 0.3711 0.4481 0.8607 1.9207 309.7
----------------------------------------------------------------------
7772 25500 -35.3 0.3631 0.4402 0.8578 1.9484 309.0
7924 26000 -36.3 0.3552 0.4325 0.8548 1.9766 308.4
8077 26500 -37.3 0.3474 0.4248 0.8519 2.0053 307.7
8229 27000 -38.3 0.3398 0.4173 0.8490 2.0345 307.1
8382 27500 -39.3 0.3324 0.4098 0.8460 2.0643 306.4
8534 28000 -40.3 0.3250 0.4025 0.8431 2.0947 305.8
8686 28500 -41.3 0.3178 0.3953 0.8402 2.1256 305.1
8839 29000 -42.3 0.3107 0.3881 0.8372 2.1571 304.5
8991 29500 -43.2 0.3038 0.3811 0.8342 2.1892 303.8
9144 30000 -44.2 0.2970 0.3741 0.8313 2.2219 303.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------
9296 30500 -45.2 0.2903 0.3673 0.8283 2.2553 302.5
9448 31000 -46.2 0.2837 0.3605 0.8253 2.2892 301.9
9601 31500 -47.2 0.2772 0.3539 0.8223 2.3239 301.2
9753 32000 -48.2 0.2709 0.3473 0.8194 2.3592 300.5
9906 32500 -49.2 0.2647 0.3408 0.8164 2.3952 299.9
10058 33000 -50.2 0.2586 0.3345 0.8134 2.4318 299.2
10210 33500 -51.2 0.2526 0.3282 0.8104 2.4692 298.6
10363 34000 -52.2 0.2467 0.3220 0.8073 2.5074 297.9
10515 34500 -53.2 0.2410 0.3159 0.8043 2.5463 297.2
10668 35000 -54.1 0.2353 0.3099 0.8013 2.5859 296.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------
10820 35500 -55.1 0.2298 0.3039 0.7983 2.6264 295.9
10972 36000 -56.1 0.2243 0.2981 0.7952 2.6677 295.2
10999 36089 -56.3 0.2234 0.2971 0.7947 2.6751 295.1
11277 37000 -56.3 0.2138 0.2843 0.7947 2.7948 295.1
11582 38000 -56.3 0.2038 0.2710 0.7947 2.9324 295.1
11887 39000 -56.3 0.1942 0.2583 0.7947 3.0768 295.1
12192 40000 -56.3 0.1851 0.2462 0.7947 3.2283 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
12496 41000 -56.3 0.1764 0.2346 0.7947 3.3872 295.1
12801 42000 -56.3 0.1681 0.2236 0.7947 3.5540 295.1
13106 43000 -56.3 0.1602 0.2131 0.7947 3.7290 295.1
13411 44000 -56.3 0.1527 0.2031 0.7947 3.9126 295.1
13716 45000 -56.3 0.1456 0.1936 0.7947 4.1052 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
14020 46000 -56.3 0.1387 0.1845 0.7947 4.3073 295.1
14325 47000 -56.3 0.1322 0.1758 0.7947 4.5194 295.1
14630 48000 -56.3 0.1260 0.1676 0.7947 4.7419 295.1
14935 49000 -56.3 0.1201 0.1597 0.7947 4.9754 295.1
15240 50000 -56.3 0.1145 0.1522 0.7947 5.2203 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
15544 51000 -56.3 0.1091 0.1451 0.7947 5.4773 295.1
15849 52000 -56.3 0.1040 0.1383 0.7947 5.7470 295.1
16154 53000 -56.3 0.9909-1 0.1318 0.7947 6.0300 295.1
16459 54000 -56.3 0.9444-1 0.1256 0.7947 6.3268 295.1
16764 55000 -56.3 0.9001-1 0.1197 0.7947 6.6383 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
17068 56000 -56.3 0.8579-1 0.1141 0.7947 6.9652 295.1
17373 57000 -56.3 0.8176-1 0.1087 0.7947 7.3081 295.1
17678 58000 -56.3 0.7793-1 0.1036 0.7947 7.6679 295.1
17983 59000 -56.3 0.7427-1 0.9878-1 0.7947 8.0454 295.1
18288 60000 -56.3 0.7079-1 0.9414-1 0.7947 8.4416 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
18592 61000 -56.3 0.6746-1 0.8972-1 0.7947 8.8572 295.1
18897 62000 -56.3 0.6430 -1
0.8551-1 0.7947 9.2932 295.1
19202 63000 -56.3 0.6128-1 0.8150-1 0.7947 9.7508 295.1
19507 64000 -56.3 0.5841-1 0.7768-1 0.7947 10.231 295.1
19812 65000 -56.3 0.5566-1 0.7403-1 0.7947 10.735 295.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
20116 66000 -56.3 0.5305-1 0.7056-1 0.7947 11.263 295.1
20421 67000 -56.3 0.5056 -1
0.6725-1 0.7947 11.818 295.1
20726 68000 -56.3 0.4819-1 0.6409-1 0.7947 12.399 295.1
21031 69000 -56.3 0.4593-1 0.6108-1 0.7947 13.010 295.1
21336 70000 -56.3 0.4377-1 0.5822-1 0.7947 13.650 295.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Compressible Flow Tables

Part 1: Subsonic Flow (Isentropic Flow, Gamma=7/5)

Notation :

M = Local flow Mach number

P/Po = Ratio of static pressure to total pressure
rho/rho(o) = Ratio of local flow density to stagnation density (r/ro)
T/To = Ratio of static temperature to total temperature
Beta = sqrt(1-M^2) = Compressibility factor
V/a* = Local velocity / speed of sound at sonic point
q/Po = Dynamic pressure / total pressure
A/A* = Local flow area / flow area at sonic point

----------------------------------------------------------------------
| M P/Po r/ro T/To Beta q/Po A/A*
V/a* |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 0.00 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.0000 | ------ | 0.0000 |
| 0.01 | 0.9999 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9999 | 7.000e-5|57.8738 | 0.0110 |
| 0.02 | 0.9997 | 0.9998 | 0.9999 | 0.9998 | 2.799e-4|28.9421 | 0.0219 |
| 0.03 | 0.9994 | 0.9996 | 0.9998 | 0.9995 | 6.296e-4|19.3005 | 0.0329 |
| 0.04 | 0.9989 | 0.9992 | 0.9997 | 0.9992 | 1.119e-3|14.4815 | 0.0438 |
| 0.05 | 0.9983 | 0.9988 | 0.9995 | 0.9987 | 1.747e-3|11.5914 | 0.0548 |
| 0.06 | 0.9975 | 0.9982 | 0.9993 | 0.9982 | 2.514e-3| 9.6659 | 0.0657 |
| 0.07 | 0.9966 | 0.9976 | 0.9990 | 0.9975 | 3.418e-3| 8.2915 | 0.0766 |
| 0.08 | 0.9955 | 0.9968 | 0.9987 | 0.9968 | 4.460e-3| 7.2616 | 0.0876 |
| 0.09 | 0.9944 | 0.9960 | 0.9984 | 0.9959 | 5.638e-3| 6.4613 | 0.0985 |
| 0.10 | 0.9930 | 0.9950 | 0.9980 | 0.9950 | 6.951e-3| 5.8218 | 0.1094 |
| 0.11 | 0.9916 | 0.9940 | 0.9976 | 0.9939 | 8.399e-3| 5.2992 | 0.1204 |
| 0.12 | 0.9900 | 0.9928 | 0.9971 | 0.9928 | 9.979e-3| 4.8643 | 0.1313 |
| 0.13 | 0.9883 | 0.9916 | 0.9966 | 0.9915 | 1.169e-2| 4.4969 | 0.1422 |
| 0.14 | 0.9864 | 0.9903 | 0.9961 | 0.9902 | 1.353e-2| 4.1824 | 0.1531 |
| 0.15 | 0.9844 | 0.9888 | 0.9955 | 0.9887 | 1.550e-2| 3.9103 | 0.1639 |
| 0.16 | 0.9823 | 0.9873 | 0.9949 | 0.9871 | 1.760e-2| 3.6727 | 0.1748 |
| 0.17 | 0.9800 | 0.9857 | 0.9943 | 0.9854 | 1.983e-2| 3.4635 | 0.1857 |
| 0.18 | 0.9776 | 0.9840 | 0.9936 | 0.9837 | 2.217e-2| 3.2779 | 0.1965 |
| 0.19 | 0.9751 | 0.9822 | 0.9928 | 0.9818 | 2.464e-2| 3.1123 | 0.2074 |
| 0.20 | 0.9725 | 0.9803 | 0.9921 | 0.9798 | 2.723e-2| 2.9635 | 0.2182 |
| 0.21 | 0.9697 | 0.9783 | 0.9913 | 0.9777 | 2.994e-2| 2.8293 | 0.2290 |
| 0.22 | 0.9668 | 0.9762 | 0.9904 | 0.9755 | 3.276e-2| 2.7076 | 0.2398 |
| 0.23 | 0.9638 | 0.9740 | 0.9895 | 0.9732 | 3.569e-2| 2.5968 | 0.2506 |
| 0.24 | 0.9607 | 0.9718 | 0.9886 | 0.9708 | 3.874e-2| 2.4956 | 0.2614 |
| 0.25 | 0.9575 | 0.9694 | 0.9877 | 0.9682 | 4.189e-2| 2.4027 | 0.2722 |
| 0.26 | 0.9541 | 0.9670 | 0.9867 | 0.9656 | 4.515e-2| 2.3173 | 0.2829 |
| 0.27 | 0.9506 | 0.9645 | 0.9856 | 0.9629 | 4.851e-2| 2.2385 | 0.2936 |
| 0.28 | 0.9470 | 0.9619 | 0.9846 | 0.9600 | 5.197e-2| 2.1656 | 0.3043 |
| 0.29 | 0.9433 | 0.9592 | 0.9835 | 0.9570 | 5.553e-2| 2.0979 | 0.3150 |
| 0.30 | 0.9395 | 0.9564 | 0.9823 | 0.9539 | 5.919e-2| 2.0351 | 0.3257 |
| 0.31 | 0.9355 | 0.9535 | 0.9811 | 0.9507 | 6.293e-2| 1.9765 | 0.3364 |
| 0.32 | 0.9315 | 0.9506 | 0.9799 | 0.9474 | 6.677e-2| 1.9219 | 0.3470 |
| 0.33 | 0.9274 | 0.9476 | 0.9787 | 0.9440 | 7.069e-2| 1.8707 | 0.3576 |
| 0.34 | 0.9231 | 0.9445 | 0.9774 | 0.9404 | 7.470e-2| 1.8229 | 0.3682 |
| 0.35 | 0.9188 | 0.9413 | 0.9761 | 0.9367 | 7.878e-2| 1.7780 | 0.3788 |
| 0.36 | 0.9143 | 0.9380 | 0.9747 | 0.9330 | 8.295e-2| 1.7358 | 0.3893 |
| 0.37 | 0.9098 | 0.9347 | 0.9733 | 0.9290 | 8.719e-2| 1.6961 | 0.3999 |
| 0.38 | 0.9052 | 0.9313 | 0.9719 | 0.9250 | 9.149e-2| 1.6587 | 0.4104 |
| 0.39 | 0.9004 | 0.9278 | 0.9705 | 0.9208 | 9.587e-2| 1.6234 | 0.4209 |
| 0.40 | 0.8956 | 0.9243 | 0.9690 | 0.9165 | 0.1003 | 1.5901 | 0.4313 |
| 0.41 | 0.8907 | 0.9207 | 0.9675 | 0.9121 | 0.1048 | 1.5587 | 0.4418 |
| 0.42 | 0.8857 | 0.9170 | 0.9659 | 0.9075 | 0.1094 | 1.5289 | 0.4522 |
| 0.43 | 0.8807 | 0.9132 | 0.9643 | 0.9028 | 0.1140 | 1.5007 | 0.4626 |
| 0.44 | 0.8755 | 0.9094 | 0.9627 | 0.8980 | 0.1186 | 1.4740 | 0.4729 |
| 0.45 | 0.8703 | 0.9055 | 0.9611 | 0.8930 | 0.1234 | 1.4487 | 0.4833 |
| 0.46 | 0.8650 | 0.9016 | 0.9594 | 0.8879 | 0.1281 | 1.4246 | 0.4936 |
| 0.47 | 0.8596 | 0.8976 | 0.9577 | 0.8827 | 0.1329 | 1.4018 | 0.5038 |
| 0.48 | 0.8541 | 0.8935 | 0.9559 | 0.8773 | 0.1378 | 1.3801 | 0.5141 |
| 0.49 | 0.8486 | 0.8894 | 0.9542 | 0.8717 | 0.1426 | 1.3595 | 0.5243 |
| 0.50 | 0.8430 | 0.8852 | 0.9524 | 0.8660 | 0.1475 | 1.3398 | 0.5345 |
| 0.51 | 0.8374 | 0.8809 | 0.9506 | 0.8602 | 0.1525 | 1.3212 | 0.5447 |
| 0.52 | 0.8317 | 0.8766 | 0.9487 | 0.8542 | 0.1574 | 1.3034 | 0.5548 |
| 0.53 | 0.8259 | 0.8723 | 0.9468 | 0.8480 | 0.1624 | 1.2865 | 0.5649 |
| 0.54 | 0.8201 | 0.8679 | 0.9449 | 0.8417 | 0.1674 | 1.2703 | 0.5750 |
| 0.55 | 0.8142 | 0.8634 | 0.9430 | 0.8352 | 0.1724 | 1.2549 | 0.5851 |
| 0.56 | 0.8082 | 0.8589 | 0.9410 | 0.8285 | 0.1774 | 1.2403 | 0.5951 |
| 0.57 | 0.8022 | 0.8544 | 0.9390 | 0.8216 | 0.1825 | 1.2263 | 0.6051 |
| 0.58 | 0.7962 | 0.8498 | 0.9370 | 0.8146 | 0.1875 | 1.2130 | 0.6150 |
| 0.59 | 0.7901 | 0.8451 | 0.9349 | 0.8074 | 0.1925 | 1.2003 | 0.6249 |
| 0.60 | 0.7840 | 0.8405 | 0.9328 | 0.8000 | 0.1976 | 1.1882 | 0.6348 |
| 0.61 | 0.7778 | 0.8357 | 0.9307 | 0.7924 | 0.2026 | 1.1767 | 0.6447 |
| 0.62 | 0.7716 | 0.8310 | 0.9286 | 0.7846 | 0.2076 | 1.1656 | 0.6545 |
| 0.63 | 0.7654 | 0.8262 | 0.9265 | 0.7766 | 0.2127 | 1.1552 | 0.6643 |
| 0.64 | 0.7591 | 0.8213 | 0.9243 | 0.7684 | 0.2177 | 1.1451 | 0.6740 |
| 0.65 | 0.7528 | 0.8164 | 0.9221 | 0.7599 | 0.2226 | 1.1356 | 0.6837 |
| 0.66 | 0.7465 | 0.8115 | 0.9199 | 0.7513 | 0.2276 | 1.1265 | 0.6934 |
| 0.67 | 0.7401 | 0.8066 | 0.9176 | 0.7424 | 0.2326 | 1.1179 | 0.7031 |
| 0.68 | 0.7338 | 0.8016 | 0.9153 | 0.7332 | 0.2375 | 1.1097 | 0.7127 |
| 0.69 | 0.7274 | 0.7966 | 0.9131 | 0.7238 | 0.2424 | 1.1018 | 0.7223 |
| 0.70 | 0.7209 | 0.7916 | 0.9107 | 0.7141 | 0.2473 | 1.0944 | 0.7318 |
| 0.71 | 0.7145 | 0.7865 | 0.9084 | 0.7042 | 0.2521 | 1.0873 | 0.7413 |
| 0.72 | 0.7080 | 0.7814 | 0.9061 | 0.6940 | 0.2569 | 1.0806 | 0.7508 |
| 0.73 | 0.7016 | 0.7763 | 0.9037 | 0.6834 | 0.2617 | 1.0742 | 0.7602 |
| 0.74 | 0.6951 | 0.7712 | 0.9013 | 0.6726 | 0.2664 | 1.0681 | 0.7696 |
| 0.75 | 0.6886 | 0.7660 | 0.8989 | 0.6614 | 0.2711 | 1.0624 | 0.7789 |
| 0.76 | 0.6821 | 0.7609 | 0.8964 | 0.6499 | 0.2758 | 1.0570 | 0.7883 |
| 0.77 | 0.6756 | 0.7557 | 0.8940 | 0.6380 | 0.2804 | 1.0519 | 0.7975 |
| 0.78 | 0.6691 | 0.7505 | 0.8915 | 0.6258 | 0.2849 | 1.0471 | 0.8068 |
| 0.79 | 0.6625 | 0.7452 | 0.8890 | 0.6131 | 0.2894 | 1.0425 | 0.8160 |
| 0.80 | 0.6560 | 0.7400 | 0.8865 | 0.6000 | 0.2939 | 1.0382 | 0.8251 |
| 0.81 | 0.6495 | 0.7347 | 0.8840 | 0.5864 | 0.2983 | 1.0342 | 0.8343 |
| 0.82 | 0.6430 | 0.7295 | 0.8815 | 0.5724 | 0.3026 | 1.0305 | 0.8433 |
| 0.83 | 0.6365 | 0.7242 | 0.8789 | 0.5578 | 0.3069 | 1.0270 | 0.8524 |
| 0.84 | 0.6300 | 0.7189 | 0.8763 | 0.5426 | 0.3112 | 1.0237 | 0.8614 |
| 0.85 | 0.6235 | 0.7136 | 0.8737 | 0.5268 | 0.3153 | 1.0207 | 0.8704 |
| 0.86 | 0.6170 | 0.7083 | 0.8711 | 0.5103 | 0.3195 | 1.0179 | 0.8793 |
| 0.87 | 0.6106 | 0.7030 | 0.8685 | 0.4931 | 0.3235 | 1.0153 | 0.8882 |
| 0.88 | 0.6041 | 0.6977 | 0.8659 | 0.4750 | 0.3275 | 1.0129 | 0.8970 |
| 0.89 | 0.5977 | 0.6924 | 0.8632 | 0.4560 | 0.3314 | 1.0108 | 0.9058 |
| 0.90 | 0.5913 | 0.6870 | 0.8606 | 0.4359 | 0.3352 | 1.0089 | 0.9146 |
| 0.91 | 0.5849 | 0.6817 | 0.8579 | 0.4146 | 0.3390 | 1.0071 | 0.9233 |
| 0.92 | 0.5785 | 0.6764 | 0.8552 | 0.3919 | 0.3427 | 1.0056 | 0.9320 |
| 0.93 | 0.5721 | 0.6711 | 0.8525 | 0.3676 | 0.3464 | 1.0043 | 0.9407 |
| 0.94 | 0.5658 | 0.6658 | 0.8498 | 0.3412 | 0.3499 | 1.0031 | 0.9493 |
| 0.95 | 0.5595 | 0.6604 | 0.8471 | 0.3122 | 0.3534 | 1.0021 | 0.9578 |
| 0.96 | 0.5532 | 0.6551 | 0.8444 | 0.2800 | 0.3569 | 1.0014 | 0.9663 |
| 0.97 | 0.5469 | 0.6498 | 0.8416 | 0.2431 | 0.3602 | 1.0008 | 0.9748 |
| 0.98 | 0.5407 | 0.6445 | 0.8389 | 0.1990 | 0.3635 | 1.0003 | 0.9833 |
| 0.99 | 0.5345 | 0.6392 | 0.8361 | 0.1411 | 0.3667 | 1.0001 | 0.9916 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright © 1996,1998
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, University of Sydney.

Compressible Flow Tables

Part 2: Supersonic Flow (Isentropic Flow, Gamma=7/5)

Notation :

M = Local flow Mach number

P/Po = Ratio of static pressure to total pressure
rho/rho(o) = Ratio of local flow density to stagnation density (r/ro)
T/To = Ratio of static temperature to total temperature
Beta = sqrt(1-M^2) = Compressibility factor
V/a* = Local velocity / speed of sound at sonic point
q/Po = Dynamic pressure / total pressure
A/A* = Local flow area / flow area at sonic point

------------------------------------------------------------------------
| M P/Po r/ro T/To Beta q/Po A/A* V/a*
|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-|
| 1.00 | 0.5283 | 0.6339 | 0.8333 | 0.0000 | 0.3698 | 1.0000 | 1.0000
|
| 1.01 | 0.5221 | 0.6287 | 0.8306 | 0.1418 | 0.3728 | 1.0001 | 1.0083
|
| 1.02 | 0.5160 | 0.6234 | 0.8278 | 0.2010 | 0.3758 | 1.0003 | 1.0166
|
| 1.03 | 0.5099 | 0.6181 | 0.8250 | 0.2468 | 0.3787 | 1.000 | 1.0248
|
| 1.04 | 0.5039 | 0.6129 | 0.8222 | 0.2857 | 0.3815 | 1.0013 | 1.0330
|
| 1.05 | 0.4979 | 0.6077 | 0.8193 | 0.3202 | 0.3842 | 1.0020 | 1.0411
|
| 1.06 | 0.4919 | 0.6024 | 0.8165 | 0.3516 | 0.3869 | 1.0029 | 1.0492
|
| 1.07 | 0.4860 | 0.5972 | 0.8137 | 0.3807 | 0.3895 | 1.0039 | 1.0573
|
| 1.08 | 0.4800 | 0.5920 | 0.8108 | 0.4079 | 0.3919 | 1.0051 | 1.0653
|
| 1.09 | 0.4742 | 0.5869 | 0.8080 | 0.4337 | 0.3944 | 1.0064 | 1.0733
|
| 1.10 | 0.4684 | 0.5817 | 0.8052 | 0.4583 | 0.3967 | 1.0079 | 1.0812
|
| 1.11 | 0.4626 | 0.5766 | 0.8023 | 0.4818 | 0.3990 | 1.0095 | 1.0891
|
| 1.12 | 0.4568 | 0.5714 | 0.7994 | 0.5044 | 0.4011 | 1.0113 | 1.0970
|
| 1.13 | 0.4511 | 0.5663 | 0.7966 | 0.5262 | 0.4032 | 1.0132 | 1.1048
|
| 1.14 | 0.4455 | 0.5612 | 0.7937 | 0.5474 | 0.4052 | 1.0153 | 1.1126
|
| 1.15 | 0.4398 | 0.5562 | 0.7908 | 0.5679 | 0.4072 | 1.0175 | 1.1203
|
| 1.16 | 0.4343 | 0.5511 | 0.7879 | 0.5879 | 0.4090 | 1.0198 | 1.1280
|
| 1.17 | 0.4287 | 0.5461 | 0.7851 | 0.6074 | 0.4108 | 1.0222 | 1.1356
|
| 1.18 | 0.4232 | 0.5411 | 0.7822 | 0.6264 | 0.4125 | 1.0248 | 1.1432
|
| 1.19 | 0.4178 | 0.5361 | 0.7793 | 0.6451 | 0.4141 | 1.0276 | 1.1508
|
| 1.20 | 0.4124 | 0.5311 | 0.7764 | 0.6633 | 0.4157 | 1.0304 | 1.1583
|
| 1.21 | 0.4070 | 0.5262 | 0.7735 | 0.6812 | 0.4171 | 1.0334 | 1.1658
|
| 1.22 | 0.4017 | 0.5213 | 0.7706 | 0.6989 | 0.4185 | 1.0366 | 1.1732
|
| 1.23 | 0.3964 | 0.5164 | 0.7677 | 0.7162 | 0.4198 | 1.0398 | 1.1806
|
| 1.24 | 0.3912 | 0.5115 | 0.7648 | 0.7332 | 0.4211 | 1.0432 | 1.1879
|
| 1.25 | 0.3861 | 0.5067 | 0.7619 | 0.7500 | 0.4223 | 1.0468 | 1.1952
|
| 1.26 | 0.3809 | 0.5019 | 0.7590 | 0.7666 | 0.4233 | 1.0504 | 1.2025
|
| 1.27 | 0.3759 | 0.4971 | 0.7561 | 0.7829 | 0.4244 | 1.0542 | 1.2097
|
| 1.28 | 0.3708 | 0.4923 | 0.7532 | 0.7990 | 0.4253 | 1.0581 | 1.2169
|
| 1.29 | 0.3658 | 0.4876 | 0.7503 | 0.8149 | 0.4262 | 1.0621 | 1.2240
|
| 1.30 | 0.3609 | 0.4829 | 0.7474 | 0.8307 | 0.4270 | 1.0663 | 1.2311
|
| 1.31 | 0.3560 | 0.4782 | 0.7445 | 0.8462 | 0.4277 | 1.0706 | 1.2382
|
| 1.32 | 0.3512 | 0.4736 | 0.7416 | 0.8616 | 0.4283 | 1.0750 | 1.2452
|
| 1.33 | 0.3464 | 0.4690 | 0.7387 | 0.8769 | 0.4289 | 1.0796 | 1.2522
|
| 1.34 | 0.3417 | 0.4644 | 0.7358 | 0.8920 | 0.4294 | 1.0842 | 1.2591
|
| 1.35 | 0.3370 | 0.4598 | 0.7329 | 0.9069 | 0.4299 | 1.0890 | 1.2660
|
| 1.36 | 0.3323 | 0.4553 | 0.7300 | 0.9217 | 0.4303 | 1.0940 | 1.2729
|
| 1.37 | 0.3277 | 0.4508 | 0.7271 | 0.9364 | 0.4306 | 1.0990 | 1.2797
|
| 1.38 | 0.3232 | 0.4463 | 0.7242 | 0.9510 | 0.4308 | 1.1042 | 1.2864
|
| 1.39 | 0.3187 | 0.4418 | 0.7213 | 0.9655 | 0.4310 | 1.1095 | 1.2932
|
| 1.40 | 0.3142 | 0.4374 | 0.7184 | 0.9798 | 0.4311 | 1.1149 | 1.2999
|
| 1.41 | 0.3098 | 0.4330 | 0.7155 | 0.9940 | 0.4312 | 1.1205 | 1.3065
|
| 1.42 | 0.3055 | 0.4287 | 0.7126 | 1.0082 | 0.4312 | 1.1262 | 1.3131
|
| 1.43 | 0.3012 | 0.4244 | 0.7097 | 1.0222 | 0.4311 | 1.1320 | 1.3197
|
| 1.44 | 0.2969 | 0.4201 | 0.7069 | 1.0361 | 0.4310 | 1.1379 | 1.3262
|
| 1.45 | 0.2927 | 0.4158 | 0.7040 | 1.0500 | 0.4308 | 1.1440 | 1.3327
|
| 1.46 | 0.2886 | 0.4116 | 0.7011 | 1.0638 | 0.4306 | 1.1501 | 1.3392
|
| 1.47 | 0.2845 | 0.4074 | 0.6982 | 1.0775 | 0.4303 | 1.1565 | 1.3456
|
| 1.48 | 0.2804 | 0.4032 | 0.6954 | 1.0911 | 0.4299 | 1.1629 | 1.3520
|
| 1.49 | 0.2764 | 0.3991 | 0.6925 | 1.1046 | 0.4295 | 1.1695 | 1.3583
|
| 1.50 | 0.2724 | 0.3950 | 0.6897 | 1.1180 | 0.4290 | 1.1762 | 1.3646
|
| 1.51 | 0.2685 | 0.3909 | 0.6868 | 1.1314 | 0.4285 | 1.1830 | 1.3708
|
| 1.52 | 0.2646 | 0.3869 | 0.6840 | 1.1447 | 0.4279 | 1.1899 | 1.3770
|
| 1.53 | 0.2608 | 0.3829 | 0.6811 | 1.1580 | 0.4273 | 1.1970 | 1.3832
|
| 1.54 | 0.2570 | 0.3789 | 0.6783 | 1.1712 | 0.4266 | 1.2042 | 1.3894
|
| 1.55 | 0.2533 | 0.3750 | 0.6754 | 1.1843 | 0.4259 | 1.2116 | 1.3955
|
| 1.56 | 0.2496 | 0.3710 | 0.6726 | 1.1973 | 0.4252 | 1.2190 | 1.4015
|
| 1.57 | 0.2459 | 0.3672 | 0.6698 | 1.2103 | 0.4243 | 1.2266 | 1.4075
|
| 1.58 | 0.2423 | 0.3633 | 0.6670 | 1.2233 | 0.4235 | 1.2344 | 1.4135
|
| 1.59 | 0.2388 | 0.3595 | 0.6642 | 1.2362 | 0.4226 | 1.2422 | 1.4195
|
| 1.60 | 0.2353 | 0.3557 | 0.6614 | 1.2490 | 0.4216 | 1.2502 | 1.4254
|
| 1.61 | 0.2318 | 0.3520 | 0.6586 | 1.2618 | 0.4206 | 1.2584 | 1.4313
|
| 1.62 | 0.2284 | 0.3483 | 0.6558 | 1.2745 | 0.4196 | 1.2666 | 1.4371
|
| 1.63 | 0.2250 | 0.3446 | 0.6530 | 1.2872 | 0.4185 | 1.2750 | 1.4429
|
| 1.64 | 0.2217 | 0.3409 | 0.6502 | 1.2998 | 0.4174 | 1.2836 | 1.4487
|
| 1.65 | 0.2184 | 0.3373 | 0.6475 | 1.3124 | 0.4162 | 1.2922 | 1.4544
|
| 1.66 | 0.2151 | 0.3337 | 0.6447 | 1.3250 | 0.4150 | 1.3010 | 1.4601
|
| 1.67 | 0.2119 | 0.3302 | 0.6419 | 1.3375 | 0.4138 | 1.3100 | 1.4657
|
| 1.68 | 0.2088 | 0.3266 | 0.6392 | 1.3500 | 0.4125 | 1.3190 | 1.4713
|
| 1.69 | 0.2057 | 0.3232 | 0.6364 | 1.3624 | 0.4112 | 1.3283 | 1.4769
|
| 1.70 | 0.2026 | 0.3197 | 0.6337 | 1.3748 | 0.4098 | 1.3376 | 1.4825
|
| 1.71 | 0.1996 | 0.3163 | 0.6310 | 1.3871 | 0.4085 | 1.3471 | 1.4880
|
| 1.72 | 0.1966 | 0.3129 | 0.6283 | 1.3994 | 0.4071 | 1.3567 | 1.4935
|
| 1.73 | 0.1936 | 0.3095 | 0.6256 | 1.4117 | 0.4056 | 1.3665 | 1.4989
|
| 1.74 | 0.1907 | 0.3062 | 0.6229 | 1.4239 | 0.4041 | 1.3764 | 1.5043
|
| 1.75 | 0.1878 | 0.3029 | 0.6202 | 1.4361 | 0.4026 | 1.3865 | 1.5097
|
| 1.76 | 0.1850 | 0.2996 | 0.6175 | 1.4483 | 0.4011 | 1.3967 | 1.5150
|
| 1.77 | 0.1822 | 0.2964 | 0.6148 | 1.4604 | 0.3996 | 1.4070 | 1.5203
|
| 1.78 | 0.1794 | 0.2931 | 0.6121 | 1.4725 | 0.3980 | 1.4175 | 1.5256
|
| 1.79 | 0.1767 | 0.2900 | 0.6095 | 1.4846 | 0.3964 | 1.4282 | 1.5308
|
| 1.80 | 0.1740 | 0.2868 | 0.6068 | 1.4967 | 0.3947 | 1.4390 | 1.5360
|
| 1.81 | 0.1714 | 0.2837 | 0.6041 | 1.5087 | 0.3931 | 1.4499 | 1.5411
|
| 1.82 | 0.1688 | 0.2806 | 0.6015 | 1.5207 | 0.3914 | 1.4610 | 1.5463
|
| 1.83 | 0.1662 | 0.2776 | 0.5989 | 1.5326 | 0.3897 | 1.4723 | 1.5514
|
| 1.84 | 0.1637 | 0.2745 | 0.5963 | 1.5445 | 0.3879 | 1.4836 | 1.5564
|
| 1.85 | 0.1612 | 0.2715 | 0.5936 | 1.5564 | 0.3862 | 1.4952 | 1.5614
|
| 1.86 | 0.1587 | 0.2686 | 0.5910 | 1.5683 | 0.3844 | 1.5069 | 1.5664
|
| 1.87 | 0.1563 | 0.2656 | 0.5884 | 1.5802 | 0.3826 | 1.5187 | 1.5714
|
| 1.88 | 0.1539 | 0.2627 | 0.5859 | 1.5920 | 0.3808 | 1.5308 | 1.5763
|
| 1.89 | 0.1516 | 0.2598 | 0.5833 | 1.6038 | 0.3790 | 1.5429 | 1.5812
|
| 1.90 | 0.1492 | 0.2570 | 0.5807 | 1.6155 | 0.3771 | 1.5553 | 1.5861
|
| 1.91 | 0.1470 | 0.2542 | 0.5782 | 1.6273 | 0.3753 | 1.5677 | 1.5909
|
| 1.92 | 0.1447 | 0.2514 | 0.5756 | 1.6390 | 0.3734 | 1.5804 | 1.5957
|
| 1.93 | 0.1425 | 0.2486 | 0.5731 | 1.6507 | 0.3715 | 1.5932 | 1.6005
|
| 1.94 | 0.1403 | 0.2459 | 0.5705 | 1.6624 | 0.3696 | 1.6062 | 1.6052
|
| 1.95 | 0.1381 | 0.2432 | 0.5680 | 1.6741 | 0.3677 | 1.6193 | 1.6099
|
| 1.96 | 0.1360 | 0.2405 | 0.5655 | 1.6857 | 0.3657 | 1.6326 | 1.6146
|
| 1.97 | 0.1339 | 0.2378 | 0.5630 | 1.6973 | 0.3638 | 1.6461 | 1.6192
|
| 1.98 | 0.1318 | 0.2352 | 0.5605 | 1.7089 | 0.3618 | 1.6597 | 1.6239
|
| 1.99 | 0.1298 | 0.2326 | 0.5580 | 1.7205 | 0.3598 | 1.6735 | 1.6284
|
| 2.00 | 0.1278 | 0.2300 | 0.5556 | 1.7321 | 0.3579 | 1.6875 | 1.6330
|
| 2.01 | 0.1258 | 0.2275 | 0.5531 | 1.7436 | 0.3559 | 1.7016 | 1.6375
|
| 2.02 | 0.1239 | 0.2250 | 0.5506 | 1.7551 | 0.3539 | 1.7160 | 1.6420
|
| 2.03 | 0.1220 | 0.2225 | 0.5482 | 1.7666 | 0.3518 | 1.7305 | 1.6465
|
| 2.04 | 0.1201 | 0.2200 | 0.5458 | 1.7781 | 0.3498 | 1.7451 | 1.6509
|
| 2.05 | 0.1182 | 0.2176 | 0.5433 | 1.7896 | 0.3478 | 1.7600 | 1.6553
|
| 2.06 | 0.1164 | 0.2152 | 0.5409 | 1.8010 | 0.3458 | 1.7750 | 1.6597
|
| 2.07 | 0.1146 | 0.2128 | 0.5385 | 1.8124 | 0.3437 | 1.7902 | 1.6640
|
| 2.08 | 0.1128 | 0.2104 | 0.5361 | 1.8238 | 0.3417 | 1.8056 | 1.6683
|
| 2.09 | 0.1111 | 0.2081 | 0.5337 | 1.8352 | 0.3396 | 1.8212 | 1.6726
|
| 2.10 | 0.1094 | 0.2058 | 0.5313 | 1.8466 | 0.3376 | 1.8369 | 1.6769
|
| 2.11 | 0.1077 | 0.2035 | 0.5290 | 1.8580 | 0.3355 | 1.8529 | 1.6811
|
| 2.12 | 0.1060 | 0.2013 | 0.5266 | 1.8693 | 0.3334 | 1.8690 | 1.6853
|
| 2.13 | 0.1043 | 0.1990 | 0.5243 | 1.8807 | 0.3314 | 1.8853 | 1.6895
|
| 2.14 | 0.1027 | 0.1968 | 0.5219 | 1.8920 | 0.3293 | 1.9018 | 1.6936
|
| 2.15 | 0.1011 | 0.1946 | 0.5196 | 1.9033 | 0.3272 | 1.9185 | 1.6977
|
| 2.16 | 9.956e-2| 0.1925 | 0.5173 | 1.9146 | 0.3252 | 1.9354 | 1.7018
|
| 2.17 | 9.802e-2| 0.1903 | 0.5150 | 1.9259 | 0.3231 | 1.9525 | 1.7059
|
| 2.18 | 9.649e-2| 0.1882 | 0.5127 | 1.9371 | 0.3210 | 1.9698 | 1.7099
|
| 2.19 | 9.500e-2| 0.1861 | 0.5104 | 1.9484 | 0.3189 | 1.9873 | 1.7139
|
| 2.20 | 9.352e-2| 0.1841 | 0.5081 | 1.9596 | 0.3169 | 2.0050 | 1.7179
|
| 2.21 | 9.207e-2| 0.1820 | 0.5059 | 1.9708 | 0.3148 | 2.0229 | 1.7219
|
| 2.22 | 9.064e-2| 0.1800 | 0.5036 | 1.9820 | 0.3127 | 2.0409 | 1.7258
|
| 2.23 | 8.923e-2| 0.1780 | 0.5014 | 1.9932 | 0.3106 | 2.0592 | 1.7297
|
| 2.24 | 8.785e-2| 0.1760 | 0.4991 | 2.0044 | 0.3085 | 2.0777 | 1.7336
|
| 2.25 | 8.648e-2| 0.1740 | 0.4969 | 2.0156 | 0.3065 | 2.0964 | 1.7374
|
| 2.26 | 8.514e-2| 0.1721 | 0.4947 | 2.0267 | 0.3044 | 2.1153 | 1.7412
|
| 2.27 | 8.382e-2| 0.1702 | 0.4925 | 2.0379 | 0.3023 | 2.1345 | 1.7450
|
| 2.28 | 8.251e-2| 0.1683 | 0.4903 | 2.0490 | 0.3003 | 2.1538 | 1.7488
|
| 2.29 | 8.123e-2| 0.1664 | 0.4881 | 2.0601 | 0.2982 | 2.1734 | 1.7526
|
| 2.30 | 7.997e-2| 0.1646 | 0.4859 | 2.0712 | 0.2961 | 2.1931 | 1.7563
|
| 2.31 | 7.873e-2| 0.1628 | 0.4837 | 2.0823 | 0.2941 | 2.2131 | 1.7600
|
| 2.32 | 7.751e-2| 0.1609 | 0.4816 | 2.0934 | 0.2920 | 2.2333 | 1.7637
|
| 2.33 | 7.631e-2| 0.1592 | 0.4794 | 2.1045 | 0.2900 | 2.2538 | 1.7673
|
| 2.34 | 7.512e-2| 0.1574 | 0.4773 | 2.1156 | 0.2879 | 2.2744 | 1.7709
|
| 2.35 | 7.396e-2| 0.1556 | 0.4752 | 2.1266 | 0.2859 | 2.2953 | 1.7745
|
| 2.36 | 7.281e-2| 0.1539 | 0.4731 | 2.1377 | 0.2839 | 2.3164 | 1.7781
|
| 2.37 | 7.168e-2| 0.1522 | 0.4709 | 2.1487 | 0.2818 | 2.3377 | 1.7817
|
| 2.38 | 7.057e-2| 0.1505 | 0.4688 | 2.1597 | 0.2798 | 2.3593 | 1.7852
|
| 2.39 | 6.948e-2| 0.1488 | 0.4668 | 2.1707 | 0.2778 | 2.3811 | 1.7887
|
| 2.40 | 6.840e-2| 0.1472 | 0.4647 | 2.1817 | 0.2758 | 2.4031 | 1.7922
|
| 2.41 | 6.734e-2| 0.1456 | 0.4626 | 2.1927 | 0.2738 | 2.4254 | 1.7956
|
| 2.42 | 6.630e-2| 0.1439 | 0.4606 | 2.2037 | 0.2718 | 2.4479 | 1.7991
|
| 2.43 | 6.527e-2| 0.1424 | 0.4585 | 2.2147 | 0.2698 | 2.4706 | 1.8025
|
| 2.44 | 6.426e-2| 0.1408 | 0.4565 | 2.2257 | 0.2678 | 2.4936 | 1.8059
|
| 2.45 | 6.327e-2| 0.1392 | 0.4544 | 2.2366 | 0.2658 | 2.5168 | 1.8092
|
| 2.46 | 6.229e-2| 0.1377 | 0.4524 | 2.2476 | 0.2639 | 2.5403 | 1.8126
|
| 2.47 | 6.133e-2| 0.1362 | 0.4504 | 2.2585 | 0.2619 | 2.5640 | 1.8159
|
| 2.48 | 6.038e-2| 0.1346 | 0.4484 | 2.2694 | 0.2599 | 2.5880 | 1.8192
|
| 2.49 | 5.945e-2| 0.1332 | 0.4464 | 2.2804 | 0.2580 | 2.6122 | 1.8225
|
| 2.50 | 5.853e-2| 0.1317 | 0.4444 | 2.2913 | 0.2561 | 2.6367 | 1.8257
|
| 2.51 | 5.762e-2| 0.1302 | 0.4425 | 2.3022 | 0.2541 | 2.6615 | 1.8290
|
| 2.52 | 5.674e-2| 0.1288 | 0.4405 | 2.3131 | 0.2522 | 2.6865 | 1.8322
|
| 2.53 | 5.586e-2| 0.1274 | 0.4386 | 2.3240 | 0.2503 | 2.7117 | 1.8354
|
| 2.54 | 5.500e-2| 0.1260 | 0.4366 | 2.3349 | 0.2484 | 2.7372 | 1.8386
|
| 2.55 | 5.415e-2| 0.1246 | 0.4347 | 2.3457 | 0.2465 | 2.7630 | 1.8417
|
| 2.56 | 5.332e-2| 0.1232 | 0.4328 | 2.3566 | 0.2446 | 2.7891 | 1.8448
|
| 2.57 | 5.250e-2| 0.1218 | 0.4309 | 2.3675 | 0.2427 | 2.8154 | 1.8479
|
| 2.58 | 5.169e-2| 0.1205 | 0.4289 | 2.3783 | 0.2409 | 2.8420 | 1.8510
|
| 2.59 | 5.090e-2| 0.1192 | 0.4271 | 2.3892 | 0.2390 | 2.8688 | 1.8541
|
| 2.60 | 5.012e-2| 0.1179 | 0.4252 | 2.4000 | 0.2371 | 2.8960 | 1.8571
|
| 2.61 | 4.935e-2| 0.1166 | 0.4233 | 2.4108 | 0.2353 | 2.9234 | 1.8602
|
| 2.62 | 4.859e-2| 0.1153 | 0.4214 | 2.4217 | 0.2335 | 2.9511 | 1.8632
|
| 2.63 | 4.784e-2| 0.1140 | 0.4196 | 2.4325 | 0.2317 | 2.9791 | 1.8662
|
| 2.64 | 4.711e-2| 0.1128 | 0.4177 | 2.4433 | 0.2298 | 3.0073 | 1.8691
|
| 2.65 | 4.639e-2| 0.1115 | 0.4159 | 2.4541 | 0.2280 | 3.0359 | 1.8721
|
| 2.66 | 4.568e-2| 0.1103 | 0.4141 | 2.4649 | 0.2262 | 3.0647 | 1.8750
|
| 2.67 | 4.498e-2| 0.1091 | 0.4122 | 2.4757 | 0.2245 | 3.0938 | 1.8779
|
| 2.68 | 4.429e-2| 0.1079 | 0.4104 | 2.4864 | 0.2227 | 3.1233 | 1.8808
|
| 2.69 | 4.362e-2| 0.1067 | 0.4086 | 2.4972 | 0.2209 | 3.1530 | 1.8837
|
| 2.70 | 4.295e-2| 0.1056 | 0.4068 | 2.5080 | 0.2192 | 3.1830 | 1.8865
|
| 2.71 | 4.229e-2| 0.1044 | 0.4051 | 2.5187 | 0.2174 | 3.2133 | 1.8894
|
| 2.72 | 4.165e-2| 0.1033 | 0.4033 | 2.5295 | 0.2157 | 3.2440 | 1.8922
|
| 2.73 | 4.102e-2| 0.1022 | 0.4015 | 2.5403 | 0.2140 | 3.2749 | 1.8950
|
| 2.74 | 4.039e-2| 0.1010 | 0.3998 | 2.5510 | 0.2123 | 3.3061 | 1.8978
|
| 2.75 | 3.978e-2| 9.994e-2| 0.3980 | 2.5617 | 0.2106 | 3.3377 | 1.9005
|
| 2.76 | 3.917e-2| 9.885e-2| 0.3963 | 2.5725 | 0.2089 | 3.3695 | 1.9033
|
| 2.77 | 3.858e-2| 9.778e-2| 0.3945 | 2.5832 | 0.2072 | 3.4017 | 1.9060
|
| 2.78 | 3.799e-2| 9.671e-2| 0.3928 | 2.5939 | 0.2055 | 3.4342 | 1.9087
|
| 2.79 | 3.742e-2| 9.566e-2| 0.3911 | 2.6046 | 0.2039 | 3.4670 | 1.9114
|
| 2.80 | 3.685e-2| 9.463e-2| 0.3894 | 2.6153 | 0.2022 | 3.5001 | 1.9140
|
| 2.81 | 3.629e-2| 9.360e-2| 0.3877 | 2.6260 | 0.2006 | 3.5336 | 1.9167
|
| 2.82 | 3.574e-2| 9.259e-2| 0.3860 | 2.6367 | 0.1990 | 3.5674 | 1.9193
|
| 2.83 | 3.520e-2| 9.158e-2| 0.3844 | 2.6474 | 0.1973 | 3.6015 | 1.9219
|
| 2.84 | 3.467e-2| 9.059e-2| 0.3827 | 2.6581 | 0.1957 | 3.6359 | 1.9246
|
| 2.85 | 3.415e-2| 8.962e-2| 0.3810 | 2.6688 | 0.1941 | 3.6707 | 1.9271
|
| 2.86 | 3.363e-2| 8.865e-2| 0.3794 | 2.6795 | 0.1926 | 3.7058 | 1.9297
|
| 2.87 | 3.312e-2| 8.769e-2| 0.3777 | 2.6901 | 0.1910 | 3.7413 | 1.9323
|
| 2.88 | 3.263e-2| 8.675e-2| 0.3761 | 2.7008 | 0.1894 | 3.7771 | 1.9348
|
| 2.89 | 3.213e-2| 8.581e-2| 0.3745 | 2.7115 | 0.1879 | 3.8133 | 1.9373
|
| 2.90 | 3.165e-2| 8.489e-2| 0.3729 | 2.7221 | 0.1863 | 3.8498 | 1.9398
|
| 2.91 | 3.118e-2| 8.398e-2| 0.3712 | 2.7328 | 0.1848 | 3.8866 | 1.9423
|
| 2.92 | 3.071e-2| 8.307e-2| 0.3696 | 2.7434 | 0.1833 | 3.9238 | 1.9448
|
| 2.93 | 3.025e-2| 8.218e-2| 0.3681 | 2.7541 | 0.1818 | 3.9614 | 1.9472
|
| 2.94 | 2.980e-2| 8.130e-2| 0.3665 | 2.7647 | 0.1803 | 3.9993 | 1.9497
|
| 2.95 | 2.935e-2| 8.043e-2| 0.3649 | 2.7753 | 0.1788 | 4.0376 | 1.9521
|
| 2.96 | 2.891e-2| 7.957e-2| 0.3633 | 2.7860 | 0.1773 | 4.0763 | 1.9545
|
| 2.97 | 2.848e-2| 7.872e-2| 0.3618 | 2.7966 | 0.1758 | 4.1153 | 1.9569
|
| 2.98 | 2.805e-2| 7.788e-2| 0.3602 | 2.8072 | 0.1744 | 4.1547 | 1.9593
|
| 2.99 | 2.764e-2| 7.705e-2| 0.3587 | 2.8178 | 0.1729 | 4.1944 | 1.9616
|
| 3.00 | 2.722e-2| 7.623e-2| 0.3571 | 2.8284 | 0.1715 | 4.2346 | 1.9640
|
| 3.02 | 2.642e-2| 7.461e-2| 0.3541 | 2.8496 | 0.1687 | 4.3160 | 1.9686
|
| 3.04 | 2.564e-2| 7.303e-2| 0.3511 | 2.8708 | 0.1659 | 4.3989 | 1.9732
|
| 3.06 | 2.489e-2| 7.149e-2| 0.3481 | 2.8920 | 0.1631 | 4.4835 | 1.9777
|
| 3.08 | 2.416e-2| 6.999e-2| 0.3452 | 2.9131 | 0.1604 | 4.5696 | 1.9822
|
| 3.10 | 2.345e-2| 6.852e-2| 0.3422 | 2.9343 | 0.1577 | 4.6573 | 1.9866
|
| 3.12 | 2.276e-2| 6.708e-2| 0.3393 | 2.9554 | 0.1551 | 4.7467 | 1.9910
|
| 3.14 | 2.210e-2| 6.568e-2| 0.3365 | 2.9765 | 0.1525 | 4.8377 | 1.9953
|
| 3.16 | 2.146e-2| 6.430e-2| 0.3337 | 2.9976 | 0.1500 | 4.9304 | 1.9995
|
| 3.18 | 2.083e-2| 6.296e-2| 0.3309 | 3.0187 | 0.1475 | 5.0248 | 2.0037
|
| 3.20 | 2.023e-2| 6.165e-2| 0.3281 | 3.0397 | 0.1450 | 5.1210 | 2.0079
|
| 3.22 | 1.964e-2| 6.037e-2| 0.3253 | 3.0608 | 0.1426 | 5.2189 | 2.0119
|
| 3.24 | 1.908e-2| 5.912e-2| 0.3226 | 3.0818 | 0.1402 | 5.3186 | 2.0160
|
| 3.26 | 1.853e-2| 5.790e-2| 0.3199 | 3.1028 | 0.1378 | 5.4201 | 2.0200
|
| 3.28 | 1.799e-2| 5.671e-2| 0.3173 | 3.1238 | 0.1355 | 5.5234 | 2.0239
|
| 3.30 | 1.748e-2| 5.554e-2| 0.3147 | 3.1448 | 0.1332 | 5.6286 | 2.0278
|
| 3.32 | 1.698e-2| 5.440e-2| 0.3121 | 3.1658 | 0.1310 | 5.7358 | 2.0317
|
| 3.34 | 1.649e-2| 5.329e-2| 0.3095 | 3.1868 | 0.1288 | 5.8448 | 2.0355
|
| 3.36 | 1.602e-2| 5.220e-2| 0.3069 | 3.2077 | 0.1266 | 5.9558 | 2.0392
|
| 3.38 | 1.557e-2| 5.113e-2| 0.3044 | 3.2287 | 0.1245 | 6.0687 | 2.0429
|
| 3.40 | 1.512e-2| 5.009e-2| 0.3019 | 3.2496 | 0.1224 | 6.1837 | 2.0466
|
| 3.42 | 1.470e-2| 4.908e-2| 0.2995 | 3.2705 | 0.1203 | 6.3007 | 2.0502
|
| 3.44 | 1.428e-2| 4.808e-2| 0.2970 | 3.2914 | 0.1183 | 6.4198 | 2.0537
|
| 3.46 | 1.388e-2| 4.711e-2| 0.2946 | 3.3123 | 0.1163 | 6.5409 | 2.0573
|
| 3.48 | 1.349e-2| 4.616e-2| 0.2922 | 3.3332 | 0.1144 | 6.6642 | 2.0607
|
| 3.50 | 1.311e-2| 4.523e-2| 0.2899 | 3.3541 | 0.1124 | 6.7896 | 2.0642
|
| 3.52 | 1.274e-2| 4.433e-2| 0.2875 | 3.3750 | 0.1105 | 6.9172 | 2.0676
|
| 3.54 | 1.239e-2| 4.344e-2| 0.2852 | 3.3958 | 0.1087 | 7.0471 | 2.0709
|
| 3.56 | 1.204e-2| 4.257e-2| 0.2829 | 3.4167 | 0.1068 | 7.1791 | 2.0743
|
| 3.58 | 1.171e-2| 4.172e-2| 0.2806 | 3.4375 | 0.1050 | 7.3135 | 2.0775
|
| 3.60 | 1.138e-2| 4.089e-2| 0.2784 | 3.4583 | 0.1033 | 7.4501 | 2.0808
|
| 3.62 | 1.107e-2| 4.008e-2| 0.2762 | 3.4791 | 0.1015 | 7.5891 | 2.0840
|
| 3.64 | 1.076e-2| 3.929e-2| 0.2740 | 3.4999 | 9.984e-2| 7.7305 | 2.0871
|
| 3.66 | 1.047e-2| 3.852e-2| 0.2718 | 3.5207 | 9.816e-2| 7.8742 | 2.0903
|
| 3.68 | 1.018e-2| 3.776e-2| 0.2697 | 3.5415 | 9.652e-2| 8.0204 | 2.0933
|
| 3.70 | 9.903e-3| 3.702e-2| 0.2675 | 3.5623 | 9.490e-2| 8.1691 | 2.0964
|
| 3.72 | 9.633e-3| 3.629e-2| 0.2654 | 3.5831 | 9.331e-2| 8.3202 | 2.0994
|
| 3.74 | 9.370e-3| 3.558e-2| 0.2633 | 3.6038 | 9.175e-2| 8.4739 | 2.1024
|
| 3.76 | 9.116e-3| 3.489e-2| 0.2613 | 3.6246 | 9.021e-2| 8.6302 | 2.1053
|
| 3.78 | 8.869e-3| 3.421e-2| 0.2592 | 3.6453 | 8.870e-2| 8.7891 | 2.1082
|
| 3.80 | 8.629e-3| 3.355e-2| 0.2572 | 3.6661 | 8.722e-2| 8.9506 | 2.1111
|
| 3.82 | 8.396e-3| 3.290e-2| 0.2552 | 3.6868 | 8.577e-2| 9.1148 | 2.1140
|
| 3.84 | 8.171e-3| 3.227e-2| 0.2532 | 3.7075 | 8.434e-2| 9.2817 | 2.1168
|
| 3.86 | 7.951e-3| 3.165e-2| 0.2513 | 3.7282 | 8.293e-2| 9.4513 | 2.1195
|
| 3.88 | 7.739e-3| 3.104e-2| 0.2493 | 3.7489 | 8.155e-2| 9.6237 | 2.1223
|
| 3.90 | 7.532e-3| 3.044e-2| 0.2474 | 3.7696 | 8.019e-2| 9.7990 | 2.1250
|
| 3.92 | 7.332e-3| 2.986e-2| 0.2455 | 3.7903 | 7.886e-2| 9.9771 | 2.1277
|
| 3.94 | 7.137e-3| 2.929e-2| 0.2436 | 3.8110 | 7.755e-2| 10.158 | 2.1303
|
| 3.96 | 6.948e-3| 2.874e-2| 0.2418 | 3.8317 | 7.627e-2| 10.342 | 2.1329
|
| 3.98 | 6.764e-3| 2.819e-2| 0.2399 | 3.8523 | 7.500e-2| 10.528 | 2.1355
|
| 4.00 | 6.586e-3| 2.766e-2| 0.2381 | 3.8730 | 7.376e-2| 10.718 | 2.1381
|
| 4.04 | 6.245e-3| 2.663e-2| 0.2345 | 3.9143 | 7.135e-2| 11.107 | 2.1431
|
| 4.08 | 5.923e-3| 2.564e-2| 0.2310 | 3.9556 | 6.902e-2| 11.509 | 2.1480
|
| 4.12 | 5.619e-3| 2.470e-2| 0.2275 | 3.9968 | 6.677e-2| 11.923 | 2.1529
|
| 4.16 | 5.333e-3| 2.379e-2| 0.2242 | 4.0380 | 6.460e-2| 12.350 | 2.1576
|
| 4.20 | 5.062e-3| 2.292e-2| 0.2208 | 4.0792 | 6.251e-2| 12.791 | 2.1622
|
| 4.24 | 4.806e-3| 2.209e-2| 0.2176 | 4.1204 | 6.049e-2| 13.246 | 2.1667
|
| 4.28 | 4.565e-3| 2.129e-2| 0.2144 | 4.1615 | 5.854e-2| 13.715 | 2.1711
|
| 4.32 | 4.337e-3| 2.052e-2| 0.2113 | 4.2027 | 5.666e-2| 14.198 | 2.1754
|
| 4.36 | 4.121e-3| 1.979e-2| 0.2083 | 4.2438 | 5.484e-2| 14.696 | 2.1796
|
| 4.40 | 3.918e-3| 1.909e-2| 0.2053 | 4.2849 | 5.309e-2| 15.209 | 2.1837
|
| 4.44 | 3.725e-3| 1.841e-2| 0.2023 | 4.3259 | 5.140e-2| 15.738 | 2.1877
|
| 4.48 | 3.543e-3| 1.776e-2| 0.1994 | 4.3670 | 4.977e-2| 16.283 | 2.1917
|
| 4.52 | 3.370e-3| 1.714e-2| 0.1966 | 4.4080 | 4.820e-2| 16.844 | 2.1955
|
| 4.56 | 3.207e-3| 1.654e-2| 0.1938 | 4.4490 | 4.668e-2| 17.422 | 2.1993
|
| 4.60 | 3.053e-3| 1.597e-2| 0.1911 | 4.4900 | 4.521e-2| 18.017 | 2.2030
|
| 4.64 | 2.906e-3| 1.542e-2| 0.1885 | 4.5310 | 4.380e-2| 18.630 | 2.2066
|
| 4.68 | 2.768e-3| 1.489e-2| 0.1859 | 4.5719 | 4.243e-2| 19.260 | 2.2102
|
| 4.72 | 2.637e-3| 1.438e-2| 0.1833 | 4.6129 | 4.112e-2| 19.909 | 2.2136
|
| 4.76 | 2.512e-3| 1.390e-2| 0.1808 | 4.6538 | 3.984e-2| 20.577 | 2.2170
|
| 4.80 | 2.394e-3| 1.343e-2| 0.1783 | 4.6947 | 3.861e-2| 21.263 | 2.2204
|
| 4.84 | 2.283e-3| 1.298e-2| 0.1759 | 4.7356 | 3.743e-2| 21.970 | 2.2236
|
| 4.88 | 2.177e-3| 1.254e-2| 0.1735 | 4.7764 | 3.628e-2| 22.696 | 2.2268
|
| 4.92 | 2.076e-3| 1.213e-2| 0.1712 | 4.8173 | 3.518e-2| 23.443 | 2.2300
|
| 4.96 | 1.981e-3| 1.173e-2| 0.1689 | 4.8581 | 3.411e-2| 24.210 | 2.2331
|
| 5.00 | 1.890e-3| 1.134e-2| 0.1667 | 4.8990 | 3.308e-2| 25.000 | 2.2361
|
| 5.10 | 1.683e-3| 1.044e-2| 0.1612 | 5.0010 | 3.065e-2| 27.069 | 2.2433
|
| 5.20 | 1.501e-3| 9.620e-3| 0.1561 | 5.1029 | 2.842e-2| 29.283 | 2.2503
|
| 5.30 | 1.341e-3| 8.875e-3| 0.1511 | 5.2048 | 2.637e-2| 31.649 | 2.2569
|
| 5.40 | 1.200e-3| 8.197e-3| 0.1464 | 5.3066 | 2.449e-2| 34.174 | 2.2631
|
| 5.50 | 1.075e-3| 7.578e-3| 0.1418 | 5.4083 | 2.276e-2| 36.869 | 2.2691
|
| 5.60 | 9.643e-4| 7.012e-3| 0.1375 | 5.5100 | 2.117e-2| 39.740 | 2.2748
|
| 5.70 | 8.663e-4| 6.496e-3| 0.1334 | 5.6116 | 1.970e-2| 42.797 | 2.2803
|
| 5.80 | 7.794e-4| 6.023e-3| 0.1294 | 5.7131 | 1.835e-2| 46.050 | 2.2855
|
| 5.90 | 7.021e-4| 5.590e-3| 0.1256 | 5.8146 | 1.711e-2| 49.507 | 2.2905
|
| 6.00 | 6.334e-4| 5.194e-3| 0.1220 | 5.9161 | 1.596e-2| 53.179 | 2.2953
|

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright © 1996,
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, University of Sydney.

Normal Shock Wave Data

Pressure, Mach number and temperature changes through shock waves. ( Gamma = 7/5)

Notation :
M1=Mach number of flow upstream of shock wave
M2=Mach number of flow behind the shock wave
nu=Prandtl-Meyer angle, (deg), for expanding flow at M1
mu=Mach angle, (deg), (sin^(-1)(1/M1))
P2/P1=Static pressure ratio across normal shock wave
d2/d1=Density ratio across normal shock wave
T2/T1=Temperature ratio across normal shock wave
Po2/Po1=Stagnation pressure ratio across normal shock wave

----------------------------------------------------------------------
| M1 nu mu M2 P2/P1 d2/d1 T2/T1 Po2/Po1 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1.00 | 0.000 | 90.000 | 1.0000 | 1.000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 |
| 1.01 | 0.045 | 81.931 | 0.9901 | 1.023 | 1.0167 | 1.0066 | 1.0000 |
| 1.02 | 0.126 | 78.635 | 0.9805 | 1.047 | 1.0334 | 1.0132 | 1.0000 |
| 1.03 | 0.229 | 76.138 | 0.9712 | 1.071 | 1.0502 | 1.0198 | 1.0000 |
| 1.04 | 0.351 | 74.058 | 0.9620 | 1.095 | 1.0671 | 1.0263 | 0.9999 |
| 1.05 | 0.487 | 72.247 | 0.9531 | 1.120 | 1.0840 | 1.0328 | 0.9999 |
| 1.06 | 0.637 | 70.630 | 0.9444 | 1.144 | 1.1009 | 1.0393 | 0.9998 |
| 1.07 | 0.797 | 69.160 | 0.9360 | 1.169 | 1.1179 | 1.0458 | 0.9996 |
| 1.08 | 0.968 | 67.808 | 0.9277 | 1.194 | 1.1349 | 1.0522 | 0.9994 |
| 1.09 | 1.148 | 66.553 | 0.9196 | 1.219 | 1.1520 | 1.0586 | 0.9992 |
| 1.10 | 1.336 | 65.380 | 0.9118 | 1.245 | 1.1691 | 1.0649 | 0.9989 |
| 1.11 | 1.532 | 64.277 | 0.9041 | 1.271 | 1.1862 | 1.0713 | 0.9986 |
| 1.12 | 1.735 | 63.234 | 0.8966 | 1.297 | 1.2034 | 1.0776 | 0.9982 |
| 1.13 | 1.944 | 62.246 | 0.8892 | 1.323 | 1.2206 | 1.0840 | 0.9978 |
| 1.14 | 2.160 | 61.306 | 0.8820 | 1.350 | 1.2378 | 1.0903 | 0.9973 |
| 1.15 | 2.381 | 60.408 | 0.8750 | 1.376 | 1.2550 | 1.0966 | 0.9967 |
| 1.16 | 2.607 | 59.550 | 0.8682 | 1.403 | 1.2723 | 1.1029 | 0.9961 |
| 1.17 | 2.839 | 58.727 | 0.8615 | 1.430 | 1.2896 | 1.1092 | 0.9953 |
| 1.18 | 3.074 | 57.936 | 0.8549 | 1.458 | 1.3069 | 1.1154 | 0.9946 |
| 1.19 | 3.314 | 57.176 | 0.8485 | 1.485 | 1.3243 | 1.1217 | 0.9937 |
| 1.20 | 3.558 | 56.443 | 0.8422 | 1.513 | 1.3416 | 1.1280 | 0.9928 |
| 1.21 | 3.806 | 55.735 | 0.8360 | 1.541 | 1.3590 | 1.1343 | 0.9918 |
| 1.22 | 4.057 | 55.052 | 0.8300 | 1.570 | 1.3764 | 1.1405 | 0.9907 |
| 1.23 | 4.312 | 54.391 | 0.8241 | 1.598 | 1.3938 | 1.1468 | 0.9896 |
| 1.24 | 4.569 | 53.751 | 0.8183 | 1.627 | 1.4112 | 1.1531 | 0.9884 |
| 1.25 | 4.830 | 53.130 | 0.8126 | 1.656 | 1.4286 | 1.1594 | 0.9871 |
| 1.26 | 5.093 | 52.528 | 0.8071 | 1.686 | 1.4460 | 1.1657 | 0.9857 |
| 1.27 | 5.359 | 51.943 | 0.8016 | 1.715 | 1.4634 | 1.1720 | 0.9842 |
| 1.28 | 5.627 | 51.375 | 0.7963 | 1.745 | 1.4808 | 1.1783 | 0.9827 |
| 1.29 | 5.898 | 50.823 | 0.7911 | 1.775 | 1.4983 | 1.1846 | 0.9811 |
| 1.30 | 6.170 | 50.285 | 0.7860 | 1.805 | 1.5157 | 1.1909 | 0.9794 |
| 1.31 | 6.445 | 49.761 | 0.7809 | 1.835 | 1.5331 | 1.1972 | 0.9776 |
| 1.32 | 6.721 | 49.251 | 0.7760 | 1.866 | 1.5505 | 1.2035 | 0.9758 |
| 1.33 | 7.000 | 48.753 | 0.7712 | 1.897 | 1.5680 | 1.2099 | 0.9738 |
| 1.34 | 7.279 | 48.268 | 0.7664 | 1.928 | 1.5854 | 1.2162 | 0.9718 |
| 1.35 | 7.561 | 47.795 | 0.7618 | 1.960 | 1.6028 | 1.2226 | 0.9697 |
| 1.36 | 7.844 | 47.332 | 0.7572 | 1.991 | 1.6202 | 1.2290 | 0.9676 |
| 1.37 | 8.128 | 46.880 | 0.7527 | 2.023 | 1.6376 | 1.2354 | 0.9653 |
| 1.38 | 8.413 | 46.439 | 0.7483 | 2.055 | 1.6549 | 1.2418 | 0.9630 |
| 1.39 | 8.699 | 46.007 | 0.7440 | 2.087 | 1.6723 | 1.2482 | 0.9607 |
| 1.40 | 8.987 | 45.585 | 0.7397 | 2.120 | 1.6897 | 1.2547 | 0.9582 |
| 1.41 | 9.276 | 45.171 | 0.7355 | 2.153 | 1.7070 | 1.2612 | 0.9557 |
| 1.42 | 9.565 | 44.767 | 0.7314 | 2.186 | 1.7243 | 1.2676 | 0.9531 |
| 1.43 | 9.855 | 44.371 | 0.7274 | 2.219 | 1.7416 | 1.2741 | 0.9504 |
| 1.44 | 10.146 | 43.983 | 0.7235 | 2.253 | 1.7589 | 1.2807 | 0.9473 |
| 1.45 | 10.438 | 43.603 | 0.7196 | 2.286 | 1.7761 | 1.2872 | 0.9448 |
| 1.46 | 10.731 | 43.230 | 0.7157 | 2.320 | 1.7934 | 1.2938 | 0.9420 |
| 1.47 | 11.023 | 42.865 | 0.7120 | 2.354 | 1.8106 | 1.3003 | 0.9390 |
| 1.48 | 11.317 | 42.507 | 0.7083 | 2.389 | 1.8278 | 1.3069 | 0.9360 |
| 1.49 | 11.611 | 42.155 | 0.7047 | 2.423 | 1.8449 | 1.3136 | 0.9329 |
| 1.50 | 11.905 | 41.810 | 0.7011 | 2.458 | 1.8621 | 1.3202 | 0.9298 |
| 1.51 | 12.200 | 41.472 | 0.6976 | 2.493 | 1.8792 | 1.3269 | 0.9266 |
| 1.52 | 12.495 | 41.140 | 0.6941 | 2.529 | 1.8963 | 1.3336 | 0.9233 |
| 1.53 | 12.790 | 40.813 | 0.6907 | 2.564 | 1.9133 | 1.3403 | 0.9200 |
| 1.54 | 13.086 | 40.493 | 0.6874 | 2.600 | 1.9303 | 1.3470 | 0.9166 |
| 1.55 | 13.381 | 40.178 | 0.6841 | 2.636 | 1.9473 | 1.3538 | 0.9132 |
| 1.56 | 13.677 | 39.868 | 0.6809 | 2.673 | 1.9643 | 1.3606 | 0.9097 |
| 1.57 | 13.973 | 39.564 | 0.6777 | 2.709 | 1.9812 | 1.3674 | 0.9062 |
| 1.58 | 14.269 | 39.265 | 0.6746 | 2.746 | 1.9981 | 1.3742 | 0.9026 |
| 1.59 | 14.565 | 38.971 | 0.6715 | 2.783 | 2.0149 | 1.3811 | 0.8989 |
| 1.60 | 14.860 | 38.682 | 0.6684 | 2.820 | 2.0317 | 1.3880 | 0.8952 |
| 1.61 | 15.156 | 38.398 | 0.6655 | 2.857 | 2.0485 | 1.3949 | 0.8915 |
| 1.62 | 15.452 | 38.118 | 0.6625 | 2.895 | 2.0653 | 1.4018 | 0.8877 |
| 1.63 | 15.747 | 37.843 | 0.6596 | 2.933 | 2.0820 | 1.4088 | 0.8838 |
| 1.64 | 16.043 | 37.572 | 0.6568 | 2.971 | 2.0986 | 1.4158 | 0.8799 |
| 1.65 | 16.338 | 37.305 | 0.6540 | 3.010 | 2.1152 | 1.4228 | 0.8760 |
| 1.66 | 16.633 | 37.043 | 0.6512 | 3.048 | 2.1318 | 1.4299 | 0.8720 |
| 1.67 | 16.928 | 36.784 | 0.6485 | 3.087 | 2.1484 | 1.4369 | 0.8680 |
| 1.68 | 17.222 | 36.530 | 0.6458 | 3.126 | 2.1649 | 1.4440 | 0.8639 |
| 1.69 | 17.516 | 36.279 | 0.6431 | 3.165 | 2.1813 | 1.4512 | 0.8599 |
| 1.70 | 17.810 | 36.032 | 0.6405 | 3.205 | 2.1977 | 1.4583 | 0.8557 |
| 1.71 | 18.103 | 35.789 | 0.6380 | 3.245 | 2.2141 | 1.4655 | 0.8516 |
| 1.72 | 18.396 | 35.549 | 0.6355 | 3.285 | 2.2304 | 1.4727 | 0.8474 |
| 1.73 | 18.689 | 35.312 | 0.6330 | 3.325 | 2.2467 | 1.4800 | 0.8431 |
| 1.74 | 18.981 | 35.080 | 0.6305 | 3.366 | 2.2629 | 1.4873 | 0.8389 |
| 1.75 | 19.273 | 34.850 | 0.6281 | 3.406 | 2.2791 | 1.4946 | 0.8346 |
| 1.76 | 19.565 | 34.624 | 0.6257 | 3.447 | 2.2952 | 1.5019 | 0.8302 |
| 1.77 | 19.855 | 34.400 | 0.6234 | 3.488 | 2.3113 | 1.5093 | 0.8259 |
| 1.78 | 20.146 | 34.180 | 0.6210 | 3.530 | 2.3273 | 1.5167 | 0.8215 |
| 1.79 | 20.436 | 33.963 | 0.6188 | 3.571 | 2.3433 | 1.5241 | 0.8171 |
| 1.80 | 20.725 | 33.749 | 0.6165 | 3.613 | 2.3592 | 1.5316 | 0.8127 |
| 1.81 | 21.014 | 33.538 | 0.6143 | 3.655 | 2.3751 | 1.5391 | 0.8082 |
| 1.82 | 21.302 | 33.329 | 0.6121 | 3.698 | 2.3909 | 1.5466 | 0.8038 |
| 1.83 | 21.590 | 33.124 | 0.6099 | 3.740 | 2.4067 | 1.5541 | 0.7993 |
| 1.84 | 21.877 | 32.921 | 0.6078 | 3.783 | 2.4224 | 1.5617 | 0.7948 |
| 1.85 | 22.163 | 32.720 | 0.6057 | 3.826 | 2.4381 | 1.5693 | 0.7902 |
| 1.86 | 22.449 | 32.523 | 0.6036 | 3.870 | 2.4537 | 1.5770 | 0.7857 |
| 1.87 | 22.734 | 32.328 | 0.6016 | 3.913 | 2.4693 | 1.5847 | 0.7811 |
| 1.88 | 23.019 | 32.135 | 0.5996 | 3.957 | 2.4848 | 1.5924 | 0.7765 |
| 1.89 | 23.303 | 31.945 | 0.5976 | 4.001 | 2.5003 | 1.6001 | 0.7720 |
| 1.90 | 23.586 | 31.757 | 0.5956 | 4.045 | 2.5157 | 1.6079 | 0.7674 |
| 1.91 | 23.869 | 31.571 | 0.5937 | 4.089 | 2.5310 | 1.6157 | 0.7627 |
| 1.92 | 24.151 | 31.388 | 0.5918 | 4.134 | 2.5463 | 1.6236 | 0.7581 |
| 1.93 | 24.432 | 31.207 | 0.5899 | 4.179 | 2.5616 | 1.6314 | 0.7535 |
| 1.94 | 24.712 | 31.028 | 0.5880 | 4.224 | 2.5767 | 1.6394 | 0.7488 |
| 1.95 | 24.992 | 30.852 | 0.5862 | 4.270 | 2.5919 | 1.6473 | 0.7442 |
| 1.96 | 25.271 | 30.677 | 0.5844 | 4.315 | 2.6069 | 1.6553 | 0.7395 |
| 1.97 | 25.549 | 30.505 | 0.5826 | 4.361 | 2.6220 | 1.6633 | 0.7349 |
| 1.98 | 25.827 | 30.335 | 0.5808 | 4.407 | 2.6369 | 1.6713 | 0.7302 |
| 1.99 | 26.104 | 30.166 | 0.5791 | 4.453 | 2.6518 | 1.6794 | 0.7255 |
| 2.00 | 26.380 | 30.000 | 0.5774 | 4.500 | 2.6667 | 1.6875 | 0.7209 |
| 2.01 | 26.655 | 29.836 | 0.5757 | 4.547 | 2.6815 | 1.6956 | 0.7162 |
| 2.02 | 26.930 | 29.673 | 0.5740 | 4.594 | 2.6962 | 1.7038 | 0.7115 |
| 2.03 | 27.203 | 29.512 | 0.5723 | 4.641 | 2.7109 | 1.7120 | 0.7069 |
| 2.04 | 27.476 | 29.353 | 0.5707 | 4.689 | 2.7255 | 1.7203 | 0.7022 |
| 2.05 | 27.748 | 29.196 | 0.5691 | 4.736 | 2.7400 | 1.7285 | 0.6975 |
| 2.06 | 28.020 | 29.041 | 0.5675 | 4.784 | 2.7545 | 1.7369 | 0.6928 |
| 2.07 | 28.290 | 28.888 | 0.5659 | 4.832 | 2.7689 | 1.7452 | 0.6882 |
| 2.08 | 28.560 | 28.736 | 0.5643 | 4.881 | 2.7833 | 1.7536 | 0.6835 |
| 2.09 | 28.829 | 28.585 | 0.5628 | 4.929 | 2.7976 | 1.7620 | 0.6789 |
| 2.10 | 29.097 | 28.437 | 0.5613 | 4.978 | 2.8119 | 1.7705 | 0.6742 |
| 2.11 | 29.364 | 28.290 | 0.5598 | 5.027 | 2.8261 | 1.7789 | 0.6696 |
| 2.12 | 29.631 | 28.145 | 0.5583 | 5.077 | 2.8402 | 1.7875 | 0.6649 |
| 2.13 | 29.896 | 28.001 | 0.5568 | 5.126 | 2.8543 | 1.7960 | 0.6603 |
| 2.14 | 30.161 | 27.859 | 0.5554 | 5.176 | 2.8683 | 1.8046 | 0.6557 |
| 2.15 | 30.425 | 27.718 | 0.5540 | 5.226 | 2.8823 | 1.8132 | 0.6511 |
| 2.16 | 30.688 | 27.578 | 0.5525 | 5.277 | 2.8962 | 1.8219 | 0.6464 |
| 2.17 | 30.951 | 27.441 | 0.5511 | 5.327 | 2.9101 | 1.8306 | 0.6419 |
| 2.18 | 31.212 | 27.304 | 0.5498 | 5.378 | 2.9238 | 1.8393 | 0.6373 |
| 2.19 | 31.473 | 27.169 | 0.5484 | 5.429 | 2.9376 | 1.8481 | 0.6327 |
| 2.20 | 21.732 | 27.036 | 0.5471 | 5.480 | 2.9512 | 1.8569 | 0.6281 |
| 2.21 | 31.991 | 26.903 | 0.5457 | 5.531 | 2.9648 | 1.8657 | 0.6236 |
| 2.22 | 32.249 | 26.773 | 0.5444 | 5.583 | 2.9784 | 1.8746 | 0.6191 |
| 2.23 | 32.507 | 26.643 | 0.5431 | 5.635 | 2.9918 | 1.8835 | 0.6145 |
| 2.24 | 32.763 | 26.515 | 0.5418 | 5.687 | 3.0053 | 1.8924 | 0.6100 |
| 2.25 | 33.018 | 26.388 | 0.5406 | 5.740 | 3.0186 | 1.9014 | 0.6055 |
| 2.26 | 33.273 | 26.262 | 0.5393 | 5.792 | 3.0319 | 1.9104 | 0.6011 |
| 2.27 | 33.527 | 26.138 | 0.5381 | 5.845 | 3.0452 | 1.9194 | 0.5966 |
| 2.28 | 33.780 | 26.014 | 0.5368 | 5.898 | 3.0584 | 1.9285 | 0.5921 |
| 2.29 | 34.032 | 25.892 | 0.5356 | 5.951 | 3.0715 | 1.9376 | 0.5877 |
| 2.30 | 34.283 | 25.771 | 0.5344 | 6.005 | 3.0845 | 1.9468 | 0.5833 |
| 2.31 | 34.533 | 25.652 | 0.5332 | 6.059 | 3.0976 | 1.9560 | 0.5789 |
| 2.32 | 34.782 | 25.533 | 0.5321 | 6.113 | 3.1105 | 1.9652 | 0.5745 |
| 2.33 | 35.031 | 25.416 | 0.5309 | 6.167 | 3.1234 | 1.9745 | 0.5702 |
| 2.34 | 35.279 | 25.300 | 0.5297 | 6.222 | 3.1362 | 1.9838 | 0.5658 |
| 2.35 | 35.526 | 25.184 | 0.5286 | 6.276 | 3.1490 | 1.9931 | 0.5615 |
| 2.36 | 35.771 | 25.070 | 0.5275 | 6.331 | 3.1617 | 2.0025 | 0.5572 |
| 2.37 | 36.017 | 24.957 | 0.5264 | 6.386 | 3.1743 | 2.0119 | 0.5529 |
| 2.38 | 36.261 | 24.845 | 0.5253 | 6.442 | 3.1869 | 2.0213 | 0.5486 |
| 2.39 | 36.504 | 24.734 | 0.5242 | 6.497 | 3.1994 | 2.0308 | 0.5444 |
| 2.40 | 36.747 | 24.624 | 0.5231 | 6.553 | 3.2119 | 2.0403 | 0.5401 |
| 2.41 | 36.988 | 24.515 | 0.5221 | 6.609 | 3.2243 | 2.0499 | 0.5359 |
| 2.42 | 37.229 | 24.407 | 0.5210 | 6.666 | 3.2367 | 2.0595 | 0.5317 |
| 2.43 | 37.469 | 24.301 | 0.5200 | 6.722 | 3.2489 | 2.0691 | 0.5276 |
| 2.44 | 37.708 | 24.195 | 0.5189 | 6.779 | 3.2612 | 2.0788 | 0.5234 |
| 2.45 | 37.946 | 24.090 | 0.5179 | 6.836 | 3.2733 | 2.0885 | 0.5193 |
| 2.46 | 38.183 | 23.985 | 0.5169 | 6.894 | 3.2855 | 2.0982 | 0.5152 |
| 2.47 | 38.420 | 23.882 | 0.5159 | 6.951 | 3.2975 | 2.1080 | 0.5111 |
| 2.48 | 38.655 | 23.780 | 0.5149 | 7.009 | 3.3095 | 2.1178 | 0.5071 |
| 2.49 | 38.890 | 23.679 | 0.5140 | 7.067 | 3.3215 | 2.1276 | 0.5030 |
| 2.50 | 39.124 | 23.578 | 0.5130 | 7.125 | 3.3333 | 2.1375 | 0.4990 |
| 2.51 | 39.357 | 23.479 | 0.5120 | 7.183 | 3.3452 | 2.1474 | 0.4950 |
| 2.52 | 39.589 | 23.380 | 0.5111 | 7.242 | 3.3569 | 2.1574 | 0.4911 |
| 2.53 | 39.820 | 23.282 | 0.5102 | 7.301 | 3.3686 | 2.1674 | 0.4871 |
| 2.54 | 40.050 | 23.185 | 0.5092 | 7.360 | 3.3803 | 2.1774 | 0.4832 |
| 2.55 | 40.280 | 23.089 | 0.5083 | 7.420 | 3.3919 | 2.1875 | 0.4793 |
| 2.56 | 40.508 | 22.993 | 0.5074 | 7.479 | 3.4034 | 2.1976 | 0.4754 |
| 2.57 | 40.736 | 22.899 | 0.5065 | 7.539 | 3.4149 | 2.2077 | 0.4715 |
| 2.58 | 40.963 | 22.805 | 0.5056 | 7.599 | 3.4263 | 2.2179 | 0.4677 |
| 2.59 | 41.189 | 22.712 | 0.5047 | 7.659 | 3.4377 | 2.2281 | 0.4639 |
| 2.60 | 41.415 | 22.620 | 0.5039 | 7.720 | 3.4490 | 2.2383 | 0.4601 |
| 2.61 | 41.639 | 22.528 | 0.5030 | 7.781 | 3.4602 | 2.2486 | 0.4564 |
| 2.62 | 41.863 | 22.438 | 0.5022 | 7.842 | 3.4714 | 2.2590 | 0.4526 |
| 2.63 | 42.086 | 22.348 | 0.5013 | 7.903 | 3.4826 | 2.2693 | 0.4489 |
| 2.64 | 42.307 | 22.259 | 0.5005 | 7.965 | 3.4937 | 2.2797 | 0.4452 |
| 2.65 | 42.529 | 22.170 | 0.4996 | 8.026 | 3.5047 | 2.2902 | 0.4416 |
| 2.66 | 42.749 | 22.082 | 0.4988 | 8.088 | 3.5157 | 2.3006 | 0.4379 |
| 2.67 | 42.968 | 21.995 | 0.4980 | 8.150 | 3.5266 | 2.3111 | 0.4343 |
| 2.68 | 43.187 | 21.909 | 0.4972 | 8.213 | 3.5374 | 2.3217 | 0.4307 |
| 2.69 | 43.405 | 21.823 | 0.4964 | 8.275 | 3.5482 | 2.3323 | 0.4271 |
| 2.70 | 43.621 | 21.738 | 0.4956 | 8.338 | 3.5590 | 2.3429 | 0.4236 |
| 2.71 | 43.838 | 21.654 | 0.4949 | 8.401 | 3.5697 | 2.3536 | 0.4201 |
| 2.72 | 44.053 | 21.571 | 0.4941 | 8.465 | 3.5803 | 2.3642 | 0.4166 |
| 2.73 | 44.267 | 21.488 | 0.4933 | 8.528 | 3.5909 | 2.3750 | 0.4131 |
| 2.74 | 44.481 | 21.405 | 0.4926 | 8.592 | 3.6015 | 2.3858 | 0.4097 |
| 2.75 | 44.694 | 21.324 | 0.4918 | 8.656 | 3.6119 | 2.3966 | 0.4062 |
| 2.76 | 44.906 | 21.243 | 0.4911 | 8.721 | 3.6224 | 2.4074 | 0.4028 |
| 2.77 | 45.117 | 21.162 | 0.4903 | 8.785 | 3.6327 | 2.4183 | 0.3994 |
| 2.78 | 45.327 | 21.083 | 0.4896 | 8.850 | 3.6431 | 2.4292 | 0.3961 |
| 2.79 | 45.537 | 21.003 | 0.4889 | 8.915 | 3.6533 | 2.4402 | 0.3928 |
| 2.80 | 45.746 | 20.925 | 0.4882 | 8.980 | 3.6636 | 2.4512 | 0.3895 |
| 2.81 | 45.954 | 20.847 | 0.4875 | 9.045 | 3.6737 | 2.4622 | 0.3862 |
| 2.82 | 46.161 | 20.770 | 0.4868 | 9.111 | 3.6838 | 2.4733 | 0.3829 |
| 2.83 | 46.368 | 20.693 | 0.4861 | 9.177 | 3.6939 | 2.4844 | 0.3797 |
| 2.84 | 46.573 | 20.617 | 0.4854 | 9.243 | 3.7039 | 2.4955 | 0.3765 |
| 2.85 | 46.778 | 20.541 | 0.4847 | 9.310 | 3.7139 | 2.5067 | 0.3733 |
| 2.86 | 46.982 | 20.466 | 0.4840 | 9.376 | 3.7238 | 2.5179 | 0.3701 |
| 2.87 | 47.185 | 20.391 | 0.4833 | 9.443 | 3.7336 | 2.5292 | 0.3670 |
| 2.88 | 47.388 | 20.318 | 0.4827 | 9.510 | 3.7434 | 2.5405 | 0.3639 |
| 2.89 | 47.589 | 20.244 | 0.4820 | 9.577 | 3.7532 | 2.5518 | 0.3608 |
| 2.90 | 47.790 | 20.171 | 0.4814 | 9.645 | 3.7629 | 2.5632 | 0.3577 |
| 2.91 | 47.990 | 20.099 | 0.4807 | 9.713 | 3.7725 | 2.5746 | 0.3547 |
| 2.92 | 48.190 | 20.027 | 0.4801 | 9.781 | 3.7821 | 2.5861 | 0.3517 |
| 2.93 | 48.388 | 19.956 | 0.4795 | 9.849 | 3.7917 | 2.5976 | 0.3487 |
| 2.94 | 48.586 | 19.885 | 0.4788 | 9.918 | 3.8012 | 2.6091 | 0.3457 |
| 2.95 | 48.783 | 19.815 | 0.4782 | 9.986 | 3.8106 | 2.6206 | 0.3428 |
| 2.96 | 48.980 | 19.745 | 0.4776 | 10.05 | 3.8200 | 2.6322 | 0.3398 |
| 2.97 | 49.175 | 19.676 | 0.4770 | 10.12 | 3.8294 | 2.6439 | 0.3369 |
| 2.98 | 49.370 | 19.607 | 0.4764 | 10.19 | 3.8387 | 2.6555 | 0.3340 |
| 2.99 | 49.564 | 19.539 | 0.4758 | 10.26 | 3.8479 | 2.6673 | 0.3312 |
| 3.00 | 49.757 | 19.471 | 0.4752 | 10.33 | 3.8571 | 2.6790 | 0.3283 |
| 3.02 | 50.142 | 19.337 | 0.4740 | 10.47 | 3.8754 | 2.7026 | 0.3227 |
| 3.04 | 50.523 | 19.205 | 0.4729 | 10.61 | 3.8935 | 2.7264 | 0.3172 |
| 3.06 | 50.902 | 19.075 | 0.4717 | 10.75 | 3.9114 | 2.7503 | 0.3118 |
| 3.08 | 51.277 | 18.946 | 0.4706 | 10.90 | 3.9291 | 2.7744 | 0.3065 |
| 3.10 | 51.650 | 18.819 | 0.4695 | 11.04 | 3.9466 | 2.7986 | 0.3012 |
| 3.12 | 52.020 | 18.694 | 0.4685 | 11.19 | 3.9639 | 2.8230 | 0.2960 |
| 3.14 | 52.386 | 18.571 | 0.4674 | 11.33 | 3.9811 | 2.8475 | 0.2910 |
| 3.16 | 52.751 | 18.449 | 0.4664 | 11.48 | 3.9981 | 2.8722 | 0.2860 |
| 3.18 | 53.112 | 18.329 | 0.4654 | 11.63 | 4.0149 | 2.8970 | 0.2811 |
| 3.20 | 53.470 | 18.210 | 0.4643 | 11.78 | 4.0315 | 2.9220 | 0.2762 |
| 3.22 | 53.826 | 18.093 | 0.4634 | 11.93 | 4.0479 | 2.9471 | 0.2715 |
| 3.24 | 54.179 | 17.977 | 0.4624 | 12.08 | 4.0642 | 2.9724 | 0.2668 |
| 3.26 | 54.529 | 17.863 | 0.4614 | 12.23 | 4.0803 | 2.9979 | 0.2622 |
| 3.28 | 54.877 | 17.751 | 0.4605 | 12.38 | 4.0963 | 3.0234 | 0.2577 |
| 3.30 | 55.222 | 17.640 | 0.4596 | 12.53 | 4.1120 | 3.0492 | 0.2533 |
| 3.32 | 55.564 | 17.530 | 0.4587 | 12.69 | 4.1276 | 3.0751 | 0.2489 |
| 3.34 | 55.904 | 17.422 | 0.4578 | 12.84 | 4.1431 | 3.1011 | 0.2446 |
| 3.36 | 56.241 | 17.315 | 0.4569 | 13.00 | 4.1583 | 3.1273 | 0.2404 |
| 3.38 | 56.576 | 17.209 | 0.4560 | 13.16 | 4.1734 | 3.1537 | 0.2363 |
| 3.40 | 56.908 | 17.105 | 0.4552 | 13.32 | 4.1884 | 3.1802 | 0.2322 |
| 3.42 | 57.237 | 17.002 | 0.4544 | 13.47 | 4.2032 | 3.2069 | 0.2282 |
| 3.44 | 57.564 | 16.900 | 0.4535 | 13.63 | 4.2179 | 3.2337 | 0.2243 |
| 3.46 | 57.888 | 16.799 | 0.4527 | 13.80 | 4.2323 | 3.2607 | 0.2205 |
| 3.48 | 58.210 | 16.700 | 0.4519 | 13.96 | 4.2467 | 3.2878 | 0.2167 |
| 3.50 | 58.530 | 16.602 | 0.4512 | 14.12 | 4.2609 | 3.3151 | 0.2129 |
| 3.52 | 58.847 | 16.505 | 0.4504 | 14.28 | 4.2749 | 3.3425 | 0.2093 |
| 3.54 | 59.162 | 16.409 | 0.4496 | 14.45 | 4.2888 | 3.3701 | 0.2057 |
| 3.56 | 59.474 | 16.314 | 0.4489 | 14.61 | 4.3026 | 3.3978 | 0.2022 |
| 3.58 | 59.784 | 16.220 | 0.4481 | 14.78 | 4.3162 | 3.4257 | 0.1987 |
| 3.60 | 60.091 | 16.128 | 0.4474 | 14.95 | 4.3296 | 3.4537 | 0.1953 |
| 3.62 | 60.397 | 16.036 | 0.4467 | 15.12 | 4.3429 | 3.4819 | 0.1920 |
| 3.64 | 60.700 | 15.946 | 0.4460 | 15.29 | 4.3561 | 3.5103 | 0.1887 |
| 3.66 | 61.001 | 15.856 | 0.4453 | 15.46 | 4.3692 | 3.5388 | 0.1855 |
| 3.68 | 61.299 | 15.768 | 0.4446 | 15.63 | 4.3821 | 3.5674 | 0.1823 |
| 3.70 | 61.595 | 15.680 | 0.4439 | 15.80 | 4.3949 | 3.5962 | 0.1792 |
| 3.72 | 61.889 | 15.594 | 0.4433 | 15.97 | 4.4075 | 3.6252 | 0.1761 |
| 3.74 | 62.181 | 15.508 | 0.4426 | 16.15 | 4.4200 | 3.6543 | 0.1731 |
| 3.76 | 62.471 | 15.424 | 0.4420 | 16.32 | 4.4324 | 3.6836 | 0.1702 |
| 3.78 | 62.758 | 15.340 | 0.4414 | 16.50 | 4.4447 | 3.7130 | 0.1673 |
| 3.80 | 63.044 | 15.258 | 0.4407 | 16.68 | 4.4568 | 3.7426 | 0.1645 |
| 3.82 | 63.327 | 15.176 | 0.4401 | 16.85 | 4.4688 | 3.7723 | 0.1617 |
| 3.84 | 63.608 | 15.095 | 0.4395 | 17.03 | 4.4807 | 3.8022 | 0.1589 |
| 3.86 | 63.887 | 15.015 | 0.4389 | 17.21 | 4.4924 | 3.8323 | 0.1563 |
| 3.88 | 64.164 | 14.936 | 0.4383 | 17.39 | 4.5041 | 3.8625 | 0.1536 |
| 3.90 | 64.440 | 14.857 | 0.4377 | 17.57 | 4.5156 | 3.8928 | 0.1510 |
| 3.92 | 64.713 | 14.780 | 0.4372 | 17.76 | 4.5270 | 3.9233 | 0.1485 |
| 3.94 | 64.984 | 14.703 | 0.4366 | 17.94 | 4.5383 | 3.9540 | 0.1460 |
| 3.96 | 65.253 | 14.627 | 0.4360 | 18.12 | 4.5494 | 3.9848 | 0.1435 |
| 3.98 | 65.520 | 14.552 | 0.4355 | 18.31 | 4.5605 | 4.0158 | 0.1411 |
| 4.00 | 65.785 | 14.478 | 0.4350 | 18.50 | 4.5714 | 4.0469 | 0.1388 |
| 4.05 | 66.439 | 14.295 | 0.4336 | 18.97 | 4.5983 | 4.1254 | 0.1330 |
| 4.10 | 67.082 | 14.117 | 0.4324 | 19.44 | 4.6245 | 4.2048 | 0.1276 |
| 4.15 | 67.713 | 13.943 | 0.4311 | 19.92 | 4.6500 | 4.2852 | 0.1223 |
| 4.20 | 68.333 | 13.774 | 0.4299 | 20.41 | 4.6749 | 4.3666 | 0.1173 |
| 4.25 | 68.942 | 13.609 | 0.4288 | 20.90 | 4.6992 | 4.4489 | 0.1126 |
| 4.30 | 69.541 | 13.448 | 0.4277 | 21.40 | 4.7229 | 4.5322 | 0.1080 |
| 4.35 | 70.129 | 13.290 | 0.4266 | 21.91 | 4.7460 | 4.6165 | 0.1036 |
| 4.40 | 70.706 | 13.137 | 0.4255 | 22.42 | 4.7685 | 4.7017 | 9.948e-2|
| 4.45 | 71.274 | 12.986 | 0.4245 | 22.93 | 4.7904 | 4.7879 | 9.550e-2|
| 4.50 | 71.832 | 12.840 | 0.4236 | 23.45 | 4.8119 | 4.8751 | 9.170e-2|
| 4.55 | 72.380 | 12.696 | 0.4226 | 23.98 | 4.8328 | 4.9632 | 8.806e-2|
| 4.60 | 72.919 | 12.556 | 0.4217 | 24.52 | 4.8532 | 5.0523 | 8.459e-2|
| 4.65 | 73.449 | 12.419 | 0.4208 | 25.06 | 4.8731 | 5.1424 | 8.126e-2|
| 4.70 | 73.970 | 12.284 | 0.4199 | 25.60 | 4.8926 | 5.2334 | 7.809e-2|
| 4.75 | 74.482 | 12.153 | 0.4191 | 26.15 | 4.9116 | 5.3254 | 7.505e-2|
| 4.80 | 74.986 | 12.025 | 0.4183 | 26.71 | 4.9301 | 5.4184 | 7.214e-2|
| 4.85 | 75.482 | 11.899 | 0.4175 | 27.27 | 4.9482 | 5.5124 | 6.936e-2|
| 4.90 | 75.969 | 11.776 | 0.4167 | 27.84 | 4.9659 | 5.6073 | 6.670e-2|
| 4.95 | 76.449 | 11.655 | 0.4160 | 28.42 | 4.9831 | 5.7032 | 6.415e-2|
| 5.00 | 76.920 | 11.537 | 0.4152 | 29.00 | 5.0000 | 5.8000 | 6.172e-2|
| 5.10 | 77.841 | 11.308 | 0.4138 | 30.17 | 5.0326 | 5.9966 | 5.715e-2|
| 5.20 | 78.732 | 11.087 | 0.4125 | 31.38 | 5.0637 | 6.1971 | 5.297e-2|
| 5.30 | 79.596 | 10.876 | 0.4113 | 32.60 | 5.0934 | 6.4014 | 4.913e-2|
| 5.40 | 80.433 | 10.672 | 0.4101 | 33.85 | 5.1218 | 6.6097 | 4.560e-2|
| 5.50 | 81.245 | 10.476 | 0.4090 | 35.12 | 5.1489 | 6.8218 | 4.236e-2|
| 5.60 | 82.032 | 10.287 | 0.4079 | 36.42 | 5.1749 | 7.0378 | 3.938e-2|
| 5.70 | 82.796 | 10.104 | 0.4069 | 37.73 | 5.1998 | 7.2577 | 3.664e-2|
| 5.80 | 83.537 | 9.928 | 0.4059 | 39.08 | 5.2236 | 7.4814 | 3.412e-2|
| 5.90 | 84.256 | 9.758 | 0.4050 | 40.44 | 5.2464 | 7.7091 | 3.179e-2|
| 6.00 | 84.955 | 9.594 | 0.4042 | 41.83 | 5.2683 | 7.9406 | 2.965e-2|
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright © 1996,1998
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, University of Sydney.

Compressible Flow Tables

Part 4: Oblique Shock Waves (Isentropic Flow, Gamma=7/5)

Notation :

M1 = Upstream Flow Mach number

M2 = Downstream Flow Mach Number
d = (Delta) Flow deflection angle
Th = (Theta) Wave Angle
P2/P1 = Ratio of static pressures across wave

------------------------------------------
| M1 d | Weak Solution |
| | Th | M2 | P2/P1 |
|------------------------------------------|
| 1.05 | 0.0 | 72.25 | 1.050 | 1.000 |
|------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| 1.10 | 0.0 | 65.38 | 1.100 | 1.000 |
| 1.10 | 1.0 | 69.81 | 1.039 | 1.077 |
|------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| 1.15 | 0.0 | 60.41 | 1.150 | 1.000 |
| 1.15 | 1.0 | 63.16 | 1.102 | 1.062 |
| 1.15 | 2.0 | 67.01 | 1.043 | 1.141 |
|------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| 1.20 | 0.0 | 56.44 | 1.200 | 1.000 |
| 1.20 | 1.0 | 58.55 | 1.158 | 1.056 |
| 1.20 | 2.0 | 61.05 | 1.111 | 1.120 |
| 1.20 | 3.0 | 64.34 | 1.056 | 1.198 |
|------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| 1.25 | 0.0 | 53.13 | 1.25 | 1.000 |
| 1.25 | 1.0 | 54.88 | 1.211 | 1.053 |
| 1.25 | 2.0 | 56.85 | 1.170 | 1.111 |
| 1.25 | 3.0 | 59.13 | 1.124 | 1.176 |
| 1.25 | 4.0 | 61.99 | 1.072 | 1.254 |
| 1.25 | 5.0 | 66.59 | 0.999 | 1.366 |
|------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| 1.30 | 0.0 | 50.29 | 1.300 | 1.000 |
| 1.30 | 1.0 | 51.81 | 1.263 | 1.051 |
| 1.30 | 2.0 | 53.48 | 1.224 | 1.107 |
| 1.30 | 3.0 | 55.32 | 1.184 | 1.167 |
| 1.30 | 4.0 | 57.42 | 1.140 | 1.233 |
| 1.30 | 5.0 | 59.96 | 1.090 | 1.311 |
| 1.30 | 6.0 | 63.46 | 1.027 | 1.411 |
|------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| 1.35 | 0.0 | 47.80 | 1.350 | 1.000 |
| 1.35 | 1.0 | 49.17 | 1.314 | 1.051 |
| 1.35 | 2.0 | 50.64 | 1.277 | 1.104 |
| 1.35 | 3.0 | 52.22 | 1.239 | 1.162 |
| 1.35 | 4.0 | 53.97 | 1.199 | 1.224 |
| 1.35 | 5.0 | 55.93 | 1.157 | 1.292 |
| 1.35 | 6.0 | 58.23 | 1.109 | 1.370 |
| 1.35 | 7.0 | 61.18 | 1.052 | 1.466 |
| 1.35 | 8.0 | 66.92 | 0.954 | 1.633 |
|------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| 1.40 | 0.0 | 45.59 | 1.400 | 1.000 |
| 1.40 | 1.0 | 46.84 | 1.365 | 1.050 |
| 1.40 | 2.0 | 48.17 | 1.330 | 1.103 |
| 1.40 | 3.0 | 49.59 | 1.293 | 1.159 |
| 1.40 | 4.0 | 51.12 | 1.255 | 1.219 |
| 1.40 | 5.0 | 52.78 | 1.216 | 1.283 |
| 1.40 | 6.0 | 54.63 | 1.174 | 1.354 |
| 1.40 | 7.0 | 56.76 | 1.128 | 1.433 |
| 1.40 | 8.0 | 59.37 | 1.074 | 1.526 |
| 1.40 | 9.0 | 63.19 | 1.003 | 1.655 |
|------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| 2.20 | 0.0 | 27.04 | 2.200 | 1.000 |
| 2.20 | 2.0 | 28.59 | 2.124 | 1.127 |
| 2.20 | 4.0 | 30.24 | 2.049 | 1.265 |
| 2.20 | 6.0 | 31.98 | 1.974 | 1.417 |
| 2.20 | 8.0 | 33.83 | 1.899 | 1.583 |
| 2.20 | 10.0 | 35.79 | 1.823 | 1.764 |
| 2.20 | 12.0 | 37.87 | 1.745 | 1.961 |
| 2.20 | 14.0 | 40.10 | 1.666 | 2.176 |
| 2.20 | 16.0 | 42.49 | 1.583 | 2.410 |
| 2.20 | 18.0 | 45.09 | 1.496 | 2.666 |
| 2.20 | 20.0 | 47.98 | 1.404 | 2.949 |
| 2.20 | 22.0 | 51.28 | 1.301 | 3.270 |
| 2.20 | 24.0 | 55.36 | 1.181 | 3.655 |
| 2.20 | 26.0 | 62.70 | 0.980 | 4.292 |
------------------------------------------

Reference : Compressible Fluid Dynamics, Philip Thompson, McGraw-Hill, 1972

Copyright © 1997,1998
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, University of Sydney.

Part 7. Assignment/Tutorial Resources

Some MATLAB Script Files
The following MATLAB script files contain code that may be useful for solving
engineering problems encountered in the field of Aeronautics.

 Function to calculate air density for given altitude

 Sample aircraft range calculation (Boeing 737-300)
 Specific Excess Power Contours for Aircraft Performance Calculations
 Blade Element Theory Calculation for Propellers
 A Two dof System for Simple Flutter Prediction
 A randon walk simulation of Two Phase Flow (point Source).

function [rho]=alt_dens(h)
%
% density = function (altitude(m)) ISA standard
%
sigma=h;
if h < 11000,
sigma = (1 - h*2.2558e-5)^4.2559;
else
sigma = 0.2971*exp((11000 - h)/6341.5987);
end;
rho=sigma*1.225;
end

% Typical Range Calculation for Boeing 737-300

% flying at Mach 0.8 at an altitude of 30,000ft
%
%velocity
v=240;
%Mach number
M=0.8;
%Wing planform area
S=91.0;
%wing span
b=28.35;
%Aspect ratio
AR=b*b/S
%wing planform efficiency factor
eff=0.7;
%base drag coefficient
cdo=0.019;
%lift induced drag constant
K=1.0/pi/AR/eff
%
%Thrust Specific fuel compumption (TSFC) (lbm/hr)/lbf --> /sec or
(N/s)/N
tsfc=0.6/3600.0
%Altitude in meters
alt=30000*.3048
%air density calculated as a function of altitude
[rho]=alt_dens(alt)
%initial weight at start of cruise (=MTOW rough estimate)
winit=56470.0;
%lift coefficient required for L=W
cl=winit*9.8/(0.5*rho*v*v*S)
%drag coefficient
cd = cdo + K *cl*cl;
%corrected for compressible flow effects
cd=cd/sqrt(1-M*M)
%lift to drag ratio
lond=cl/cd
%final weight = initial weight - 15083 Kg fuel (Fuel tank
capacity=16000kg)
wfinal=56470-15083
% range = V/TSFC * L/D * ln(Winitial/Wfinal) in meters
range=v/tsfc*lond*log(winit/wfinal)
% final lift coefficient required
cl=wfinal/(0.5*rho*v*v*S)
% final drag coefficient
cd=cdo+K*cl*cl
cd=cd /sqrt(1-M*M)
% drag of vehicle at final weight
drag=cd*0.5*rho*v*v*S
% thrust required
thrust=drag
% approximate fuel flow rate in Kg/s
fuelflow=tsfc*thrust/9.8
% max reserve (Kg)
fuel=1000
% reserve endurance at M=0.8 in mins
time=fuel/fuelflow/60.0

clear all;
chord=0.10;
pitch=0.0;
dia=1.6;
R=dia/2.0;
RPM=2100.;
%pitch angle setting at tip
tip=25.0;
xt=R;
%pitch angle setting at 25% radius
hub=65.0;
xs=0.1*R
tonc=0.12*chord;
rho=1.225;
n=RPM/60.0;
omega=n*2.0*pi;
coef1=(tip-hub)/(xt-xs);
coef2=hub-coef1*xs;
rstep=(xt-xs)/10
r1=[xs:rstep:xt];
k=0;
eff0=0;
V=60;
thrust=0.0;
torque=0.0;
for j=1:size(r1,2),
rad=r1(j);
theta=coef1*rad+coef2+pitch;
t2(j)=theta;
th=theta/180.0*pi;
sigma=2.0*chord/2.0/pi/rad;
a=0.1;
b=0.01;
finished=0;
sum=1;
while (finished==0),
V0=V*(1+a);
V2=omega*rad*(1-b);
phi=atan2(V0,V2);
alpha=th-phi;
cl=6.2*alpha;
cd=0.008-0.003*cl+0.01*cl*cl;
 Vlocal=sqrt(V0*V0+V2*V2);
DtDr=0.5*rho*Vlocal*Vlocal*2.0*chord*(cl*cos(phi)-cd*sin(phi));
DqDr=0.5*rho*Vlocal*Vlocal*2.0*chord*rad*(cd*cos(phi)+cl*sin(phi));
tem1=DtDr/(4.0*pi*rad*rho*V*V*(1+a));
tem2=DqDr/(4.0*pi*rad*rad*rad*rho*V*(1+a)*omega);
anew=0.5*(a+tem1);
bnew=0.5*(b+tem2);
if (abs(anew-a)<1.0e-5),
if (abs(bnew-b)<1.0e-5),
finished=1;
end;
end;
a=anew;
b=bnew;
sum=sum+1;
if (sum>500),
finished=1;
end;
end;
a2(j)=a;
b2(j)=b;
thrust=thrust+DtDr*rstep;
torque=torque+DqDr*rstep;
end;
disp(thrust);
disp(torque);
t=thrust/(rho*n*n*dia*dia*dia*dia);
q=torque/(rho*n*n*dia*dia*dia*dia*dia);
J=V/(n*dia);
if (t<0),
eff=0.
else
eff=t/q*J/(2.0*pi)
end;

%2 degree of freedom flutter solver

mass=0.0486;
polarI=4.05e-5;
wh=12.0
wh=wh*2.0*pi
wa=105.0
wa=wa*2.0*pi
Kh=wh*wh*mass
Ka=wa*wa*polarI
rho=1.225;
S=0.1*.45;
chord=0.1;
Cla=2.0*pi;
xac=0.25*chord;
xcg=-0.01*chord;
crossI=xcg*mass;
Vmax=input('Maximum Velocity = ');
%
%
V=0.0;
dv=Vmax/100.0;
for i=1:100,
A=mass*polarI-crossI*crossI;
B=0.5*rho*V*V*S*Cla*(crossI+xac*mass)-Ka*mass-Kh*polarI;
C=Kh*(Ka-0.5*rho*V*V*S*Cla*xac);
%
%
w1=(-B+sqrt(B*B-4.0*A*C))/(2.0*A);
w2=(-B-sqrt(B*B-4.0*A*C))/(2.0*A);
w11(i)=sqrt(w1)/2.0/pi;
w22(i)=sqrt(w2)/2.0/pi;
u(i)=V;
V=V+dv;
end
w33=imag(w11);
w44=imag(w22);
plot(u,w11,'-w',u,w22,'-w');
xlabel('Velocity (m/s)');
ylabel('Frequency (rad/s)');
title('Flutter Prediction Plot');

clear all;

walk=zeros(100,100);
for j=1:100,
finished=0;
x0=50;
y0=50;
count=1;
while (finished==0),
walk(x0,y0)=walk(x0,y0)+1;
a=rand(1.0);
if (a<0.75),
if (a<0.5),
if (a<0.25),
x0=x0+1;
else
x0=x0-1;
end;
else
y0=y0+1;
end;
else
y0=y0-1;
end;
if (walk(x0,y0)==0),
walk(x0,y0)=1;
x0=50;
y0=50;
count=count+1;
if count>200,
finished=1;
end;
end;
end;
x1=[1:1:100];
y1=[1:1:100];
v=[1:walk(50,50)/20.0:walk(50,50)];
 contour (x1,y1,walk,v);
axis equal;
disp('paused');
pause;
end;

EXCEL Files
The following EXCEL spreadsheet files contain code that may be useful for solving
engineering problems encountered in the field of Aeronautics.

 Spread Sheet for Ideal Gas Turbine Cycle Analysis

 Spread Sheet for Light Aircraft Climb Performance calculation at Sea Level

FORTRAN Files
The following FORTRAN files contain code that may be useful for solving engineering
problems encountered in the field of Aeronautics.

 Program to Process Wind Tunnel Data Outut Files (SOURCE)

 Program to Process Wind Tunnel Data Output Files (EXECUTABLE)
 Aerofoil Analysis (XFOIL -- Panel Method -- Viscous/Inviscid)
(EXECUTABLE)
 USDL (Unsteady 3-D Doublette Lattice Solver) (ZIPPED EXECUTABLE)

Part 8. Experimental Data Library

Wind Tunnel Experiment Data Files

The following files were obtained by student groups from wind tunnel tests carried out in
the Department's wind tunnels. The first group are raw data files which are from current
experimental runs. (no guarantee that any of this makes sense or is correct). The other
links are to previous experimental runs which have been processed and verified. Check
the header information in each file to accurately determine the experiment to which it
applies.

Raw Wind Tunnel Data

  Wind Tunnel Files

2-D Aerofoil Section Data

 NACA 0012 Aerofoil Section test

 NACA 0012 Aerofoil with 60 Deg Split Flap

2-D Section SD7062 Boundary Layer and Wake traverse data.

The following data files were obtained using hot-wire anemometer traverses of the
boundary layer and downstream wake of the SD7062 aerofoil section. Note that position
(vertical and horizontal) data and flow velocity data are uncalibrated. You must get the
appropriate calibration data files to use the data correctly. All boundary layer traverses
were done for an angle of attack of zero degs.

 Boundary Layer Traverse (Position 1)

 Boundary Layer Traverse (Position 2)
 Boundary Layer Traverse (Position 3)
 Boundary Layer Traverse (Position 4)
 Boundary Layer Traverse (Position 5)
 Wake Traverse (Alpha nominally 0 Deg)
 Wake Traverse (Alpha nominally 2 Deg)
 Wake Traverse (Alpha nominally 4 Deg)
 Wake Traverse (Alpha nominally 6 Deg)
 Wake Traverse (Alpha nominally 8 Deg)
 Wake Traverse (Alpha nominally 10 Deg)
 Wake Traverse (Alpha nominally -2 Deg)

3-D Wing Data

 Aspect ratio 3 wing test

 Aspect ratio 4 wing test
 Aspect ratio 5 wing test
 Aspect ratio 6 wing test
 Aspect ratio 4 (Full Span Flap)
 Aspect ratio 4 (Half Span Flap)
 Support Sting Drag Measurements

3-D Swept Wing Data

 20 Deg swept back wing test

 30 Deg swept forward wing test
 45 Deg swept forward wing test
 60 Deg swept forward wing test
26/3/02 group1

Reference Area : 0.0900 m*m

Reference Length : 0.1500 m
Atmos. Pressure : 102.6000 KPa
Ref. Temperature : 26.20 Deg C
Ref. Density : 1.1949 Kg/(m*m*m)

D L PM Ai DP Cd Cl Cm V

26/3/02 group1

Reference Area : 0.0900 m*m

Reference Length : 0.1500 m
Atmos. Pressure : 102.6000 KPa
Ref. Temperature : 26.20 Deg C
Ref. Density : 1.1949 Kg/(m*m*m)

Balance Sensitivity Settings :

D CWF L RM PM YM Ai ASS DP
3.0E+0001 1.0E+0002 3.0E+0002 1.0E+0001 1.0E+0001 1.0E+0001-3.0E+0001
3.0E+0002 1.0E+0003

Balance Calibration Factors :

D CWF L RM PM YM Ai ASS DP
-0.925 -0.992 -0.952 -1.000 -0.941 -1.000 -1.111 -1.000 -1.300

Recorded DATA:
D L PM Ai DP Cd Cl Cm V

16.34 -48.51 -0.27 -15.90 994.35 0.1826 -0.5420 -0.0200 40.7969

15.52 -37.50 -0.94 -14.75 1066.11 0.1617 -0.3909 -0.0652 42.2432
15.29 -32.63 -0.99 -13.71 1072.65 0.1584 -0.3380 -0.0686 42.3726
15.06 -27.71 -1.03 -12.98 1073.04 0.1560 -0.2869 -0.0711 42.3803
14.96 -23.11 -1.07 -12.34 1072.55 0.1550 -0.2394 -0.0737 42.3707
14.81 -20.32 -1.09 -12.00 1073.34 0.1533 -0.2103 -0.0753 42.3863
14.68 -15.45 -1.13 -11.32 1073.56 0.1520 -0.1599 -0.0779 42.3906
14.65 -12.88 -1.14 -10.86 1073.18 0.1517 -0.1334 -0.0788 42.3830
14.43 -5.74 -1.17 -9.72 1072.05 0.1495 -0.0595 -0.0808 42.3607
14.27 -3.23 -1.18 -9.30 1071.61 0.1480 -0.0335 -0.0815 42.3520
14.25 1.16 -1.19 -8.41 1069.30 0.1480 0.0120 -0.0825 42.3064
14.13 3.65 -1.19 -8.20 1069.75 0.1468 0.0379 -0.0827 42.3153
14.09 6.01 -1.20 -7.82 1069.51 0.1464 0.0625 -0.0828 42.3106
14.06 7.80 -1.20 -7.61 1068.45 0.1462 0.0811 -0.0832 42.2895
14.06 10.34 -1.20 -7.21 1068.96 0.1461 0.1075 -0.0834 42.2997
13.98 12.98 -1.20 -6.71 1069.81 0.1452 0.1348 -0.0829 42.3164
14.03 19.71 -1.20 -5.47 1068.32 0.1460 0.2050 -0.0829 42.2870
14.00 26.35 -1.18 -4.64 1068.96 0.1455 0.2739 -0.0818 42.2996
14.02 28.57 -1.17 -4.14 1069.67 0.1457 0.2967 -0.0811 42.3137
14.04 30.50 -1.16 -3.81 1069.68 0.1458 0.3169 -0.0804 42.3139
14.07 32.61 -1.14 -3.44 1069.19 0.1462 0.3389 -0.0792 42.3041
14.19 34.45 -1.13 -3.07 1066.93 0.1477 0.3588 -0.0786 42.2595
14.24 38.55 -1.11 -2.36 1068.07 0.1481 0.4011 -0.0767 42.2820
14.27 40.65 -1.09 -1.99 1067.60 0.1485 0.4231 -0.0757 42.2727
14.52 44.72 -1.06 -1.23 1066.37 0.1513 0.4659 -0.0739 42.2483
14.78 48.70 -1.04 -0.49 1065.26 0.1541 0.5079 -0.0721 42.2265
14.90 50.65 -1.03 -0.13 1067.05 0.1551 0.5274 -0.0715 42.2618
15.03 55.51 -1.00 0.55 1065.39 0.1567 0.5790 -0.0698 42.2289
15.16 57.40 -1.00 0.96 1063.76 0.1584 0.5996 -0.0695 42.1967
15.38 59.60 -0.99 1.37 1063.29 0.1608 0.6228 -0.0686 42.1872
15.46 61.89 -0.98 1.80 1063.02 0.1616 0.6469 -0.0682 42.1820
15.61 63.73 -0.97 2.07 1061.99 0.1633 0.6668 -0.0678 42.1614
15.64 66.09 -0.97 2.44 1061.04 0.1638 0.6921 -0.0675 42.1427
16.11 70.45 -0.95 3.22 1061.16 0.1687 0.7377 -0.0660 42.1450
16.28 72.81 -0.93 3.58 1060.72 0.1705 0.7627 -0.0652 42.1363
16.41 75.08 -0.92 3.93 1061.64 0.1718 0.7858 -0.0643 42.1545
16.57 76.88 -0.92 4.22 1060.97 0.1736 0.8051 -0.0639 42.1414
16.82 78.88 -0.90 4.70 1059.10 0.1764 0.8275 -0.0628 42.1041
16.99 81.33 -0.89 5.06 1059.84 0.1781 0.8526 -0.0622 42.1188
17.18 83.39 -0.87 5.39 1059.21 0.1802 0.8747 -0.0611 42.1063
17.35 85.32 -0.86 5.78 1057.94 0.1822 0.8961 -0.0604 42.0811
17.65 87.61 -0.85 6.17 1058.29 0.1853 0.9198 -0.0594 42.0880
17.89 89.85 -0.84 6.55 1058.62 0.1877 0.9430 -0.0585 42.0946
18.01 91.59 -0.82 6.84 1056.43 0.1894 0.9633 -0.0578 42.0511
18.22 93.79 -0.81 7.16 1055.97 0.1917 0.9868 -0.0570 42.0418
18.53 95.98 -0.80 7.67 1055.68 0.1950 1.0102 -0.0559 42.0361
18.62 97.99 -0.79 8.00 1055.34 0.1960 1.0317 -0.0554 42.0294
18.90 100.19 -0.78 8.35 1054.89 0.1991 1.0553 -0.0546 42.0203
19.18 102.12 -0.77 8.75 1053.82 0.2022 1.0767 -0.0538 41.9990
19.35 103.93 -0.76 9.06 1054.40 0.2039 1.0952 -0.0532 42.0106
19.64 106.08 -0.75 9.47 1053.05 0.2073 1.1193 -0.0524 41.9836
19.91 108.26 -0.74 9.85 1052.67 0.2101 1.1427 -0.0517 41.9762
20.16 110.56 -0.72 10.20 1052.62 0.2128 1.1670 -0.0509 41.9751
20.83 114.47 -0.71 10.87 1050.51 0.2203 1.2107 -0.0497 41.9331
26.02 114.15 -1.01 11.28 1042.71 0.2773 1.2164 -0.0718 41.7771
27.23 113.66 -1.12 11.59 1041.15 0.2906 1.2130 -0.0797 41.7459
27.42 109.84 -1.40 12.50 1035.90 0.2941 1.1782 -0.0998 41.6404
27.42 108.91 -1.45 12.75 1033.66 0.2947 1.1707 -0.1038 41.5954
27.42 104.02 -1.66 13.19 1029.09 0.2960 1.1231 -0.1194 41.5033
21.70 100.85 -1.80 13.94 1027.33 0.2347 1.0908 -0.1300 41.4678
27.42 97.04 -1.89 14.25 1024.68 0.2973 1.0523 -0.1364 41.4144
27.42 94.52 -1.91 14.58 1024.06 0.2975 1.0256 -0.1379 41.4017
27.42 92.88 -2.01 15.33 1021.82 0.2981 1.0099 -0.1457 41.3564
27.42 89.97 -2.01 15.69 1020.04 0.2986 0.9800 -0.1456 41.3204