MODULE #5

DAMS
DAM
S A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow
of water or underground streams

It creates RESERVOIRS used HYDROELECTRIC POWER

for: PLANT used for:
• Flood Control • Hydropower
• Irrigation
• Human Consumption
• Industrial Use
• Aquaculture
• Navigability
 SAN ROQUE DAM
The San Roque Dam, is a
200-meter-tall, 1.2-
kilometer-long embankment
dam on the Agno River.
It is the largest dam in the
Philippines and sixteenth
largest in the world.
 THREE GORGES DAM
The Three Gorges Dam is the
world's largest power station in
terms of installed capacity (22,500
MW).
It is a hydroelectric gravity dam
that spans the Yangtze River by the
town of Sandouping, in Yiling
District, Yichang, Hubei province,
China.
JAWA DAM
The Jawa Dam is the oldest known dam in the world, dating
back to the fourth millennium BC.
It is the remains of an ancient masonry gravity dam on Wadi
Rajil at Jawa in Mafraq Governorate, Jordan, 58 kilometres
(36 mi) north of Azraq.
PARTS OF A DAM
TYPES OF DAMS – by Functions
STORAGE DAMS
• To store water during the rainy season
when there is a large flow in the river.
• Provide a water supply or improved
habitat for fish and wildlife.
• Store water for hydroelectric power
generation, irrigation, or flood control
projects.
• The most common type of dams is
generally a storage dam unless
qualified otherwise.
DIVERSION DAMS
• diverting water of the river into an off-taking
canal (or a conduit).
• They provide sufficient pressure for pushing
water into ditches, canals, or other conveyance
systems.
• usually of low height and has a small storage
reservoir on its upstream.
• storage weir, which also diverts water and
has a small storage.
• EXAMPLE: Shorter dams are used for irrigation
and diversion from a stream to a distant
storage reservoir.
DETENTION DAMS
• constructed for flood control.
• retards the flow in the river on its downstream during
floods by storing some flood water
• The water retained in the reservoir is later released
gradually at a controlled rate according to the carrying
capacity of the channel downstream of the detention dam.
COFFER DAMS
• It is an enclosure constructed around
the construction site to exclude
water so that the construction can be
done in dry
• temporary dam constructed for
facilitating construction
• constructed on the upstream of the
main dam to divert water into a
diversion tunnel (or channel) during
the construction of the dam.
TYPES OF DAMS – by structure and design

GRAVITY DAM
• a massive-sized dam fabricated from
concrete or stone masonry
• designed to hold back large volumes of water.
By using concrete, the weight of the dam can
resist the horizontal thrust of water pushing
against it.
• Examples of Gravity dams: Grand Coulee
Dam (USA), Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
(India), and Itaipu Dam ( Between Brazil
and Paraguay).
EMBANKMENT DAM
• Earth Dams: are made of earth
(or soil) built up by compacting
successive layers of earth, using
the most impervious materials to
form a core and placing more
permeable substances on the
upstream and downstream sides.
• Earth dam resists the forces
exerted upon it mainly due to the
shear strength of the soil.
• The earth dams are usually built in
wide valleys having flat slopes at
flanks (abutments).
EMBANKMENT DAM
• Rockfill Dams: is built of rock fragments and boulders of large
size.
• An impervious membrane is placed on the rockfill on the
upstream side to reduce the seepage through the dam. The
membrane is usually made of cement concrete or asphaltic
concrete.
• The side slopes of rockfill are usually kept equal to the angle of
repose of rock, which is usually taken as 1.4:1 (or 1.3:1). Rockfill
dams require foundation stronger than those for earth dams.
• Examples of rockfill dam: Mica Dam (Canada) and Chicoasen
Dam (Mexico)
ARCH DAMS
• curved in plan, with its convexity towards the upstream
side.
• An arch dam is quite suitable for narrow canyons with
strong flanks which are capable of resisting the thrust
produced by the arch action.
• The section of an arch dam is approximately triangular like a
gravity dam but the section is comparatively thinner.
• Examples of Arch dam: Hoover Dam (USA) and Idukki Dam
(India)
BUTTRES DAM

• Three types : (i) Deck type, (ii)

Multiple-arch type, and (iii)
Massive-head type.
• A deck type buttress dam consists of a
sloping deck supported by buttresses.
• Buttresses are triangular
concrete walls which transmit
the water pressure from the
deck slab to the foundation.
• Buttresses are compression members.
• Buttresses are typically spaced across the
dam site every 6 to 30 meters, depending
upon the size and design of the dam.
• hollow dams
BUTTRES DAM

• In a multiple-arch type buttress dam

the deck slab is replaced by
horizontal arches supported by
buttresses.
• The arches are usually of small span and made of
concrete.
• In a massive-head type buttress dam, there is no
deck slab.
• Instead of the deck, the upstream edges of the
buttresses are flared to form
massive heads which span the distance
between the buttresses.
• Examples of Buttress Dam: Bartlett dam
(USA) and The Daniel-Johnson
Dam (Canada)
STEEL DAMS

• consists of a steel framework, with a

steel skin plate on its upstream face.
• two types: (i) Direct-strutted steel dams, and
(ii) Cantilever type steel dams.
• In a direct strutted steel dam, the water
pressure is transmitted directly to the
foundation through inclined struts.
• In a cantilever type steel dam, there is a
bent supporting the upper part of the deck,
which is formed into a cantilever truss.
• Examples of Steel Dam: Redridge Steel Dam
(USA) and Ashfork- Bainbridge Steel Dam (USA)
TIMBER DAMS
• Main load-carrying
structural elements of
timber dam are
made of wood, primarily
coniferous varieties such
as pine and fir.
• Timber dams are made for
small heads (2-4 m or, rarely,
4-8 m) and usually have
sluices;
FACTOR OF SAFETY – GRAVITY DAM
• Factor Of Safety Against Sliding – FSS

𝝁𝑹𝒀
𝑭𝑺𝑺 =
𝑭𝑯

• Factor Of Safety Against Overturning – FSO

𝑹𝑴
𝑭𝑺𝑶 =
𝑶𝑴
WITHOUT UPLIFTING
FORCE (U)
b

W1

W2
h H

FH

B
PROCEDURE
1. Take 1m strip
2. Compute the Total Weight = W
3. Compute the Normal force acting at the base = Ry
4. Compute the total hydrostatic forces = Fh
5. Compute the Righting Moment = RM
6. Compute the overturning moment = OM
7. Compute the FSS
8. Compute the FSO
WITH UPLIFTING FORCE (U)
b

W1

W2
h H

FH

u
PROCEDURE
1. Take 1m strip
2. Compute the Total Weight = W
3. Compute the uplifting force = U
4. Compute the Normal force acting at the base = Ry
5. Compute the total hydrostatic forces = Fh
6. Compute the Righting Moment = RM
7. Compute the overturning moment = OM
8. Compute the FSS
9. Compute the FSO
EXAMPLE
• A dam with triangular cross section is designed to have a
factor of safety against sliding of 2.5. Determine the critical
height of the water on the vertical upstream side of a ten –
meter high dam with a base of 6 meters considering only
the safety against sliding.
Unit weight of concrete = 24 KN/cu.m.
Coefficient of friction = 0.60
Neglect hydrostatic uplift.
• Compute for the critical height of the water considering
hydrostatic uplift.
EXAMPLE
• A concrete rectangular dam is 10 m high and 5 m wide. If
the specific weight of concrete is 23.5 KN/cu.m. Compute
for the factor of safety against sliding and factor of safety
against overturning using coefficient of friction 0.65
considering hydrostatic uplift. Height of water = 8m.
EXAMPLE
• A concrete rectangular dam is 10 m high and 3 m wide. If
the specific weight of concrete is 23.5 KN/cu.m. Compute
for the factor of safety against sliding and factor of safety
against overturning using coefficient of friction 0.60 without
considering hydrostatic uplift. Height of water = 9m
STRESS AT THE BASE
𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
𝒒= (𝟏 ± )
B/3 B/3 B/3 𝑩 𝑩
𝑹𝑴 − 𝑶𝑴
ഥ=
𝒙
𝑹𝒚
ഥ
𝒙
ഥ− 𝑩/𝟐
𝒆= 𝒙
B/2
Ry
• Case 1: w/in middle thirds; before centerline
• Case 2: w/in middle thirds; after centerline
• Case 3: w/in first thirds
• Case 4: w/in last thirds
• Case 5: along centerline
Case 1: w/in middle thirds;
centerline
before 𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
𝒒= (𝟏 ± )
B/3 B/3 B/3 𝑩 𝑩
𝑹𝑴 − 𝑶𝑴
ഥ=
𝒙
𝑹𝒚
ഥ
𝒙
ഥ− 𝑩/𝟐
𝒆= 𝒙
B/2
Ry
 Case 2: w/in middle thirds; after
centerline 𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
𝒒 = (𝟏 ± )
B/3 B/3 B/3 𝑩 𝑩
𝑹𝑴 − 𝑶𝑴
ഥ=
𝒙
𝑹𝒚
ഥ
𝒙
ഥ− 𝑩/𝟐
𝒆= 𝒙
B/2
Ry
Case 3: w/in first
thirds 𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
𝒒= (𝟏 ± )
B/3 B/3 B/3 𝑩 𝑩
𝑹𝑴 − 𝑶𝑴
ഥ=
𝒙
𝑹𝒚
ഥ
𝒙
ഥ− 𝑩/𝟐
𝒆= 𝒙
B/2
Ry
Case 4: w/in last thirds
𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
𝒒= (𝟏 ± )
B/3 B/3 B/3 𝑩 𝑩
𝑹𝑴 − 𝑶𝑴
ഥ=
𝒙
𝑹𝒚
ഥ
𝒙
ഥ− 𝑩/𝟐
𝒆= 𝒙
B/2
Ry
Case 5: along centerline
𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
𝒒= (𝟏 ± )
B/3 B/3 B/3 𝑩 𝑩
𝑹𝑴 − 𝑶𝑴
ഥ=
𝒙
𝑹𝒚
ഥ
𝒙
ഥ− 𝑩/𝟐
𝒆= 𝒙
B/2
Ry
EXAMPLE
• A concrete rectangular dam is 10 m high and 5 m wide. If
the specific weight of concrete is 23.5 KN/cu.m. Compute
for the factor of safety against sliding and factor of safety
against overturning using coefficient of friction 0.65
considering hydrostatic uplift. Height of water = 8m.
EXAMPLE
• A concrete rectangular dam is 10 m high and 5 m wide. If
the specific weight of concrete is 23.5 KN/cu.m. Compute
for the factor of safety against sliding and factor of safety
against overturning using coefficient of friction 0.65
considering hydrostatic uplift. Height of water = 8m.