ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,

Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

BOVINE NEONATOLOGY

Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes

Department of Animal Reproduction, INIA, Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid,
Spain

Laura Elvira-Partida, Natividad Perez-Villalobos

TRIALVET S.L., C/ Encina, 22, 28721 Cabanillas de la Sierra, Madrid, Spain

Manuel Cerviño-Lopez
Boehringer-Ingelheim España División Veterinaria, Prat de la Riba, s/n - Sector Turó
Can Matas 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain

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Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin
TRIALVET S.L., C/ Encina, 22, 28721 Cabanillas de la Sierra, Madrid, Spain

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Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Universidad Complutense of Madrid (UCM), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid,
Spain
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Keywords: bovine neonatology, calf, neonate, prematurity, obstetrics, birth acidosis,
hypothermia, hypoglycemia, atresia anni, weak calf syndrome, resuscitation, neonatal
immunology, stress, neonatal vaccination, colostrum, passive transfer, neonatal
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septicemia, neonatal diarrhea, E. coli, Cryptosporidium, rotavirus, coronavirus,

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Salmonella, dehydration, rehydration, ancillary treatments, antibiotical therapy, mother
vaccination, atelectasis, Mycoplasma, IBR, enzootic pneumonia, Pasteurellae
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Contents
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1. Definition of neonate
2. Physiological characteristics of the neonatal calf
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3. Most common congenital malformations

4. Prematurity
5. Early neonatal problems: dystocic calvings
5.1. Obstetrics Injuries
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5.2. Birth Acidosis, Hypothermia and Hypoglycemia

5.3. Weak calf syndrome (WCS)
6. Resuscitation and care of the neonatal calf
6.1. Establishing a Patent Airway
6.2. Initiating Breathing
6.3. Establishing Adequate Circulation
7. Immunology of the neonatal calf
7.1. Development and Function of the Fetal Immune System
7.2. Characteristics of the Neonatal Immune System
7.3. Impact of Stress on Neonatal Calves
7.4. Young Calf Vaccination and Maternal Antibody Interference
8. Colostrum: the cornerstone of neonatal health
8.1. Definition and Origin

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Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

8.2. Colostral Composition

8.3. Colostral Quality
8.4. Colostral Function
8.5. Absorption of Colostral Antibodies, and Failure of Passive Transfer
8.6. Colostrum Management
9. Neonatal septicemia
10. Neonatal diarrhea
10.1. Importance and Epidemiology
10.2. Etiopathogenesis
10.3. Clinical and Metabolic Disorders Resulting from Diarrhea
10.4. Diagnosis
10.5. Treatment
10.6. Prophylaxis

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11. Respiratory diseases of the neonatal calf
11.1. Neonatal Atelectasis

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11.2. Infectious Respiratory Diseases in Neonatal Calves
Glossary
Bibliography
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Biographical Sketches

Summary

The term “neonate” defines calves under 28 days old. During the neonatal period, the
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calf is at high risk of suffering different diseases, and neonatal morbidity and mortality
cause large economic losses. In fact, 75% of the mortality of dairy heifers occurs during
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the first month of life. In beef cattle, the mortality rate until weaning is lower, around
10%, but it also peaks during the neonatal period.
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The first problem we find is prematurity (not-to-term calves) and several malformations.
The most common congenital defects of the calves are described throughout the text.
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Additionally, dystocia (difficult delivery) is the first cause of mortality in the neonatal
period, and can also predispose the animal to other infectious diseases. We have
explained several problems induced directly by dystocia, such as obstetrics fractures,
umbilical cord entrapment and birth edema. These circumstances lead to neonatal
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acidosis, hypoglycemia, hypothermia and to what is designated as “weak calf

syndrome”. An appropriate resuscitation protocol, as described and recommended by
the authors, is essential in order to ensure healthy, strong, neonatal calves.

During the neonatal period, the first infectious pathological disease we observe is
neonatal septicemia, affecting calves between 2 and 6 days old. Neonatal diarrhea is by
far the main infectious problem, followed by pneumonia in older neonatal calves aged
2-28 days old or even older.

By applying good practices, these diseases can be almost completely controlled, thereby
reducing the associated losses. Indeed, by implementing good management procedures
and a correct prophylaxis protocol as recommended by the authors, we can dramatically
reduce the morbidity and mortality of rearing calves in both dairy and beef bovine

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

farms. There are several risk factors we should take into account, but the cornerstone of
calves’ health is intake of good-quality colostrum at the appropriate time. This topic
will be explored in depth in the text.

Neonatal morbidity and mortality cause large economic losses in both beef and dairy
cattle (Nagy, 2009). During the neonatal period, the calf is at high risk of suffering
different diseases. In fact, 75% of the mortality of dairy heifers during rearing occurs
during the first month of life (Radostits, 2007). In beef cattle, the mortality rate until
weaning is lower, around 10%, but is maximum during the neonatal period, when it
varies between 4 and 6% (Wikse et al., 1994). Throughout this period, diarrhea is by far
the main infectious problem, followed by pneumonia. Nevertheless, by applying good
husbandry and management practices these infectious diseases can be almost
completely controlled, thereby reducing the associated losses. Thus, depending on farm

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management, we can find herds where diarrhea or pneumonia is a significant cause of
mortality, while in other farms both diseases are uncommon.

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In addition, dystocia is the first cause of mortality in the neonatal period, and can also
predispose the animal to other infectious diseases. This explains the differences between
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mortality in heifers and cows: mortality in the first 24 hours of life is around 8% in
heifers and 3% in cows, while mortality from 24 h until weaning is 3% in heifers and
2% in cows (Toombs et al., 1994).

1. Definition of Neonate
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Due to the importance of this period, this chapter will cover the most critical points
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related with the neonatal calf. Thus, we should first define what we mean by neonatal
period. Starting with the beginning of pregnancy until the calf stage we can consider
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different periods in the life of the calf (Table 1).

Period Definition
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Fetal Between 42-270 days of pregnancy

Perinatal For most authors, from 270 days of pregnancy to exactly 24 hours
of life. However, the term "perinatal" sometimes includes the first
28 days, and even up to six months
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Neonatal From delivery of the calf until 28 days of life. This period can be
subclassified into "early neonatal period", which includes the first
24 hours of life, and "late neonatal period" from 2-28 days of life
Calf From 28 to 90 days of age. Some authors extend this period to 6
months postpartum

Table 1. Different stages of a calf’s life, including the fetal period.

2. Physiological Characteristics of the Neonatal Calf

The event that can be considered the key to the transition from an intrauterine life, in
which gas exchange is performed through the placenta by the umbilical cord, to an
extrauterine life, in which lungs are responsible for blood oxygenation, is the initiation

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

of respiratory movements, which involve lung inflation and subsequent oxygenation of

the blood. Cardiopulmonary adaptations to extrauterine life are one of the most
important physiological changes that must occur for calf survival (Nagy, 2009).

These events begin with the rupture of the umbilical cord, which causes hypoxia and an
increase in partial CO2 pressure (PCO2). This stimulates gasping reflexes in the calf and
subsequent inflation of the lungs. Until the first inflation, the calf suffers a slight
respiratory acidosis, which causes minor metabolic acidosis; thus, acidosis is a normal
characteristic in recently delivered calves (Grove-White, 2000). Indeed, venous pH
studies have shown that normal pH in healthy neonatal calves is 7.2-7.3, while in cases
of dystocia at parturition the pH value can fall to 7 or even less (Schujt and Taverne,
1994; Grove-White, 2000). Metabolic acidosis is corrected a few hours after birth, while
respiratory acidosis can persist for up to 48 h. Nevertheless, a study by Schujt and

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Taverne (1994) showed that under normal situations, the venous pH range reaches
physiological values within 12 hours of life. A sign that we can use to evaluate acidosis

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is the position taken by the calf. A healthy calf puts his head up after just a few minutes,
and adopts the position of sternal recumbence in 4 ± 2 minutes.
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As a result of lung inflation, the pulmonary vascular bed opens up and pulmonary blood
flow increases considerably. This causes a change in the pressure relationship within the
cardiovascular system, producing the functional closure of the foramen oval, ductus
arteriosus and ductus venosus (Grove-White, 2000).
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3. Most Common Congenital Malformations
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Figure 1. Prevalence of the most common congenital malformations in calves (Radostits

et al., 2007).

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

Figure 1 depicts the prevalence of the most common congenital problems of calves
(Radostits et al., 2007).

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Figure 2. Etiology of the most common non-inherited problems of calves.
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Athough many malformations show similar clinical signs or patterns, most of them may
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have one or more etiologies. For this reason, we have classified in Table 2 the most
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frequent malformations according to the system affected and signs, and we explain the
different possible etiologies. Congenital malformations may have a genetic origin
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(“inherited defects”) or may be “non-inherited defects”. In Figure 2 the etiologies of the

most frequent non-inherited congenital defects in calves are shown.

Affected
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Designation and lesional Type of

system or Etiology
and clinical pattern malformation
process
Contracted tendons (the The most frequent Inherited and
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least severe pattern) and musculoskeletal non-inherited

arthrogryposis (the most disorder. The mild
severe one). cases of contracted
Frequently associated with tendons usually heal by
cleft palate themselves with time,
Musculo- while severe cases
skeletal system need surgery.
Etiology
• Lack of space
in the uterus
(heifers or
twins)
• Poisonous

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

plants such as
Lupinus spp,
Astragalus
spp., Lathyrus
spp., and
Oxytropis spp.
chemically
reduce fetal
movements
• Damage in the
fetal central
nervous system
that reduces

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fetal
movement.

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The frequent
association with cleft
palate is due to a
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position of the neck
that presses the tongue
on the hard palate,
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preventing its closure.

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Chondrodysplasia. Some Inherited and
Diminished endochondral chondrodysplasia non-inherited
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osteogenesis. “Bulldog phenotypes are lethal

calf”, shortened legs (produce abortion),
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while others produce

viable but short-legged
calves.
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Etiology: some forms

are caused by genetic
factors; the most
common one,
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designated "bulldog
calf”, is caused by a
mutation in the gene
for the connective
tissue protein, while
other forms are
multifactorial and are
triggered by nutritional
deficiencies.
Complex vertebral Autosomal recessive Inherited
malformation syndrome congenital lethal
(CVM). Mild bilateral malformation due to a
flexion of the carpal and single-nucleotide

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

metacarpophalangeal mutation in the

joints with rotation of the SLC35A3 gene, which
digits. Vertebral results in insufficient
malformation, malformed function of a
ribs, arthrogryposis of the nucleotide–sugar
tarsal and transporter needed for
metatarsophalangeal the normal
joints. Malformation of development of
cervical and thoracic vertebrae. (This is a
vertebrae, with shortening classic example of a
of the neck. The extent of malformation spread
vertebral malformation by insemination with
varies. semen from a carrier of

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the genetic defect).
It causes abortions,

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stillbirths and viable
calves. Viable calves
show growth
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Syndactylism or Autosomal recessive Inherited
‘mulefoot’. congenital
Fusion of digits III and IV, malformation. The
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which are enclosed by a inheritance of

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common claw capsule. syndactylism in
Secondary adaptive Holstein-Friesian cattle
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changes are found in the is slight because the

muscles, tendons, nerves number of affected
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and vascular supply of the limbs and degree of

distal limb digital fusion varies,
with some
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homozygous animals
appearing grossly
normal.
Muscular hypertrophy or Mutation that represses Inherited
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“double-muscled cattle” the myostatin protein,

thereby augmenting
muscle growth.
Although this
characteristic has been
selected in some
breeds for beef cattle
production, this
malformation is
associated with
dystocia and is
therefore an
undesirable trait in

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

most breeds.
Central Hydranencephaly, Genetic origin or Inherited or
nervous cerebellar hypoplasia, infectious etiology: non-inherited
system internal hydrocephalus AKAV and BTV in the
case of hydrancephaly
and/or BVDV in the
case of cerebellar
hypoplasia and internal
hydrocephalus.

Cardio- Ventricular septal defect. No known inherited Inherited

vascular Poor prognosis but in rare etiology.
system cases, animals remain The most frequent

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asymptomatic for a long cardiovascular
time. abnormality in bovine

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Frequently associated with neonates.
other congenital cardiac or
vascular defects and other
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microphthalmia and lack
of tail
Digestive Cleft palate or A common inherited Inherited or
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system palatoschisis. defect in calves. non-inherited

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Frequently associated with
arthrogryposis due to a
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constant reflexed position

of the neck, causing the
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tongue to press against the

hard palate, thereby
inhibiting closure of the
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palate.
The calves suckle with
difficulties and develop
aspiration pneumonia,
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causing death.
Atresia coli and ani. The origin can be Doubtful
Complete closure of a genetic. The possibility
segment of the intestinal of causing this
tract: it is called atresia malformation in early
coli when the ascending pregnancy by
colon is affected, and transrectal palpation of
atresia ani when the anus the amniotic sac before
is affected. 40 days of gestation
was suggested, but this
has been called into
question.
Affected calves do not

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

defecate, and present a

progressive abdominal
distention, anorexia
and depression, and
usually die in the first
week of life, if the
defect is not surgically
corrected.
Abdominal From small umbilical Etiology of umbilical Inherited or
wall closure hernia (the least severe hernia: non-inherited
defects pattern), omphalocele, • Non-genetic:
gastroschisis or traumatic or infectious,
schistosoma reflexus (the such as umbilical

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most severe pattern). abscesses or suckling
Schistosoma reflexus by other calves

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involves complete • Genetic
exposure of the thoracic
and abdominal viscera.
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stillborn, as they cannot
adapt to extrauterine life.
Acute angulation of the
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vertebral column and

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cardiac malformations are
also frequent.
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Reproductive Freemartin (sterile female The most frequent Non-inherited

tract born with a male in a twin reproductive
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pregnancy). malformation.
Freemartin heifers can be Etiology: over 90% of
diagnosed. They present twin calves have a
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an enlarged clitoris, fused placenta with a

excessive hair growing at common blood supply.
the ventral vulvar Thus, a heifer calf
commisure and hypoplasia starts its development
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of female internal genitalia as a female, but

beyond the cervix undergoes exchange of
embryonic cells and
hormones before the
development of sexual
dimorphism, resulting
in varying degrees of
genital hypoplasia and
masculinization.
Metabolic Bovine leukocyte adhesion Autosomal recessive Inherited
malformations deficiency (BLAD). inherited
No observable lesions at malformation. The
birth. First signs are seen mutation in the ITGB2

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
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between 2 weeks and 8 gene encoding CD18

months of life and consist leads to accumulation
of recurrent infections. of neutrophils in
BLAD homozygotes are circulating blood but
not viable and most calves not in the tissues.
die within the first year of
life. BLAD should initially
be suspected if there are
signs of
immunodeficiency
combined with high
numbers of circulating
neutrophils. The diagnosis

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is confirmed by
genotyping. Heterozygotes

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are not affected but show
poor feed utilization and
growth rates. Clinical
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and prolonged mucosal
and epithelial infections
caused in most cases by
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opportunistic bacteria and

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fungi.
Citrulinemia. Genetic etiology: a Inherited
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Lethal neurological point mutation in the

disease of neonatal gene coding for
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Holstein-Friesian calves. argininosuccinate

No observable lesions at synthetase, an enzyme
birth. Usually clinical responsible for
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signs begin after 24 h of converting potentially

life. toxic ammonia to urea
Clinical signs are the through the urea cycle.
result of The mutation results in
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hyperammonemia: poor an impaired urea cycle

feeding ability and and subsequent
depression, aimless head extreme elevation of
pressing with apparent citrulline in plasma.
blindness and Citrulline and
odontoprisis. Within 4-5 ammonia
days of symptom onset, concentrations in blood
recumbence, convulsions, and cerebrospinal fluid
collapse and death occur. are markedly elevated.
As a result, the
diagnosis can be
confirmed through
biochemical analysis or

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

molecular
identification of the
mutation.

Table 2. Most common congenital defects classified by both affected organic system
and clinical signs (adapted from Blowey and Weaver 2003; Radostits et al., 2007;
Agerholm, 2007; Windsor and Agerholm, 2009; White et al. 2010).

Inherited defects may result in a wide spectrum of disorders, not only severe
malformations easily detected by exploration at birth, but also metabolic diseases,
which are usually diagnosed days after birth. Some breeds and families show
extraordinarily high prevalence of specific genetic disorders because of excessive

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inbreeding. It is certain that the extensive use of artificial insemination has resulted in a
significant increase in the occurrence and nature of particular congenital defects in cases

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when the semen donors were carriers of genetic disease.

When environmental agents are present, the appearance of non-inherited malformations

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will depend on both the agent and the fetal age at exposure. Usually this kind of
malformation appears in an epizootic way. Due to exposure early in the fetus' life,
diagnosis is difficult at the time the calf is born.
In the face of an epizootic congenital defect we should look for:
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•
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A genetic problem in which congenital defects are associated with a particular
sire.
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• Environmental agents such as poisonous plants or viral exposure, usually early in

the pregnancy of affected cows. When viruses are involved, the outcome depends
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on the phase of pregnancy. Usual outcomes are abortions, stillbirths, birth of non-
viable neonates or viable neonates with growth retardation or dysfunction (e.g.
tremors, blindness).
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The main viruses involved in non-inherited congenital defects are the following.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) of the genus Pestivirus and family Flaviviridae
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occurs in two genotypes (I and II), and two biotypes: non-cytopathic (NCP) and
cytopathic (CP). Type I virus infection usually remains subacute in immunocompetent
adult cattle, whereas type II infection has been associated with severe and highly fatal
thrombocytopenia and a hemorrhagic syndrome that causes outbreaks in dairy herds.
Infection of a non-immune pregnant cow causes in utero infection and produces
different results depending on the pregnancy phase at the time of infection (Figure 3).

Infection during the first 45 days of pregnancy results in embryonic death and
resorption, with irregular return to estrus and decreased conception rate in subsequent
inseminations. Intrauterine infection between 45 and 125 days of pregnancy triggers
embryonic mortality with abortion/mummification or congenital defects of the central
nervous system and ocular abnormalities. Congenital morphological defects include:
cerebellar hypoplasia (Image 1), in which calves are unable to stand and walk normally,

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
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and eye defects, including retinal atrophy, optic neuritis, cataract and/or microphthalmia
with retinal dysplasia, which results in varying degrees of blindness.

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Image 1. Calf cerebellar hypoplasia is characteristic of intrauterine infection by BVD.
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Figure 3. Effects of intrauterine infection of a non-immune pregnant cow by bovine

viral diarrhea virus, based on when infection occurs during pregnancy.

In addition, when infection occurs before the 125th day of pregnancy, the surviving fetus
suffers persistent infection (PI) and remains immunotolerant, meaning that its immune
system does not recognize the virus as a foreign organism and does not fight against it.
Such a calf subsequently becomes the main source of infection for other animals in the
herd, because it sheds large amounts of virus into the environment. Finally, infections

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after the 125th day of pregnancy are overcome subclinically by the fetus, with no long-
term consequences.

Akabane virus (AKAV) of the genus Orthobunyavirus and family Bunyaviridae does
not produce disease in adults. However, depending on the fetal period of infection, in
utero infections can result in abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, and congenital defects
such as microencephaly, arthrogryposis (when infection occurs between 104 and 173
days of pregnancy), hydranencephaly (infection between 76 and 104 days), and
poliomyelitis (infection after the 173rd day of pregnancy).

Some strains of the Blue tongue virus (BTV) (genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae)
cause in utero infection that can result in early fetal death and resorption, stillbirth, and
birth of weak animals. When infection occurs between 60-120 days of pregnancy, it can

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lead to congenital defects such as hydranencephaly, porencephaly, blindness, ataxia and
arthrogryposis.

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Veterinary Clinical Immunology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders. 193-204 pp. [This text covers in depth the
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12. Barrington GM, Parish SM. (2001) Neonatal bovine immunology. In: Immunology. In Roth JA. Vet
Clin North Am Food Anim Pract; 17(3): 1-15. [This text reviews the immunology of the calf in depth].
13. Bellows RA, Patterson DJ, Burfening PJ, Phelps DA. (1987) Occurrence of neonatal and postnatal
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14. Bellows RA, Short RE, Richardson GV.( 1982) Effects of sire, age of dam and gestation feed level on
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dystocia in cattle].
15. Berchtold J.( 2009)Treatment of Calf Diarrhea: Intravenous Fluid Therapy. In: Smith GW. Bovine
Neonatology. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract; 25: 73-99. [This is an important text reviewing in
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depth intravenous rehydration protocols in calves].
16. Besser TE McGuire TC, Gay CC, Prithett LC. (1988) Transfer of functional immunoglobulin G (IgG)
antibody into the gastrointestinal tract accounts for IgG clearance in calves. J Virol; 62(7): 2234-2237.
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17. Besser TE, Bay CC, Pritchett L. (1991) Comparison of three methods of feeding colostrum to dairy
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calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc; 198 (3): 419-22. [This text presents important approaches to the practice
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18. Besser TE, Gay CC. (1994) The importance of colostrums to the health of the neonatal calf .Vet Clin
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calf health].
19. Bleul U. (2009) Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Calves. In: Smith GW. Bovine Neonatology. Vet
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20. Blikslager A, Hunt E, Guerrant R, Rhoads M., Argenzio R. (2001) Glutamine transporter in crypts
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21. Blowey RW, Boyd H, Eddy RG. (2004) Bovine Medicine: Diseases and husbandry of cattle. 2nd ed.
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Berlin, Blackwell Publishing. 185-214 pp. [This paper presents approaches to the study of the importance
of placental features and immunity].
22. Blowey RW, Weaver AD. (2003) Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of Cattle. 2nd ed.
Edinburgh, Mosby- Elsevier Science Ltd. 154 pp. [This text covers the topic of congenital malformations
containing relevant images of the features in calves].
23. Brys A, Gunther H, Schimmel D. (1989) Experimental Mycoplasma bovis infection of the respiratory
tract of calves. Arch Exp Vet Med; 43(5):667. [This text contains details of the respiratory agent
Mycoplasma in calves].
24. Buttler DG. (1986) Bovine salmonellosis. Bovine Practicioner; 18: 14-19. [This is an important text
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25. Caswell JL, Williams KJ. (2007) Respiratory system. In: Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N.
Pathology of domestic animals. Vol 2. 5th ed. San Diego, California, Saunders Elsevier; 579-639 pp.
[This texts reviews important aspects on the pathology of respiratory problems in newborns].

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

26. Cerviño M. and Calvo E. (2007) Síndrome respiratorio bovino (SRB). 1ª edición Editado por
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27. Cerviño M. (2008) Bioseguridad en explotaciones de Ganado vacuno de cebo. In: Sañudo C, Jimeno
V, Cerviño M. Producción de ganado vacuno de carne y tipos productivos en España. Madrid, Schering-
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farms].
28. Cole J, Blikslager A, Hunt E, Gookin J, Argenzio R. (2003) Cyclooxygenase blockade and exogenous
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29. Constable PD, Walker PG, Morin DE, Foreman JH, Thurmon JC. (1998) Use of peripheral
temperature and core-peripheral-temperature difference to predict cardiac output in dehydrated calves
housed in a thermoneutral environment. Am J Vet Res; 59 (7): 874-80. [A relevant text that shows the
evaluation of the diarrheic calf].

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31. Cornaglia EM, Fernandez FM, Gottschalk M, Barrandeguy ME, Lucheli A, Pasini MI, Saif LJ,
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by use of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus-Escherichia coli vaccine in the dam. Vet Microbiol; 30
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32. Cortese VS. (2009) Neonatal Immunology. In: Smith GW. Bovine Neonatology. Vet Clin North Am
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33. Crouch CF, Oliver S, Francis MJ. (2001) Serological, colostral and milk responses of cows vaccinated
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149: 105-8. [This text presents a study on vaccinations protocols of the cow and calf health].
34. De Haas V, Etoré F, Bonnier M, Calvo E, Mohito L, Cloet PR, Morris F, Montgomery A, Franz N.
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35. De La Fuente R. (1998) Proportional morbidity rates of enteropathogens among dairrheic calves in
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central Spain. Prev Vet Med; 152: 145-52. [This is study reporting on infectious factors affecting neonatal
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36. Derevi-Pocius JE, Larson BL. (1983) Age and previous lactation as factor in the amount of bovine
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37. Donovan GA, Dohoo IR, Montgomery DM, Benett FL. (2004) Associations between passive
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38. Duffus WPH. (2004) Immunological fundamentals. En: Andrews AH, Blowey R.W., Boyd H., Eddy
R.G. editors. Bovine Medicine: Diseases and husbandry of cattle. Second edition. Berlin: Blackwell
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39. Elaine H. (1999) Neonatal disease and Disease management. In: Howard JL, Smith RA, (eds.).
Current Veterinary Therapy 4: food animal practice. Philadelphia WB: Saunders. 51-52 pp. [This text
presents approaches to the vaccination management of calves].

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

40. Ellis JA, Hassar LE, Cortese VS, Morley PS. (1996) Effects of perinatal vaccination on humoral and
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41. Ellis JA. (2001) The immunology of the bovine respiratory disease complex. In: Immunology. In
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42. Fecteau G, Metre DC, Pare J. (1997) Bacteriological culture of blood from critically ill neonatal
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43. Fecteau G, Smith BP, Lisle WG. (2009) Septicemia and Meningitis in the Newborn Calf. In: Smith
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44. Ferguson JG, Dehghani S, Petrali EH. (1990) Fractures of the femur in newborn calves Can Vet J; 31:
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45. Filteau V, Buchard E, Fecteau G, Dutil L, DuTramblay D. (2003) Health status and risk factors
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46. Fleenor WA, Stott GH. (1980) Hydrometer test for estimation of immunoglobin concentration in
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47. Forsthuber T, Hualin CY, Lewhmann V. (1996) Induction of Th1 and Th2 immunity in neonatal
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48. Foster D.M., Smith GW. (2009) Pathophysiology of Diarrhea in Calves. In: Smith GW. Bovine
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diarrhea in calves].
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Holstein calves that suckled or were hand-fed colostrum and were fed one of three physical forms of
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management].
50. García A, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Orden JA, Cid D, Sanz R, Gómez-Bautista M, de la Fuente R.
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neonatal diarrhea in calves].

51. Gareis A. (2003) Die Bedeutung von Glukosezusatz zur Infusionslösung bei Kälbern mit
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52. Gay CC, Besser TE. (1994) Escherichia coli septicemia in calves. In: Gyles CL (ed.). Escherichia coli
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53. Gay CC. (1983) Failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobins and neonatal disease in calves:
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54. Gómez-Lucía E, Blanco MM, Dómenech A. (2007) Manual de Inmunología Veterinaria. 1st ed.
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55. González JV, Astiz S. (2005) Diarreas en el ternero neonato. Schering Plough S.A, (ed.). Madrid,
Schering-Plough SA.. 117-129 pp. [This is a text reporting in depth on the bovine colostrum and diarrhea
calves management].

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

56. González JV, Pineda J, Astiz S, Cerviño M. (2003) Atlas de las enfermedades del ternero. Atlas of
diseases of the calf. Schering Plough S.A, (ed.). Madrid, Schering-Plough SA. 173-289; 372-432 pp.
[Images of respiratory and intestinal processes of the calf very usefull for the diagnosis].
57. Gregory NG. (2003) Effect of enhancing curd formation during the first colostrum feed on absorption
of gamma-glutamatil transferase by newborn calves. Aust Vet J; 81: 549-52. . [This is a study reporting on
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58. Grooms DL. (2004) Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. In:
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59. Grove-White D. (2000) Resucitation of the newborn calf. In practice; 22 (1): 17-23. [Practice
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60. Güngör Ö, Bastan A, Erbil MK. (2004) The usefulness of the g-glutamyl-transferase activity and
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62. Haines DM, Martin MK, Clark EG, Kee JG. (2001) The immunohistochemical detection of
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63. Halliwell REW, Gorman NT. (1989) Veterinary clinical immunology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders ,
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64. Hawser Man Knob MD, Wroth JA. (1986) Variation of neutrophil function with age in calves. Am J
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65. Hein WR. (1994) Ontogeny of T cells. In: Goddeeris BML, Morrison WI (eds.). Cells Mediated
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66. Heinrichs AJ, Radostits OM. (2001) Health and Production Management of Dairy Calves and
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Replacement Heifers. In: Radostits OM, (ed.). Herd Health Food Animal Production Medicine. 3rd ed.
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67. Jakobsen KL, Arbtan KD. (1992) Interferon activity in bovine colostrum and milk. In Proc 17th
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68. Jobe A. (1983) Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New therapeutic approaches to a complex
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69. Jones PW, Watson PR, Wallis TS. (2004) Samonellosis. In: Andrews AH, Blowey RW, Boyd H,
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70. Kielley KW. (1980) Stress and immune function: a bibliography review. Ann Rech Vet; 11: 445-478.
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71. Klee W. (2002) Salmonellose. In: Dirksen G, Gründer HD, Stöber M (eds.). Innere Medizin und
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reviewing in depth salmonellosis in cattle].

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

72. Kohara J, Tsunemitsu H. (2000) Correlation between maternal serum antibodies and protection
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73. Kotas RV. (1979) Surface tension forces and liquid balance in the lung. In: Thibeault PW, Gregory
GA (eds.). Neonatal Pulmonary Care. California, Menlo Park, Addison-Wesley Publishing. 134-140 pp.
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74. Koterba AM, House JK. (1996) Respiratory distress. In: Smith PB. Large Animal Internal Medicine.
2nd ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1996. [This is a study reporting on important aspects of RDSN in newborns].
75. Lekeux P. (1994) Bovine respiratory disease complex: A European perspective. Proc of International
Symposium on Bovine Respiratory Disease, 1994, Bologna, Italy, 7-12. [This text contains details of the
pathogenesis ans symptoms of the BRD in calves].
76. Lekeux P. (2006a) BRDC and the modulation of lung inflammation. Vet J; 171: 14-15. [This text
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77. Lekeux. P. (2006b) Estrategia terapeútica para el Sindrome Respiratorio Bovino. Fundamentos de la

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asociación de un fármaco antiinflamatorio no esteroideo y un antibiótico. In: Schering-Plough A.H., (ed.).
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78. Liebler-Tenorio EM, Riedel-Caspari G, Pohlenz JF. (2002) Uptake of colostral leukocytes in the
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79. Loening AM, James IE, Levenston ME, Badger AM, Frank EH, Kurz B, Nuttall ME, Hung H-H,
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Blake SM, Grodzinsky Al, Lark MW. (2000) Injurious Mechanical Compression of Bovine Articular
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80. Lona DV, Romero RC. (2001) Short Communication: low levels of colostral immunoglobins in some
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colostrum quality].
81. López A. (2007) Respiratory System. In: McGavin MD, Zachary JF. Pathologic basis of veterinary
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82. Maunsell FP, Morin DE, Coctable PD, Hurley WL, McCoy GC, Kakoma I, Isaacson RE. (1998)
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83. McGavin MD, Zachary JF. (2007) Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. 4th Ed. Edinburgh, Mosby
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84. McGuirk SM, Collins M. (2004) Managing the production, storage and delivery of colostrum. In:
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85. McGuirk SM, Peek SF. (2004) What´s new in calf management? The top 10 things to do well. Proc of
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86. Morsier DA. (1997) Bacterial pneumonia. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract; 13: 483-493. [This
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87. Nagy DW. (2009) Resuscitation and Critical Care of Neonatal Calves. Vet Clin Food Anim; 25: 1–11
[This paper presents approaches in the introduction to the study of importance of the calf care in the first
moments of life]

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

88. NAHMS (National Animal Health Monitoring System). (1994) Dairy heifer morbidity, mortality, and
health management focusing on preweaned heifers. USDA survey. [Epidemiological data about mortality
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89. NAHMS (National Animal Health Monitoring System). (1998) Reference of 1997 beef cow-calf
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90. Nappert G, Zello GA, Naylor JM. (1997) Oral rehydration therapy for diarrheic calves. The
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91. Nicholas RAJ, Ayling RD. (2003) Mycoplasma bovis disease, diagnosis and control. Review. Res Vet
Sci; 74: 105-112. [This text contains details of the respiratory agent Mycoplasma in calves].
92. Noakes DE, Parkinson TJ, England GCW, Geoffrey H. (2009) Veterinary Reproduction and
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97. Ortega Mora LM, Gómez-Bautista M, Rojo Vázquez FA. (1999) Criptosporidiosis. In: Cordero del
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98. Osterstock JB, Callan RJ, Van Metre DC. (2003) Evaluation of dry cow vaccination with a killed viral
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100. Park YH, Fox LK, Hamilton MJ, Davis WC. (1992) Bovine mononuclear leukocyte subpopulations
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[This is study reporting on factors affecting colostrum quality].

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

104. Pfutzner H. (1990) Epizootiology of the Mycoplasma bovis infection of cattle. Zentrblt Bakteriol
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108. Prithett LC, Gay CC, Besser TE, Hancock DD. (1991) Management and production of factors
influencing immunoglobin G1 concentration in colostrum from Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci; 74: 2336-41.

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[This study presents important approaches to the practice management of bovine colostrum].

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109. Prithett LC, Gay CC, Hancock DD, Besser TE, (1994) Evaluation of the hydrometer for testing

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immunoglobin G1 concentartion in Holstein colostrum. J Dairy Sci.; 77: 1761-7. [This text shows
important information about the measurement of the quality of bovine colostrum].
110. Quigley JD, Martin KR, Dowlwn HH, Walis LB, Lamar KC. (1994) Immunoglobin concentration,
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specific gravity and nitrogen fractions of colostrum from Jersey cattle. J.Dairy Sci; 77: 264-9. [This text
presents important advances in the knowledge of colostrum characteristics].
111. Quigley JD, Nyabadza CST, Benedictus G, Brand A. (2001) Monitoring replacement rearing:
bjetives and materials and methods. In: Brand A, Hoordhuizen JPTM, Schukken YH (eds.). Herd Health
and Production Management in Dairy Practice. 3rd reprint. Wageningen, Wageningen press; 75-102 pp.
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[This is a study reporting on important aspects of colostrum management]

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112. Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey B, Carter GR. (2002) Clinical Veterinary microbial. Edinburgh,
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Mosby. 320-326 pp. [This texts covers a disccussion in depth about the respiratory infectious agents].
113. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. (2007) Veterinary Medicine. A textbook of
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the diseases of the cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 138-171; 847-888 pp. 10th ed. Saunders. [This
text presents background information allowing the reader to gain a relatively complete picture about
diarrhea in calves].
114. Rebhun WC, Guard C, Richards CM. (1995) Respiratory diseases. In: Rebhun (ed.). Diseases of
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Dairy Cattle. Baltimore, EE.UU. Williams and Wilkins; 79-89 pp. [This text reviews the established
knowledge associated with respiratory disease in calves].
115. Reynolds EOF, Roberton NRC, Wigglesworth JS. (1968) Hyaline Membrana Disease, Respiratory
Distress, and Surfactant Deficiency. Pediatrics; 42:758-768. [This is a study reporting on important
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aspects of RDSN in newborns].

116. Ridje JP, Fuchs EJ, Matzinger P. (1996) Neonatal tolerance revised: turning on newborn T cells
with dendritic cells. Science; 271: 1723-1726. [Important review about the immune cells in neonatal
animals].
117. Riedel-Caspari G. (1993) The influence of colostral leukocytes on the course of an experimental
Escherichia coli infection and serum antibodies in neonatal calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol; 35: 275–
288 pp. [This paper presents approaches to immune system functionality in neonatal calves].
118. Rischen CG. (1981) Passive immunity in the newborn calf. Iowa State Univ Vet; 12(2): 60–5. [This
text presents approaches to the colostrum importance in the immunity of the calf].
119. Rogers GM, Capucille DJ. (2000) Colostrum management: keeping beef calves alive and
performing. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet; 22(1): S6-S13. [This is study reporting on the relationship
between colostrum and calf health].

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

120. Roussel AJ. (1999) Colostrum and passive immunity. In: Howard JL, Smith RA, Editores. Current
Veterinary Therapy 4: food animal practice. Philadelphia, WB: Saunders. 53-56 pp. [This is study
reporting on factors affecting colostrum quality].
121. Roy JHB. (1990) The calf. Vol 1. Management of Health. 5th ed London, Butterworths. [This is a
very important text reporting in depth on the bovine colostrum management].
122. Schuh JCA, Killeen JR. (1988) A Retrospective Study of Dystocia-related Vertebral Fractures in
Neonatal Calves Can Vet J; 29: 830-833. [This text covers the subject topic in depth and contains relevant
details of the established knowledge associated with dystocia calves].
123. Schuijt G. (1990) Iatrogenic fractures of ribs and vertebrae during delivery in perinatally dying
calves: 235 cases (1978-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc; 197(9): 1196-1202. [Study about perinatal mortality
in calves].
124. Schuijt G, Taverne MA. (1994) The interval between birth and sternal recumbency as an objective
measure of the vitality of newborn calves. Vet Rec.; 135(5):111-5. [A comprehensive discussion of the

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fate of viability incalves in cattle farms].

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125. Scott PR, Hall GA, Jones PW, Morgan HJ. (2004) Calf Diarrhea In: Andrews AH, Blowey RW,

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Boyd H, Eddy RG (eds.): Bovine Medicine: Diseases and husbandry of cattle. 2nd ed. Berlin: Blackwell
Publishing. 185-214 pp. [This text presents background information about colostrum composition and its
importance].
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126. Senogles DR, Muscoplat CC, Paul PS, Johnson DW. (1978) Ontogeny of circulating lymphocytes B
in neonatal calves. Res Vet Sci; 25: 34-36. [This paper presents approaches to the study of immune
functions in calves].
127. Sheoran AS, Timoney JF, Holmes MA, Karzenski SS, Crisman MV. (2000) Immunoglobulin
isotypes in sera and nasal mucosal secretions and their neonatal transfer and distribution in horses. Am J
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Vet Res; 61: 1099-1105. [This paper presents approaches to immune system functionality].
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128. Smith GW. (2009) Treatment of Calf Diarrhea: Oral Fluid Therapy. In: Smith GW. Bovine
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Neonatology. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract., 25: 55-72. [This is a study reporting on important
aspects of fluid therapy of calves].
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129. Smith HW, Halls S. (1968) The experimental infection of calves with bacteriaemia-producing strains
of Escherichia coli: the influence of colostrum. J Med Microbiol; 1: 61–78. [This study reports on factors
affecting diarrheic processes].
130. Smith KL, Schanbacher FL. (1973) Hormone induced lactation in the bovine. 1 Lactational
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performance following injections of 17β-oestradiol and progesterone. J Dairy Sci; 56:738-743. [This
paper presents approaches to the study of the milk production in the udder].
131. Smith RA. (1996) Bovine Respiratory Disease. Source Book for the veterinary professional. USA.
Veterinary Learning Systems Co; 127-156 pp. [This study reviews important aspects of respiratory
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disease in calves].
132. Stöber M. (2002) Enfermedades de los órganos respiratorios, el diafragma y la pared torácica., In.
Dirksen G, Gründer HD, Stöber M, editores. Medicina interna y cirugía del bovino. Vol 1. 4th ed. Berlin-
Vienna, Blackwell Verlag GmbH.. 249-324 pp. [This study reviews important aspects of respiratory
problems in newborns].
133. Stott GH, Marx DB, Menefee BE, Nightengale GT. (1979a) Colostral immunoglobin transfer in
calves I. Period of absorption. J Dairy Sci; 62 (10): 1632-8. [This is study reporting on factors affecting
colostrum quality].
134. Stott GH, Marx DB, Menefee BE, Nightengale GT. (1979b) Colostral immunoglobin transfer in
calves II. The rate of absorption. J.Dairy Sci; 62 (11): 1766-73. [This is study reporting on factors
affecting colostrum quality].
135. Stott GH, Marx DB, Menefee BE, Nightengale GT. (1979c) Colostral immunoglobin transfer in
calves III. The rate of absorption. J.Dairy Sci; 62 (11): 1902-7. [This is study reporting on factors
affecting colostrum quality].

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

136. Stott GH, Marx DB, Menefee BE, Nightengale GT. (1979d) Colostral immunoglobin transfer in
calves IV. The rate of absorption. J.Dairy Sci; 62 (11): 1908-13. [This is study reporting on factors
affecting colostrum quality].
137. Svensson C, Lundborg K, Emanuelson U, Olsson SO. (2003) Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves
from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases. Prev Vet Med;
58: 179-97. [This is an important text reporting in depth on risk factors for infectious diseases in calves].
138. Svensson, C, Hultgren J, Oltenacu PA. (2006) Morbidity in 3–7-month-old dairy calves in south-
western Sweden, and risk factors for diarrhoea and respiratory disease. Prev Vet Med; 74: 162–179. [This
is a study reporting on risk factors for the most important infectious diseases in calves].
139. Szenci O, Fazekas Z, Tores I. (1980) Treatment of asphyctic newborn calves with Dopram-V.
Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja; 35: 420–422.
140. Thacker E. (2006) Lung inflammatory responses. Review article. Vet Res; 37: 469-485. [This papers
reviews in depth the respiratory processes].

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141. Tizard I.R. (2009) Veterinary immunology. An introduction. 8th edition. Saunders Company. 224 –
238 pp. [This study presents background information allowing the reader to gain a complete picture about

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veterinary immunology]
142. Toombs RE, Wikse SE, Kasari TR (1994) The incidence, causes, and financial impact of perinatal
mortality in North American beef herds. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract; 10: 137-146. [This paper
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reviews information giving a complete picture about neonatal mortality in calves].
143. Torres-Medina A, Schlafer DH, Mebus CA. (1985) Rotaviral and coronaviral diarrhea. Vet Clin
North Am Food Anim Prac; 1(3): 471–93. [This paper presents approaches to the diarrhea in calves].
144. Troedsson MHT, Madill S. (2004) Pathophysiology of the reproductive System. In: Dunlop RH,
Malbert ChH (eds.). Veterinary pathophysiology. Ames (Iowa), Blackwell. 213-258 pp. [This text
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presents background information allowing the reader to gain a complete picture about the
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pathpphysiology in the mammary gland].
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145. Trotz-Williams, LA., Leslie KE, Peregrine AS. (2008) Passive immunity in Ontario dairy calves and
investigation of its association with calf management practices. J Dairy Sci; 91: 3840–3849.
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146. Troxel TR, Gadberry MS, Wallace WT, Kreider DL, Shockey JD, Colbur EA, Widel P, Nicholson I.
(2001) Clostridial antibody response from injection –site lesion in beef cattle, long-term response to
single or multiple doses, and response in newborn beef calves. J Anim Sci; 79: 2558. [This text presents a
study on vaccinations protocols of the cow and calf health].
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147. Tyler JW, Hancock DD, Prisch SM, Rea DE, Besser TE, Sanders SG, Wilson LK. (1996)
Evaluation of three assays for failure of passive transfer in calves. J Vet Intern Med; 10 (5): 304-7. [This
text reviews in depth the topic of failure of passive transfer].
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148. Tyler JW, Hancock DD, Thorne, JG, Gay, CC, Gay JM. (1999a) Partitioning the mortality risk
associated with inadequate passive transfer of colostral immunoglobins in dairy calves. J Vet Intern Med;
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149. Tyler JW, Hancock DD, Wiksie SE, Holler SL, Gay JM. (1998) Use of serum protein concentration
to predict mortality in mixed-source dairy replacement heifers. J Vet Intern Med; 12 (2): 79-83. [This
paper presents approaches to diagnostic of FPT calves].
150. Tyler JW, Parish SM, Besser TE, Van Metre DC, Barrington GM, Midleton JR. (1999b) Detection
of low serum immunoglobin concentration in clinically ill in calves. J Vet Inter Med; 13 (4): 40-3. [This
paper presents approaches to diagnostic of FPT calves].
151. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2008). Diary 2007, Part II: Changes in the US
Dairy Indsutry, 1991-2007. Publ N481.0308. USDA, Anim Plant Health Inspect. Serv., Vet. Serv., Cuet.
Epidemiol. Anim. Health, Fort Collins, C.O. [Epidemilogical data in USA].
152. Uystepruyst CH, Coghe J, Dorts TH, Harmegniesa N, Delsemmeb MH, Arta T and Lekeux P.
(2002a) Sternal recumbence or suspension by the hind legs immediately after delivery improves

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

respiratory and metabolic adaptation to extra uterine life in newborn calves delivered by caesarean
section. Vet Res; 33: 709–24. [The study presents important approaches to the metabolic adaptation of the
newborn calves].
153. Uystepruyst CH, Coghe J, Dorts TH, Harmegniesa N, Delsemmeb MH, Arta T and Lekeux P.
(2002b) Effect of three resuscitation procedures on respiratory and metabolic adaptation to extra uterine
life in newborn calves. Vet J; 163: 30–44. [This text covers the subject topic of resuscitation of calves in
depth].
154. Virtala AMK, Mechor GD, Gröhn YT, Hollis NE. (1996) Morbidity from nonrespiratory diseases
and mortality in dairy heifers during the first three months of life. J Am Vet Med Assoc; 208 (12): 2043-6.
[This is an important text reporting in depth on risk factors for infectious diseases in calves and their
incidence].
155. Vogel G, Nicolet J, Martig J, Tschudi P, Meylan M. (2001) Pneumonia in calves. Characterization of
the bacterial spectrum and the resistance patterns to antimicrobial drugs. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd; 143(7):
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calves].
156. Walker, D.M. (1979) Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants. Vol 2 – Nutrition, 2nd ed. ,

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Corvallis, D.C. Church O & B Books Inc. 224 – 238 pp. [This text presents approaches to colostrum
composition].
157. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH. (1986) The effect of early calfhood health status on
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survivorship and age at first calving. Can J Vet Res; 50 (3): 314-7.
158. Weaver DM, Tyler JW, vanMetre DC, Hostentler DE, Barrington GM. (2000) Passive transfer of
colostral immunoglobins in calves. J Vet Intern Med; 14: 569-77. [This text presents approaches to the
colostrum importance in the immunity of the calf].
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159. White PJ, Windsor PA, Dhand NK, Toribio JA. (2010) Risk factors for congenital chondrodystrophy
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of unknown origin in beef cattle herds in south-eastern. Aust Prev Vet Med; 96: 36–48. [This paper
presents approaches to the study of the risk factors of this congenital disease].
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160. Wikse SE, Baker JC. (2002) The bronchopneumonias (Respiratory disease complex of cattle, sheep
and goats). In: Sweeney CR, Baker JC. Diseases of respiratory system. In: Smith BP, editor. Large
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animal internal medicine. 3ª ed. St Louis: Mosby Inc.. 632-654 pp. [This text contains relevant details of
the respiratory disease in calves].
161. Wikse SE, Kinsel ML, Field RW, Holland PS. (1994) Investigating perinatal calf mortality in beef
herds. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract; 10: 147–166. [This text presents background information
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allowing to gain a complete picture about neonatal mortality in beef calves].

162. Windsor PA, Agerholm JS. (2009) Inherited diseases of Australian Holstein-Friesian cattle. Aust Vet
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Australia]
163. Winger K, Gay CC, Besser TE. (1995) Immunoglobin G1 transfer into induced mammary
secretions: The effect of dexamethasone. J.Dairy Sci; 78:1306-1309. [This paper studies the relationship
between immune defences and mill].
164. Wittum TE, Perina LJ. (1995) Passive immune status at postpartum hour 24 and long-term health
and performance of calves. Am J Vet Res; 56:1149-54. [This is study reporting on factors affecting
colostrum quality and calf mortality].
165. Wohrley JD, Frid MG, Moiseeva EP, Orton EC, Belknap JK, Stenmark KR. (1995) Hypoxia
selectively induces proliferation in a specific subpopulation of smooth muscle cells in the bovine neonatal
pulmonary arterial media. J Clin Invest; 96(1): 273–281. [This study presents approaches to hypoxia in
newborn calves].
166. Woodard LF, Eckblad WP, Olson DP, Bull RC, Everson DO. (1980) Effects of maternal protein-
energy malnutrition and cold stress on neutrophil function of bovine neonates. Am J Vet Res; 41(8):1208-
11. [This is a study reporting on factors affecting the immunity of the calf].

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ANIMAL AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY – Bovine Neonatology - Susana Astiz, Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes, Laura Elvira-Partida,
Natividad Perez-Villalobos, Manuel Cerviño-Lopez and Juan Vicente Gonzalez-Martin

167. Zecchinon L, Fett T, Desmecht D. (2005) How Mannheimia haemolytica defeacts host defense
through a kiss of death mechanism. Review article. Vet Res; 36: 133-56. [Important review paper about
the etiopathogenesis of Mannheimia].

Biographical Sketches

Susana Astiz is a recognized bovine veterinarian scientist specialized in bovine medicine and
reproduction. She studied Veterinary Medicine in Madrid, became Master in Health Sciences in
Barcelona, Spain and obtained the PhD degree from the Tierärztliche Hochschule in Hannover, Germany.
She worked for several years as practitioner in Germany and Spain (with specialization in bovine
medicine and reproduction), and as technical manager of ruminants for pharmaceutical companies
(Schering Plough and Pfizer AH). She is Diplomat of the European Colleague of Herd Health
Management (E.C.B.H.M.) and co-editor of the Spanish Association of Bovine Practitioners
(A.N.E.M.B.E.) bulletin. In the present she is researcher at the Department of Animal Reproduction of the
National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research (INIA) in Madrid, Spain.

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Laura Elvira Partida is practitioner veterinarian, specialized in mastitis, milk quality, and calf rearing.

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She has consultancy experience, being member of Spanish and European Mastitis Groups, and has
published articles, chapters and books in this area. She collaborates in practical teaching for the Animal
Medicine and Surgery Department of the Veterinary Faculty of Madrid, Spain (U.C.M.). She is also co-
editor of the Spanish Association of Bovine Practitioners (A.N.E.M.B.E.) bulletin.
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Antonio González-Bulnes is senior researcher at the Department of Animal Reproduction of the National
Institute of Agricultural and Food Research (INIA) in Madrid, Spain. His lines of research are
Reproductive Physiology and Technology and Molecular Imaging. He has a large experience in the
scientific field as researcher in veterinary reproduction and has worked with several animal species
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(ovine, caprine, bovine, swine and mouse, among others). He has directed several important research
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projects with national and international founding. He has more than 100 scientific articles published at the
most relevant journals, has been invited as speaker in several national and international conferences,
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works as referee for numerous journals, as scientific consulter for several institutions, and teaches in
numerous universities as collaborating professor.
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Natividad Pérez Villalobos is veterinarian, specialized in bovine medicine and reproduction. She has
consultancy experience, and is veterinary collaborator in practical teaching for the Animal Medicine and
Surgery Department of the Veterinary Faculty of Madrid, Spain (U.C.M.). She has published articles,
chapters and books related to bovine medicine. She also collaborates in the bulletin of the Spanish
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Association of Bovine Practitioners (A.N.E.M.B.E.).

Manuel Cerviño López obtained his Veterinary Degree at the Veterinary Faculty of Madrid (Madrid
Complutense University), and obtained his Ph.D. in Veterinary Medicine at the same faculty. He started
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his professional career as bovine practitioner, worked in nutritional companies as ruminant specialist and
finally worked as technical manager in Schering-Plough S.A. in Spain for 13 years. In the present he is
the Technical Manager of ruminants in Boehringer-Ingelheim, Spain. He is the author or co-author of
several books on bovine pathology, has numeorus communications, technical and scientific publications.

Juan Vicente González Martín, an acknowledged veterinary surgeon with a large experience in internal
medicine and herd health in bovine. He has dilated clinical and consultancy experience, as well as in
bovine research. He is professor of the Department for Animal Medicine and Surgery of the Veterinary
Faculty of Madrid, Spain (U.C.M.) for more than 20 years. Additionally, he is member of the board of the
Spanish Association of Bovine Practitioners (A.N.E.M.B.E.) and Diplomat of the European Colleague of
Herd Health Management (E.C.B.H.M.). He has published numerous articles, chapters and books related
with bovine medicine and management, and is frequently invited as speaker to national and international
buiatric events. He is also co-editor of the Spanish A.N.E.M.B.E. bulletin.

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)