Strength of Materials

Instructor: Phan Duc Huynh

E-mail: [email protected]
 Axial Load
Stress and
displacement
Stress-Strain The two aluminum rods AB and AC have diameters of 10 mm and 8
Normal stress mm, respectively. Determine the largest vertical force P that can
be supported. The allowable tensile stress for the aluminum is
σallow = 150 MPa. NAB

NAC

𝑁𝐴𝐶 = 𝑃 −𝑁𝐴𝐶 + 𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠45 = 0

𝑁𝐴𝐵 = 1.414𝑃 −𝑃 + 𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛45 = 0
Normal strain

𝑃 ≤ 7539.8 𝑁
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 150
𝑃 = 7539.8 𝑁
𝑁𝐴𝐶 𝑃
𝜎𝐴𝐶 = = 2 MPa
𝐴𝐴𝐶 𝜋4
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝐴𝐶
𝑁𝐴𝐵 1.414𝑃
Hooke’s Law 𝜎𝐴𝐵 = = MPa 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01989𝑃 MPa
𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝜋52
 𝑁 𝑥
Elastic Deformation 𝜎= Hooke’s 𝑁 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 𝑥 𝑑𝛿 =
How to determine δ = displacement of Law
𝜎=𝐸 𝑥 𝜖 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥
𝑑𝛿
one point on the bar relative to the 𝜖=
𝑑𝑥
other point 𝐿
𝑁 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
For the entire length L of the 𝛿 = න
bar, 0 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥
Segments AB and CD of the assembly are solid circular rods, and
segment BC is a tube. If the assembly is made of 6061-T6
aluminum (E=68.9 GPa), determine the displacement of end D
P = constant, AE = constant
with respect to end A.

202
𝐴𝐴𝐵 = 𝜋 × mm2
N 4
General loads, AE = constant on Li 10 40 2
302
𝑛 𝐿 + 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝜋 × − mm2
𝑆𝑁𝑖 - 4 4
𝛿=෍ −10
𝐴𝐸 𝑖 −20 202
𝑖=1 𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 𝜋 × mm2
𝐿
𝑆𝑁𝑖 is area of N on Li 𝑆𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑆𝑁𝐵𝐶 𝑆𝑁𝐶𝐷 4
𝐸 = 68900 N/mm2
Sign Convention 𝑆𝑁𝐴𝐵 = −10kN × 400mm = −4 × 106 Nmm
𝑆𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑆𝑁𝐵𝐶 𝑆𝑁𝐶𝐷
𝛿𝐷/𝐴 = + +
𝑆𝑁𝐵𝐶 = 10kN × 400mm = 4 × 106 Nmm 𝐸𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝐸𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐸𝐴𝐶𝐷
𝑆𝑁𝐶𝐷 = −20kN × 400mm = −8 × 106 Nmm 𝛿𝐷/𝐴 = −0.44878 mm
Example
A rectangular bar of length L has a slot in the middle half of its length. The bar has width b, thickness t, and modulus of
elasticity E. The slot has width b/4.
(a) Obtain a formula for the elongation  of the bar due to the axial loads P.
(b) Calculate the elongation of the bar if the material is high-strength steel, the axial stress in the middle region is 160 MPa, the
length is 750 mm, and the modulus of elasticity is 210 GPa.

(b) The elongation  of the bar

P 4P
 middle = = = 160 106 N / m 2
A2 3bt
P
N  = 120  106
bt
+
L = 0.75m
P
E = 210 109 N / m 2

7 1
  =  120  106  0.75  = 0.5mm
(a) The elongation  of the bar 6 210 109
3bt
A1 = bt ; A2 =
4
PL / 4 PL / 2 PL / 4 7 PL
= + + =
EA1 EA2 EA1 6 Ebt
Example The horizontal rigid beam ABCD is supported by vertical bars BE and CF and is loaded (see
figure). Bars BE and CF are made of steel (E=200 GPa) and have cross-sectional areas ABE =
11100 mm2 and ACF = 9280 mm2. The distances between various points on the bars are shown
in the figure. Determine the vertical displacements dA and dD of points A and D, respectively.

+ Displacement at B and C
−295  3000
 B =  BE = = −0.4mm
200 11100
−464  2400
 C =  CF = = −0.6mm
200  9280

+ Displacement at A and D
+ The normal forces O A B C D
A B C
D
OA + 1.5 2
NCF =  OA = 1.5m
NBE OA + 3 3

  A = 0.2mm
  Y = 0  N BE + N CF = −760
𝛿𝐴 1.5
m A = 0  N BE + 2 N CF = −1224 =
𝛿𝐷 6.6
⇒ 𝛿𝐷 = 0.88𝑚𝑚

 N BE = −295kN ; N CF = −464kN
Example
The 20-mm-diameter steel rod is subjected to the axial load. Determine the displacement of end B. Take
E=200000MPa.

N
800N
800N
2m×100N/m=200N
600N
𝑆𝑁𝐴𝐵
+
-

1 𝑆𝑁𝐴𝐵
𝑆𝑁𝐴𝐵= + 600N + 800N × 2m = 1400Nm 𝛿𝐵 = 𝛿𝐵/𝐴 =
2 𝐸𝐴𝐴𝐵
𝑆𝑁𝐴𝐵 = +1400000Nmm
202 𝛿𝐵 = +0.0222mm
𝐴𝐴𝐵 = 𝜋 × mm2
4
 Strength of Materials

Instructor: Phan Duc Huynh

E-mail: [email protected]
 Axial Load
Castigliano’s
Theorem
 External Work and Strain Strain energy of normal stress Axial Load
Energy
Work of a Strain Energy The work done by dFz
Force If no energy is lost:
the external work
done by the loads →
converted into
internal work called
strain energy which is The strain energy
caused by the action
of either normal or
shear stress.
Conservation of Energy If A=100 mm2, E = 200 GPa, determine the
𝑛
1 𝑁2𝐿 horizontal displacement at point B.
𝑃𝛿 = ෍ 𝑁3 = 𝑃
2 2𝐴𝐸 𝑖 𝑁1 = 𝑃Τ 3 𝑁2 = −2 𝑃Τ 3
𝑖=1
𝜕𝑁1 Τ𝜕𝑃 = 1Τ 3 𝜕𝑁2 Τ𝜕𝑃 = −2Τ 3 𝜕𝑁3 Τ𝜕𝑃 = 1
𝐿1 = 1𝑚 𝐿2 = 2𝑚 𝐿3 = 3𝑚
𝐴1 = 𝐴 𝐴2 = 𝐴 𝐴3 = 𝐴
Castigliano’s 𝐸1 = 𝐸 𝐸2 = 𝐸 𝐸3 = 𝐸
Theorem
𝑛 Method 1: Conservation of
𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝐿𝑖 1Energy 1
𝛿𝑗 = ෍ 𝑁𝑖 𝑃𝛿 = 𝐿1 𝑁12 + 𝐿2 𝑁22 + 𝐿3 𝑁32
𝜕𝑃 𝐴𝐸 𝑖 2 2𝐴𝐸 3+ 3 𝑃
𝑖=1
Method 2: Castigliano’s Theorem 𝛿=
1 𝑃 1 2𝑃 2 𝐴𝐸
𝛿= × ×1+ × ×2+𝑃×1× 3 𝛿 = 4.732𝑚𝑚 →
𝐴𝐸 3 3 3 3
 Find the vertical displacement at D. ABCD is rigid.
E 𝐿 = 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑎 13
AE 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 2𝑎/𝐿
q
2a
A B  C D
∆𝐶 ∆𝐷
a 2a 2a
N 𝑃𝑣 = 0
4𝑞𝑎
XA A  𝑁 = 5𝑃𝑣 + 12𝑞𝑎 / 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
YA B C D 𝜕𝑁Τ𝜕𝑃𝑣 = 5/ 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
a 2a 2a ∆𝐷 = 20𝑞𝑎𝐿/ 3𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 2
 Find the vertical displacement at D. ABCD is rigid.
E 𝐿 = 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑎 13
AE 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 2𝑎/𝐿
q
2a
A B  C D
∆𝐶 ∆𝐷
a 2a 2a

Method 2 N 4𝑞𝑎 = 𝑃
XA A 
𝑁 = 𝑃/𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝜕𝑁Τ𝜕𝑃 = 1/𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
YA B C D
∆𝐶 = 𝑃𝐿/ 𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 2 ∆𝐷 = 5∆𝐶 /3
a 2a 2a
∆𝐷 = 20𝑞𝑎𝐿/ 3𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 2
 Find the vertical displacement at D. ABCD is rigid.
E 𝐿 = 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑎 13
AE 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 2𝑎/𝐿
q
2a
A B  C D
∆𝐶 ∆𝐷
a 2a 2a

Method 3
E
∆𝐶 = 𝛿𝐶/𝐸 /𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

C 𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝛿𝐶/𝐸 = 𝑁𝐿/ 𝐴𝐸
C2 ∆𝐶 ∆𝐷 = 5∆𝐶 /3
∆𝐷 = 20𝑞𝑎𝐿/ 3𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 2
C1

 Axial Load
Castigliano’s Theorem

Instructor: Phan Duc Huynh

E-mail: [email protected]
Example
 Beam AD is rigid. q=800kN/m, a=0.5m, =300, E=2×1011N/m2, []1,2,3=30kN/cm2.
1. Find [A] 2. Find deflection at D + The normal forces
Using the equilibrium equations, we will
find the normal force
(1) (2)   (3) N1 = 2.83qa; N 2 = N 3 = 1.25qa
2a 2EA qa EA EA   N3
q qa q N2
N1

A B C D A B C D
a 4a a
+ [A]
+ Deflection at D CASTIGLIANO’S theorem
𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝐿𝑖
qa N2 Pv N3 Δ𝑛 = ෍ 𝑁𝑖 1 =
N1
= 1.415qa / A
q 𝜕𝑃𝑣 𝐴𝐸
N1 𝑖
= 2 × 1.25𝑞𝑎 + 0.58𝑃𝑣 × 0.58
𝑖
2A
4𝑎/ 3
 2 =  3 = 1.25qa / A
×
1.415qa
  
𝐴𝐸
A B C D   max =
Let Pv=0, we have the deflection at D A
Using the equilibrium equations
4a 3 1.415qa
𝑁1 = 2.83𝑞𝑎; 𝑁2 = 𝑁3 = 1.25𝑞𝑎 + 0.58𝑃𝑣  D = 2 1.25qa  0.58    A = = 18.87cm 2
⇒ 𝜕𝑁1 /𝜕𝑃𝑣 = 0; 𝜕𝑁2 /𝜕𝑃𝑣 = 𝜕𝑁3 /𝜕𝑃𝑣 = 0.58
AE  
 D = 1.77mm
 Strength of Materials

E-mail: [email protected]
 Axial Load
Mohr formula

E-mail: [email protected]
Mohr formula
1 𝑛
𝑁𝑖0 𝑁𝑖1
𝛿𝑗 = ෍ 𝐿
𝐴𝐸 𝑖 𝑖
N11 𝑖=1
N10

i=1 i=1
𝛿𝑗

𝑗 i=2 N20 N i=2 N21 N 𝑗

30 31

i=3 i=3

E
𝐿 = 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑎 13 Find the vertical displacement at D. ABCD is rigid.
AE 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 2𝑎/𝐿 q
2a  N1 1
XA1
D YA1
A B C ∆𝐷 𝑁1 = 5/ 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
a 2a 2a
4𝑞𝑎 𝑁0 𝑁1 20𝑞𝑎𝐿
N0 ∆𝐷 = 𝐿=
XA0 𝐴𝐸 3𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 2

YA0
𝑁0 = 4𝑞𝑎/ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 E-mail: [email protected]
 Strength of Materials

E-mail: [email protected]
 Axial Load
Statically indeterminate

E-mail: [email protected]
Principle of
superposition
(I) (II)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= +
𝑃 2𝑃 𝑃 2𝑃
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎

𝑁 3𝑃
2𝑃 𝑁 𝑁 2𝑃
𝑃

3𝑃𝑎 + 2𝑃2𝑎
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐴𝐸
7𝑃𝑎 (I) 𝑃𝑎 (II) 6𝑎𝑃
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐴𝐸
= 𝛿𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐴𝐸
+ 𝛿𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐴𝐸
Statically indeterminate problem Example Draw N
𝑃
𝑁 2𝑃/3 𝑋𝐶 = −
3
⇑
−𝑃/3 (I) 𝑃𝑎 (II) 3𝑎𝑋𝐶
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = + 𝛿𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = 0
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 (I) 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 (II) 𝐵 𝐶
= +
𝑃 𝑋𝐶 𝑃 𝑋𝐶
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
⇕
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑁 𝑁
𝑃 𝑋𝐶
𝑃
𝑎 2𝑎
Statically indeterminate problem
Example Draw N
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = 0

⇕
𝑃 𝑃 𝑋𝐶
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎

𝑁 2𝑃/3 𝑁𝐵𝐶 𝑋𝐶
𝑁𝐵𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶
−𝑃/3
𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑃 𝑋𝐶
𝑁𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃 + 𝑋𝐶
𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑎 𝑁𝐵𝐶 2𝑎 (𝑃 + 𝑋𝐶 )𝑎 𝑋𝐶 2𝑎 𝑃
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = + = + =0 𝑋𝐶 = −

⇑
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 3
Statically indeterminate problem
Example Draw N

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = 0
𝑃 𝑃

⇕
𝑋𝐶
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎

𝑁𝐵𝐶 𝑋𝐶
𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑁
⇑

𝑁𝐵𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶
𝑃
𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐶
𝑁𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃 + 𝑋𝐶
𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑎 𝑁𝐵𝐶 2𝑎 (𝑃 + 𝑋𝐶 )𝑎 𝑋𝐶 2𝑎
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = + = + =0 𝑋𝐶

⇑
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐶
Statically indeterminate problem Example
The steel rod shown in Fig. has a diameter of 10 mm. It is fixed to the wall at A, and before
it is loaded, there is a gap of 0.2mm between the wall at B′ and the rod. Determine the
reactions on the rod if it is subjected to an axial force of P = 20 kN. Neglect the size of the
collar at C. Take Est = 200 GPa.
−𝐹𝐴 − 𝐹𝐵 + 20 103 = 0

𝛿𝐵/𝐴 = 0.0002 𝑚

𝑁𝐴𝐶 𝐿𝐴𝐶 𝑁𝐶𝐵 𝐿𝐶𝐵

𝛿𝐵/𝐴 = + = 0.0002
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝐹𝐴 𝐿𝐴𝐶 𝐹𝐵 𝐿𝐶𝐵
− = 0.0002
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝐴 = 𝜋 0.005 2 m2 𝐸 = 200 109 N/m2
𝑁𝐴𝐶 = 𝐹𝐴
𝐹𝐴 = 16 𝑘𝑁 𝐹𝐵 = 4 𝑘𝑁
𝑁𝐶𝐵 = −𝐹𝐵
If 𝐹𝐵 < 0? ? ?
Statically indeterminate problem Example
The aluminum post is reinforced with a brass core. If this assembly supports an axial
compressive load of P = 45 kN, applied to the rigid cap, determine the average normal stress in
the aluminum and the brass. Take Eal = 70 GPa and Ebr = 105 GPa.

Equilibrium
↑Σ=0 ⇒ −45 + 𝐹𝑎𝑙 + 𝐹𝑏𝑟 = 0
𝐹𝑎𝑙
Compatibility 𝛿𝑎𝑙 = 𝛿𝑏𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑙 = 30 𝑘𝑁 ⇒ 𝜎𝑎𝑙 = = 5.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑎𝑙
𝐹𝑎𝑙 𝐿 𝐹𝑏𝑟 𝐿 𝐹𝑏𝑟
= ⇒ 𝐹𝑎𝑙 = 2𝐹𝑏𝑟 𝐹𝑏𝑟 = 15 𝑘𝑁 ⇒ 𝜎𝑏𝑟 = = 7.64 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑏𝑟 𝐸𝑏𝑟 𝐴𝑏𝑟
Statically indeterminate problem
Example Find the normal forces in bars (1), (2. Beam ABCD is rigid. Take
EA = const, bar length = a.

𝑎 2𝑎 𝑁1 𝑁2
(1) (2) 𝑎 2𝑎
A B D A B D 𝑋𝐷

𝛿1 𝛿2
𝑃 𝑃 𝑌𝐷

↻ Σ𝐷 = 3𝑎𝑁1 + 2𝑎𝑁2 − 𝑃 3𝑎 = 0
9𝑃 6𝑃
3 𝑁1 𝑎 3 𝑁2 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑁1 = , 𝑁2 =
𝛿1 = 𝛿2 → = 13 13
2 𝐴𝐸 2 𝐴𝐸
Statically indeterminate problem
Example Find the normal forces in bars (1), (2). Beam ABD is rigid. Take
EA = const., bar length = a.

𝑎 2𝑎 𝑁1
(1) 𝑎 2𝑎
A D 𝑋𝐷
B
𝛿1 𝛿2
𝑃 𝑃 𝑌𝐷
(2) 𝑁2
↻ Σ𝐷 = 3𝑎𝑁1 − 2𝑎𝑁2 − 𝑃 3𝑎 = 0
9𝑃 6𝑃
3 𝑁1 𝑎 3 𝑁2 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑁1 = , 𝑁2 = −
𝛿1 = − 𝛿2 → =− 13 13
2 𝐴𝐸 2 𝐴𝐸
Statically indeterminate problem
Example Find the normal forces in bars (1), (2), and (3). Beam ABCD is
rigid. Take EA = const., bar length = a.

a a a 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3
(1) (2) (3) a a a
A B C D A B C D 𝑋𝐷

𝛿1 𝛿2 𝛿3
𝑃 𝑃 𝑌𝐷

↻ Σ𝐷 = 3𝑎𝑁1 + 2𝑎𝑁2 + 𝑎𝑁3 − 𝑃 3𝑎 = 0

⇒ 𝑁1 , 𝑁2 , 𝑁3
1 1 𝑁3 𝑎 1 𝑁2 𝑎 1 𝑁1 𝑎
𝛿3 = 𝛿2 = 𝛿1 → = =
2 3 𝐴𝐸 2 𝐴𝐸 3 𝐴𝐸
Statically indeterminate Example
problem E
Find the normal forces. ABCD is rigid.
1
𝐿1 = 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑎 13
E 2𝑎 2 C
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = = F
AE 𝐿1 13 C2 ∆𝐶
q 2
2a 2A,E
C1
A B C D 
𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝛿𝐶/𝐸 = 𝑁1 𝐿1 / 𝐴𝐸
∆𝐶 ∆𝐷
a 2a 2a ∆𝐶 = 𝛿𝐶/𝐸 /𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑁1 𝐿1 / 𝐴𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑁1 𝑁2
4𝑞𝑎 ∆𝐷 = 𝛿𝐷/𝐹 = 𝑁2 𝐿2 / 2𝐴𝐸
XA A  5∆𝐶
∆𝐷 = → 𝑁2 = 65𝑁1 /6
B C D 3
YA
a 2a 2a 𝑁1 ≈ 0.215𝑞𝑎
3𝑁1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 5𝑁2 = 12𝑞𝑎 𝑁2 ≈ 2.328𝑞𝑎
𝑋𝐴 − 𝑁1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 0
𝑌𝐴 + 𝑁1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑁2 = 4𝑞𝑎
Statically indeterminate
problem 𝑋1
𝑃 s
𝑃 𝑁𝑖1 s 0
1 𝛿11
𝑁𝑖0 s ∆𝑋𝑆1
2 ∆𝑃𝑆 𝑋1 1 𝑋1
4 1
3 𝑆
∆ =0= ∆𝑋𝑆1 + 𝑆
∆𝑃,𝑋 ∆𝑋𝑆1 = 𝑋1 𝐿4
1 𝐸𝐴 4
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆 𝑆 0
𝑃 ∆𝑃,𝑋1
= ∆𝑃 + ∆𝑋 1
= ∆𝑃 + 𝛿11 𝑋1
3 2
𝑆
3
𝑁𝑖0 𝑁𝑖1 0
𝑁𝑖1
s ∆𝑃 = ෍ 𝐿𝑖 𝛿11 =෍ 𝐿𝑖
𝑖=1 𝐸𝐴 𝑖 𝑖=1 𝐸𝐴 𝑖
𝑃
𝑋1 ∆𝑃𝑆
𝑆
∆𝑃,𝑋 ∆𝑆 = 0= ∆𝑃𝑆 + 𝛿11 𝑋1 ⇒ 𝑋1 = −
1 𝛿11
𝑠 3 2
𝑁𝑖1 1
𝑋1 = 𝑁4 𝛿11 = ෍ 𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿4
𝑁𝑖 𝑋1 𝑖=1 𝐸𝐴 𝑖 𝐸𝐴 4
𝑠 ∆𝑋𝑆1
∆𝑆 = 0 𝑠 𝑁 = 𝑓𝑖 0, 𝑃
𝑁𝑖 = 𝑓𝑖 𝑋1 , 𝑃 ⇒ ቊ 𝑖0
𝑁𝑖1 = 𝑓𝑖 1,0
Statically indeterminate Example
problem
Find the normal forces. ABCD is rigid. 12𝑞𝑎 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
→ 𝑁20 = , 𝑁21 = −
5 5
E 𝐿1 = 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑎 13 2
1 F 𝑁21 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝑎
AE 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 2𝑎/𝐿1 𝛿11 = + ≈ 3.716
q 2 𝐴𝐸 2 𝐴𝐸 1 𝐴𝐸
2a 2A,E
𝑁20 𝑁21 𝐿2 𝑞𝑎2
A B C D ∆𝑝 = = −0.799
𝐴𝐸 2 𝐴𝐸
∆𝑝
a 2a 2a 𝑋1 = − ≈ 0.215𝑞𝑎
𝛿11
𝑁1 = 𝑋1 𝑁2
4𝑞𝑎
XA A  𝑁1 ≈ 0.215𝑞𝑎

YA B C D 𝑁2 ≈ 2.328𝑞𝑎
a 2a 2a
𝛿11 𝑋1 + ∆𝑝 = 0
3𝑋1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 12𝑞𝑎
𝑁2 = − +
5 5
Statically indeterminate Example
problem
Beam AC is rigid. Find the normal stress developed in each bar.
+ The compatible equation
d2=2cm 8kN 450 d3=3cm 11 X 1 +  p = 0
a EA N2 8kN N3
450
450 A B C A B C
a d1=2cm d4=3cm
X1=N1 N4
3a a + The normal force functions
+ The normal stresses + The normal forces Using the equilibrium equations, we will find the
4
N i21 1 4.012a 2
1 =
N1
= −0.222kN / cm 2 11 =  Li + L1 = normal forces are the functions of X1
i = 2 ( EA )i ( EA)1 E
A1
4 2 4 4 2 4
4
N N 2.7935a 2 N2 = + X 1  N 20 = ; N 21 =
N
 2 = 2 = 0.305kN / cm 2  p =  i 0 i1 Li = 3 3 3 3
A2 i = 2 ( EA )i E
N p N 3 = 4 2 + X 1  N 30 = 4 2; N 31 = 1
 3 = 3 = 0.702kN / cm 2  N1 = X 1 = − = −0.696kN
A3 11
8 2 4 8 2 4
N  N 2 = 0.957kN ; N 3 = 4.961kN ; N4 = − + X 1  N 40 = − ; N 41 =
 4 = 4 = −0.665kN / cm 2 3 3 3 3
A4 N 4 = −4.699kN