DELHI SULTANATES (1206 - 1526)

02 May 2025 19:28

1) Delhi Sultanate period - (13 - 16th century)

2) Sultans considered themselves as lieutenant of the Caliph
3) Mappillais - Arabs who married Malabar women and settled down on West coast
4) Arab military expedition in 712
5) Muslim Rule in India established by Muhammad Ghori in 12th century
6) Significant Dynasties of Delhi Sultanates
a. Mamluk Dynasty (1206 - 1290)
b. Khalji Dynasty (1290 - 1320)
c. Tughluq Dynasty (1320 - 1414)
d. Sayyid Dynasty (1414 - 1451)
e. Lodi Dynasty (1451 - 1526)
7) "Persian chronicles speak about the Delhi Sultanate in hyperbolic terms." - Sunil Kumar, Emergence of Delhi
Sultanate
8) Turkish cavalry was superior to the Indian cavalry. The Rajput forces depended more on war elephants.
9) Mongol - Mongolic-speaking nomadic tribes of Central Asia established a very large kingdom in the twelfth century
under the leadership of Chengiz Khan.
10) Mongols attributed to their fast horses and brilliant cavalry tactics
11) Caliph/Caliphate - Successor of Prophet Muhammad
(wielded authority over civil and religious affairs of the entire Islamic world)
12) The office of Caliph (Caliphate) ended when Ottoman Empire was abolished and Turkish Republic established by
Mushtafa Kemal Attaturk in the 1920s

Emergence of Delhi Sultanates

1) The Arab Conquest of Sind
1. Arab Governor of Iraq - Hajjaj Bin Yusuf
2. Dahar - Rule of Sind
3. Muhammad Bin Qasim’s expedition against Sind in 712.
4. Hajjaj sent with the Caliph’s permission, a full-fledged army, with 6000 strong cavalry and a large camel corps
carrying all war requirements under the command of 17-year-old Muhammad Bin Qasim
5. Qasim initially captured Brahmanabad, then captured Debal (Port)

2) Mahmud of Ghazni
1. Mahmud, aged twenty-seven, ascended the throne
2. Caliph acknowledged him the title Yamini-ud Daulah (‘Right-hand of the Empire’)
3. Mahmud conducted seventeen military campaigns into India - first three decades of the 11thcentury
4. Ghazni Mahmud invasion of Temple city of Somnath (Gujarat) - 1025
5. Ghaznavid invasions were intended for loot
(500,000 dinars worth of jewels, 260,000 dinars in coins, and over 30,000 dinars worth of gold and silver vessels)
6. Famous philosopher and historian, came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni - Al-Beruni
7. Inter-civilizational connect between India and the rest of the world - Al-Beruni

3) Ghori Dynasty - Muhammad Ghori

1. Muizzuddin Muhammad known generally as Muhammad Ghori
2. The Ghurid bandagan in North India were the slaves of Muiz-ud-Din Ghuri includes Nisba (title)
3. Mu‘izz al-Din’s slave carried the nisba Mu‘izzi

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 3. Mu‘izz al-Din’s slave carried the nisba Mu‘izzi
4. Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish’s slave were called the Shamsi bandagan.
5. Ghurids enlarged their scope to establish garrison towns
6. Ghori invaded Punjab and seized Lahore - 1186
7. Last ruler Khurav Shah was imprisoned and murdered in - 1192.
8. Ghori headed for the city of Multan - 1175
9. Chalukyas of Gujarat defeated Muhammad Ghori at Mt. Abu - 1179
10. First Battle of Tarain (1191) - [Ghori vs Prithviraj Chauhan]
(fortress of Tabarhinda (Bhatinda) - strategic point for the Chauhans of Ajmer attacked by Ghori)
11. Second Battle of Tarain - 1192 (defeated Chauhan & Captured Ajmer)
12. Ghori defeated Jaya Chandra (Kanauj ruler) and returned to Ghazni
13. Rajput Kingdoms (By the beginning of the tenth century two powerful Rajput Kingdoms )
Important ruling dynasties Vighraharaja and Prithviraj - prominent
of Northern India Chauhan rulers
Tomaras (Delhi) Bhoja - Paramara dynasty
Chauhans (Rajasthan) Ghadavala king - Jayachandra
Solankis (Gujarat) Yasovarman, Kirti Varman - Chandelas
Paramaras (Malwa)
Gahadavalas (Kanauj)
Chandelas (Bundelkhand)

Mamluk Dynasty (1206 - 1290)

1. Mamluk means Property
2. Mamluk (Arabic word) - Slave
3. Bandagan (Plural of banda) - Persian term - used for slaves purchased for military services
4. Appointmented as governors and military commanders
5. Ruling period - 84 years
6. Slave dynasty founded by Qutb – ud- din- Aibak and consolidated by his Son-in-law Iltutmish
7. Three great rulers
i. Qutb-ud-din-Aibak
ii. Shams-ud-din-Iltutmish
iii. Ghiyas-ud-sin-Balban

1) Qutb-ud-din-Aibak (1206 -1210)

1. Slave from Ghazni, sold to sultan
2. Ghori’s trusted general Qutb-ud din Aibak was appointed as his deputy in India.
3. Shifted capital from Delhi to Lahore
4. Military campaigns to Central and western Indo-Gangetic Plain (North India)
5. Bakhtiar Khalji (Turkish General from Afghanistan)- Conquest of Eastern Gangetic Plain (Bihar, Bengal)
6. Charged with destroying the glorious Buddhist University of Nalanda in Bihar - Bakhtiyar Khalji
7. Detailed descriptions of Nalanda is found in - Travel accounts of Chinese pilgrim Hieun Tsang
8. Jizya - Tax levied and collected per head by Islamic states on non-Muslim subjects living in their land.
9. Qutb-ud-din Aibak imposed jizya on non-Muslims for the first time
Jizya was abolished by the Mughal ruler Akbar in 16th century
Was Re-introduced by Aurangzeb in the 17th century
10. Oldest mosque in India - Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid
11. Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid built by Qutb-ud-din-Aibak

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 11. Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid built by Qutb-ud-din-Aibak
12. Aibak laid foundation for Qutb-Minar
13. Aibak died of injuries while playing Chaugan (Horse Polo) at Lahore in 1210.

2) Shams-ud-din Iltumish (1210 - 1236)

1. Slave and son-in-law of Qutb-ud din Aibak - Slave of the slave
2. Iltutmish - Ilbari Turk - Ruled 26 years
3. Refusing to support the Khwarizmi Shah Jalaluddin of Central Asia against the Mongol ruler Chengiz Khan
4. Overcame the challenge of Nasiruddin Qabacha in Lahore and Multan
5. Controlled the conspiracy of Alivardan, the Governor of Bengal.
6. Iltumish Organized turkish nobilities (40 nobles) - Chahalgani or The forty
7. The Forty System - position next only to the king in status and rank.
appointments in military and civil administration as the Corps of Forty
8. Hindu Khan - Notable slaves captured from Mihir in Central India
9. Land granted to army officials in lieu of regular wages - Iqtas
10. Iqta holders called as - Iqtadar or Muqti (Walis)
11. Iqtadar collected revenue from his iqtas
12. Arabic coinage system introduced by Iltutmish
13. Introduction of Copper and Silver tanka - Iltutmish
14. Iltutmish’s royal slaves (bandagan-i khas) were replaced by junior bandagan

3) Razia Sultana (1236 - 1240)

1. Daughter of Iltutmish
2. Ruled for only three and half years
3. Nominated by Iltutmish (after his son Rukn-ud-din-Firuz)
4. The elevation of an Abyssinian slave, Jalal-ud-din Yaqut, to the post of Amir-i-Akhur, Master of the Stables, a
very high office
5. Ethiopian slave who was hired as her personal attendant - Jalal-ud-din Yakut
6. Rebel governor Altuniya in southern Punjab against Raziya
7. "‘Raziya rode on horseback as men ride, armed with a bow and quiver, and surrounded by courtiers. She did not
veil her face" - Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta
8. Murdered in 1240

4) Ghiyas-ud-din-Balban (1266 - 1287)

1. Ulugh Khan (a junior) - newly purchased slave in Iltutmish’s reign
2. commander of the Shivalikh territories in the North-West, seized Delhi and took the title of na’ib-i mulk
3. Ulugh Khan ascended the throne in the title of Ghiyas-ud-din-Balban
4. Balban claimed that "he ruled as the representative of god on earth"
5. Abolished Chahalgani & Established department of spies
6. The frontier regions were strengthened with garrisoning of forts at Bhatinda, Sunam and Samana
7. Provincial governor of Bengal who raised revolt against Balban - Tughril Khan
8. Amin Khan (the governor of Oudh) sent by Balban to suppress the rebellion of Tughril Khan
9. Bughra Khan (a son of Balban) was thereupon appointed the Governor of Bengal after Tughril Khan
10. Controlled the revolt of Meos of Mewat - Balban
11. Meos - Muslim community from north-western region, living in the heavily forested region around Mewat
12. Tomb of Balban - New Delhi
13. Agreement and assurance with Hulkagh Khan (Grandson of Chengiz Khan) - "Mongols would not advance
beyond sutlej"

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 beyond sutlej"
14. Halagu Khan sent a goodwill mission to Delhi in 1259
15. Muhammad Khan (Favourite son of Balban) - charge of governor of Multan
16. Famous Persian Poet Amir Khusru patronized by Balban
17. "Due to the benign rule of Sultan Balban god Vishnu sleeps in peace in the ocean of milk without any worries"
claimed in classical Sanskrit inscription (Palam Baoli) of 1276 in Delhi
18. Balban died in 1287

Khalji Dynasty (1290 - 1320)

1) Malik Jalal-ud-din-Khalji (1290 - 1296)
1. Acted as Commander of Army in Balban's reign
2. He faced opposition on the ground that he was an Afghan and not a Turk (Khaljis were indeed Turks settled in
Afghanistan)
3. Assumed office of Naib (a deputy to Sultan) & ruled the kingdom in the name of Kaiqubad - 1290
4. Halted Mongol hordes entry into India - 1292
5. Appointed Ala-ud-din Khalji (his Nephew) - Governor of Kara
6. Aladdin Khalji's significant military expedition - Deccan Kingdom Devagiri (Defeated Yadav king Ramachandra)

2) Ala-ud-din Khalji (1296 - 1316)

1. Ala – ud- din- Khalji as the founder of Khalji dynasty
2. Treacherously Killed Jalal-ud-din Khalji for throne
3. Who Consolidated Delhi sultanate - Ala-ud-din Khalji
4. Ala-ud-din succeeded in driving back the Mongol raids in 1298
5. The last major Mongol incursion took place in 1307–08
6. Ala-ud-din’s campaigns
Devagiri (1296, 1307, 1314)
Gujarat (1299–1300)
Ranthambhor (1301)
Chittor (1303)
Malwa (1305)
7. Alauddin's Chief Lieutenant - Malik Kafur
8. Malik Kafur in 1307 to capture Devagiri fort
9. Conquests of Malik Kafur
Devagiri Yadavas
Kakatias of warangal (Pratabarutradeva) - 1309
Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra (Vira Ballala III) - 1310
Madurai Invasion - 1310
Malik Kafur returned to Delhi with an enormous booty in 1311
10. Sack of Chittor - 1303 (Alauddin's Army overwhelmed Rajput's Army)
(Women in fortress performed rite of Jauhar)
11. Kafur’s rule lasted only thirty five days after Ala-ud-din's death
12. Ala-ud din’s first measure was to deprive the nobles of the wealth they had accumulated.
13. Survey of agrarian resources and fixed standard revenue demand in Aladdin's reign
14. Established system of forced procurement of food grains for Delhi & other garrison centers
15. Fixed Procurement prices in Aladdin's reign
16. Set up an elaborate intelligence network to collect information on black-marketing and hoarding.
17. Grains collected as tax was stored in state granaries (Th e tax pressure of Ala ud-din was on the rich)
18. Corrupt royal officials were dealt with sternly.

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 18. Corrupt royal officials were dealt with sternly.
19. He prohibited liquor and banned the use of intoxicating drugs.
20. Gambling was forbidden and gamblers were driven out of the city.
21. Ala-ud-din set up the postal system to keep in touch with all parts of his sprawling empire
22. Ala-ud-din was the first Sultan to pay his soldiers in cash .
23. Ala-ud-din died in 1316
24. Ala-ud-din’s Tomb - New Delhi

Tughluq dynasty (1320 - 1414)

1) Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq (1320 - 1324)
1. Ghazi Malik ascended the throne of Delhi in 1320 as Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq
2. Founder of Khalji dynasty
3. Followed a policy of reconciliation with the nobles.
4. His son Jauna Khan fight against Warangal Pratabarudra
5. Foundation of the city near Delhi - Tughluqabad

2) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq(1325 -1351)
1. Jauna Khan Killed his father Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq
2. Ascended throne with title in Muhammad-bin-Tughluq - 1325
3. Ruled for 25 years
4. Facilitating extended Sovereignty
5. Shifted capital from Delhi to Devagiri - Daulatabad
(Returned to the capital Delhi again)
6. In shifting capital, Muhammad bin tughluq displaced all citizens of Delhi and Cattle.
7. "When returned to Delhi with sultan, it found ‘empty, abandoned and had but a small population" - Ibn Battuta
(Morocco traveller)
8. Increased land revenues & Collected in money - Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq's reign (entire revenue system
collapsed)
9. Token currency system introduced by - Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
(Token Currency - already experimented in China and Iran)
10. Bankrupt due to the withdrawal of token currency and pay gold and silver coins in exchange
(withdraw the bronze coins and replace them with silver coins)
11. Muhammad-bin-tugluq stablished a separate department (Diwan-i-Amir Kohi) to take care of agriculture.
12. Peasants revolt emerged in Doab region - (1332 - 1334)
(due to increased land tax in Doab region and outbreak of frequent famine)
13. Supply of credit to the peasants to resort to a scheme of agricultural development in Doab region.
14. Governors of Awadh, Multan and sind revolted
15. Bengal, Madurai, Warangal, Awadh, Gujarat and Sind hoisted the flags of rebellion
16. Daulatabad and the conquered territories around them were declared as independent sultanates - Bahmani
17. Madurai proclaimed as separate sultanate - 1335
18. Bengal become independent in 1346

3) Firoz Shah Tughluq (1351 -1388)

1. Son of Ghiyas-ud-din's younger brother Rajaj
2. Firuz command of a 12,000 strong cavalry force.
3. Refused Bahmani price's invitation to intervene in affairs of Deccan - 1365
4. Rewarded Sufis - Firoz's reign
5. compassionate ruler with his concentration on the well - being of the people

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 5. compassionate ruler with his concentration on the well - being of the people
6. Built colleges, Mosques, Hospitals, Charities to aid poor Muslims
7. Banned inhuman punishment and abolished taxes not recognised by Muslim law
8. Reintroduced the system of hereditary appointments to offices
9. Increased the salaries of government officials & reduced several taxes. Abolished many varieties of torture
employed
10. Waiving off dept of agriculturalists and constructing many canals
11. Imposed jizya ( head tax on non-Muslims) which even the Brahmins
12. Laid out 1200 new gardens and 30 old gardens of Aladdin were restored - Firoz's reign
13. Firoz Tughlaq possess 180,000 slaves, of which 12,000 worked as artisans.
14. A major military campaign of his period was against Sind (1362)
15. The vizier of Firuz Tughlaq - Khan-i-Jahan (Brahmin convert to Islam)
Originally known as Kannu - captured during the Sultanate campaigns in Warangal (present-day Telangana).
16. His principal minister, Khan Jahan Maqbul possessed over 2000 women slaves.
17. Firoz dug Canal from Sutlej river to Hansi and another canal in Jumna
18. Died in September 1388 (age 83)

Timur's Invasion (1398)

1) Massacre by Tamerlane or Timur of Delhi (Ruler of Samarkand in central Asia)
2) Plundered Delhi first & Punjab next - 1398 December
3) Whose reign witnessed the invasion of Timur - The last Tughlaq ruler was Nasir-ud din Muhammad Shah (1394–1412)
4) Carrying huge wealth in the form of gold, silver, jewels
5) Took along Indian artisans like carpenters and masons to work on monuments in Samarkand

Sayyid Dynasty (1414 - 1451)

1) Timur had left behind his representative as the governor of the territories he had conquered - Khizr Khan
2) Governor of Delhi, Meerut and Punjab - Khizr Khan
3) Founder of sayyid dynasty - Khizr Khan (1414)
4) Last ruler of sayyid dynasty - Ala-ud-din Alam Shah (ascended throne 1451)
5) Alam Shah of the Sayyid dynasty - only one Delhi Sultan voluntarily abdicated his throne and moved to a small town
away from Delhi
(he lived for three full decades in contentment and peace).
6) Sayyid sultans rule is marked for the composing of Tarikh-i- Mubarak Shahi by Yahiya bin Ahmad Sirhindi.

Lodi Dynasty (1451 - 1526)

1) Founder of Lodi dynasty - Bahlol Lodi (Governor of Sirhind (Punjab)) (1451–1489)
2) Succeeded ruler of Bahlol Lodi - Sikandar Lodi.
3) Founder of the city Agra - Sikandar Lodi (made it as his capital).
4) Succeeder of Sikandar Lodi - Ibrahim Lodi
5) Defeated by Babur in First Panipat war 1526 - Ibrahim Lodi

DELHI SULTANATES ADMINISTRATION, CULTURE AND ECONOMY

1) Sultans - Supreme political Head & Military head, Judicial head and authority of commander-in-chief of the armed
forces
2) Fiscal claims of hereditary intermediaries - chaudhuris
3) Village headmen (khots)

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 4)

Sources for the Study of Delhi Sultanate

1) Zia-ud-din Barani, emerged as a master of Persian prose
2) Al-Beruni
1. Tarikh-Al-Hind (Indian Philosophy and Religion written in Arabic)
2. Kitab Ul Hind
3. He learnt sankrit & studied religious philosophical texts
4. Translated Greek work of Euclid into sanskrit
5. Transmitted Aryabhata’s magnum opus Aryabattiyam to the West.
(the thesis that earth’s rotation around its axis creates day and night)
3) Tabaqat-i-Nasiri (1260) - Minhaj us Siraj (World Islamic History written in Arabic)
4) Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi (1357) - Ziauddin Barani (History of Delhi Sultanate up to Firuz Tughlaq)
5) Amir Khusrau (major figure of Persian prose and poetry)
1. He call himself an Indian in his Nu Siphr (‘Nine Skies’).
2. Mifta Ul Futuh (Victories of Jalal-ud-din Khalji)
3. Khazain Ul Futuh (Victories of Allauddin Khalji - Texts in Persian)
4. Tughlaq Nama (History of Tughlaq dynasty in Persian)
6) Tarikh i Firuz Shahi - Shams-i-Siraj Afif (after Barani’s account of Delhi Sultanate in Persian)
7) Tarikh-i- Mubarak Shahi - Ghulam Yahya Bin Ahmad (Written in Persian during the reign of Sayyid ruler Mubarak
Shah)
8) History of the Muslim Rule in India (Persian) - Ferishta
9) Chachnama - The collection of witnesses narratives and documents (thirteenth century Persian translation of a ninth -
century Arabic original)
10) Fawai’d-ul-Fawad (Work containing the conversations of Sufi Saint Nizam-ud-din Auliya) - compiled by Amir
Hassan
11) Futuh-us-Salatin (history of Muslim rule from Ghaznavid period to Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s reign) - Abdul Malik
Isami
12) Farhang-i-Qawas - Fakhr ud-din Qawwas
13) Miftah-ul-Fuazala - Muhammad Shadiabadi.
14) Tuti Namah ( the Book of Parrots) - collection of Sanskrit stories translated into Persian by Zia Nakshabi.
15) Mahabharata translated into Persian by Rajatarangini

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 1) Rent-free lands (mafruzi) and brought under cultivation - Balban's reign
2) Certain areas were retained by the Sultans under their direct control - Khalisa
3) Revenue collected from such areas that they paid the officers and soldiers of the sultan’s own troops - hashm-i qalb
4) payment of land tax to the level of rent in cash.
5) In the fourteenth century, Delhi and Daulatabad (Devagiri) emerged as great cities of the world.
6) gold and silver mintage alongside copper from early in the thirteenth century
7) Reappearance of Gold coins after Guptas period - revival of economy
8) mercantile activities in Delhi Sultanates
1. Jain Marwaris
2. Hindu Multanis
3. Muslim Bohras
4. Khurasanis, Afghans and Iranians
9) Gujaratis and Tamils dominated the sea trade
10) Hindu Multanis and Muslim Khurasanis, Afghans and Iranians dominated the overland trade with Central Asia.
11) Paper-making technology introduced by Delhi Sultanates ( learnt by Arabs from Chinese)
12) spinning wheel invented by the Chinese (Came to India through Iran)
13) Sericulture centre was established in Bengal by the fifteenth century

1) School masters taught children to read and write - Makdab

2) Institutionalised form of higher education - Madrasa
3) Madarasa widely established in Iran and Asia in Eleventh century
4) Firoz shah Tugluq built a large madrasa at Delhi
5) Teaching in this Large Madrasa was mainly confined to “Quran-commentary, the Prophet’s sayings and the
Muslim Law (fiqh). - Barani's description
6) Sikander Lodi appointed teachers in maktabs and madrasas in various cities throughout his dominions.
7) Shrivara in his Sanskrit work Kathakautuka (story of Yusuf and Zulaika as a Sanskrit love lyric)
8) Shah Namah - Firdausi (Bhattavatara took Firdausi’s Shah Namah as a model for composing Zainavilas, a history of
the rulers of Kashmir)

1) world famous Khajuraho temple complex consisting of many temples Including the Lakshmana temple, Vishwanatha
temple and Kandariya Mahadeva temple
2) Khajuraho built by the Chandelas of Bundelkhand who ruled from Khajuraho.
3) Saracenic features, were introduced in India buy Delhi sultanates
4) Qutb-ud-din Aibak laid foundation for Qutb Minar and completed by Iltutumish
5) Qutb Minar, originally a 72.5 metre tower when completed by Iltutmish
6) Qutb-Minar was increased to 74 metres by the repairs carried out by Firuz Shah Tughlaq. (totally 379 steps)
7) Gradual sloping of the tower and the angular flutings creating a ribbed effect around the tower.
8) Doorways and walls with lines from the Koran made a distinct appearance
9) shape of all these buildings was Persian, while the decoration was Indian - Indo-Saracenic architecture
10) Qutb Minar, Alai Darwaza, Quwwat-ul Islam Masjid, Moth-ki-Masjid, the tombs of Iltutmish, Balban and the forts of
Daulatabad and Firozabad
11) Adhai din ka Jhopra in Ajmer (earlier a Jain monastery before being converted as a mosque)
12) The tomb of Balban (Delhi) was adorned with the first true arch
13) Alai Darwaza built by Ala-ud-din Khalji a gateway to the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque is adorned with the first true dome
14) The buildings of Firuz Tughlaq, especially his pleasure resort, Hauz Khas, combined Indian and Saracenic features
15) The art of decorating the building with Quranic verses inscribed with calligraphy - Arabesque

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16) "Indian music had a pre-eminence over all the other music of the world" - Amir Khushru
17) Pir Bhodan (a Sufi saint) was considered a great musician of the age.
18) synchronisation by translating an Indian Sanskrit musical work Rag Darpan into Persian - Firuz Tughlaq
19) Zia ud-din Barani lists the names of Nusrat Khatun (Musician)and Mihr Afroz (Dancer) in the court of Jalaluddin
Khalji.

1) Monotheism - followed in Delhi Sultanates

2) From Bhagavat Gita, Al-Beruni notified the proximity of Hinduism to Islam
3) Virashaiva or Lingayat sect of Karnataka founded by Basava believed in one God (Parashiva)
4) Caste distinctions were denied, women given a better status
5) Delhi Sultanates tolerated polygamy
6) Upper class Muslim Women had to observe purdah and were secluded in the zenana (the female quarters)
7) Affluent women travelled in closed litters and could inherit property from their parents and obtain divorce, privileges
8) The most famous Chishti Saint, Shaik Nizamuddin offered a classical exposition of Sufism
9) Sufism began to turn pantheistic only when the ideas of Ibn al-Arabi
10) Sufism began to gain influence, first through the Persian poetry of Jalal-ud-din Rumi (1207–1273) and Abdur Rahman
Jami (1414–1492)
11) Sufism endeavours within India of Ashraf Jahangir Simnani (early fifteenth century).

1) Sultans of Delhi Called as - Ashvapathi (Lord of Horses)

2) First ruler to establish a madrasa at Delhi - Iltumish
3) 3.6 grains of silver amounted to a 1 Jital
4) Muhammad Ghori had stamped the figure of Goddess Lakshmi on his gold coins and had his name inscribed on it.
5) Amir Kushru introduced the musical ragas of ghora and sanam
6) Taj-ul-ma-asir provides information about the first Sultan of Delhi.
7) The real founder of Turkish rule in India - Qutb-ud-din-Aibak

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