Module 6: Measurement of Torque
(i) Strain Gauges
Working Principle:
• Measure strain caused by torque using resistance change in the strain gauge bonded at 45°
to the shaft axis.
Points:
1. Based on the change in electrical resistance due to strain.
2. Strain gauges are fixed at ±45° angles to measure shear stress.
3. Output is processed using a Wheatstone bridge circuit.
4. Torque is calculated from the voltage output after calibration.
5. Suitable for both static and rotating shafts.
Advantages:
• High accuracy.
• Can be used for dynamic torque measurement.
• Compact and lightweight.
Disadvantages:
• Requires careful bonding and alignment.
• Affected by temperature changes.
Applications:
• Automotive engine testing.
• Rotating machinery.
• Research labs.
(ii) Torque Meters
Working Principle:
• Measure torque using mechanical or electronic sensing elements attached to the rotating
shaft.
Points:
1. Can be static or rotary types.
2. Use strain gauges, optical, or magnetic sensors.
3. Often include speed sensors for power calculation.
4. Real-time monitoring and data acquisition.
5. Digital and analog outputs available.
Advantages:
• Direct measurement.
• High sensitivity and reliability.
• Suitable for continuous operation.
Disadvantages:
• Expensive.
• Requires careful installation.
Applications:
• Engines, motors, pumps.
• Transmission systems.
• Industrial torque monitoring.
(iii) Inductive Torque Transducers
Working Principle:
• Change in inductance caused by deformation of magnetic elements due to torque is
measured.
Points:
1. Non-contact measurement based on magnetic coupling.
2. Torque changes geometry of magnetic circuit → changes inductance.
3. Output is proportional to applied torque.
4. Suitable for rotating systems.
5. Used where physical contact is difficult.
Advantages:
• Non-contact operation.
• Durable in harsh environments.
• Reliable for dynamic systems.
Disadvantages:
• Affected by electromagnetic interference.
• Calibration can be complex.
Applications:
• Electric vehicle drivetrains.
• Gearbox torque monitoring.
• Automation and robotics.
(iv) Digital Method
Working Principle:
• Use of digital electronics (e.g., ADCs, microcontrollers) to read and process torque signals.
Points:
1. Signals from strain gauges or encoders are digitized.
2. High-resolution data acquisition using microprocessors.
3. Enables real-time monitoring and wireless transmission.
4. Suitable for modern smart systems.
5. Can be integrated with IoT platforms.
Advantages:
• Accurate and noise-free signal.
• Easy data storage and transfer.
• Allows remote diagnostics and control.
Disadvantages:
• Costly setup.
• Requires programming and calibration.
Applications:
• Smart factories (Industry 4.0).
• Research instrumentation.
• Electric vehicle systems.
(v) Magneto-striction Transducers
Working Principle:
• Based on the magneto-strictive effect — strain alters the magnetic properties of a material,
which is measured.
Points:
1. Use magneto-strictive material bonded to shaft.
2. Torque-induced strain changes magnetic permeability.
3. Magnetic change is picked up by surrounding coils.
4. Used for dynamic, non-contact torque sensing.
5. Suitable for long-term operation in rotating machines.
Advantages:
• Non-contact, wear-free operation.
• Good for high-speed and harsh conditions.
• Reliable for real-time torque monitoring.
Disadvantages:
• Sensitive to temperature and EMI.
• More complex signal conditioning required.
Applications:
• Aerospace actuators.
• Electric motor testing.
• Automotive powertrain systems.
