THIRD TERM E-LEARNING NOTE

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS CLASS: SSS 1

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC
1. Mensuration: The Concept of B – D a Shape Cube, Cuboids, Cylinder, Triangular Prism, Cone,
Rectangular Based Pyramid, Total Surface Area of Cone, Cylinder and their Volumes.
2. (a) Volumes of Frustums of Cone, Rectangular Based Pyramid and other Pyramids
(b) Proofs of Angles Sum of a Triangle = 180o
(c) The Exterior Angle
3. Geometrical Construction
(a) Revision of Construction of Triangle
(b) Drawing and Bisection of Line Segment
(c) Construction and Bisection of Angles 90o, 45o, 135o, 221/2o, 571/2o
(d) Construction and Bisection of Angles: 30o, 60o, 90o, 120o, 150o, etc.
4. Construction:
(a) Construction of Quadrilateral Polygon i.e. four sided figure with given certain conditions
parallelogram
(b) Construction of Equilateral Triangle
(c) Locus of Moving Points Including Equidistance from Two Lines of Two Points and
Constant Distance from the Point.
5. Deductive Proof:
(a) Sum of Angles of a Triangle.
(b) Relationship of Triangles on a Straight Line.
(c) Revision of Angles on Parallel Line Cuts by a Transversal Line.
(d) Congruent Triangles.
(e) Properties of Parallelogram and Intercept Theorem.
6. Statistics
(a) Collection and Tabulation and Presentation of data e.g. data from height, ages, weight, test
and examination scores of students, population of students from different schools, classes
etc.
(b) Different Species of Animals and Types of Vehicles etc.
Calculation of Range, median and mode of ungrouped data
(a) Data Already Collected by the Students
(b) Data Collected from Other Statistical Records
7. Revision
8. Collection, Tabulation and Presentation of Grouped Data
(a) Data from height, ages, weights, test and examination scores of students
(b) Population of students from different classes.
9. Calculation of Range, Median and Mode of Grouped Data
(a) Data already collected by the students
(b) Other statistical records
10. Statistical Graphs:
(a) Drawing of bar chart, pie-chart and histogram
(b) Cumulative frequency curve
(c) Reading and drawing inferences from the graph
 11. (a) Mean deviation, Variance and standard deviation of grouped data use in solving practical
problems related to real life situations
12. Revision/Examination

REFERENCE BOOKS
 New General Mathematics SSS 1 by M.F. Macrae et al
 Essential Mathematics SS 1

WEEK ONE
TOPIC:
Mensuration: The concept of B – D a shape cube, cuboids, cylinder, triangular prism, cone, rectangular
based pyramid, total surface area of cone, cylinder and their volumes.

MENSURATION OF SOLID SHAPES

Properties of solid shapes

a) A Cube L
L

A cube has the following properties.

1. It has 12 straight edges
2. It has 8 vertices
3. It also has 6 square faces
4. Its net consists of 6 square faces joined together

b) A Cuboid

Len
Bre
Heig

A cuboid has the following properties.

1. It has 12 straight edges
2. It has 8 vertices
3. It also has 6 rectangular faces
4. Its net consist of 6 rectangular faces

c) A Triangular Prism
 A triangular prism has the following properties:
1. It has 6 vertices
2. It has 9 straight edges
3. It also has 3 rectangular faces and two triangular faces which are the end faces
4. Its net consist of 3 rectangles and 2 triangles joined together

d) A Cylinder
r

Hei

Properties:
1. A cylinder has 2 circular faces
2. It has 1 curved surface
3. It has 2 curved edges
4. Its net consist of two circular faces and 1 rectangular face i.e its net consist of 2 circles and 1
rectangle.

e) A Cone
Ver

L
h

A cone has the following properties:

1. It has one vertex
2. It has 2 curved edges
3. It has 1 curved surface
4. It also has 1 circular face
5. Its net consist of a sector of a circle and a circle
f) Rectangular based pyramids

L
A rectangular based pyramid has the following properties:
1. It has 8 straight edges
2. It has 5 vertices
3. It has 4 triangular faces
4. It has 1 rectangular face
5. Its net consists of 4 triangles and 1 rectangle

EVALUATION
1. (a) Mention and draw 3 solid shapes that you know
(b) Write down the properties of each of the solid shapes you mentioned in 1a above
(c) List one real object for each of the solid shape mentioned in (1a) above

Surface Area and Volume of Common Solid shapes

A prism is a solid which has uniform cross section. Cubes, cuboids, and cylinders are examples of prisms. In
general,

Volume of prism = area of uniform cross section X perpendicular height

=area of base x height

L
L
L

Cube Cuboids
Cylinder

Triangular prism

Cube
Volume = l3
Surface area = 6l2

Cuboid
Volume =lbh
 Surface area = 2 (lb + lh + bh)

Cylinder
Volume = πr2 h
Curved surface area = 2πrh
Total surface area = 2πrh + 2π r2
= 2πr ( h + r)
Examples
1. Calculate the volumes of the following solids. All lengths are in cm.

a)
P
5
7
4
Q Rs 1

In the figure above, PQRS is a trapezium

b)

14
2. Calculate the total surface area of the solids in 1 (b) above

Solutions
1a.) Volume of prisms = area of uniform cross section X perpendicular height
= area of base X length of the prism

Area of PQRS = ½ ( 7 + 4) X /QR/ cm2

P
3 5
x
4
 S

4cm
Since /QR/ = / X S/
Consider triangle P X S

/ PX /2 + /XS/2= 52

3 2+ /XS/2 = 25
9 + / XS/2 = 25

/XS/2 = 25 – 9

/XS/2 = 16

/XS/ = √16cm = 4cm

Thus /XS/ = /QR/ = 4cm

Area of PQRS = ½ x ( 7 + 4) x /QR/ cm2

= ½ x 11 x 4 cm2
= 22cm2
Hence,
Volume of Prism = area of uniform cross section X length of prism

= 22cm2 x 12cm
= 264cm3

(b) volume of given cylinder = πr2h

from the given cylinder,

r = d/2 = 14/2 cm = 7cm

h = 4cm
volume of given cylinder = π x (7) 2 x 4cm3
22/7 x 49 x 4cm
= 22 x 28cm3
= 616cm3

2a) To calculate the total surface area of the solid shapes in 1a and b above.

2b) Total surface area of the given cylinder = 2πrh + 2πr2

= 2πr ( h + r)
= 2 x 22/7 x 7 ( 4+ 7 ) cm2
= 44 x 11cm2
= 484 cm2
EVALUATION
1a. A rectangular tank is 76cm long, 50cm wide and 40 cm high. How many litres of water can it hold?
b. Calculate the total surface area of the rectangular tank in question 1a above
Surface area of a Cone
A sector of a circle can be bent to form the curved surface of an open cone. In the figure below, the sector OA
x B is of radius l and arc A X B subtends angle θ at O. This sector is bent to form a cone of base radius r and
slant height D
X B
L
θ B r
X
A
o

The following points should be noted

1. The area of the sector is equal to the area of the curved surface of the cone .
2. The length of arc A x B in the 1st part of the figure above is the same as the circumference of the
circular base of the cone in the 2nd part of the figure above
Curved surface area of cone =θ x πl2 …………..0
360
Also,
θ x 2πl = 2 πr
360
Divide both sides by 2π

θ x 2πl = 2 πr
360 2π 2π
θ x l =r
360
divide both sides by l
θ = r
360 l
substitute r/l for θ in equation i) above:
360
Curve surface area of cone =r x πl2
l
= Πrl
Hence,
Total surface area = curved surface area of a cone + area of circular base
= πr l +π r2
= πr ( l + r)

Examples
A paper cone has a diameter of 8cm and a height of 3cm

a). Make a sketch of the cone and hence use Pythagoras theorem to calculate its slant height.

b). Calculate the curved surface area of the cone in terms of π

c ) If the cone is cut and opened out into the sector of a circle. What is the angle of
the sector?

d) Assuming that the paper cone is closed at its base, what will be the total surface area of the closed paper
cone?

Solutions.
L
3
4 4
8c

From the given information about the paper cone,

Diameter = 8cm
:. Radius = diameter
2
= 8cm = 4cm
2
using Pythagoras theorem in the right angled triangle OBC

l2 = /OB/2 + /BC/ 2
l2 = 32 + 42

l2 = 9 + 16
l2 = 25
Take square root of both sides

√ l2 =√ 25
l = 5cm
:.the slant height of the paper cone is 5cm

b) Curve surface area of the cone = πrl

= π x 4 x 5 cm
= 20 πcm2 L=r

c)
θ

If the paper cone is cut and opened out into the sector of a circle as shown in the figure above, then
 area of sector of circle = curved surface area of the cone

i.eθx π x (5) 2 = 20 x π
360
5
θx π x 25 = 20 x π
360
12
5 θ = 72 x 20
Divide both sides by 5
5 θ =72 x 20
5
5 θ = 72 x 4

θ = 288o
EVALUATION
1. A 216 sector of a circle of radius 5cm is bent to form a cone. Find the radius of the base of the cone and its
vertical angle
2. Calculate (a) the curved surface area (b) the total surface area of the cone formed in question (1) above.
Leave your anser in terms of П

Volume of Pyramids and Volume of cone

In general,
Volume = 1/3 x base area x height

hL
L

Square based pyramid rectangular based pyramid Cone

:. Volume of square based pyramid = 1/3 x b2 x h

volume of rectangular based pyramid = 1/3 x l x b x h
volume of cone = 1/3 x Πr2 x h

Examples
1.A pyramid 8cm high stands on a rectangular base 6cm by 4cm.Calculate the volume of the pyramid.
2. A right pyramid on a base 4cm square has a slant edge of 6cm.Calculate the volume of the pyramid.
3. Calculate the volume of a cone 14cm in base diameter and 24cm high.
Solutions
1) Volume of a rectangular based pyramid = 1/3 x l x b x h
= 1/3 x 6 x 4 x 8 cm3
 = 8 x8 cm3
= 64cm3

2) Considering the square base ABCD O

C 6
/DB/ 2= /DC/ 2 + /CB/2 4 D
Pythagoras rule: E
B
4
A
/DB/2 = 42 + 42
/B/2 = 16 + 16.

:. √/DB/ = √ 32

/DB/ = 4 √2 cm
but
/ EB/ = ½ /DB/
Since t is the midpoint of / DB/

Then /EB/ = ½ X 4 X √ 2

= 2 √2 cm.

Now
Consider right angle OEB
OE 2 + EB 2 = ( OB)2
OE 2+ ( 2√2) 2 = ( 6) 2
OE 2 + 4 x 2 = 36
OE 2 + 8 = 36
OE 2 = 36 – 8
OE2 = 28
OE = √28
OE = √4 x 7

OE = 2 x √ 7 cm
OE = 2 √7cm
But OE =height of the pyramid = 2√7
:.volume of square of based pyramid = 1/3 x b2 x h

1/3 x 42 x 2 x √7 cm3

1/3 x 16 x 2 x √7 cm3

= 32 x √7 cm3
3
32 x 2.646cmm3
3
= 32 x.0.882cm3
= 28. 224cm3
2

1
= 28.2cm3 to 1 d.p.

3)

Since
Diameter = 14cm
Radius = diameter
2
= 14 cm.=7cm
2
:. Volume of cone = 1/3 πr2 h
= 1/3 x 22/7 x ( 7 ) 2 x 24

= 1/3 x 22/7 x 49 x 24 cm3

= 22 x 56cm3
= 1232 cm3

EVALUATION
1. A cone of height 9cm has a volume of n cm3 and a curved surface area of n cm3. Find the vertical angle of
the cone
2. A right pyramid on a base 8cm square has a slant edge of 6cm. Calculate the volume of the pyramid

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. A solid cone has a circular base of radius 7cm. the vertical height of the cone is 15cm. the cone is melted
and recast into a metal cube of side xcm. Calculate correct to 3.s.f. the value of x.
2. A cylindrical container with a diameter 80cm and height 50cm is full of liquid. The liquid is then poured
into another cylinder with a diameter 90cm. calculate the depth of the water.

READING ASSIGNMENT
NGM SS Bk 1 pg 166- 170 Ex 15a Nos 1 (d), 1(f), 2(b) and 29c) pages 168 -169.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Calculate the volume of a cylinder which has a radius of 21cm and height 6cm. A. 8500cm3 B. 8316cm3
C. 7632cm3 D 7500cm3 E. 8000cm3
2. Calculate the total surface of the cylinder in question 1. A, 5346cm2 B, 4653cm3 C. 3000cm2
D. 3564 cm2 E 3800cm2
3. Calculate the volume of a cone which has a base diameter of 7cm and a height of 6cm A. 77cm 3 B.
3 3 3 3
70cm C. 88cm D. 90cm E. 65cm
4. Calculate the curved surface area of the cone in question 3 above. A, 152cm2 B. 150cm2 C.
2 2 2
132cm D 142cm E. 160cm
5. Calculate the total surface area of a cuboids which is 8cm by 5cm by 3cm. A.198cm2 B. 178cm2
2 2 2
C 188cm D 168cm E. 158cm .

THEORY
1. A water tank is 1.2m square and 1.35m deep. It is half full of water . How many times can a 9 litre bucket
be filled from the tank?
2. A measuring cylinder of radius 3cm contains water to a height of 49cm. If this water is poured into a
similar cylinder of radius 7cm, what will be the height of the water column?.

WEEK TWO Date……………………

TOPIC:
(a) Volumes of frustums of cone, rectangular based pyramid and other pyramids
(b) Proofs of angles sum of a triangle = 180o
(c) The exterior angle

(a) Volumes of frustums of cone, rectangular based pyramid and other pyramids
Many composite solids can be made by joining basic solids together. In the figure below, the composite
solids are made as follows:

(a) a cube and a square based pyramid.

(b) A cylinder and cone

Examples:
1. The figure below shows a composite solid consisting of a cube of edge 28cm and a square-based
pyramid of height 16cm. Calculate the volume of the solid

16

2.

2. The outer radius of a cylindrical metal tube is R and t is the thickness of the metal.
(a) Show that the volume V, of metal in a length, I units, of the tube is given by
V = П lt (2R – t)

(b) Hence calculate V when R = 7.5, t = 1 and 1 = 20

Solutions
1. From the diagram of the composite solid given in Question(1)
Volume of = Vol. of + Vol.
Composite solid square-based of
Pyramid cube

= 1/3 b2h + l3

= 1/3 x 28 x 28 x 16 + 283 cm3

= 784 x 16 + 28 x 28 x 28 cm3

= 12544 + 784 x 28 cm3

3

= 12544 + 21952 cm3

3

= 12544 + 65856 cm3

3
= 26133 /3 cm3
1

= 26133cm3

Vol. of the Vol. of Vol. of

Cylindrical metal = outside - inside
Tube cylinder cylinder

= П R2l - П r2l ..................1

But
R = t + r ...................2

Where
R = radius of outside cylinder
t = thickness of the cylindrical metal tube
r = radius of inside cylinder
From equation (2)
r = R - t
And substituting П R – t for r in equ (1):
Vol of the cylindrical = ПR2l - Пr2l
Meta.tube = ПR2l –П (R – t)2l
= ПR2l – П(R2 – 2Rt + t2) l
= ПR2l– ПR2l + 2ПRtl - Пt2l
 = 2 П Rtl – Пt2l
= Пlt (2R – t)

(b) When R = 7.5, t = 1 and l = 20, then

Vol. of the cylindrical
Metal tube = П l t (2R – t)
= 22/7 x 20 x 1 (2 x 7.5 - 1)
= 22/7 x 20 x (15 – 1)
= 22/7 x 20 x 14
= 44 x 20
= 880

If a cone or pyramid standing on a horizontal table is cut through parallel to

the table, the top part is smaller cone or pyramid. The other part is called a frustum.
To find the volume or surface area of a frustum, it is necessary to consider the frustum, as a
complete cone (or pyramid) with the smaller cone (or pyramid) removed.

Examples:
1. Volume of a right circular cone is 5 litres. Calculate the volumes of the two parts into which the cone
is divided by a plane parallel to the base, one-third of the way down from the vertex to the base. Give
your answers to the nearest ml.

Solutions:
From the question, L
h = 1
H 3 L H

H = 3h B

Also using similar triangles:

r = h = 1
R H 3

Thus:
R = 3r

Vol. of frustum Vol. of - Vol. of

Of cone = big cone small cone

= 1 П R2 l t - 1 П r2 h
3 3

But vol. of big cone = 5 litres

= 5 x 1000 ml
Since 1 litre = 1000 ml
i.e.
Volume of = 5000 ml
Big cone
1/3 П R2H = 5000 ml
П R2H = 3 x 5000 ml
П R2H = 15000 ml ………. (1)
Also,
From 3h = H
h = H/3

and 3r = R
r = R/3

Thus, vol. of small = 1/3 Пr2h

Cone

[ ]
2
1 R 4
= 3x π x 3 x3R
1 R2 4
ƛ× ×
= 3 9 3
ƛ R2 4
= 81
Since from equation (1) above ПR2H = 15000
Then
ƛ R 2 4 15000
Vol. of small = 81 = 81
Thus:
Vol. of frustum of cone = Vol. of big cone - Vol. of small cone

=
(50001 −5000
27 )
ml

=
( 135000−5000
27
ml )
130000
ml
= 27

= 4814.8m

4815ml
(b) Proofs of angles sum of a triangle = 180o
The sum of angles on a straight line is 180 o. in the diagram below, x and y are adjacent angles on a straight
line. C

x y
A B

When two or more angles add up to 180o they are called supplementary angles so x + y = 180 o (supplementary
angles)

Examples
Find the unknown angles in the following diagrams:
(a)

7
5 a
2

50o + 70o + a + 2a = 180o (sum of angles on a straight line)

120o + 3a = 180o3a = 180o – 120o = 60o
60
a= = 20o
3
2a = 2 x 20o = 40o

EVALUATION
Essential Mathematics for Senior Secondary School 1 Exercise 15.1 No. 1

(c) The exterior angle

The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two opposite interior angles.
A
E
x
x
y z y
B
C D
Given: Any triangle ABC
To prove: ∠ACD = x1 + y1
Construction: Draw CE parallel to BA.
Proof: Let ∠ACE = x and ∠ECD = y
x1 = x (alternate angles, BA//CE)
y1 = y (corresponding angles, BA//CE)
but∠ACD = x + y
∴ ∠AACD = x1 + y1
Example
1. In the diagram below, APR is a straight line. Work out the value of x and hence find ∠QPR.

A
P
(200

3 (2x –
Q R

Solution
3x + 2x + 20 = 200 – 4x (Ext. ∠theorem)
5x + 4x = 200 – 20
9x = 180
X = 20o
∴ 200o – 4x = 200o – 4 x 20o
= 200o – 80o = 120o
∴ ∠QPR = 180o – 120o (sum of angles on a straight line)

2. The ratio of the angles of a triangle is 3:4:5. Find the smallest and the largest angles.
Solution
The angles are in the ratio 3:4:5,
i.e. 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 parts
but the sum of angles of a triangle is 180o.
3 o
1st angle = ×180 = 45o
12
4 o
2nd angle = ×180 = 60o
12
3 o
3rd angle = ×180 = 75o
12
The smallest angle = 45o and the largest angle is 75o
Check: 45o + 60o + 75o = 180o

EVALUATION
1. Three angles of a triangle x, 2x and 3x. find the value of x and hence find the angles.
2. The ratio of the angles of a triangle is 2, 3 and 4. Find the angles.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. A lampshade in the form of a frustum of a cone has a height of 12cm and an upper and lower diameters of
10cm and 20cm.
a. what is the curved surface area of the frustum?
b. What is the volume of the frustum?
c. Give both answers in terms of π
2.Afrustum of a pyramid is 16cm square at the bottom, 6cm square at the top and 12 cm high. Find the
volume of the frustum.
READING ASSIGNMENT
NGM SS Bk 1 pages 173-175 Ex 15c Nos 6 and 9 pg 175.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Calculate the volume in cm3 of the material in a cylindrical pipe 1.8m long, the internal and external
diameters being 16cm and 18 respectively.

2. A composite solid consisting of a cone on top of a cylinder. The height of the cone is 25cm. The height
and base diameter of the cylinder are 40cm and 30 respectively. Calculate to 3.s.f. the volume of the solid,
taking π to be 3.14 (see the figure below).

25

40

3. A storage container is in the form of a frustum of a right pyramid 4m square at the top and 2.5m square at
the bottom. If the container is 3m deep. What is its capacity in m3?
4. Three angles of a triangle are (5x – 7)o, (2x + 15)o and (2x + 1)o. find the value of x and hence find the
largest and the smallest angles.
5. The sides PQ and PR of ∆ PQR are produced to T and S respectively, such that ∠TQR = 131o and ∠QRS
= 98o. find∠QPR.

THEORY
1. A right pyramid on a base 10m square is 15m high.
 (a) Find the volume of the pyramid.
(b) If the top 6m of the pyramid are removed, what is the volume of the remaining frustum?
2. The cone in the figure below is exactly half full of water by volume. How deep is the water in the cone?

12
34

WEEK THREE Date………………….

TOPIC: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION
(a) Revision of Construction of Triangle
(b) Drawing and bisection of Line Segment
(c) Construction and Bisection of Angles 90o, 45o, 135o, 221/2o, 571/2o
(d) Construction and Bisection of Angles: 30o, 60o, 90o, 120o, 150o

(a) Revision of Construction of Triangles

Example
1. Construct ABC in which !AB ! = 7cm, !AC! = 9.5cm and ABC = 120o.Measure !BC!
2. Construct PQR in which !PQ != 5.5cm !QR! = 8..5cm and PQR = 75o . Construct M the midpoint of
PR Measure /QM/

Solutions
1. First make a sketch of the triangle to be constructed .
9.

7c

Draw a line AB = 7cm

Then construct angle 120o at B with radius 9.5cm and centre A, draw an arc to cut the 120 o at
C. Draw line AC
9.5c
120

A 7cm B
From the diagram /BC/ = 3.6cm

2) First make a sketch of the triangle to be constructed.

a. Draw line PQ = 5.5cm

b. Construct angle 75o at Q
c. With centre Q and radius 8.5cm , draw an arc to cut the angle 75o at R.
d. Draw line QR.
e. Bisect line PR
R
8.

P 7

From the diagram, /QM/ = 5.5cm

EVALUATION
a. Construct XYX in which /YZ/ = 7.5cm XYZ = 60o and XZY = 45o
b measure !XY !and !XZ!

(b) Drawing and Bisection of Line Segments

To bisect a given line segment means to divide the given line segment into two parts of equal length. The
steps to take to bisect a given line segment are as follows:
1. Draw the given line segment AB ( let AB = 8.6cm)
2. With centre A and radius of about ¾ of length of AB, draw an arc above and below the line AB
3. With centre B and the same radius used in step 2 above, draw arcs to cut the previous arcs in step 2.
4. Draw a line through the 2 points of inter- section of the pair or arcs obtained from steps 2 and 3 . The
line drawn is the perpendicular bisector of line AB.

A E B
8.
Thus AE = EB = 4.3cm

EVALUATION
1. Draw a line CD = 11cm
Bisect the line CD
2. Construct theC mid point M of10.the line drawn below
D

Where length CD = 10.6cm

(c) Construction and Bisection of angles : 90o, 45o, 135o, 22 ½ , 67 ½ o.

To construct angle 90o, take the following steps:
1. Draw a line BC and mark a point A at which the angle 90o is to be constructed .
2. With centre B and any suitable radius draw an arc above line BC.
3. With centre C and the same radius used in step 2, draw an arc to cut the previous Arc at D.
D
4. Draw a line through points A and D. thus < DAB = <DAC = 90o

B A

Since 45o = ½ of 90o, angle 90o is bisected to obtain angle 45o. This is shown in the figure below:

B C
 4
A
Thus < IGF = 45o
Also < HGI = 45o
Similarly 22 ½ o = ½ of 45o, By bisecting angle 45o, we can obtain angle 22 ½ o as shown in the figure
below:

D
E

B C

2
A

Thus <EDB = 22 ½ o. Also <EDB = 22 ½ o

Also 135o = 90o + 45o. Thus by constructing angle 90o at a point on a line and bisecting the 90o on the other
side, we can obtain angle 135o. This is shown in the figure below:

1
B C

Thus <FDE = 135o.

As explained above bisection of angle 135o will give angle 67 ½ o

Bisection of a given Angle.

The step to take for bisecting a given angle are as follows.
1. Draw the given angle ABC i.e<ABC
2. With centre B and any suitable radius, draw an arc to cut AB at D and BC at E.
3. With centre D and any suitable radius, draw an arc
4. With centre E and the same radius as the one used in step (3) above, draw another arc to cut the previous
arc at F.
5. Draw the line BF. Line BF is the bisector of ABC. This is shown in the figure below
A
F

B C

Thus < FBC = , ABF = ½ <ABC.

EVALUATION
1. Construct angle 135o
2a. Construct angles 22 ½ o
b. Construct angle 67 ½

(d) Construction and bisection of angle: 60o, 30o, 75o, 105o, 120, 150o.
To construct angle 60o, the following steps must be taken:
1. Draw a line AB and mark the point A at which the angle 60o is to be constructed
2. With centre A and any convenient radius, draw an arc to cut line AB at C.
3. With centre C and the same radius used to draw the arc in step 2 above, draw another arc to cut the
previous arc at D.
4. Draw line AD and extend it to E
5. Then ,EAB = 60o.

A C B

To construct angle 30obisect angle 60o to give angle 30o, this is shown in the figure below:

3
A B
Thus, <ABC = 30o
To construct angle 75o . Since 75o = 60 + ½ of 30o, then first construct angle 90o at a point on a straight line.
Next construct angle 60o at the same point where angle 90o has been constructed. Then the angle 30o
difference between the angle 90o and 60o is bisected to give 15o on either side .thus 60 o + 15 = 75. This is
shown in the figure below:
B

F
E

7
D A C

Thus, <ABC = 75.

Construction of angle 105o .
Angle 105o can be constructed by constructing 60o in the adjacent right angle at E and
E bisecting the remaining
30o. Thus 105 = 90 + ½ x 30.this is shown in the figure below:

F
1
E D
 F
1
C B

Thus <FED = 105. A

To construct angle 120o

the following steps must betaken :
1. Draw a straight line AB and mark a point C on the line where the angle 120o is to be constructed.
2. With centre C and a suitable radius, draw a well extended arc to cut line CB at point D.
3. With centre D and the same radius used in step 2 above draw an arc to cut the extended arc in step 2
at point E.
4. With E as centre and the same radius, draw an arc to cut the extended arc at point F.
5. Draw line CF. Thus <FCB = 120. This is shown in the figure below:

1
A C B

Construction of angle 150 o.

Since 150 = 120o + ½ of 60o, first construct angle 120o on a straight line angle. Then bisect the adjacent 60o
angle to get 30o. Thus 30o + 120o on the right hand side gives the required angle 150o. This is shown in the
figure below:
<DCB = 150o
EVALUATION
1. Construct angle 70o
2. (a) Construct angle 105o
(b) Construct angle 150o.

GENERAL EVALUATION
Construct the following angles using compasses only.
(a) 60o
(b) 45o
(c) 135o
(d) 37.5o
READING ASSIGNMENT
NGM SS Bk I pg 176-178;Ex.16a. No 1 pg 177

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Construct ∆ XYZ such that XY = 5cm, XY^ Z = 120o and YZ = 7cm. measure the following
1. XZ A. 10.4cm B. 13cm C. 8cm D. 4cm
2. Y ^
XZ A. 25o B. 30o C. 35o D. 40o
3. X ^Z Y A. 30o B. 250 C. 50o D. 60o
Construct ∆ ABC such that AB = 6cm, BC = 7.5cm and ABC = 75o. bisect AB at P and AC at Q. Measure
4. PQ A. 3.8cm B. 10cm C. 2cm D. 8cm
5. QC A. 5.1cm B. 6.8cm C. 4.1cm D. 8.2cm

THEORY
1. (a)Use ruler and compasses to construct PQR in which Q = 90o, /QR/ = 5cm and /PR/ = 10CM
(b) Measure /PQ/
(c) Use pytahgoras theorem to check the result.
2. (a) Construct ABC such that /AB/ = 7cm, /BC/ = 6cm and ABC = 60o
(b) The bisector of C meets the perpendicular bisector of AC at X. Find the point X by construction
(c) Measure !BX

WEEK FOUR Date……………..

TOPIC: CONSTRUCTIONS
(a) Construction of quadrilateral polygon i.e. four sided figure with given certain conditions
parallelogram
(b) Construction of equilateral triangle
(c) Locus of moving points including equidistance from two lines of two points and constant distance
from the point.

(a) Construction of Quadrilaterals

Examples
1. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB is parallel to DC /AB/= 4cm, /BC /= 5cm and /DC/= 7cm and
<ADC = 105o..Measure the diagonal BD.
2. Use your ruler and compasses to construct the parallelogram PQRS in which /QR/ = 5cm, /RS /=11cm and
< QRS = 135o.
b. Measure the length of the shorter diagonal of PQRS.

Solutions
First make a sketch of the quadrilateral to be constructed as shown in the figure below:
4 B
A

1
C
D 7
Steps of the required construction are stated as follows:
i. Draw DNC = 7cm with DN = 3cm and NC = 4cm
ii. Construct CDM = 105o
iii. With N as centre, radius 5cm draw an arc to cut DM at A
iv. With A as centre and radius of 4cm draw an arc.
With C as centre and a radius of 5cm draw a second arc to cut the first arc at B
v. Join A to B and C to B to complete the quadrilateral ABCD.
By measurement , /BD/= 4.5cm
M

4
A B

D 3 4 C

2)First make a sketch of the parallelogram PQRS

 P

11
1
Q 5 R

The step of the construction are stated as follows:

i. Draw line QR = 5cm
ii. Construct R = 135o
iii. With R as centre and radius 11 cm draw an arc to cut the angle 135o line at S.
iv. With S as centre and radius 5cm, draw an arc
v. With Q as centre and radius 11cm, draw a second arc to cut the arc of step iv. This is point P
vi. Draw lines to join S to P and P to Q
vii. Draw dotted line through diagonal RP and measure it.

P
S

11

Q 5

By measurement the length of the shorter diagonal PR is 8.7cm

EVALUATION
a. Construct quadrilateral ABCD such that /AB/ = 5cm, /BD/= /DC/ =8cm,<ABD =30 o and <BCD = 45o.
b. Measure the diagonal /AC/.
(b) Construction of Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all the sides are of equal length and each of its angle is 60 o.
 Examples
1. Construct an equilateral triangle XYZ such that /XY/= 5CM
2. (a) Construct an equilateral triangle ABC such that /AB/= 7cm
(b) Construct the bisectors of A, B and C
(c) What do you observe?
Z

Solutions
Sketch:
Z

5 5

X Y X Y

2) Sketch: The required construction is

7 7

C. The bisectors of each angle meet each other at a point inside the equilateral triangle.

(c) Construction of Loci of Moving Points

1. Locus of points at a given distance from a fixed point.

In the figure below, O is a fixed point, Pi, P2 are at a constant distance x cm from O . The locus of the points
is a circle of radius x cm.(see the figure below). P
x P
ii). Locus of point at a given distance from a straight line

x
P P Lo
x
P P

In the figure above AB is a straight line which continues indefinitely in both directions. Points P i, P2, P3, P4
are each a distance x cm from AB. In two dimensions, the locus of the points consist of two straight lines
parallel to AB, each at a distance x cm from AB.
Note that this locus consist of two separate lines.

iii.) Locus of points equidistant from two given points.

X P Y

In the figure above, x and y are two fixed points . Points Pi, P2, P3 are such that /PiX/ = /PiY/, /P2X/=
/P2Y/and /P3Y. /. P1, P2, P3, lie on the perpendicular bisector of XY. The locus of the points is the
perpendicular bisector of XY (shown in the figure above).

iv) Locus of Points Equidistant from two straight lines.

A D

B
C
In the figure above, AB and CD are straight lines which intersect at O. P1 is equidistant from AB and CD .
Similarly, P2 is equidistant from the two lines. P1 and P2 lie on the bisector of the acute angle between the
two lines.
P

A D

C B
In the figure above, P3 is equidistant from AB and CD.P3 lies on the bisector of the obtuse angle between the
two lines.
Thus, the complete locus of points which are equidistant from two straight liens is the pair of bisectors of the
angles between the lines.( see the figure below).
Note that the two parts of the locus intersect at right angles.

A D

C B

Example
Using ruler and compasses only
a, Construct ABC such that /AB/ = 6cm, /AC/ = 8.5cm and BAC = 120o

b. Construct the locus l1 of points equidistant from A and B,

c. Construct the locus l2 of points equidistant from AB and AC.

d.Find the points of intersection P1 and P2, of l1 and l2 and measure /P1 P2/

Solution
B

6
1 C
A 8.5
P
B

6
P

A 8.5 C

a. Note the construction of BAC = 120o.

b. l1 is the perpendicular bisector of AB

c. l2 is in two parts. AP1 is the bisector of BAC. AP2 is perpendicular to AP1, Note that points on AP2 are
equidistant from AB and CA produced.
d. By measurement /P1P2/ = 6.8cm

EVALUATION
a. Construct an equilateral triangle ABC such that /AB/= 8cm
b. Construct the midpoints of AB, BC, and CA
c. What do you observe?

READING ASSIGNMENT
NGM SS BK 1 pages 176-186 Ex 16e No.6 page 186.

GENERAL EVALUATION
a. Construct a XYZ in which /YZ/ = 8.2cm, XYZ = 45o and XZY = 75o.
measure !XY!.
b. Using ruler and compasses only, construct:
i. The locus of a point equidistant from Y and Z.
ii. A point Q on this locus, equidistant from YX and YZ.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. A circle centre O, radius 5cm is drawn on a sheet of paper. A point P moves on the paper so that it is
always 2cm from the circle . The locus of O A. a circle, centre O, radius 3cm B. two circles,centre O
radii 3cm and 7cm C. a circle, centre O, radius 6cm D. two circles,centreO,radii 4cm and 6cm E.
a circle, centre O, radius 3.5cm.
2. XYZ is a straight line such that /XY/ =/YZ/= 3cm .A point P moves in the plane of XYZ so that /PY/ <
/XY/, which of the following describes the locus of P? A. line through X perpendicular to XZ B. line
through Y perpendicular to XZ C. line through Z perpendicular to XZ D. circular disc, centre
X,radius 3cm E. circular disc, centre 4, radius 3cm.
3. Describe the locus of a point which moves so that it is always 5cm from a fixed point O in a plane. A.
rectangle which measures 10cm by 5cm B. square of side length 5cm C. a parallelogram whose
diagonals are 10cm and 5cm C. a circle of radius 5cm, centre O E. a circle of radius 10cm, centre
O.
4. Describe the locus of a point which moves along a level floor so that it is 2m from a wall of a room.A.
One line, parallel to and 2m from the wall. B. Two lines, one each side of, parallel to and 2m from the
wall C. A circle of radius 2m D. A semi-circle of radius ½ m E. Two perpendicular lines, each of
length 2m
5. Describe the locus of a point which moves so that it is 3cm from a fixed line AB in a plane. A. 2 lines
parallel to AB and 6cm apart, joined by semi-circular ends. B. 2 lines parallel to AB and 8cm apart;
joined by semi-circular ends C. 2 lines perpendicular to AB D. A circle of radius 6cm E. circle
of radius 3cm.

THEORY
1. construct a trapezium ABCD in which AB is parallel to DC, AB =4cm BC = 8cm, CD = 11cm, DA =
6cm. (hint: in a rough figure, divide the trapezium into parallelogram AB X D and triangle BCX. (First
construct triangle BCX )
2. Using ruler and compasses only, construct
a) ABC such that /AC/ = 8.5cm and ACB = 135o.
b) Using any geometrical instruments, find a point P within ABC which is at a distance 2.8cm from AC
and 6cm from B. Measure the length of AP.

WEEK 5 DATE................................................
TOPIC: Deductive proof
Sum of angles in a triangle
The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180.
The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180.
A
a
Given any triangle ABC
To prove: A+B+C=180
Construction:Produce BC to a point X.Draw CP parallel to BA.
Proof:With the lettering of the figure above
a1=a2 (alternate angles)
b1=b2 (corresponding angles)
c+a1+b1 = 180
C+a2+b2 = 180
ABC + A + B = 180
A + B + C = 180

Relationship to angles on a straight line

The sum of angles on a straight line is 180o.
The sum of angles on a straight line is 180o.
E
D

q
p r
A C P + q + r = 180o
B

Angles on a parallel line cut by a transversal line

The figure below is parallel lines cut by a transversal line indicating angles a – h
Corresponding Angles
From the figure above, the following angles are corresponding: a c g e
a=g ; b=h ; c=e ; d=f d b f h

Alternate Angles
From the figure above, the following angles are alternate
a=d ; b=c
a b
d c
g h
Vertically Opposite Angles
From the figure above, the following angles are vertically opposite
a=f; b=e; c=h; d=g

a
b e
f

Example
Isosceles triangles ABC and ABD are drawn on opposite sides of a common base AB. If ABC= 70 and ADB
= 118, calculate ACB and CBD.

Solution
C

A 7 B
1

In triangle ABC,
ABC = 70 (given)
BAC = 70 (base angles of isos. Triangle)
Therefore, ACB = 180 – 70 – 70 (angle sum of triangle)
= 40
In triangle ABD,
ADB = 118 (given)
Therefore, ABD + BAD = 180 – 118 (angle sum of triangle)
= 62
Therefore, 2 X ABD = 62 (base angles of isos. Triangle)
ABD = 31
CBD = CBA + ABD = 70 + 31 = 101
 ACB = 40 and CBD = 101

Parallelogram
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral which has both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
a) b)

Rhombus, rectangle and square are special examples of parallelogram. A rhombus is a parallelogram with
sides of equal length.
Properties of Parallelogram
i) The opposite sides are parallel.
ii) The opposite sides are equal.
iii) The opposite angles are equal.
iv) The diagonals bisect one another.
Properties Of Rhombus
i) All four sides are equal.
ii) The opposite sides are parallel.
iii) The opposite angles are equal.
iv) The diagonals bisect one another at right angles.
v) The diagonals bisect the angles.
NB: In a rectangle, all of the properties of a parallelogram are found and all four angles are right angles. In a
square, all of the properties of a rhombus are found and all four angles are right angles.
Intercept

In the figure above, the lines AB and CD cut the transversal PQ into three parts. The part of the transversal cut
off between the lines is called an intercept. In the figure above, the line segment XY is the intercept
Intercept Theorem
If three or more parallel lines cut off equal intercepts on a transversal, then they cut off equal intercepts on any
other transversal.

Given: Three parallel lines cutting a fourth line at A, B, C so that /AB/=/BC/ and cutting another line at X, Y,
Z respectively.
To prove:/XY/ = /YZ/.
Construction: Draw XP and YQ parallel to ABC to cut BY and CZ at P and Q respectively.
Proof:
AXPB is a parallelogram (opp. Sides //)
XP = AB (opp side equal)
Similarly /YQ/ = /BC/ (in //gm YQCB)
/XP/ = /YQ/ (given AB = BC )
In triangles XPY, YQZ
/XP/ =/YQ/ (Proved)
X1 = x2 (corr. angles)
Y1 = y2 (corr. angles)
Therefore, triangle XPY = triangle YQZ (AAS)
/XY/ = /YZ/

EVALUATION
Find the length k, m, n in the figures below
3

3
3
n

2 m 2
Congruent Triangles

Two figures or triangles are congruent if they have exactly the same shape and size.The following are
conditions for congruency:

i)Two sides and the included angle of one are respectively equal to two sides and the included angle of the
other.(SAS) e.g in the figures below, triangle ABC is congruent to PQR
A P
B C
Q R

ii)Two angles and a side of one are respectively equal to two angles and the corresponding side of the other.
(ASA or AAS) e.g. the figures below are congruent
D
H

E K

J K
iii)The three sides of one are respectively equal to the three sides of the other.(SSS)

R U

F V W
S

iv)They are right-angled, and have hypotenuse and another side of one respectively equal to the hypotenuse
and another side of the other.(RHS)

R K

S F L M

EVALUATION
State whether the triangles are congruent, not congruent or not necessarily congruent. If congruent state
condition of congruency

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for Senior Secondary Schools 1 page 323

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. In the figure below, ¿ABP = <110o and <DCP = 163o. Calculate BPC
P

1 1
A D
B C

2. In triangle ABC, <BAC= 68o and <ABC = 30o. BC is produced to X. the bisectors of <ABC and <ACX
meet at P. calculate <BCP and <BPC.
3. Find the lettered lengths in cm.
8
5 6 w
z
z
y
6

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

In each pairs of triangles a), b), c), state the condition of congruency

(
( (
1. State the condition of congruency for the pairs of triangle in a)ASA b)SAS c)SSS d)not congruent
2. State the condition of congruency for the pairs in b)a)SSS b)SAS c)AAS d)not congruent
3. State the condition of congruency for the pairs in c)a)SSS b)SAS c)RHS d)not congruent
Use this figure to answer questions 4 and 5

5 u v

4. Calculate the angle marked ua)28 b)38 c)48 d)56

5. Calculate the angle marked va)28 b)56 c)152 d)162
THEORY
1. Given the data of figure below, prove that triangle PQR is isosceles.
P
Q1 R
9

2. (a) In figure below, a) what is the ratio /AD/ ÷ /DB/ ?

(b) If /DB/ = 5cm, what is /AB/?

A D B

WEEK 6 DATE...............................................
TOPIC: STATISTICS
CONTENT: COLLECTION, TABULATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA

What is statistics? This is defined as the collection of data and the presentation of the collected data in a
clearer form, for better interpretation. There are two possible ways of presenting the collected data, for better
interpretation and these are:
(a) Tabular Presentation (Tables)
(b) Graphical Presentation (Graphs)
Data:There are two possible ways in which data can be classify and these are Grouped and Ungrouped
data.Data is/are sometimes referred to as information. Althoughthey differs in so many ways,i.e,information is
wider than data,hence data is found under the information of a certain event.Example,I can gather the
information of a class,such as SSS 1,each student in such class has their individual particular,these particulars
of each of the student is then known as DATA. Simply put INFORMATION is the collection of data.
When data are collected at first,they are said to be RAW,because they are yet to be arranged in an order of
magnitude.Therefore,it is important tore-arrange such data in an order of magnitude,(ascending or
Descending, Order)

TYPES OF DATA
(i) Quantitative Data:Since,the word quantitative, refers to as quantity,therefore,quantitative data, takes
numeric values(Numbers).Quantitative data is sub-divided into two and these are:
(a) Discrete Data: This data can simply be obtain by mere counting. Such as the number of student in a
class, population of a country, number of cars in a garage, number of houses on a street etc.It must be
noted that, Discrete data, always take a whole number value, as no counting can be in decimal.eg,43
students and not 42.5 students.
(b) Continuous Data: These data are obtain by measurement, eg, weight, height,age,sizes,scores/marks
etc,they can take whole number and decimal.
(ii) Qualitative Data: This type of data is concern about the quality of a data. it can be describe in
word,eg,taste,colour,make of shoes etc.

It is a common practice to present data in frequency tables. Frequency tables are used for summarising data
before analysis.
Example
1)A teacher gives a spelling test to 40 students. The number of errors made by the students is shown in table
below. Represent the data in a frequency table.
1 2 3 0 4 5 3 5 3 0
0 1 2 3 4 2 2 1 0 4
0 2 1 0 2 3 2 2 1 0
0 2 1 0 2 3 2 2 1 0
4 5 3 1 2 0 1 2 3 4

The data first summarised by first using tally marks as shown below
Number of errors Tally Frequency
0 IIII III 8
1 IIII II 7
2 IIIIIIII 10
3 IIII II 7
4 IIII 5
5 III 3

The data are then presented in a frequency table

Number of errors 0 1 2 3 4
5
Frequency 8 7 10 7 5
3
Evaluation
Prepare a frequency table for the data below:
The number of beans in a sample of 30 cocoa pods are as follows
26 32 25 29 30 30
29 28 30 30 26 28
28 27 29 32 25 26
25 26 27 28 32 31
30 31 29 28 28 27

UNGROUPED DATA
Data are said to be ungroup if and only, each of the quantity/variable. Can stand as a unit without any
combination.The variables are not large,therefore,to prepare the frequency table will be very easy.
Tabular Presentation of ungrouped data:
The table used in the presentation of statistical data is known as Frequency distribution table and consist of
atleast three Column and in some cases, extra column may be required. The basic column required are listed
and defined bellow:
 Variable Column (First column):It is mostly denoted with x.This column contains the item collected or
required.such as Height,Ages,Weights,Test and Examination Scores of students. The variable column can
also contain the population of a country.
 Tally Column(Second Column) : The tally is the use of strokes to represent an item collected,it makes the
counting and the recording of the Frequency very easy.Tally is always in a bundle of five strokes.
 Frequency Column (Third Column):This is denoted with f,It is defined as the number of times an item
occur.The use of tally can facilitate the accurate record of the frequency.

Example 1: The weight of some students in SSS1 class in Good Shepherd Schools are as listed below:
55,57,57,59,50,55,61,61,55,57, 57,57,59,55,55,50,55,55,50,57
57,57,59,50,50,55,57,57,55,5050,50,55,57,61,57,59,61,59,55
, 61,55,57,55,50,61,59,55,57,61
Prepare the frequency distribution table for the information.
Solution:

Weight (x) Tally Frequency(f)

50 I IIIIII 8
55 I II II I III 11
57 I II II I III 11
59 I IIIII 7
61 I III 5
The above frequency table is prepared for the ungrouped data,as each weight recorded stands as a unit.
Example 2:Prepare a frequency table,showing the percentage scrores of each of the scores obtained in a
mathematics test of students in SSS 1 Shephered.The scores are:
9, 7 ,8, 5, 4, 6, 5, 8, 6, 6, 10, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 7, 8, 10, 2, 8, 6, 6
2, 6, 4, 5, 5, 8, 8, 6, 6, 5, 9, 9, 2, 7, 4, 6, 3, 5, 6, 2, 7, 2, 9, 8, 10

Solution:
MARKS TALLY FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE%
2 I III 5 10
 3 I 1 02
4 I II 3 06
5 I IIIIIII 9 18
6 I II II I IIIII 13 26
7 I III 5 10
8 I IIIII 7 14
9 I III 4 08
10 I II 3 06

Calculation of Range, Median and Mode of Ungrouped Data

RANGE
The range of a set of numbers is the difference between the largest and the smallest numbers.
Example: Find the range of the following set of scores: 79, 60, 52, 34, 58, 60.
Solution
Arrange the set in rank order: 79, 60, 60, 58, 52, 34
The range is 79 – 34 = 45

THE MEAN
There are many kinds of average. T hemean or arithmetic mean, is the most common kind. If there are n
numbers in a set, then
Mean = sum of the numbers in the set/ n

Examples
1)Calculate the mean of the following set of numbers.
176 174 178 181 174
175 179 180 177 182

Solution
Mean = 176 + 174 + 178 + .... + 182/10
= 1776/10
= 177.6
2)Five children have an average age of 7 years 11 months . If the youngest child is not included, the average
increares to 8 years 4 months. Find the age of the youngest child.
Solution
Total age of all five children
= 5 x 7 yr 11 mo
= 35 yr 55 mo
= 35 yr + 4 yr 7 mo
= 39 yr 7 mo
Total age of the four older children
= 4 x 8 yr 4 mo
= 32 yr 16 mo
= 32yr + 1 yr 4 mo
= 33 yr 4 mo
Age of youngest child
= 39yr 7 mo – 33 yr 4 mo
= 6 yr 3 mo
Evaluation
1. Find x if the mean of the numbers 13, 2x, 0, 5x and 11 is 9. Also find the range of the set of numbers.
2. A mother has seven children. The mean age of the children is 13 years 2 months. If the mother’s age is
included, the mean age rises to 17 years 7 months. Calculate the age of mother.

MEDIAN AND MODE

MEDIAN: If a set of numbers is arranged in order of size, the middle term is called the median. If there is an
even number of terms, the median is the arithmetic mean of the two middle terms.
Examples
Find the median of a) 15, 11, 8, 21, 17, 3, 8 b) 3.8, 2.1, 4.4, 8.3, 9.2, 5.0.
Solution
a)Arrange the numbers in rank order (i.e from highest to lowest).
21, 17, 15, 11, 8, 8, 3
There are seven numbers. The median is the 4th number, 11 .
b)Arrange the numbers from the lowest to highest.
2.1, 3.8, 4.4, 5.0, 8.3, 9.2
There are six numbers. The median is the mean of the 3rd and 4th terms.
Median = (4.4 + 5.0) /2
= 4.7

MODE: The mode of a set of numbers is the number which appears most often, i.e. the number with the
greatest frequency.
Example: Twenty-one students did an experiment to find the melting point of naphthalene. The table below
shows their results. What was a) the modal temperature b) the median temperature?
temperature (oC) 78 79 80 81 82 83 90
frequency 1 2 7 5 3 2 1
o
a)Seven students recorded a temperature of 80 C. This was the most frequent result.
Mode = 80oC
b)There were 21 students. The median is the 11th temperature. If the temperatures were written down in order,
there would be one of 78oC, two of 79oC, seven of 80oC, and so on. Since 1 +2 + 7 = 10, the 11th temperature
is one of the five 81oCs.
Median = 81o C.

EVALUATION
1. For the following set of numbers:
13, 14, 14, 15, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 21
a)state the median, b) state the mode, c) calcilate the mean.

READING ASSIGNMENT
NGM BK 1 PG 196 – 203 Ex 18d nos 17 - 20

GENERAL EVALUATION
Prepare a frequency table for the following sets of data.
1)The shoe sizes of a group of 24 children are
 8 6 7 5 4 6 5 7
6 5 7 6 8 5 4 6
5 5 6 7 8 8 6 7
2)The ages of 32 students in Class 2 of a Junior Secondary School are
11 12 11 12 12 14 14 13
15 13 12 13 13 13 13 12
14 14 13 15 14 11 12 14
12 15 14 16 14 14 14 15

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The number of goals scored by a team in nine handball matches are as follows: 3, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 11,
15Which of the following statements are true of these scores?a)The mean is greater than the mode.b)The
mode and the median are equal.c)The mean, median, and mode are all equal.
Use the table below to question 2-5
The table below shows the number of pupils (f) scoring a given mark (x) in attest.
X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
f 3 8 7 10 13 16 15 15 6 2 5
2. Find the mode.a)7 b) 8 c) 9 d) 10
3. Find the median.a) 6 b) 7 c) 8 d) 9
4. Calculate the mean.a) 6.7 b) 6.8 c) 6.9 d) 6.95
5. Find the range.a)10 b) 11 c) 9 d) 12

THEORY
1. x, x, x, y represent four numbers. The mean of the numbers is 9,their median is 11. Find y
2. Students at a teacher training college are grouped by age as given in table below.
Age (years) 20 21 22 23 24 25
Frequency 4 5 10 16 12 3
a) Find the modal age.
b) Find the median age.
c) Calculate the mean age of the students.

WEEK 7
REVISION
WEEK 8 DATE..................................................
TOPIC:Collection, Tabulation and Presentation of Grouped Data

GROUPED DATA:Data are said to grouped,if two or more values are put together as one under one cell.In
this case the variable column(first column) is known as Class interval,there are other parameters associated
with grouped data and they are as listed below
Class Interval: 1-10, 11-20, 21-30………..
Class Boundaries:It is the possible extra length,created for the class interval:
0.5-10.5, 10.5-20.5, 20.5-30.5………
Class mark/Mid mark(x):1+10,11+20,21+30…………
2 2 2
Therefore,class marks are:5.5, 15.5, 25.5………
This is also known as class size,It is the difference between the UPPER class interval and the LOWER class
interval.
When a given data has a large number of values, it is cumbersome to prepare its frequency table. For example,
the table below show scores out of 60 obtained by SS 3 students in a test:
30 12 58 23 25 14 8 20 5 35
27 38 53 32 36 15 14 37 13 50
31 19 34 51 25 30 39 10 42 33
55 16 45 18 56
If the above data is organised in a frequency table as in example 22.1, the table will show 35 differentsocres,
each of them occurring 1 time except 25 and 14 which occur 2 times. So the frequency table and the bar chart
of this data would not be very useful because the result would show no pattern. To overcome this problem, we
can organise the data into groups or classes. Before we group the data, we consider the range first which is 5
– 58. With this range the data can be grouped into class intervals such as: 1 – 10, 11 – 20, 21 – 30, 31 – 40, 41
– 50, 51 – 60.

When a data is divided into groups it is called a grouped frequency distribution. The groups or classes into
which the data are arranged are called class intervals. The first class interval is 1 – 10, the second class
interval is 11 – 20, etc. since each class interval covers 10 possible marks, we say that the class width is 10
marks. The frequency distribution table for this data is shown in table (a) below:

Table (a)
Scores (Class interval) Tally No of students (Frequency)

1 – 10 III 3

11 – 20 IIIIIIII 9
 21 – 30 IIII I 6

31 – 40 IIIIIIII 9

41 – 50 III 3

51 – 60 IIII 5

Total 35

Note that in a grouped discrete data, the data are usually whole numbers. For this reason, the class intervals do
not overlap because each mark can only appear in each interval. So it is wrong to use intervals such as 1 – 10,
10 – 20, 20 – 30 because 10 appears in both the 1st and the 2nd class intervals and 20 in the 2nd and 3rd class
intervals. However, when we group discrete data, we are actually treating it as though it was continuous.

Grouped Continuous data

When dealing with continuous data, the variable is measured on a continuous scale. It is important to know
where to place values that appear to be between groups or classes. For example, the frequency distribution in
table (b) below shows the weight of 50 students to the nearest kg.
Weight 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 – 64

Frequency 5 8 15 12 10

This data is continuous, so we need to find the class boundaries (or the class mid value) and the width of class
intervals.

Class limits
The end numbers of each class interval are known as the class limits of that interval. In the table above the
1stclass is 40 – 44. These figures give the class interval.The end numbers 40 and 44 are called the class limits.
40 is the lower class limit and 44 is the upper class limit.
Similarly, for the 2nd class the class interval is 45 – 49. 45 is the lower class limit and 49 is the upper class
limit.

Class boundaries
When a data is given to the nearest unit, the class interval 40 – 44 theoretically includes all weights from
39.5kg to 44.5kg. we say that the 1st class interval has class boundaries of 39.5kg and 44.5kg.
39.5kg is the lower class boundary and 44.5kg is the upper class boundary.

Each class boundary can be found by adding the upper limit of one class to the lower limit of the next class
and dividing the result by 2.

For the 2nd class

 49+ 45
Lower class boundary = =44.5 kg
2
49+50
Upper class boundary =49.5 kg
2

For the 3rd class

Lowe class boundary = 49.5kg
54+55
Upper class boundary = =54.5 kg
2
and so on.
Noticethat in this case for each class interval:
(a) To obtain the lower class boundary, subtract 0.5 from the lower class limit.
(b) To obtain the upper class boundary add 0.5 to the upper class limit.

Class width of a class interval

Theclass width is also called the class size.
Class width = upper class boundary – lower class boundary
For example, for 1st interval,
Class width = 44.5 – 39.3 = 5
For 2nd interval,
Class width = 49.5 – 44.5 = 5

Class mid-value (class mark)

The mid-value of a class is known as the class mark. For a given class interval, the class mid-value is exactly
half way between the lower limit and the upper limit.
Or class mid-value
lower class boundary +upper class boundary
=
2
39.5+44.4
Forexample, the class mid-value of the 1st interval = =42
2
44.5+ 49.5
2ndinterval = =47 , etc.
2

EVALUATION
The weights of some students in a class of group of students to the nearest kg are given below:
65, 70, 60, 46, 51, 55, 59, 63, 68, 53, 47, 53, 72, 53, 67, 62, 64, 70, 57, 56
73, 56, 48, 51, 58, 63, 65, 62, 49, 64, 53, 59, 63, 50, 48, 72, 67, 56, 61, 64
With the class intervals 45-49,50-54,55-59 etc,Showing the class boundaries, class marks, tally and the
frequencies, in that order.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. In a particular company, the amount of money to the nearest naira spent by workers on transportation to
work daily were recorded as follows:
30 60 120 200 80 90 74 240 236 125 40 75 110 120
220 130 180 60 90 112 150 210 245 135 140 80 100 125
215 240 50 60 180 190 180 148 120 88 138 195 248 130
140 150 154 208 225 65 145
 (a) Construct a grouped frequency distribution of this data taking equal intervals 0 – 49, 50 – 99, …
(b) Find the class boundaries and the class marks of each class interval
(c) Use the frequency distribution to find the class interval with the highest frequency
(d) State the width of each class interval

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for Senior Secondary Schools 1 page 348 - 350

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
The weights to the nearestkg of a group of people are shown in the table below.
Weight (kg) Frequency Class boundaries Class marks

31 – 40 5 30.5 – 40.5 35.5

41 – 50 10 40.5 – 50.5 45.5

51 – 60 20

61 – 70 25

71 – 80 12

81 – 90 15

91 – 100 4

Use the table to answer question 1 –5

1. Copy and complete the table.
2. What is the modal class? A. 51 – 60 B. 61 – 70 C. 71 – 80 D. 31 – 40
Find the class widths of the last two class intervals
3. A. 90.5 – 80.5 = 10 B. 50.5 – 40.5 = 10 C. 41 – 40 = 1 D. 70 – 51 = 19
4. A. 90.5 – 70.5 = 20 B. 80.5 – 70.5 – 10 C. 100.5 – 90.5 = 10 D. 50.5 – 20.5 = 30
5. Estimate the mode of the frequency distribution

THEORY
1. (a) Copy and complete the table below for the length of leaves given to the nearest cm.
Length (cm) Frequency Class boundaries Class marks

5.0 – 5.4 3 4.95 – 5.45 5.2

5.5 – 5.9 8 5.45 – 5.95 5.7

6.0 – 6.4 15

6.5 – 6.9 20

7.0 – 7.4 12
 7.5 – 7.9 10

8.0 –8.4 2

(c) Find the class widths of the 1st and 2nd classes.
(d) Estimate the mode of the frequency distribution
(e) Find the median class.

2. The distribution below shows the number of workers in a farm with their daily earnings:
Daily 20 30 40 50 60 70

Numbers of workers 5 10 20 25 8 2

(a) How many workers are there in the farm?

(b) What is the mode?
WEEK NINE Date……………………….
TOPIC: Calculation of Range, Median and Mode of Grouped data

RANGE: This is defined as the difference between the HIGHEST variable and the LEAST variable.

Example: Find the range of the following distribution: 2.2, 2.5, 2.2, 1.6, 1.8, 2.7,and 1.4
Solution: Range= Highest score – Lowest score
Highest score = 2.8
Least score = 1.4
Range = 2.8 – 1.4 = 1.4
The above example is ungrouped data; therefore, the range is as simple as that.
To find the range from Grouped, just identify the highest (Upper) class interval and the Least (Lower) Class interval and
find the difference.

Example 1: find the range of the distribution:

1-10 11-20 21-30 31- 40 and 41- 50
Highest = 50
Least = 1
Range = 50 – 1 = 49

THE MEAN: This is also known as Arithmetic mean, it is denoted with the symbol X.Simply put, arithmetic mean is
also known as average.
For simple data, Such as: EXAMPLE (1) 2.2, 2.5, 2.2, 1.6, 1.8, 2.7, and 1.4, to calculate the arithmetic mean,the
required formula is the same as that of the average: e g
MEAN = SUM OF THE ALL VARIABLES/SCORES
NUMBER VARIABLES/SCORES

2.2 + 2.5 + 2.2 + 1.6 + 1.8 + 2.7 + 1.4 = 14.4 = 2.06

7 7
The basic formular for the calculation of the arithmetic mean is given below:
X = ∑Fx where,∑ (Sigma) means summation.
∑F

Hence,Mean (X) = Sum of the product of the frequency and scores

Sum of the frequencies

EXAMPLE 2: The table below gives the scores of a group of students in a mathematics test

SCORES 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of Students 2 4 7 2 3 2
Calculate the mean mark of the distribution:
Solution (Method,1)
Mean = ∑Fx= ( 2X 2) + (3 X 4) + (4 X 7) + ( 6X 3) + ( 7X2)
∑F 2+4+7+2+3+2

= 4 + 12 + 28 + 18 + 14
20
 = 86 = 4.3
20
(Method 2): A simple frequency distribution may be constructed
SCORES FREQUENCY(f) Fx
2 2 4
3 4 12
4 7 28
5 2 10
6 3 18
7 2 14
∑f = 20 ∑fx= 86

∑fx= 86 and ∑ = 20
therefore,Mean = 86 = 4.3
20
ARITHMETIC MEAN FROM GROUPED DATA:
To calculate the arithmetic mean from grouped data, a frequency table is necessary, only the Class intervals,
frequencies, class marks(Mid Mark) and fx column is required.
EXAMPLE 3:The distributions of the waiting time for some students in a school is given as follows:

Waiting Time (minuetes) Number of customers

1.5 – 1.9 3
2.0 – 2.4 10
2.5 – 2.9 18
3.0 – 3.4 10
3.5 – 3.9 7
4.0 – 4.4 2

Calculate the mean time of the distribution:

Solution: Prepare a simple frequency distribution table for a grouped data:
Time intervals Mid Time (x) No of Students Fx
(Minuetes) Frequencies
1.5 – 1.9 1.7 3 5.1
2.0 – 2.4 2.2 10 22.0
2.5 – 2.9 2.7 18 48.6
3.0 – 3.4 3.2 10 32.0
3.5 – 3.9 3.7 7 25.9
4.0 – 4.4 4.2 2 8.4
∑ f = 50 ∑fx=142.0

Mean Time (Average Time) = ∑fx= 142.0 = 2.8 minutes

∑f 50

THE MODE
The mode is the variable or score with the highest frequency. The variable with the highest occurrence or which appears
most in an event is known as the MODE.

EXAMPLE: Determine the modal mark in the distribution table:

Marks 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 Frequency 5 3 2 6 5 1 3

Solution: Modal mark = 7 with the frequency of 6.

It is possible to record more than one variable as the modal mark.When only one number appears most (as mode) it is
said UNIMODAL.When two numbers appears as the mode it is said to be BIMODAL and when more than two
numbers appear as mode it is said to be MULTIMODAL.

THE MEDIAN
Median is the number(s) which appears at the middle.It is possible for two numbers to appear at the middle,especially
when the total variable is even number,in such a case,the average of the two mid numbers,is calculated as the
MEDIAN.it must be noted that before the median is picked or calculated,the variables or scores must be arranged in an
order of magnitude.i.e,ascending or Descending Order of Magnitude.

EXAMPLE: Calculate the median of the distribution:

2, 6, 4, 5, 5, 8, 8, 6, 6, 5, 9, 9, 2, 7, 4, 6, 3, 5, 6, 2, 7, 2, 9, 8, 10,6
Steps in the variables in an order of magnitude
:2,2,2,2,3,4,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,6,6,7,7,8,8,8,9,9,9,10 calculating MEDIAN from ungrouped (even) variables
STEP (i) Rearrange
STEP(ii),Divide total number by 2. i.e,26/2=13.
STEP (iii) Count 13 numbers from both left and right
STEP (iv) subtract one from each, result is 12.Hence 12 numbers are then counted from both left and right as shown
below: 2,2,2,2,3,4,4,5,5,5,5,6, 6,6 ,6,6,6,7,7,8,8,8,9,9,9,10
From the above, two numbers are at the centre (6, 6) therefore the average of these numbers is the

median= 6 + 6 = 12 = 6. Therefore,median = 6
2 2
EXAMPLE: 2
Find the median of the scores below:
2.0, 1.8, 3.9, 4.5, 2.6, 3.7, 5.0, 2.1 and 3.3
Solution:
Rearranging the scores: 1.8, 2.0 ,2.1, 2.6, 3.3, 3.7, 3.9, 4.5, 5.0
There are nine scores in all; 9/2= 4.5
Counting four numbers from both left and right 1.8, 2.0 ,2.1, 2.6, 3.3, 3.7, 3.9, 4.5, 5.0
MEDIAN = 3.3

MEDIAN FROM TABLES:

EXAMPLE 3: The table shows the marks scored by SSS 1 students in a mathematics test
MARK 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FREQUENCY 5 3 2 6 5 1 3
Find the median
Make a table as follows:
Marks ( x ) Frequency (f)
4 5
5 3
6 2
7 6
8 5
9 1
10 3

Position of Median = ∑f + 1 = 25 + 1 = 26 = 13
2 2 2
Counting down the frequency column as shown on the above table,the position of the median (i.e,13 th position) occurs
opposite 7.
Thus the median mark = 7

EVALUATION:
The table gives the frequency distribution of marks obtained by a group of students in a test
Marks 3 4 5 6 7 8

Frequency 5 X–1 x 9 4 1
If the mean mark is 5 (a) Calculate the value of x
(b)Find the (i) mode (ii) Median (iii) Range of the distribution

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for Senior Secondary Schools 1 pg 336 – 351

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENTS
OBJECTIVES
1. Which of the following is the same as the arithmetic mean of a distribution?A.Mean deviation B. average C.
Ordinary mean D. Percentage
2. A bundle of tally consists of ____________ strokes?A.12 B. 10 C. 5 D. 4
3. Frequency is defined as the…………………………..A.The number of times a variable occur in a distribution
B. The number of bundles in a cell of tallies C. The highest occurrence scores D. The average score
4. The range of the distribution: -2,3,3,1,1.7,2.4 and 2.6 is _____ ? A. 4 B. 0.6 C. 4.6 D. 3.5
5. `Find the average age of the following distribution:1.23,2.32,1.17,2,3.11,2.11and2.12

THEORY
1. A group of students were asked to state their year of birth,the results are as follows
1990 1992 1990 1989 1991 1990
1990 1988 1990 1989 1989 1991
1992 1992 1990 1989 1988 1990
1991 1991 1990 1988 1992 1991
1990 1990 1992 1991
(a) prepare a frequency table for this data
(b) which year of birth has this highest frequency
(c) what fraction and percentage of the student were born in 1990 and above

2. The height in meters of student in sss1 class in a certain secondary school were given as follows
1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.6
1.6 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1
1.3 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5
1.4 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2
1.5 1.5
(a) Prepare a frequency distribution table for this data
(b) How many student are in sss1?
(c) What is the different between the highest and lowest height in cm?
(d) How many student are more than 1.3 m tall?
(e) What percentage of the student are 1.3 m tall and less?
(f) State whether the data is discrete or continuons
WEEK TEN Date…………………..
TOPIC: Statistical Graphs
CONTENTS:
Drawing of bar chart, pie-chart and histogram
Cumulative frequency curve
Reading and drawing inferences from the graph

Graphical Presentation of data; the diagrammatic representation of collected data is known as the graphical
presentation. Statistical data is interpret from graphs, than the use of frequency distribution table, as the
graphs give a very clear pictures of data. There are various diagrams or graphs associated with statistics some
of these are; BAR CHAT,PIE CHART,HISTOGRAM,CUMMULATVE CURVE(OGIVE),FREQUENCY
POLYGON and FREQUENCY CURVE.

THE BAR CHART

This is the using of rectangular bars in representing collected data. Each of the bars in the bar chart are of the
same width but different heights, the height of which is proportional to the frequency of the distribution. i.e.
the higher the frequency, the taller the bars and the lower the frequency the shorter the bar.In between each of
the bars are gaps which are also equal in width. It is not necessary for the spaces and the width of each bars to
be the same.Bar chart is used to display qualitative and discrete data.The frequencies are recorded along the
vertical axis while the variables are recorded along the horizontal axis.

EXAMPLE:
The table below shows the number of bottles of soft drinks sold in GODSHEPHRD restaurant on a Thursday.
Draw a bar chart to display the information and the modal drink.
Type of Soft drink No of
bottles
Coke 12
 Fanta 10

Sprite 6
Lemon 2
Pepsi 8
Viju milk 8
Caprisome 4

The bar chart of the number of drinks sold in GOODSHEPHERD restaurant

14

12

10

Coke Fanta Sprite Lemon Pepsi vijuCaprisome

From the above bar chart, the tallest bar s that of the coke, with frequency of 12.Hence the modal drink is
Coke
There are other form of BAR CHART, and these are compound bar chart and Composite bar chart.
Compound Bar Chart: It is used to compare two or more set of information.
Example 2: The table below shows how some students are distributed into various campuses in
GoodShepherdschool.
Prepare (a) Compound Bar chart and
(b) Composite Bar chart
CAMPUSES PEACE DELIGENCE SHEPHERD WISDOM
No Of Boys 20 25 20 20
No of Girls 15 15 20 25
COMPOUND BAR CHART

Girls

Boys

25

20

15

10

Peace Deligence Shepherd Wisdom

COMPOSITE BAR CHART Boys

50 Girls

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10
 5

Peace Diligence Shepherd Wisdom

PIE CHART
This is also known as divided Circles. A pie chart is a circle divided into sectors. Each angles in the sector is
proportional to the frequencies. The higher the frequency the higher the Sectoral angles and the larger the
sector. To prepare a pie chart,a frequency table is necessary, to display the Variables,Frequecies and the
Sectoral angles.
Sectoral angles is given by the formula, FREQUECY X 360
SUM OF FREQUECIES
Students must use a pair of compasses and a protractor in constructing a pie chart, free hand sketch must not
be used at all, as each Sectoral angles represent a certain angle, therefore,the angle must be measured
accurately with a protractor.

Example 3In a certain school,the lesson periods for each week are as itemised below:
ENGLISH 10; MATHEMATICS 7; BIOLOGY 3; STATISTICS 4; IGBO 3; OTHERS 9.Draw a pie chart to
illustrate the information.

Solution:

Step 1: Construct a simple frequency table as shown below;

SUBJECTS NO OF PERIODS (f) SECTORAL ANGLES (Degrees)
ENGLISH 10 10/36 X 360 = 100
MATHEMATICS 7 7/36 X 360 = 70
BIOLOGY 3 3/36 X 360 = 30
STATISTICS 4 4/ 36 X 360 = 40
IGBO 3 3/ 36 X 360 = 30
OTHERS 4 4/ 36 X 360 = 40

SUM OF (F) = 36
Step 2; construct a pie chart using the Sectoral angles above, with protractor
Mathematics English
70o1000

Bilogy
Statistics Igbo Others
40o300 40o
400 700

Statistics 300
biology Mathematics

THE HSTOGRAM
: Histogram is a statistical diagram, which involves the use of rectangular bars in representing collected data.
The bars in Histogram are also of the same width, while the height of each bar is proportional to the
frequency. The bars in histogram are not to be spaced at all, like those of bar chart, as mentioned above.
Histogram is very similar to bar chart. The Histogram is mostly used for grouped data.

Example:
Construct a Histogram for the distribution below:
Class interval 1 – 10 11 – 20 21 – 30 31 – 40 41 – 50 51 – 60
frequency 3 9 6 9 3 5
 10

0
0.5 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5

EVALUATION:
The Table gives the numbers of hours per week allotted to each subject taught at a technical school.
Subject Maths Tech. drawing Wood-work Mechanics Science Metal-work

Hours/wk 5 4 2 3 4 3

1. Represent the information on a pie chart.

2. Draw a bar chart to show the information

READING ASSIGNMENT:
From your text book,prepare (i) A composite bar chart
(ii) A compound bar chart.Using any suitable question

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. The pie chart represents 24hours in the life of a student
a. What fraction of the time is spend sleeping?
b. What percentage of the time is spend studying
c. If 1hr 20 mins is spent travelling, calculate the value of x.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is a characteristic of bar chart?(A) The height of each bar is corresponding to the
frequency (B) The Variables are respectively proportional to the width of each bar (C) The height
depends on the frequency (d) None of the above
2. Calculate the Sectoral angle in a pie chart, with the frequency of 10 and Sum of frequency 36 (A) 100 0
(B) 360 (C) 3600 (D) 720
3. A pie chart is also known as _____________ (A) semi circles (B) Divided Circles (C)
Circular graph (D) Angle chart
4. Which of the following is not an example of statistical graph? (A) Frequency polygon (B)
Frequency curve (C) Ogive (D) Quadratic graph
5. A bundle of tally consists ____________ strokes (A) 4 (B) 5 (c) 6 (D) 12

THEORY
1. The number of items produced by a company over a five year period is given below:
YEAR 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
NUMBER PRODUCED 4100 2500 1500 1800 9200
(i) Plot a bar chart for this information
(ii) What is the average production for the five year period
2. The table below shows how a company’s sales manager spent his annual salary.
FOOD 30%
RENT 18%
CAR MAINTENANCE 25%
SAVINGS 12%
TAXES 5%
OTHERS 10%
(a) Represent these information on a pie chart
(b) Find his savings at the end of the year, if his annual salary was N60, 000. 00
WEEK ELEVEN Date……………………..
TOPIC: Mean Deviation, Variance and standard Deviation of Grouped Data use in solving practical
problems related to real life situations

Mean Deviation of Grouped Data

Example 1
The speeds of 40 cars in a certain road are tabulated as follows:
Speed (km/h) 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 – 64 65 – 69 60 – 74 75 – 80 80 - 84

Frequency 5 10 15 12 10 6 2

For this distribution, calculate

(a) The mean
(b) The mean deviation

Solution
The complete table of the distribution is shown below.
Class interval Mid – value (xm) f fx m |x m−x| f |x m −x|

50 – 54 52 5 260 13.17 65.85

55 – 59 57 10 570 8.17 81.5

60 – 64 62 15 930 3.17 47.55

65 – 69 67 12 804 1.83 21.96

60 – 74 72 10 720 6.83 68.3

75 – 80 77 6 462 11.83 70.98

80 – 84 82 2 164 16.83 33.66

Total Ef =60 Ef x m =3910 Ef | x m−x|

(a) Mean, x =
∑ f x m = 3910 =65.17
∑f 60
The mean is 65.2km/h to 1 d.p.
(b) Mean deviation =
∑ f |x m−x|= 390 =6.5
∑f 60
The mean deviation is 6.5km/h

EVALUATION
1. Calculate the mean and the mean deviation of the following:
(a) 8, 5, 12, 8, 13, 4, 9, 5, 4, 7
(b) 9.25, 8.04, 12.08, 9.82, 10.05, 2.05, 8.25, 7.64, 7.02, 8.02

Variance and Standard Deviation of a Grouped Data

Example 1
The table shows the time to the nearest hours of television watched by a group of students in a week.
Time 1–5 6 – 10 11 – 15 16 – 20 21 – 25 26 – 30 31 – 35 36 – 40

Frequency 2 5 8 10 14 6 4 1

Calculate
(a) The mean
(b) The variance
(c) The standard deviation

Solution
Let xm represents the mid-value (or class mark) of the interval.

(a) x =
∑ f x m = 990 =19.8 h
∑ f 50
Now subtract 19.8 from each value in the 2nd column to obtain the results in the 5th column. Then complete
the other two columns as shown in the table.
2
(b) S =
∑ 2
f ( x−x ) 3238
= =64.76
∑f 50
Variance = 64.8h to 3 s.f.
(c) S = √ 64.76 = 8.047h
Standard deviation is 8.05h to 3 s.f.

Alternative method
Interval xm f f xm x
2
m fx
2

1–5 3 2 6 9 18

6 – 10 8 5 40 64 320

11 – 15 13 8 104 169 1352

16 – 20 18 10 180 324 3240

21 – 25 23 14 322 529 7406

26 – 30 28 6 168 784 4704

 31 – 35 33 4 132 1089 4356

36 – 40 38 1 38 1444 1444

Total ∑ f =50 ∑ f x m=990 ∑ f x m =22 840

2

EVALUATION
1. Calculate to 1 d.p the mean and standard deviation of the following numbers:
(a) 5, 7, 12, 10, 5, 15, 14, 9, 7, 8
(b) 6.5, 8.5, 6.5, 8.4, 6.9, 2.5, 6.2, 5.5

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. The table bellows shows the age distributions of a group of people.
Age (yrs) 20 – 29 30 – 39 40 – 49 50 – 59 60 – 69 70 – 79

Frequency 3 5 10 13 7 2

Calculate:
(f) The mean age
(g) The variance
(h) The standard deviation

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for Senior Secondary 1 pgs 237 - 248

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The lowest temperatures of a city in Asia for 10 consecutive days are recorded as: - 5 oC, - 6oC, -5oC, 4oC,
0oC, 1oC, 2oC, 3oC, 4oC, 7oC. Find the mean deviation. A. 3.9 B. 4.0 C. 3.6 D. 6.4
Use the table below to answer question 2 to 4
A dice is thrown 100 times. The results are recorded as shown in the following table
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency 15 18 17 21 14 15

Calculate:
2. The mean score A. 4.0 B. 3.5 C. 1.0 D. 5.6
3. The variance A. 2.7 B. 3.7 C. 2.1 D. 1
4. The standard deviation A. 4 B. 5.1 C. 1.6 D. 7
5. Find the variance of x, 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 8x, 9x and 10x. A. 8.25x29x2 B. 10x2 7.25x2

THEORY
1. The shoe sizes of a group of people are as follows:
Shoe size 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Frequency 3 8 14 16 20 10 5 3 1
 For this distribution, calculate the mean deviation
2. The table below show the age distributions of a group of people.
Age (yrs) 20 – 29 30 – 39 40 – 49 50 – 59 60 -69 70 – 79

Frequency 3 5 10 13 7 2

Calculate (a) the mean age (b) the variance (c) the standard deviation