Intro to Molarity & Solution Chemistry
As we have seen, many reactions such as single or double displacement reactions are carried out in aqueous
solution (i.e. in water). Because these reactions occur in aqueous solution, we can use the concept of molarity
(aka “concentration”) to directly calculate the amount of products that will be formed in a reaction.
What is “Concentration”?
Draw a particulate view of a dilute solution of sodium chloride vs. a concentrated solution of sodium chloride.
substanEX JEE
less
more
Dilute
Do y
Concentrated
substance
There are many ways to represent the concentration of solutions. You are probably familiar with density which
is how much mass is in a unit of volume. You may have heard of ppm (which stands for parts per million). In
Chemistry, we will be using a unit called “molarity”. This is the amount of moles of a substance found in a liter
of solution:
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀) =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Molarity p
Vocabulary Formula
● Molar Solution: A solution that expresses concentration in moles per Liter (mol/Liter).
● Molarity (M): The number of moles of solute in one liter of solution. (M = mol/Liter).
● Solute: The dissolved substance in a solution.
● Solvent: The major component in a solution, in which the solute is dissolved.
Dt
a. You dissolve 40.0 moles of NaCl in 0.100L of water. NaCl is the __________
Solute / Solvent
b. Calculate the molarity (concentration) of the solution from above.
Solvent
solute and water is the ____________.
Solute / Solvent
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
(Use this equation: 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀) = 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
)
M got 400mL
c. If you pour half of the solution into another beaker, does the concentration change? Why or why not?
How could we change the concentration?
No it does not This is because the chemical composition
altered The concentration
of the substance does not get 1
of the substance can bechangedby either diluting it or
more of the substance to it it more concentrated
g g
Calculating Molarity (Concentration)
m
0
EYE
12M
6
____________ M NaBr
12
____________ M NaBr
12
____________ M MgCl2
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity Calculations Practice (Equation: 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀) = 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
)
1. Calculate the molarity of 1.5 L of solution that contains 2.1 moles of MgCl2.
M 9 174
2. Calculate the molarity of a 0.500 L solution that contains 10.0 grams of sodium hydroxide.
(Hint: find “moles” using the molar mass of sodium hydroxide)
MolarmassofNaon 40g
057
1,831
mot on
thaw
3. If 160.0 grams of KNO3 are used to prepare a 2.00 M KNO3 solution, what volume of solution can be made?
volume
nightjars 2h49am 0.79212
4. Calculate the moles and mass of solute required to make 0.750 L of a 2.5 M sodium chloride solution.
Moles Molarity X Volume molescalc
formult
MoD M CV
Moles 2.5 M X 0.752
1.875 moles
MOFMotarMass formula
Molar Mass of SodiumchlorideIgffyglale
Mass
Mass 1.875 58.44
g
57
109.57
2
Conversionfactor
Solution Stoichiometry
concentrations
More complex stoichiometry problems using balanced chemical reactions can also use concentrations as
conversion factors. For example, suppose the following equation represents a chemical reaction:
2 AgNO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) → 2 AgCl (s) + Ca(NO3)2 (aq)
so
balanced chemical equation to determine the number of moles of CaCl2 that would react and then use
concentration to convert to liters of solution: I
If we wanted to know what volume of 0.555 M CaCl2 would react with 1.25 mol of AgNO3, we first use the
1.25 mol AgNO3 1 mol CaCl2 1 L solution = 1.13 L CaCl2 solution
2 mol AgNO3 0.555 mol CaCl2
This can be extended by starting with the mass (grams) of one reactant, instead of moles of a reactant.
Example: What volume of 0.0995 M Pt(NO3)3 will react with 3.66 g of Ag according to the following chemical
equation?
3 Ag (s) + Pt(NO3)3 (aq) → 3 AgNO3 (aq) + Pt (s)
Here, we must first convert the mass of Ag to moles before using the balanced chemical equation and then the
definition of molarity as a conversion factor.
3.66 g Ag 1 mol Ag 1 mol Pt(NO3)3 1 L solution = 0.114 L Pt(NO3)3 solution
107.97 g Ag 3 mol Ag 0.0995 mol Pt(NO3)3
3
Solution Stoichiometry Practice Problems
1. Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas and magnesium chloride. How many
liters of a 0.750 M HCl solution will react with 12.25 g of Mg?
Balanced
I g
342
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) →H (g) + MgCl2(aq)
1
2
121maffu.mjig.mg
I mT
2. Consider the following reaction: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NaI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2 NaNO2(aq)
HA
How many grams of lead(II) iodide will be formed from 25.0 mL of a 2.00 M sodium iodide solution?
amnaf.to
3. Consider the following reaction:
i th tEI
Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6 KOH(aq) → 2 Al(OH)3(s) + 3 K2SO3(aq) 11.53gPbIz
How many grams of aluminum hydroxide will be formed from 55.0 mL of a 1.50 M potassium hydroxide
solution?
n
smno.li 31 i i
4. Copper(II) oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce copper(II) chloride and water. How many liters of a
4.50 M HCl solution will react with 33.0 g of copper(II) oxide?
Balancedea cnot2nice cullatH2o
3340115
IE mitt mI 0.181462
5. Potassium phosphate is added dropwise to 25.0 mL of a 3.0 M solution of aluminum chloride. If the
potassium phosphate is added until no more precipitate forms, how many grams of precipitate was produced?
alancedeq Alds t kzPoy Algy t 3kg
smml.fm i tI 1 tjmtfE argarty
4
ftiTonStoichiometryPractice
ftp
produce hydrogen
Q1 Calcium reacts with phosphoric acid to of a 1.5MHzPoy
and Calcium Phosphate How many Liters
gas
solution are needed to produce 100g
of Mz gas
Balanced eq
Caz Pou z
ca t H Poy 43 aa
s Cag
Sto ich Calc
onlt.EE iIti
E t d
22143042
as
How many grams of the precipitate will be
formed from 25mLof a
2 solution
2 on sodium iodide
M MOUL 2m01 12 gto252
Balpqngf.gg
g spyg 21703
ooagtfEI II.FI
0.025 2 X 461g
I
11.5gpbf.TL ans
will be formed
3 How many grams of precipitate with
when 55mL of a 1.50M Kon solution reacts
aqueous aluminum sulfate
t 3142504
Balanced Equation
A1219473 t
EI aa
55mL 0 050L
M
MI 1.50 M
IT
1.5Mt
IE t IILEIz angrier
o5 ans
Chalk Lab AayushiSahoo
Chemist: _______________________________
The Little Patriots Preschool is all out of chalk and unable to replenish their supply due to supply chain
shortages! Luckily, the students enrolled in Accelerated Chemistry know enough about double
displacement reactions that they can make more for them!
Today, you will perform a reaction between sodium carbonate and calcium chloride to make chalk!
Materials: NazCOz Cally
100mL beaker calcium chloride
250mL “chalky” beaker sodium carbonate
50 mL graduated cylinder water
funnel weighboat
filter paper Erlenmeyer flask
stirring rod
Pre-lab: ABTCD
ADT Calla
Naz.CO
1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction and identify the states of matter.
IN all a → _______________ (___)
s + _______________ (___)
_______________ (___) Cacoz
a + _______________ (___)
s
2. Below, draw a model of the reaction.
n
OatraOt00 Balancedeq
go.is
3. Calculate the mass of sodium carbonate needed to prepare 50mL of a 0.40M sodium carbonate
solution.
NgGoztHzg
massofNarcos 105.99gmoi
molar
21 2 9
MassMolarity VolumeX MolarMass
Mass G40m01 1 0.0502 10599gmoi
2.12gnazco.TL
Mass
2.12gramsofNazca isrequiredtoprepare50mL
of a 0.40MNazca solution
Procedure:
1. Put on your safety goggles.
2. Obtain a clean 100mL beaker and a designated “chalky” 250mL beaker.
3. Obtain the amount of sodium carbonate you calculated in the pre-lab calculations. Enter this mass in
your data table. Use a weighboat to mass it out.
4. Add the calculated mass of sodium carbonate to the 100mL beaker. Add water up to the 50mL mark to
make a 0.40M solution of sodium carbonate. Stir with a stirring rod to dissolve the sodium carbonate.
5. Measure out 50mL of mystery concentration calcium chloride solution with a graduated cylinder and
add it to the 250mL chalky beaker.
6. Pour the sodium carbonate solution into the “chalky” beaker containing the calcium chloride solution.
Stir with a stirring rod to mix thoroughly. Record your observations.
7. While waiting for the reaction to complete and for the solid to settle, measure the mass of a piece of
filter paper (put your NAMES & CLASS PERIOD on it in pencil!). Record the mass in your data table.
8. Set up a funnel, filter paper, and Erlenmeyer flask. Wet the filter paper with a small amount of distilled
water.
9. Swirl and then quickly pour some of the contents of the beaker into the funnel. Be careful as you pour,
so none of the solid flows over the top of the filter paper or funnel. Rinse inside the beaker with distilled
water to remove any remaining solid. Rinse the beaker two or three times.
10. Once all of the solid is on the filter paper and the solution has all drained into the Erlenmeyer flask,
carefully remove the filter paper from the funnel and set it onto the designated tray for your class. You
will take your final mass tomorrow after the product has dried overnight.
11. Pour the filtrate (the leftover solution) down the drain and clean up all of your glassware and lab
bench area with soapy water. Dry the glassware to the best of your abilities!
Day 2:
1. Measure and record the mass of the filter paper and precipitate.
Data Table:
1 2
Mass of filter paper
Volume of calcium chloride solution
50mL
Mass of sodium carbonate used
2 12g
Volume of sodium carbonate solution
50mL
Mass of dry filter paper + calcium
carbonate (precipitate) 14
Mass of dry calcium carbonate
(actual yield) 0.2
Observations It turned white whenmixed
Analysis Questions:
4. (Day 1) Using the mass (in grams) of sodium carbonate you used at the beginning of the experiment,
calculate the theoretical yield of calcium carbonate.
Mass of Sodium Carbonate 2.12g
2 ro
5. (Day 2)
YIEl iInEIim
osiI 9
2 92
a. Using the mass of calcium carbonate solid created in the lab, calculate the mass (in grams) of
calcium chloride that would be required to produce that amount of product.
7E
0
tf.IMImTI.to hiya
b. What did the molarity of the calcium chloride solution you used have to be (at minimum)?
0.22972 1 0.002min
181 g
c. Using the theoretical yield of calcium carbonate (the answer from question 1), calculate the
molarity of the calcium chloride solution needed to make that amount of calcium carbonate.
theoreticalyield 0 002 Mol Ca dz
d. Your answer to (b) should be less than (c). Why is that?
6. Calculate the percent yield of calcium carbonate for this experiment.
100
9 8 2510
7. Propose at least THREE reasons for your percent yield not being 100%.
Spilled some
incorrect measurements
torn filter paper
8. How could your percent yield be closer to 100% if you were to do this experiment again?
use 2 pieces of filter paper
double checkmeasurement
do not spill any precipitates
DAY 1: Post-Lab Calculations meets
1. If you used 200mL of a 0.3M solution of calcium chloride and 500mL (0.5L) a 0.5M solution of sodium
carbonate, what would your yield (in grams) of calcium carbonate be? What is your limiting reactant?
alancedeq Nae 3 2Nad L
Cag Cage ag
otigiatosant
tegatimygqgo
25gc.co
tImttngi
go.MY 0 075L
ii ge
2. You have 75.0 mL of calcium chloride solution. What does the molarity of the solution need to be to
react completely with 100 mL of a 0.10M sodium carbonate solution?
Balancedeq
Nago IET Cogs 2mg 9 9 1spgoblem
oonaiolgimi.gg mgqg oooimoicact
3. How many grams of calcium carbonate would you expect from the reaction described in problem #2?
100.09g
onyo.im itsmo
1009 g
