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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 a. Puolessa, at or near. Turun puolessa, round Turku (Åbo).
Pohjan, idän puolessa, in the North, in the East.
b. Puolesta, from the side of or for, on behalf of. Puhua itsensä
puolesta, to speak for oneself. Se tapahtukoon minun
puotestani, it can be done as far as I am concerned. Sen
puolesta, että...., for this reason, that.... Hän nousi maansa
puolesta, he rose up for his fatherland.
c. Puolella, on the side of. Tuuli on idän puolella, the wind is
in the East. Olla kuninkaan puolella, to be on the king’s side. N.B.
toisella puolella followed by partitive. Toisella puolella järveä,
on the other side of the lake.
d. Puolelta, from the side of, from. Tuli syttyi tuulen puolelta,
the fire burnt in the side when the wind blew.
e. Puolelle, to the side of, to. Mennä wihollisten puolelle, to
go over to the enemy.
f. Puoleen, to the side of, to. Katsoa jonkun puoleen, to look
towards a person. Kenenkä puoleen minun olisi käännyttävä?
to whom shall I turn?
(17) Pää, the head or extremity, forms postpositions with the
genitive.
a. Päässä
b. Päästä
c. Päähän
are used to express a distance or limit in space. Kuula menee
kahden virstan päähän, the bullet carries two miles. Suomen
raja on jonkun penikulman päässä Pietarista, the Finnish
frontier is some miles from Petersburg. Minä tunsin tulijan viiden
kymmenen sylen päästä, I recognised the new comer from
several yards’ distance. Vihollinen on virstan päässä, the enemy
is a mile off. Päästä is also used of time. Viikon päästä, after a
week.
 d. Päällä
e. Päältä
f. Päälle
express respectively rest on, motion from above or into the space
above an object. Olla veden päällä, to float. Tuuli on meren
päältä, the wind comes from the sea. Lentää katon päälle, to fly
on to the roof. On sadekaapu palttoon päällä, there is a cape on
the great coat.
(18) Rinta, breast or side, forms postpositions with the genitive.
a. Rinnalla
b. Rinnalle
expressing rest by, or motion to the side of. Poika istuu isänsä
rinnalla, the boy sits by his father’s side. Laskea joku jonkun
rinnalle, to put some one by some one else, i.e. to compare. Älä
pyri hänen rinnallensa, strive not to be like him.
 Jos arvossa mä oisin
Ja rikkahitten rinnalla.—Popular song.

(19) Seka, a mixture or collection, forms postpositions with the genitive.

a. seassa
b. seasta
c. sekaan
Kiiltää kulta rikkojenkin seasta, gold glitters in what one throws away.
Panna wettä wiinin sekaan, to mix water with wine. Ihmisten seassa,
among men. Seassamme, between us.
(20) Sisä, the interior, is used as a postposition in all the local cases.
a. Sisässä
b. Sisästä
c. Sisään
d. Sisällä
e. Sisältä
f. Sisälle
Oletko ollut tämän huoneen sisässä, have you been in this room?
Kärme tuli puun sisästä, the snake came out of the tree. Onko kirkon
sisällä paljo väkeä, are there many people in the church?
(21) Taka, meaning the space behind anything, forms postpositions with
the genitive.
a. Takaa (partitive), from behind or after. Hän tuli oven takaa, he came
from behind the door. Iso honka näkyy koivujen takaa, there is a great
fir behind the beeches. Wuoden takaa, after a year. It means also
according to. Woimansa takaa, according to one’s power; with all one’s
might.
b. Takana (essive), behind. Käydä jonkun takana, to go behind or
follow any one. Seisoa seinän takana, to stand behind the wall. Rahat on
takanani, the money is in my keeping. Olla turvan takana, to be under
the protection of.
 c. Translative—taaksi, taakse, taa, back, backwards, or across. Katsoa
taaksensa, to look backwards. Lähteä meren taaksi (or taa), to go
across the sea. Aurinko laskeutuu vuorten taa, the sun sets behind the
mountains.
(22) Sisäpuoli, interior, is used in the adessive, ablative, and allative.
a. Sisäpuolella Suomalaiset kanssaheimot eivät asu kaikki suomen
rajain sisäpuolella, all the Finnish tribes do not live within the Finnish
frontier.
b. Kuuluiko ääni huoneen sisäpuolelta? was the voice heard within
the room?
c. Paimen ajoi lampaat aitauksen sisäpuolelle, the shepherd drove
the sheep into the sheepfold.
(23) Tykö, nearness, forms postpositions with the genitive which have
exactly the same meaning as the corresponding cases of luo. Tyköä, from;
työ, to (e.g. minä tulen miehen työ); tykönä, at or with. The form työ is
due to the fact that a termination, probably that of the translative, has been
lost. It is only used dialectically.
(24) Ulkopuoli (cf. sisäpuoli), the exterior, is used in the adessive,
allative, and ablative as either a preposition with the partitive or a
postposition with the genitive. Kaupungin ulkopuolella or ulkopuolella
kaupunkia, outside the town. Similarly are employed the other cases to
express motion to or from the outside of anything.
(25) Vasta, the place opposite anything.
a. Vastassa, postposition with the genitive, means opposite, facing.
Hänen vastassansa, opposite him. Toistensa vastassa olevat
kaupungit, the cities lie facing each other.
b. Vastaan, postposition with the genitive, has the same meaning with the
idea of motion towards added, which however seems to disappear in many
metaphorical uses. Mennä isän vastaan, to meet one’s father. Minä en
ole sitä vastaan, I am not against that. Tehdä käskyä vastaan, to
disobey a command. Sitä vastaan, on the other hand.
c. Vastoin (instructive plural) is a preposition with the partitive, meaning
against or contrary to. Vastoin virtaa, tuulta, against the river, the wind.
Vastoin tahtoani, against my wish. Älkää pakoittako tyttäriänne
vastoin mieltä, do not compel your daughters against their will. Vastoin
lakia, against the law.
 d. Vasten[17] (instructive singular from a form vasti), preposition or
postposition with the partitive, is used in much the same sense as vastoin,
but means also (1) about, towards. E.g. älä lyö poikaa vasten silmiä,
don’t hit the boy about the eyes. Hän sai vasten silmänsä, he got one in
the eye; (2) as a postposition with the genitive it means for, on account of.
Moni tekee työtä ainoastansa omaa hyötyänsä vasten, many work
only for their own profit. But varten is better in this sense.
e. Vastapäätä is used in the meaning of opposite or vis-à-vis, as a
preposition with the partitive. Kirkko on rakennettu vastapäätä
raastupaa, the church is opposite the court-house.
(26) Väli, the midst, forms postpositions with the genitive. All the local
cases are used: Välissä, välistä, väliin, välillä, välille, välitse. Kirkon ja
pappilan välillä on maantie, there is a road between the church and the
parsonage. Kansan välitse, through the midst of the people. Sano hänelle
suoraan silmien väliin, tell him to his face.
(27) Yli, meaning the place above anything, is used in various forms as a
preposition or a postposition with the genitive.
a. Yli (1) as a preposition with the genitive expresses existence above an
object; e.g. Pilvet liitävät yli meren, yli maan, the clouds glide over land
and sea. Yli päämme on kirkas taivas, the bright heaven is above us. We
also find expressions like kello on yli viiden, it is after five o’clock. It also
expresses metaphorically pre-eminence. Hän on kunnioitettava yli
muiden, he is more honourable than the rest. It is used metaphorically in
such expressions as yli wuoden, more than a year; maata yli aikansa, to
sleep too long. Yli sen mitä ennen on maksettu, what has been paid in
addition to previous payments.
(2) Yli is also used as a postposition with the genitive, and as such
expresses motion over a thing, so that the object moving remains temporally
above it. Matto on levitetty koko lattian yli, the carpet is spread over all
the floor. Hän tuli wähän yli puoliwäliin matkaa, he came a little over
half way. Hän katseli olan yli, he looked over his shoulders.
b. Ylitse (prolative) expresses motion over and across an object.
Purjehtia meren ylitse, to sail across the sea. Kun pääsisi tämän
raskaan ajan ylitse, when one has got over these hard times.
c. Yllä
d. Yltä
 e. Ylle
literally expressing rest on, and motion from or to the space above an object,
are used as postpositions with the genitive to express the wearing, putting
on or taking off of clothes. Pojan yllä on uusi takki, the boy has a new
coat on. Hänellä on waatteet yllänsä, he has clothes on. Riisua
waatteet yltänsä, to take off one’s clothes. Panna, pukea yllensä; to put
on clothes. Cf. oli loassa yltä päältä (adverb), to be dirty from head to
foot.
(28) Ympäri, the space surrounding, gives the following forms.
a. Ympäri is used as a postposition with the genitive. Laiva purjehti
maan ympäri, the ship sailed round the land. It is also used as a
preposition with the genitive or partitive in much the same sense. Riittikö
oma leipä ympäri vuoden? is your own corn enough for the year?
b. Ympärillä
c. Ympäriltä
d. Ympärille
are postpositions with the genitive expressing rest in, motion from or to the
space round an object. Kuori on puun ympärillä, the tree has bark round
it. Panna sontaa puun ympärille, to manure a tree. Metsät ovat
kadonneet kaupungin ympäriltä, the forests have been cut down round
the town. Miksi on kääre sormesi ympärillä? why have you a bandage
on your finger? Ota huivi kaulan ymperiltä, take the handkerchief from
round your neck.
 NEGATIVE SENTENCES.
As has been explained, the negative in Finnish only exists in combination
with the personal pronouns as a negative verb, and there is no word
corresponding to no or not. This peculiarity naturally makes the structure of
negative sentences different from that of other languages.
(1) The answer ‘no’ to a question must be rendered by the proper person
of the negative verb, with or without the root of the verb negative. To the
question Tuletteko? are you coming? the negative answer is en tule or en,
if one person is referred to, but emme tule or emme, if more than one.
Similarly, to tulevatko lapset? are the children coming? the negative reply
must be eivät tule or eivät.
(2) If a sentence contains such words as never, no one, nothing, nowhere,
etc., they are expressed by using the proper person of the negative verb,
with the proper case of the interrogative pronoun or the interrogative adverb,
which receive the termination kaan or kään, sometimes shortened into aan
or ään. Emme ole nähneet ketäkään or ketään, we have seen no one.
Missä olette käyneet? En missäkään, where have you been? Nowhere.
Onko hän koska ollut Helsingissä? Ei koskaan (or Ei milloinkaan) has
he ever been to Helsingfors? No, never.
(3) It is clear that as the negative is always joined to a personal pronoun,
sentences where it qualifies an infinitive in most languages (for instance, it
would be better not to go) cannot by any means be rendered literally in
Finnish. Such sentences are turned quite differently, the chief device being to
use the abessive of inf. III; for instance, I advise you not to go, minä
kehoitan teitä, älkää menkö, or olemaan menemättä. Olisi parempi
olla kirjoittamatta, it would be better not to write. The house is not sold,
talo on myömättä (but ei ole myöty is also possible). The present is not
given, lahja on antamatta (or ei ole annettu). You need not go, ei sinun
pidä mennä (where ei negatives pidä not mennä), or sinun pitää olla
menemättä. You will have to go away and not see your sister, teidän
pitää matkustaa pois sisartanne näkemättä.
Sentences are occasionally found where ei apparently negatives an
infinitive. E.g. S. John vii. 34, Teidän pitää minua etsimän ja ei
löytämän, ye shall seek me and not find me. But this construction is really
elliptical for ja ei pidä löytämän.
Nevertheless this use of the negative verb with an infinitive or participle is
occasionally found, even in the Kalevala; e.g. xxviii. 262, Sie vanno valat
ikuiset ... ei sotia käyäksesi, swear eternal oaths ... that thou willst not go
to war. And immediately afterwards, Vannon mie valat vakaiset En
kesänä ensimmäisnä ... Saa’a suurihin sotihin, I swear firm oaths that
in the first summer ... I will not go to war. Here käyäksesi and saa’a (for
käydäksesi and saada) are infinitives constructed with ei and en. In the
first passage et would have seemed more natural. So again in xliii. 237,
Sanoit et käyväsi sotoa, thou saidst thou wouldst not go to war. As these
constructions do not seem capable of being explained by the principles of
Finnish syntax, they are probably due to the influence of foreign languages.
 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
If an interrogative sentence does not contain an interrogative pronoun or
adverb, its character is marked by adding the particle ko or kö to some word
in the sentence. Thus one says menettekö kotiin? are you going home?
But in such sentences as mihin menette? or kuka menee? it is
unnecessary to use ko, as the sentence already contains a word which
makes its interrogative character clear. It will be noticed that this use of ko is
exactly similar to that of ли in Russian.
The termination ko, kö is added to the word on which the chief
interrogative stress is laid.
Tiedättekö mihin hän on lähtenyt? do you know where he is gone?
Isäkö sen sanoi? was it the father who said so? Meritsekö aiotte
matkustaa? are you thinking of going by sea?
In a negative question the termination kö is always attached to the
negative verb. Ettekö ole nähneet häntä? have you not seen him? Eikö
jo lakkaa satamasta? hasn’t it stopped raining yet?
In a disjunctive question the particle ko, kö is attached to the first
alternative which is connected with the second by the word vai. Poikako se
on vai tyttö? is that a boy or a girl?
But if there are two verbs in the sentence ko or kö is added to each.
Onko hän vielä kotona vai läksikö? is he still at home or has he started?
In such a sentence as, Are you coming or not? one can say either
Tuletteko vai ette? or, tuletteko vai ettekö tule?
The manner of giving a negative reply has been described above. Though
there are two words, ja and niin (instr. plural of se), which can be used for
‘yes,’ the usual way of giving an affirmative reply is, to repeat the word which
in the question has ko attached to it. Tuliko pappi? has the priest come?
Tuli, yes.
 OTHER SENTENCES.
Causal, temporal and consecutative sentences offer no special peculiarities,
being introduced by the conjunctions given in the accidence and having the
verb in the indicative mood. The particle että is generally combined with the
negative verb: etten, ettet, ettei, etc.
Concessive sentences, introduced by vaikka, vaikkapa, or jos kohta,
have the verb in either the indicative or the conditional. Hän oli niin köyhä
ettei ollut mitä syödä, he was so poor that he had nothing to eat. Vaikka
näin häntä usein, kun olin Pietarissa (or Pietarissa olessani), emme
kuitenkaan ole tutut, though I often saw him when I was at Petersburg,
we were not well acquainted. Vaikka hän vannoisi en sittekään uskoisi,
though he should swear I would not believe him.
The first member of a conditional sentence is introduced by jos, or, if
negative, by jollen, ellen (jollet, jollei, etc., ellet, ellei, etc.). The second
is often introduced by niin. In such sentences as if I go, he will come, where
the realization of the condition is considered as certain, the indicative is used
—Jos menen niin hän tulee. But where the realization is doubtful the
conditional present is employed, and where it is no longer possible the
conditional past. If I were to go, he would come, jos menisin, niin hän
tulisi. If I had gone, he would have come, jos minä olisin mennyt, niin
hän olisi tullut.
Final sentences are introduced by että or jotta, or in the negative form by
etten, ettet, ettei, etc. The verb is in the conditional. As has been
described above (pp. 192 and 198) final sentences can also be rendered by
infinitives and participles. Ilmoittakaat minulle että minäkin tulisin ja
kumartaisin häntä (S. Matt. ii. 8), tell me, that I may come and worship
him. Hän kävelee ettei vilustuisi, he walks that he may not catch cold.
 ORATIO OBLIQUA.
A sentence in oratio obliqua can be rendered by the participial
constructions above described, or by a sentence beginning with että, that. In
this latter case the sentence is constructed exactly as in English.
Hän sanoi ettei se ole varma, mutta että koettaisi tiedustaa
tarkemmin, he said it was not certain, but that he would endeavour to
obtain more accurate information. Minä kysyin häneltä oliko hän kuullut
että ystäväni oli kuollut ja pyysin että hän kirjoittaisi, I asked him if
he had heard that my friend was dead, and begged him to write.
The word muka is often used to denote that a statement rests not on the
authority of the speaker but of some one else.
Hän ei tahtonut viipyä: oli muka kovin väsyksissä, he did not want
to wait, saying he was very tired. Luulevat hänen veljensä tulevan: hän
oli muka kirjoittanut jollekulle, people think his brother is coming: it is
said he has written to some one. Hän eroitti palvelijansa se kun oli
muka varas, he dismissed his servant because he was a thief (according to
his master’s statement).
 ON THE DIALECT OF THE KALEVALA.
There are two main dialects of Finnish, the Western, which has produced
the modern literary language, and the Eastern, in which the Kalevala is
written. There are also many others of which perhaps the most important is
that called the Savolaks dialect, which is hardly a literary language, though in
the ‘Lönrötin Albumi,’ p. 286, there is a story called ‘Keisarin tuttu’ written in
it. It appears to be characterized by a great fondness for the sound of i,
which is added to other vowels; e.g. tiällä for täällä, hiän for hän. On the
other hand i is often apparently shortened to a semivowel, merely modifying
the previous consonant; e.g. olj for oli. The letter d does not occur, but is
represented by j or v, meijänni for meidänkin, käyvä for käydä. The
dialect would seem to be generally characterized by a soft and rather thick
utterance. Olen becomes oun and olette, outta. V is frequently doubled;
e.g. hyvvee päivee, and o is often used for a; e.g. mokomoo for
mokomaa. So also we have forms like soatanoo for saatanee, pankoo
for pankaa. The root of verbs has the letter k added in the negative and
imperative forms: en annak, annak.
On the Eastern frontier of Finland and in the adjoining parts of the Russian
Government of Olonetz is spoken a dialect called Karelian, which in its
present form is much corrupted by the influence of Russia. The Kalevala,
however, which was mostly collected in this part of the world, is written in a
pure Finnish dialect, which has come to be accepted as the ordinary
language of poetical composition.
The chief peculiarities of the dialect of the Kalevala are as follows[18]:—
I. The letter d does not exist. T disappears altogether in the cases where
in the ordinary dialect it is softened to d. For instance—saa’a (saada),
pöyän (pöydän), tieän (tiedän), tahon (tahdon), kahen (kahden),
yhen (yhden), puhas (puhdas), ouoille (oudoille), eellä, eessä
(edellä, edessä), sio (sido).
II. Similarly the letter k is dropped altogether when in literary Finnish it
either becomes j or remains unchanged.
(1) lk, rk in a closed syllable become simple l and r, not lj, rj: e.g. jälen
for jäljen (jälki), kulen for kuljen.
 (2) sk and tk, which are not subject to softening in ordinary Finnish,
become s and t in closed syllables: kosen for kosken, kaselle for
kaskelle, itettävä for itkettävä.
III. rt, lt are not assimilated in the infinitive of verbs of conj. 3: kuulta,
surten for kuulla, surren.
IV. The pronominal affixes do not always prevent consonants being
softened as in ordinary Finnish: ajansa for aikansa, iäni for ikäni.
V. Where long vowels and diphthongs are the result of contraction, the
Kalevala employs dissyllabic forms. These contracted forms in ordinary
Finnish may be divided into two classes.
(a) The long vowel is the result of the omission of h (representing an
original s or other consonant) between the two component vowels. In such
cases the Kalevala always employs the fuller and more primitive forms with
h. So we have vierahan for the literary vieraan, kotihin for kotiin,
käyähän for käydään (d omitted).
(b) But there are a number of cases where the long vowels aa and ää in
ordinary literary Finnish are not the result of the omission of h. Under these
circumstances the Kalevala has oa instead of aa and eä instead of ää. Thus
the partitive singular of kala is formed by suffixing a—that is kala-a. In
ordinary Finnish this gives kalaa (dissyllabic), but in the Kalevala we find
kaloa. This form may be compared with the partitive plural, kaloja, where a
becomes o in ordinary Finnish. It is to be noted however that the change to
oa occurs in the Kalevala even when the vowel of the first syllable is a—oroa
for oraa.
The instances of this change fall under three categories:
(1) Partitive cases of nouns and adjectives: aikoa for aikaa, ilmoa for
ilmaa, luutoa for luutaa, päiveä for päivää, tereä for terää.
(2) The first infinitive of verbs: ajoa for ajaa, eleä for elää, lenteä for
lentää, piteä for pitää.
(3) Contracted verbs of class 3: arvoan for arvaan, lupoan for lupaan,
lepeämättä for lepäämättä.
VI. The plural (except the nom.) is sometimes formed with the suffix -loi,
before the case suffix. This form is used chiefly in words ending in o, ö, u, y,
i, and e; e.g. rekilöitä, ristilöitä, lukkoloita, mahtiloita.
 VII. The style of the Kalevala is characterized by the frequent use of
derivative forms from nouns ending in o, nen (or onen), yt (or ut), and
kainen. These forms have a diminutive or endearing significance. They are
mostly quite incapable of translation into English, but correspond to the
Russian diminutives. E.g. from emä are formed emo, emonen, and emyt;
from isä, iso, isonen, and isyt; from kaunis, kauno, kaunokainen or
kaunukainen; from kesä, kesonen and kesyt; from meri, meronen and
meryt; from neiti, neitinen, neito, neitonen, neiyt, and neityinen;
from puu, puuhut; from päivä, päivönen and päivyt; from veli, velo,
vello, veljyt, veijo, veito, veitonen, veikko, and veikkonen.
We also find a great quantity of derivative verbs ending in ella, skella,
ahta, alta, etc., in which the exact force of the syllable added is often
obscure.
VIII. In verbs the 3rd person sing. of the present is formed with the suffix
vi, a weakening of the original pi used in monosyllables. E.g. tekevi,
ajattelevi, sanovi, ajavi, kaatelevi. But in monosyllables pi is always
used, uipi, saapi.
IX. Some verbal stems ending in a or ä reject this vowel before t, k, n,
and are conjugated as if they belonged to the third class. Thus löytää forms
the past participle löynnyt for löytänyt: tietää forms concessive tiennen
and past part. tiennyt. So seista, seiskaamme, seissut from seiso.
X. In the formation of the passive many verbs ending in ta, tä reject this
syllable and also the consonant n, if it precedes. Löytää makes the passive
stem löyttä instead of löydettä: rakentaa, raketta for rakennetta:
kuumentaa, kuumetta for kuumennetta.
XI. The conjugation of the reflexive verbs (as already mentioned) offers a
mass of forms unknown to literary Finnish, which sometimes also occur in
verbs which are not strictly reflexive.
The chief terminations found in these verbs are:—

Indicative present.
Sing. 1. me or ime—luome, kaivaime.
2. tet, itet, or te—pistätet.
3. kse, ikse, or ksen—astuikse, istuikse, astuiksen, katseleikse.
Imperfect.
Sing. 1. ime—annoime, siirrime, siirräime.
2. ihet or ihit—astelihet, suorihet.
 3. ihe or iin—ajoihe, loihe, vetihe, pistihe, rikkoihe, heittiin.

The termination ime is also found in the 1st pers. sing. of the conditional
and ihe in the 3rd sing. of the concessive and conditional. The 2nd sing. of
the Imper. often ends in te or ite—veäite (vedä itsesi), laskeite,
paneite. The inf. of such verbs generally ends in itä; e.g. vetäitä. Rarely
are found such forms as kuolkosi, kaotkosi for kuollos, etc.
XII. The negative verb frequently follows instead of preceding the root
which it negatives; e.g. oisi en paljo pitänyt, maha et lausua lapiksi.
XIII. The style of the Kalevala is characterized by a general absence of
conjunctions and connecting particles, but on the other hand abounds in
syllables used merely to give emphasis or quite pleonastically. Such are the
suffixes pa, pä, han, hän, kana. The word on is used in the same way;
e.g. juop’ on vanha Wäinämöinen. Tuop’ on Pohjolan emäntä sanan
virkkoi. Enpä anna tyttöäni.
XIV. A number of other differences from the literary dialect occur, some of
which may be classified as follows:—
(1) Contracted essives, where the ordinary language prefers the full form:
lasna for lapsena; nuorra for nuorena; suurra for suurena.
(2) In pronouns ma, mä, or mie for minä; sa, sä, sie for sinä; milma,
silma for minua, sinua; miusta for minusta; siulle for sinulle, ka or
ken for kuka, mi for mikä.
(3) From the verb olla are found oo for ole; oisi for olisi; lie, liet for
lienee, lienet; liekkö for lieneekö.
(4) The imperf. ends in ti where in ordinary Finnish it is softened to si:
kynti, löyti, kaati, pyyti for kynsi, löysi, kaasi, pyysi.
XV. The syntax of the Kalevala is marked by extreme simplicity in its main
features. This is natural in popular poetry, and, besides, the system of
versification (short lines of eight syllables generally containing a complete
sentence) and the tendency to parallelism and repetition, were all
unfavourable to the growth of long and involved phrases. On the other hand,
the sentences of the Kalevala are often difficult to understand on account of
their irregularity. Not only are the boldest inversions and omissions permitted
(e.g. Emo tuosta itkemähän for rupesi itkemähän), but words are
frequently strung together in so loose a manner that, though the thought is
plain, it is almost impossible to analyse the sentence grammatically. For
instance, xl. 401, Anna luoja, suo Jumala, Anna onni ollaksemme,
Hyvin ain’ eleäksemme, kunnialla kuollaksemme. This clearly means,
grant that we may be prosperous, live well and die gloriously, but it is almost
impossible to explain it grammatically. Such a tendency to be more careful of
the general sense than of the separate words and their correct relation to
one another, is very natural in a poem whose authors were ignorant of
grammar and had probably no written literature before them. It is
accompanied in the Kalevala by a habit of repeating the same idea under
numerous synonyms for the sake of emphasis and of creating new words for
the sake of parallelism or alliteration, which have sometimes a meaning and
bear testimony to the flexibility and fecundity of the language, but sometimes
are absolutely unmeaning. Thus in Kal. xi. 55 we have Enkä lähe Inkerelle,
Penkerelle, pänkerelle. Here pänkerelle means nothing at all, but is
simply a kind of repetition of penkerelle. Similarly Kal. xlviii. 100, Ihveniä,
ahvenia, Tuimenia, taimenia. Ihveniä and Tuimenia are meaningless
words.
 SELECTIONS FROM FINNISH
LITERATURE
N.B. When a rule is cited by a number, this refers to the numbered
phonetic rules from page 6 to page 18.

PYHÄN JOHANNEKSEN EVANGELIUMI.

1. Alussa[1] oli[2] Sana[3] ja[4] se[5] Sana[3] oli[2] Jumalan[6] tykönä[7] ja[4]
Jumala[6] oli[2] se[5] Sana[3].
2. Tämä[8] oli[2] alussa[1] Jumalan[6] tykönä[7].
3. Kaikki[9] ovat[10] sen[11] kautta[12] tehdyt[13] ja[4] ilman[14] sitä[15]
ei[16] ole[16] mitään[17] tehty[16] joka[18] tehty[13] on[19].
4. Hänessä[20] oli[2] elämä[21] ja[4] elämä[21] oli[2] ihmisten[22]
valkeus[23].
5. Ja[4] se[5] valkeus[23] pimeydessä[24] paistaa[25] jota[26] ei[27]
pimeys[24] käsittänyt[27].
6. Yksi[28] mies[29] oli[30] lähetetty[30] Jumalalta[31] jonka[32] nimi[33]
oli[2] Johannes[34].
7. Se[35] tuli[36] siitä[37] valkeudesta[38] todistamaan[39] että[40] kaikki[9]
uskoisivat[41] hänen[42] kauttansa[43].
8. Ei[44] hän[45] ollut[44] se[5] valkeus[23] mutta[46] hän[45] oli[30]
lähetetty[30] valkeudesta[38] todistamaan[39].
9. Se[35] oli[2] totinen[47] valkeus[23] joka[18] valistaa[48] kaikki[9]
ihmiset[49] jotka[50] maailmaan[51] tulevat[52].
 10. Se[35] oli[2] maailmassa[53] ja[4] maailma[54] on[19] hänen[42]
kauttansa[43] tehty[13] jä[4] ei[55] maailma[54] häntä[56] tuntenut[55].
11. Hän[45] tuli[36] omillensa[57] ja[4] ei[58] hänen[42] omansa[60] häntä[56]
ottaneet[58] vastaan[59].
12. Mutta[46] niille[61] jotka[50] hänen[42] ottivat[62] vastaan[59], antoi[63]
hän[45] voiman[64] Jumalan[6] lapsiksi[65] tulla[66] jotka[50] uskovat[67]
hänen[42] nimensä[68] päälle[69];
13. Jotka[50] ei[70] verestä[71] eikä[70] lihan[72] tahdosta[73] ei[70] myös[74]
miehen[75] tahdosta[73] mutta[46] Jumalalta[76] syntyneet[77] ovat[77].
14. Ja[4] sana[3] tuli[78] lihaksi[79] ja[4] asui[80] meidän[81] seassamme[82]
(ja[4] me[83] näimme[84] hänen[42] kunniansa[85] niinkuin[86] ainoan[87]
Pojan[88] kunnian[89] Isästä[90]) täynnä[91] armoa[92] ja[4] totuutta[93].

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST. JOHN, I. 1-14.

1. In-the-beginning was the-Word, and the Word was with God, and the
Word was God.
2. That was in-the-beginning with God.
3. All were made through Him, and without Him was not anything made
which was made.
4. In-Him was life, and the-life was the-light of-men.
5. And that light shineth in-the-darkness, which the-darkness
comprehended not.
6. A man was sent from-God whose name was John.
7. He came to-bear-witness of-that light, that all might-believe through
Him.
8. He was not that light, but He was sent to-bear-witness of-the-light.
9. That was the-true light which lighteth all men who come into-the-world.
10. He was in-the-world, and the-world was made by Him, and the-world
knew Him not.
11. He came to-His-own, and His own received Him not.
 12. But to-them who received Him, He gave power to-become the-children
of-God, who believe on His name,
13. Who were not born of-blood, not of-the-will of-the-flesh, also not of-
the-will of-men, but of God.
14. And the-word became flesh, and dwelt in-our-midst (and we saw his
glory, as the-glory of-the-only Son of-the Father) full of-grace and of-truth.

[1] Inessive sing. of alku, formed with suffix u (p. 45); verb alkaa, to
begin; alkussa becomes alussa by rule 27.
[2] 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of olla, to be (p. 72).
[3] Nom. sing. identical with stem; cf. verb sanoa, to speak.
[4] Conjunction borrowed from the Swedish, and.
[5] Nominative of demonstr. pron. (p. 59) used almost like article (p.
166).
[6] Jumala, gen. Jumalan, God.
[7] Essive sing. of tykö; postposition governing Jumalan (p. 215).
[8] Nominative sing. of demonstr. pron. (p. 58).
[9] Nominative plur. without term. (pp. 61 and 170).
[10] 3rd pers. plur. pres. of olla (p. 72).
[11] Gen. sing. of demonstr. se (p. 59).
[12] Kautta, postposition governing gen. sen (p. 204).
[13] tehty, past part. pass. of root teke (rule 41); nominative plur.
tehdyt (rule 32). Here the participle is used in combination with ovat to
form perf. passive (p. 74).
[14] Preposition governing the partitive sitä (p. 203).
[15] Partitive sing. of demonstr. pron. se.
[16] ei ole tehty, negative perf. passive of root teke (p. 74).
[17] Partitive sing. of mikä with suffix an (pp. 61 and 219). For
explanation of use of partitive here v. p. 183.
[18] Nom. sing, of rel. pron.
[19] 3rd pers. sing. pres. of olla.
[20] Iness. sing. of personal pron. hän.
[21] Nom. sing. formed from root elä with suffix mä (p. 45).
[22] Gen. plur. of ihminen declined like toinen (p. 35).
[23] Stem valkeute (nominative -us, p. 36) formed by adding affix
ute to root valke (cf. valkea, white or fire, and valjeta).
 [24] Stem pimeyte, nominative pimeys; substantive formed from
pimeä, dark, analogous to valkeus, but with soft termination;
pimeydessä is inessive sing.
[25] 3rd pers. sing. pres. of root paista.
[26] Jota, part. sing. of relative pron. object of negative verb (p. 127).
[27] 3rd sing. negative imperf. (p. 70) of verbal root käsitä, to grasp or
understand (exact equivalent of comprehendere).
[28] Yksi, one, here used as the indefinite article, p. 51.
[29] Nominative sing. of stem miehe, man.
[30] Plupf. passive of lähettää, to send; pres. passive lähetetään,
past part. -etty (p. 67).
[31] Ablative sing. of Jumala, God.
[32] Genitive sing. of relative pron. joka.
[33] Nominative sing. of stem nime.
[34] Nominative sing. of stem Johannekse (p. 36).
[35] Dem. pron. used as pers. pron. (p. 166).
[36] 3rd sing. imperf. of root tule, p. 95.
[37] Elative sing. of pron. se.
[38] Elative sing. of nominative valkeus, for use of case, v. p. 144.
[39] Illative of 3rd infin. of verbal stem todista, 1st infin. todistaa, for
constr. v. p. 194.
[40] Particle used here with conditional, v. for constr. p. 179.
[41] 3rd pers. plur. conditional of uskoa, to believe.
[42] hänen, gen. sing. of 3rd pers. pron. depending upon
[43] the postposition kautta with the affix of the 3rd person. Notice
that throughout this extract (vv. 10, 12, 14) the genitive of the pers. pron.
is used as well as the suffix, v. p. 164.
[44] 3rd sing. impf. negative of olla.
[45] Nominative sing. 3rd pers. pron.
[46] conjunction but.
[47] Nom. sing. of stem totise (p. 35) formed with adjectival ending
ise from stem tote, nom. tosi.
[48] 3rd sing. pres. of root valista (1st inf. -taa), to light.
[49] Acc. plur. of stem ihmise, nom. sing. ihminen, man.
[50] Nom. plur. of rel. pron. joka.
[51] maailmaan, illative sing. of maailma, universe (maa, ilma),
denoting motion into after tulevat.
 [52] 3rd plur. pres. of root tule (1st inf. tulla) to come (p. 95).
[53] Inessive sing.
[54] Nom. sing.
[55] 3rd pers. sing. imperf. negative of tuntea.
[56] Partitive sing. of 3rd pers. pron. after negative verb (p. 127).
[57] Allative plur. of oma, own, with the suffix of the 3rd pers. om-i-
lle-nsa.
[58] Negative imperf. of ottaa, to take.
[59] Illative sing. of vasta, meaning literally, what is opposite. The
combination ottaa vastaan, is used to mean receive.
[60] Nom. plur. of oma with suff. of 3rd pers. pron. (p. 57). As
omansa is subject to the verb, the latter should strictly be eivät
ottaneet, but v. page 123.
[61] Allative plur. of demons. pron. se, nom. plur. ne.
[62] 3rd pers. plur. imperf. of ottaa, to take.
[63] 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of antaa, to give, pres. annan. For
difference of form in otti, antoi v. page 85.
[64] Acc. sing. of voima, power, formed with suffix ma from root voi
(1st inf. voida), to be able.
[65] Transl. plur. of lapse, a child, v. p. 158.
[66] 1st inf. from root tule, to come, here used as auxiliary meaning to
become or enter on a state, and taking the translative case.
[67] 3rd pers. plur. pres. of uskoa, to believe.
[68] Genitive sing. of nimi (stem nime) with pronom. affix of 3rd pers.
[69] Allative sing. of pää, a head, governing the genitive nimensä.
The local cases of pää are used in a variety of metaphorical expressions.
[70] Eikä is the negative verb with the adverbial suffix kä, and; as in
verse 11, the singular of the negative verb is used for the plur.;
syntyneet must be understood with the negative.
[71] Elative sing. of veri (stem vere), blood, for use v. p. 143.
[72] Genitive sing. of liha, flesh, depending on tahdosta.
[73] Elative sing. of tahto, will, used as a nominal and verbal stem
(tahtoa, to wish).
[74] Particle, also, connected with myötä and myöten.
[75] Genitive sing. of mies (stem miehe), man, depending on
tahdosta.
[76] Elative sing. of Jumala, God.
 [77] 3rd pers. plur. of the perf. of syntyä, to be born, composed of
auxiliary and nom. plur. of partitive syntynyt, v. p. 73.
[78] For form v. No. 36. Here used as auxiliary became and followed by
translative, v. Nos. 65 and 66 above.
[79] Translat. sing. of liha, flesh.
[80] 3rd pers. sing. imperf. of asua, to dwell.
[81] Genitive plur. of 1st pers. pron. depending on postposition
seassamme.
[82] Postposition in inessive following genitive and taking possessive
affix of 1st pers. plur., v. p. 214.
[83] Nom. plur. of 1st pers. pron.
[84] 1st pers. plur. imperf. of root näke (inf. nähdä, v. p. 108), näke-
i-mme becomes näimme by rules 14 and 28.
[85] Acc. sing. of kunnia, glory, with the pron. affix of 3rd pers.
[86] So as, compound adverb formed of niin, instr. plur. of se and
kuin, instr. plur. of root ku (nom. kuka).
[87] Genitive sing. of ainoa, only, agreeing with Pojan.
[88] Genitive sing. of Poika, son, for form v. rule 28.
[89] Accus. sing. of kunnia, glory, governing the genitive ainoan
Pojan.
[90] Elative sing. of Isä, Father. The elative is no doubt used to
prevent the confusion arising from too many genitives and accusatives
coming together.
[91] Essive sing. of stem täyte, in apposition to sana (v. p. 157. iii).
Modern Finnish makes täytenä, but here the e is dropped and täytnä
becomes täynnä, cf. ynnä for yhtenä from yksi. In nom. täyte forms
täysi by rule 37.
[92] Part. sing, of stem armo, grace or mercy; for use of part. after
täynnä v. p. 136.
[93] Part. sing. of stem totuute (p. 36), which rejects e before ta of
part.; for formation from root tote, v. p. 47. iii.

KALEVALA, XXXVI. 319-346.

 Kullervo Kalervon poika
Tempasi[1] terävän[2] miekan[3], 320
Katselevi kääntelevi,
Kyselevi tietelevi[4];
Kysyi[5] mieltä[6] miekaltansa[3]
Tokko[7] tuon[8] tekisi[9] mieli[6]
Syöä[10] syyllistä[11] lihoa,[12] 325
Viallista[13] verta[14] juoa[15].
Miekka[3] mietti[16] miehen[17] mielen[6].
Arvasi[18] uron[19] pakinan[20],
Vastasi[21] sanalla[22] tuolla[8]:
‘Miks[23] en[24] söisi[24] mielelläni[25], 330
Söisi[24] syyllistä[11] lihoa[12],
Viallista[13] verta[14] joisi[26]?
Syön[10] lihoa[12] syyttömänki,[27]
Juon[15] verta[14] viattomanki[28].’
Kullervo Kalervon poika, 335
Sinisukka[29] äijön[30] lapsi[31]
Pään[32] on[33] peltohon[34] sysäsi[35],
Perä[36] painoi[37] kankahasen[38],
Kären[39] käänti[40] rintahansa[41],
Itse[42] iskihe[43] kärelle[44], 340
Siihen[45] surmansa[46] sukesi[47]
Kuolemansa[48] kohtaeli[49].
Se oli surma[45] nuoren[50] miehen[17],
Kuolo[51] kullervo-urohon[52],
Loppu[53] ainakin[54] urosta[55] 345
Kuolema[56] kova-osaista[57].

[Kullervo, the hero of Kalevala xxxi-xxxvi, is represented as a child of

misfortune, who by no possible means could do good. After a series of crimes
and disasters, rivalling the history of Oedipus, he determines to kill himself.]
 Kullervo the son of Kalervo
Grasped the sharp sword, 320
Looked (at it), turned (it),
Asked, inquired:
Asked of his sword its mind,
If it were minded,
To eat guilty flesh, 325
To drink sinful blood.
The sword understood the mind of the man,
Followed the speech of the hero,
Answered with this word:
‘Why should I not eat to my pleasure, 330
Eat guilty flesh,
Drink sinful blood?
I eat the flesh of the guiltless,
I drink the blood of the sinless.’
Kullervo the son of Kalervo, 335
The old man’s child with blue stockings,
Drove the hilt into the ground,
Fixed the end in the plain,
Turned the point to his breast
Himself fell on the point. 340
Thus he sought his fate,
Met his death.
This was the fate of the young man,
The death of the hero Kullervo,
The end of the hero, 345
The death of the ill-fated one.

[1] 3rd sing. imperf. of stem tempata, 1st inf. temmata, conjugated
like lupata, pp. 95 and 101.
[2] Acc. sing. of adj. terävä, sharp, formed from terä, edge, with affix
va.
[3] Acc. sing. of miekka, sword; kk becomes k in closed syllable (rule
25); in l. 323, occurs the ablative sing. with affix of 3rd pers. pron.
[4] These four verbs are all formed with the affix ele (v. p. 111) from
the simple forms katsoa, kääntää, kysyä, tietää. The vi is the
termination of the 3rd. pers. sing. pres. (p. 62).
 [5] 3rd sing. imperf. of kysyä, followed by ablative, to ask of (p. 154).
[6] Part. sing. of miele, nom. mieli, genitive mielen, etc.; e lost
before tä by rule 17.
[7] Particle, whether.
[8] Acc. of demonstr. pron. tuo.
[9] 3rd pers. sing. conditional of root teke, inf. tehdä, of 3rd
conjugation. The phrase mieli tekee followed by an accusative (here
tuon) means his mind drives him to, or he has a mind to. Cf. the first
lines of the Kalevala Mieleni minun tekevi ... lähteäni laulamahan,
my mind incites me to begin singing.
[10] = syödä (p. 224) 1st inf. of root syö (pres indic. syön),
depending on phrase mieli tekisi (p. 188).
[11] Part. sing. (object of syöä) of syyllinen, guilty, formed from syy,
cause or guilt, with affix llise (p. 47).
[12] = lihaa (p. 225), part. sing. of liha, flesh.
[13] Part. sing. of viallinen, formed from vika, fault, like syyllinen, k
lost by rule 28.
[14] Part. sing. of vere (nom. veri); cf. mieltä for form.
[15] = juoda (p. 224), 1st inf. of juo, pres. juon.
[16] 3rd sing. imperf. of miettiä (2nd conj.) to think over, here
meaning understand.
[17] Genitive sing. of stem miehe (nom. mies).
[18] 3rd sing. imperf. of arvata; pres. indic. arvaan, to think,
understand, conjugated like root lupata, p. 101.
[19] Genitive sing. of uro, hero, which is more usual in the form uros
(stem uroho, uroo).
[20] Accusative sing. (object of arvasi) of pakina, speech.
[21] Vastasi, 3rd sing. imperf. of vastata, conjugated like root
lupata.
[22] Adessive sing. of sana, word, used here in instrum. signification
(p. 152).
[23] Transl. sing. of mikä, used adverbially to mean why (p. 159).
[24] Negative conditional of syö, composed of 1st pers. sing. of neg.
verb, and stem of conditional (p. 70). By rule 4 syö + isi becomes söisi.
[25] Adessive sing. of mieli (v. No. 6) with affix of 1st pers. sing. with
my mind, i.e. with pleasure.
[26] Juo + isi becomes joisi (v. No. 15).
[27] ki is an adverbial affix (p. 118) meaning even; syyttömän is the
genitive sing. of syytön, guiltless (stem syyttömä), a caritive adjective
formed from syy, with suffix ttoma, just as syyllinen is formed with
suffix llise (v. pp. 47 and 37).
[28] Genitive sing. of caritive adjective viaton, formed from vika.
[29] Blue-stockinged, a compd. of sini, blue, and sukka, stocking.
[30] Gen. sing. of äijö (= äijä), an old man.
[31] Nom. sing. of stem lapse, child.
[32] Accusative sing. of pää, head, here the hilt of a sword.
[33] Particle of emphasis frequently used in Kalevala, and not the verb
substantive.
[34] = peltoon (p. 225), illative sing. of pelto, field or ground.
[35] 3rd pers. sing. of sysätä, to drive, conj. like luvata.
[36] Accusative sing. of perä, end.
[37] 3rd pers. sing. impf. of painaa, to force down or into.
[38] = kankaasen (p. 225), illative sing. of stem kankaha, nom.
kangas (p. 38 and rule 26), a bare plain.
[39] Accusative sing. of stem kärke, nom. kärki, here the point of the
sword.
[40] 3rd sing. impf. of kääntää, to turn, v. p. 16.
[41] = rintaansa, illative sing. of rinta, breast, with suffix of 3rd pers.
pron.
[42] Nominative sing. of pronoun.
[43] 3rd pers. sing. reflex. impf. of iskeä, to strike. For form v. pp. 109
and 227.
[44] All. sing. of kärki (v. No. 38).
[45] Illative sing. of pron. se, but here the force of the illative is lost;
literally to this, up till now.
[46] Acc. sing. of surma, fate, with pron. aff. of 3rd pers.
[47] 3rd sing. imperf. of root suketa, 1st infin. sueta, to make, or
prepare, conjugated like luvata.
[48] Accusative sing. of kuolema, death (pp. 45 and 190).
[49] 3rd sing. imperf. of kohtaella, to meet (one’s fate); cf. kohtalo,
fate.
[50] Genitive sing. of nuori (stem nuore), young.
[51] Nominative sing. = kuolema, but formed with suffix o (p. 45).
[52] Compound of proper name Kullervo and uros, hero (stem
uroho).
 [53] Nominative sing. end, genitive lopun; cf. loppua, to end, intrans.,
lopettaa trans.
[54] Adv. aina, always, with suffix kin. Lönnrot explains this word as
åtminstone, visst; it seems here almost pleonastic, and cannot be
rendered for ever.
[55] Partitive sing. of uros (stem uroho), hero, used here as the
genitive.
[56]Transcriber’s Note: note 56 was omitted.
[57] Partitive sing. of compound adj. formed from kova hard and
osainen (stem -se) fated; adjective of osa, share.

KALEVALA, XVI. 151 ff.

 Läksi[1] Tuonelta[2] sanoja[3],
Manalalta[4], mahtiloita[5];
Astua taputtelevi[6],
Kävi[7] viikon[8] vitsikkoa[9],
Viikon[8] toisen[10] tuomikkoa[9], 155
Kolmannen[11] katajikkoa[9],
Jo[12] näkyi[13] Manalan[4] saari[14],
Tuonen[2] kumpu[15] kuumottavi[16].
Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen
Jo[12] huhuta[19] huikahutti[20] 160
Tuossa Tuonelan[21] joessa[22],
Manalan[4] alantehessa[23]:
‘Tuo[24] venettä[25] Tuonen[2] tytti[26],
Lauttoa[27] Manalan[4] lapsi[28]
Yli[29] salmen[30] saa’akseni[31], 165
Joen[22] poikki[32] päästäkseni[33]!’
Lyhykäinen[34] Tuonen[2] tytti[26],
Matala[35] Manalan[4] neiti[36]
Tuo oli peukkujen[37] pesiä[38],
Räpähien[39] räimyttäjä[40] 170
Tuonen[2] mustassa[41] joessa[22],
Manalan[4] alusve’essä[42];
Sanan[3] virkki[43], noin[44] nimesi[45],
Itse lausui[46] ja pakisi[47]:
‘Vene[25] täältä[48] tuotanehe[49], 175
Kuni[50] syy[51] sanottanehe[52],
Mi[53] sinun Manalle[2] saattoi[54]
Ilman[55] tau’in[56] tappamatta[57],
Ottamatta[58] oivan[59] surman[60],
Muun[61] surman[60] musertamatta[62].’ 180
Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen
Sanan[3] virkkoi[43] noin[44] nimesi[45]:
‘Tuoni[2] minun tänne[63] tuotti[64],
Mana[2] mailtani[65] veteli[66].’
Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti, {v. 167, 168
Matala Manalan neiti {
Tuonpa[67] hän sanoiksi[68] virkki[43]:
‘Jopa[12] keksin[69] kielastajan[70]!
Kunp’[71] on[72] Tuoni[2] tänne[65] toisi[73],
Mana mailta[65] siirteleisi[74], 190
Tuoni toisi[73] tullessansa[75],
Manalainen[76], matkassansa[77],
Tuonen hattu[78] hartioilla[79],
Manan kintahat[80] käessä[81];
Sano[82] totta[83] Väinämöinen, 195
Mi[52] sinun Manalle saattoi[54]?’
Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen
Jo[12] tuossa[84] sanoiksi[68] virkki[43]:
‘Rauta[85] mun[86] Manalle[2] saattoi[54],
Teräs[87] tempoi[88] Tuonelahan[21].’ 200
Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti, {
Matala Manalan neiti {v. 167, 168, 173.
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: {
‘Tuosta[89] tunnen[90] kielastajan[70]!
Kun[71] rauta[85] Manalle[2] saisi[91], 205
Teräs[87] toisi[73] Tuonelahan[21],
Verin[92] vaattehet[93] valuisi[94],
Hurmehin[95] hurahteleisi[96];
Sano totta Väinämöinen, v. 195.
Sano totta toinen[10] kerta[97]!’ 210
Vaka[17] vanha[18] Väinämöinen
Itse virkki[43], noin[44] nimesi[45]:
‘Vesi[98] sai[91] minun Manalle[2],
Aalto[99] toi[73] on[72] Tuonelahan[21].’
Lyhykäinen Tuonen tytti, {
Matala Manalan neiti {v. 167, 168, 173.
Sanan virkkoi, noin nimesi: {
‘Ymmärrän[100] valehtelian[101]!
J [102] i[92] M ll [2] i i[91]
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