MATTU UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERIN AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
INDUSTRY INTERNSHIP REPORT
POWER STREAM
PROJECT TITLE: REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION FOR MATTU
SUBSTATION USING STATCOM
HOSTING CAMPANY: ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC POWER, MATTU SUBSTATION
Name Signature
1. Dereje Dame _____________________

2. Gemechis Balina _____________________

3. Habtamu Adugna _____________________

4. Melkamu Amnuit _____________________

5. Milkishe Tesfaye _____________________

Approved by:
Company supervisor Advisor

Mr. Solomon Gossa Mr. Tesfaye Belay

____________ ____________

Submission Date: February, 23, 2023

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Declaration
We, undersigned group of students declare that this internship report is our personal work. We
approve that this work is done mainly for internship student at Mattu university college of
engineering and technology, department of electrical and computer engineering. With the
exception of many quotations, this report is entirely our own work.

Name of students Signature

1. Dereje Dame _____________________

2. Gemechis Balina _____________________

3. Habtamu Adugna _____________________

4. Melkamu Amnuit _____________________

5. Milkishe Tesfaye _____________________

Approved by:
Company supervisor Advisor

Mr. Solomon Gossa Mr. Tesfaye Belay

____________ ____________

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Acknowledgement
Primarily, we would like to give glory to God for giving health and giving effort to finish this
internship program & report safely. Secondly, we would like to thank Mattu University and
department of electrical and computer engineering for giving this internship chance to change
our knowledge to practical and for they support. Next, we would like to express our deepest
gratitude for Mr. Solomon Gossa substation and maintenance head officer and Mattu Substation
staff members for their active support, help, advice, encouragement and continuous guidance
without which it would have been difficult to complete our work. We would also like to mention
the generous guidance of our Mentor Mr. Tesfaye Belay (MSC) for his support and guidance
without which it would have been difficult for us to complete this paper.
Finally we would like express special thanks to our parents for their encouragement, love and
endless support during the entire stay in this university.

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Executive Summary
The importance of internship is undeniable and recommended for all. As an engineer we have
acquire a great depth of knowledge during our internship time. This paper is arranged to give full
information about our internship program. We have been in EEP Mattu substation. The three
months of internship has given us a great opportunity to relate our knowledge to the real-world
application and we also acquire different skills. It was helpful for us to experience the real-world
work ethics and life cycles. During this time we were working in EEP, south west region, Mattu
substation. This report discusses the benefits we gained from our internship program, the
working principles of the substation, the substation equipment’s and the protection system and
also in this internship report we includes the problems we identified in the substation so that
solutions and recommendations for the identified problems should be discussed deeply.

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Table of Contents
Declaration...................................................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................................ii
Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................iii
List of Figure..............................................................................................................................................viii
List of Tables...............................................................................................................................................ix
List of Abbreviation......................................................................................................................................x
Chapter One................................................................................................................................................1
1. Background of the Ethiopian Electric Power............................................................................................1
1.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Detail history of company.................................................................................................................2
1.3. Organization Description..................................................................................................................3
1.4. Main products or services of EEP......................................................................................................3
1.5. Establishment of Mattu Substation..................................................................................................4
1.5.1. Mattu Substation.......................................................................................................................4
1.5.2. The Main Customers..................................................................................................................5
1.6. EEP Vision, Mission, Goal, Objective, and Value of Corporate..........................................................6
1.6.1. EEP Vision..................................................................................................................................6
1.6.2. EEP Mission................................................................................................................................6
1.6.3 .Institutional Goals......................................................................................................................7
1.6.4. Objective of company................................................................................................................7
1.6.5. Institutional Values....................................................................................................................7
1.7. Organizational structure of EEP........................................................................................................8
Chapter Two..............................................................................................................................................10
2 .Overall Internship Experience................................................................................................................10
2.1. Objectives of the Internship...........................................................................................................10
2.1.1. General Objectives...................................................................................................................10
2.1.2. Specific Objectives...................................................................................................................10
2.2. How we get into the Company.......................................................................................................10
2.3. Section we have been working.......................................................................................................11

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2.4. Overall system components and operations..................................................................................11

2.4.1. Transmission Line....................................................................................................................13
2.4.3. Voltage transformer (VT).........................................................................................................15
2.4.4. Isolator (Disconnecting Switch)................................................................................................16
2.4.5. Bus bar.....................................................................................................................................17
2.4.6. Circuit Breaker.........................................................................................................................19
2.4.7. Sulphur Hexafluoride...............................................................................................................20
2.4.8. Current Transformer (CT).........................................................................................................20
2.4.9. Transformers...........................................................................................................................21
2.4.10. Operation of substation and control system.........................................................................23
2.4.11. Protective relay......................................................................................................................24
2.4.12. Control Systems.....................................................................................................................24
2.4.13. Substation DC Battery and charger........................................................................................25
2.5. The procedures we have been performed in our works.................................................................26
Chapter Three............................................................................................................................................28
3. The Overall Benefits Gained From the Internship..................................................................................28
3.1. Overall Internship Benefits.............................................................................................................29
3.1.1. Benefits on Practical Knowledge..............................................................................................29
3.1.2. Benefits on Our Theoretical Knowledge..................................................................................29
3.1.3. Improving Our Interpersonal Communication Skills................................................................29
3.1.4. Benefits on Team Playing Skill.................................................................................................30
3.1.5. Benefits on Leadership Skill.....................................................................................................30
3.1.6. Benefits on Understanding Work Ethics and Related..............................................................31
3.1.7. Entrepreneurship Skill..............................................................................................................31
3.2. Over All Internship Challenges........................................................................................................31
3.3. Methods taken to solve the Challenges..........................................................................................32
Chapter Four..............................................................................................................................................33
4. Conclusion and Recommendation.........................................................................................................33
4.1. Conclusion......................................................................................................................................33
4.2. Recommendation...........................................................................................................................33

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Project: Reactive Power Compensation for Mattu Substation by Using

STATCOM...................................................................................................................................................35
Abstract.....................................................................................................................................................35
Chapter One..............................................................................................................................................36
1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................36
1.1. Background.....................................................................................................................................36
1.2. Statement of the Problem..............................................................................................................37
1.3. Objective of the project..................................................................................................................37
1.3.1 General Objective.....................................................................................................................37
1.3.2. Specific Objective.....................................................................................................................38
1.4. Methodology..................................................................................................................................38
1.5. Scope of Project..............................................................................................................................38
1.6. Limitation of project.......................................................................................................................38
1.8. Significance.....................................................................................................................................38
Chapter Two..............................................................................................................................................40
2. Literature Review..................................................................................................................................40
Chapter Three............................................................................................................................................41
3. Materials and Proposed Method...........................................................................................................41
3.1. Block Diagram of the Project..........................................................................................................41
3.2. Static Shunt Compensator (STATCOM)...........................................................................................41
3.3. Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Inverter........................................................................................42
3.4. Working Principle of STATCOM......................................................................................................42
3.5. Modeling of Power System Using Matlab/Simulink........................................................................43
Chapter Four..............................................................................................................................................45
Result and Discussion................................................................................................................................45
Chapter Five..............................................................................................................................................50
5. Conclusion and Recommendation.........................................................................................................50
5.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................50
5.2 Recommendation............................................................................................................................50
Reference..................................................................................................................................................51
APPROVAL SHEET......................................................................................................................................52

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List of Figure
Figure 1.1 single line diagram of Mattu substation..............................................................6

Figure 1.2 Organizational structure of EEP........................................................................8

Figure 2.1 Interconnection of Mattu substation.................................................................12

Figure 2.2 Transmission line..........................................................................................13

Figure 2.3 lighting arrester............................................................................................14

Figure 2. 4 Voltage Transformer....................................................................................15

Figure 2. 5 Bus-bar dis-connector...................................................................................16

Figure 2.6 Single bus- bar.............................................................................................17

Figure 2.7 Double bus bar............................................................................................................18

Figure 2. 8 SF6 circuit breakers......................................................................................19

Figure 2.9 Current Transformers....................................................................................20

Figure 2. 10 Auto Transformer.......................................................................................21

Figure 2. 11 Power Transformer.....................................................................................22

Figure 2. 12 Control Room............................................................................................24

Figure 2.13 Battery Room............................................................................................25

Figure 3. 1 Block Diagram of Project..............................................................................40

Figure 3. 2 functional model of STATCOM and pmw control block with vsc respectively.......42

Figure 3.3 STATCOM with PWM invertor......................................................................43

Figure 4. 1 MATLAB /SIMULINK diagram of Mattu substation without STATCOM............44

Figure 4. 2 Output values before STATCOM connected.....................................................45

Figure 4. 3 MATLAB/SIMULINK model of Mattu substation WITH STATCOM.................46

Figure 4.4 Output observed after STATCOM installed.......................................................47

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List of Tables

Table 1.1 Mattu substation........................................................................................4

Table 1.2 Customers of Mattu substation..................................................................5

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List of Abbreviation
CT…………....................................................................Current Transformer

EELPA …………………………………………..…… Ethiopian Electric Light and Power

EEP…………....................................................................Ethiopian electric power

EEPCO………………………………...……………… Ethiopia Electric Power Corporation

HV……………..............................................................High Voltage

ICS……………………………………….......................Inter connected systems

KV……………………………………………….…......Kilovolt

KVA…………………………………………………….Kilovolt ampere

KW……………………………………….….................Kilowatt

LD………………………………………………………..line disconnected

LV…….............................................................................Low Voltage

MV………….…. ………………………………………..Megavolt

MVA……..........................................................................Mega volt AMPER

P.F …………………………………………………..…... Power factor

SA …………………………………………………………Surge arrester

SCS……………. ……………………………………..........Self-Contained System

VT………………………………………..............................Voltage transformer

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Chapter One
1. Background of the Ethiopian Electric Power

1.1. Introduction
The Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo) was named in 1997- after serving
previously in the name of the Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority, which was
established in 1956. EEPCo is a government owned utility responsible for the generation,
transmission, distribution and sales service of electric energy throughout Ethiopia. The
corporation has two electric power supply systems: the Interconnected System (ICS) and the
Self Contained System (SCS). The main energy source of ICS is hydropower plants, and for
the SCS mini-hydro and diesel power generators allocated in various areas of the country.
The ICS consists of 11 hydro, one geothermal, and 15 diesel power plants with a total
capacity of 2022.2 MW, of which 91% is generated from hydropower plants. The SCS
consists of three small hydro and many isolated diesel plants, located throughout the country
with a capacity of 6.15MW and 30.06MW respectively. As part of the government’s growth
and transformation plan, EEPCo has launched hydropower, and other renewable, projects to
meet the 10,000MW target in the coming two years. The electric energy generated from the
main hydropower plants is transported through high voltage transmission lines rated at 45,
66, 132, 230 and 400 kV. The 400 kV transmission lines of 685.71 km were constructed and
commissioned recently while 500kV and DC lines are being considered as part of the five
year plan. The total length of the existing transmission lines is about 10884.23 km. Regional
interconnections with neighboring countries including Djibouti, Sudan and Kenya are under
the construction and procurement phases. 80,000Kms of power distribution in both ICS and
SCS is achieved at primary voltage of 33 volts and 15kV lines, and step down to 380 and 220
volts to customer’s level. The total number of customers connected by EEPCo at present is
around 1,896,265. EEPCO increased the number of electrified towns and villages reached to
a total of 5163, which brought electric energy access to 41%. At present EEPCo is
undertaking investment projects of two billion dollars per annum. [ ([1],
https://www.eep.com.et/en/, 2023)]

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1.2. Detail history of company

Power development was introduced in Ethiopia as early as 1950s, and since then the Ethiopian
electric power sector has served over 65 years. During these times, three landmark stages have
passed to reach at the current status of the sector. In early days (1958) the sector had been
organized in a vertically integrated structure, vested with both operator and regulatory mandates,
and it was named as the “Ethiopian Electric Light & Power Authority”. It was managed by a
general manager leading five departments, namely Operations, Engineering, Planning, Finance
and Administration, and Services. In the second development stage (1996), the sector changed to
accommodate the then new economic policy of the country, and the former Ethiopian Electric
Light & Power Authority was restructured as a corporation and was named as the “Ethiopian
Electric Power Corporation,” which was responsible for generating, transmitting, distributing
and selling electric power to the public in a commercially viable system as an operator; and then
the Ethiopian Electric Agency was established as a regulator. This stage was marked by the
segregation of the duties of the regulators and operators. In addition, the company had to support
the government’s rural electrification program, which is based on equitable availability of
electric power to the rural mass population. In the third development stage (2013), the fast
double-digit economic growth the country, regional interconnection and the growth the sector
itself – in service area, customers’ size, finance, and human capital, etc. – demanded further
restructuring of the vertically integrated Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation into two legally
unbundled state-owned enterprises, namely the Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) and Ethiopian
Electric Power (EEP). The Government of Ethiopia recognized the key role that power sector
plays in the economic and social development and growth of the country and has bestowed top
priority to the sector and for its expansion. EEP embarked on a huge and ambitious plan of
bringing the installed capacity to 10,000MW within the five-year planning period ending 2015.
The UEAP electrification plan targeting universal electrification of the rural population had a
plan to bring electricity access to 75% in the planning period. In the African context, Ethiopia is
known for its aggressive move in its expansion plan of its power sector, especially in generation
capacity growth in a fast track modality. In the last 10 years, Ethiopia has commissioned and
made operational seven hydropower and three wind power plants with aggregate capacity
exceeding 3,560MW[ ([2], powering Africa, 2014)]

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1.3. Organization Description

Ethiopia strives to be the hub of renewably sourced energy in the region and beyond. Ethiopian
Electric Power (EEP) is instrumental to this ambitious plan. EEP is a sole provider of bulk
electricity to users, mainly to the Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU); direct industrial customers;
and exports to neighboring countries. Djibouti and the Sudan are connected to Ethiopia by a
high-voltage power line. A 400MW energy purchase agreement was signed and a 500 kilovolt
(kV) HVDC line between Kenya and Ethiopia is under commissioning, EEP operates and
maintains more than 12 hydropower and three wind power plants distributed in different parts of
the country with installed capacity of more than 4290MW; including the Gibe III plant
(1870MW) which is under commissioning. There are two major hydropower projects under
construction, namely the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (6000MW) and Gilgel Gibe IV or
Koysha (2160MW). EEP operates and maintains all high-voltage transmission lines across the
country, which covers more than 9,000km with varying voltage levels ranging from 500kV to
132kV; and more than 90 substations with the above mentioned voltage levels. Huge
transmission line expansion is planned to extend the system and cover the whole country
including border crossing power lines. EEP has its own transmission & substation construction
unit task force, which has more than 30 years of experience and developed construction and
commissioning capacity of high-voltage lines up to 230 KV and Substations. EEP has a portfolio
management unit with a track record in managing and administrating more than seven mega
generation and transmission projects at a time in the last 10 years. [ ([3],
https://www.eep.com.et/en/, 2014)]

1.4. Main products or services of EEP

EEP manages and operates power-generating facilities, the national transmission and is also
responsible for the supply of electricity for plenty of customers with a high coverage of most
towns in Ethiopia. According to EEP corporate plan, in addition to reorganizing the corporation,
to be power self -sufficient and to be able to export to other countries, to start different power
generation plants, complete the construction of different power plants, and rising power coverage
to greater percent in the coming three years are the plans that are going to be implemented.
Generally, the main services of EEP are summarized as follows:
1. Generation

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2. Transmission

A. Generation/supply systems
The corporation has two electric energy supply systems that are the Interconnected System (ICS)
and the Self Contained System (SCS). The main energy source of ICS is hydro power plants,
mini hydro and diesel power generators allocated in various areas of the country for SCS.

B. Transmission and substation systems

The electric energy generated from the main hydro power plants is transported through high
voltage transmission lines rated 45, 66,132,230 and 400 kV. Where the substation is constructed
at different level of voltage and number of customer at that area and also depends on the center
of the load to be located. The ratings of the Mattu substations are 15, 33 and 230 KV

1.5. Establishment of Mattu Substation

Mattu is one of the oldest cities in Ethiopia, which is located at the south west region of Ethiopia.
Mattu substations is located in Mattu city.
1. Mattu substation
1.5.1. Mattu Substation -: This substation is the oldest substation which were getting the input
66KV from SOR HEPP and started work in 1984. Now, this substation gets 230KV input from
Bedelle substation. Then by using step down transformer (230/66KV/15KV) and (66kv/33kv)
supply to Mettu nearby small town (Gore, Yayo, Suphe, Mettu University) and15KV for
auxiliary. In this substation there are bays. These bays are;
Table 1.1 Mattu substation

Number of bay Name of bay Capacity in KV

1 Gambella line-I out going 230

2 Gambella line-II out going 230

3 Incoming from bedelle line-I 230

4 Incoming from bedelle line-II 230

5 three winding transformer line 230/66/15

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6 Coupler 230

7 Shunt reactor 230

8 Two winding transformer line 66/33

A 230 KV double line is coming from bedelle substation which feeds double busbar of mattu
substation and then outgoes to gambella substation. Out of these double lines only one is
working. Transformer of 230/66/15KV has the two outgoing line one 230/15kv Mattu substation
feeds around Mattu town (Gore line, yayo line, Mattu University and Suphe line) and 66/33kv
(Gobe line and Masha line)

1.5.2. The Main Customers

Numbers of customers are those who are connected to get electric energy. The total number of
connected customers at present has been reached higher as counted by the authorized
stakeholders. The number of customer of the country is classified by the usage of the electricity,
this means that there are ICS and SCS customer, so due to that sometimes there is a case of
classifying the customer as an active, suspend, in process and pending on the past years but ICS
domestic and own consumption customers are adjusted as its required [ ([4]D.Das, electrical
power system, 2006)] Mattu substations have many customers. Those are described in the table
below.
Table 1.2 Customers of Mattu substation

Name of line Capacity in KV Capacity in MW

Gambella substation 230 8

Mettu town line 15 3.5

Gore line 15 1.65

yayo line 15 1.6

Suphe line 15 1

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Mettu University line 15 0.8

Gobe line 33 0.5

Masha line 33 1.25

Figure 1.1 Single line diagram of Mattu substation

1.6. EEP Vision, Mission, Goal, Objective, and Value of Corporate

1.6.1. EEP Vision

To be a center of excellence in providing quality electric service to everyone’s doorstep and
being competitive in energy export.

1.6.2. EEP Mission

The main mission of the company is to provide adequate and quality electricity generation,
transmission, and sales services through continuous improvement of power management
practices, and responsive to the socio-economic development and environmental protection
needs of the public.

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1.6.3 .Institutional Goals

EEP has developed a power sector expansion plan based on the second Growth and
Transformation Plan of the country for the five-year term starting from 2015. It has set its goals
on the expansion of power generation plants and transmission expansion plans. The objective of
the plan is to lay down electric power infrastructure that will support the country’s ambitious
plan of becoming a middle-income country by the year 2025. Among the goals set:
It envisages developing more than 10,000MW of electricity in the next five years using
hydropower, wind power and grid-based large-scale solar PV technologies. It will expand the
electrification span throughout the country with an additional 11,260km and 57 substations. The
transmission system comprises voltage levels of 500kV, 400kV and 230kV. The transmission
expansion includes regional interconnections with Kenya, an additional line to Djibouti, and
interconnection with South Sudan.

1.6.4. Objective of company

The major objectives of the corporation are:
 To meet the demand for energy in the country by providing sufficient and reliable
power supply that meets international standards at all times.
 To accelerate and complete the construction of new generation projects and
strengthening the existing transmission lines to provide improved access to rural
villages all over the country.
 To modernize the distribution system so as to reduce power losses to international
benchmark levels.
 To mandate to undertake the Government Transformation Programmed (GTP) in the
energy sector that has launched an extensive activity geared towards raising the
energy capacity of the nation in accordance with the GTP plan.

1.6.5. Institutional Values

 Continuous Excellence
 Service Reliability and Quality
 Credibility
 Professionalism

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 Accountability
 Social Responsibility
 Occupational Safety and Health
 Synergy,

1.7. Organizational structure of EEP

The Ethiopian Electric Power has split into three entities three years before. The three entities
that are under the Ministry of Energy are power generation and construction, transmission and
marketing and sales. According to officials of the corporation, the new re-organization will help
the corporation to be efficient in generating and supplying power to the public. Currently the
structure of the corporation has ten departments under the CEO generation construction,
generation operation, transmission and substation construction, transmission operation,
Marketing and sales, universal electrification access process, human resource, corporate finance
and supply chain, and services.

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Figure 1.2 Organizational structure of EEP

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Chapter Two
2 .Overall Internship Experience

2.1. Objectives of the Internship

An internship program has its own general and specific objectives. Both objectives are very
essential to get enough educated and skilled man power in all aspects of Engineering.

2.1.1. General Objectives

Mattu University, College of engineering targeted this internship program that can enable
Engineering students at their college to relate their theoretical knowledge gained from their
department to practical knowledge, and develop their profession skills.

2.1.2. Specific Objectives

Intern students during internship program are aimed on Improving
 Their theoretical, practical, professional, industrial problem solving capability.
 Developing interpersonal communication skills, team playing and leadership.
 Also, knowing, understanding and practicing work ethics.
 Adapting and developing work environment conditions are also parts of specific
Objectives of internship.

2.2. How we get into the Company

Mattu University is one of universities in Ethiopia. Mattu University College of engineering and
technology is one of the colleges of Mattu University. The University gave us a chance for
finding our internship hosting company by ourselves. In doing so, we could found a company
which is suitable for us economically as well as academically. We found that EEP is suitable for
us according to our department, interest and its site of location. After we have decided this, we
gave a list of our names and place of our choice to our department head. Then the head of ECE
department Mr. Diriba Chali sent our request to EEP head office via e-mail. We found that they
are willing to accept us as intern and they approved our request letter. After that we started our
internship work on November 20, 2022. The first day when we entered into the company, Mr.
Solomon Gossa was assigned for us as a supervisor on the Technical and overall help of our

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internship program from starting day till the final day of our internship program, In EEP Mattu
substation. He recommended us as we understand the general operation of power system in detail
and for the future as we specialize knowledge of power system.

2.3. Section we have been working

The Ethiopian Electric power corporation is very large corporation that has different regional
head Offices through the whole of Ethiopia. Among those regional head offices, we have been
working in the South western region, Mattu substation. For the first month we were working in
the substation that is an introduction to the company. And on the second month we worked on
area of the substation. In the last month we were working how to trip the fault and the working
principle of relay.

2.4. Overall system components and operations

Substation is a place where high voltage electricity is stepped down to low voltage and possibly
rectified from AC to DC. Substation is an integral part of the system and is a junction point of
lines and other system elements. It is often an interface between any two subsystems, such as
generation and transmission. There are different types of substations, which are classified
 According to Service requirement
 According to constructional feature
According to the service requirement there are much type of substations .Those are: -
transformer substation, switching substation, power factor correction substation, frequency
changer substation, converting substation, industrial substation. The substations which change
the voltage level of electric supply are called transformer substations. These substations receive
power at some voltage and deliver it at some other voltage. Mattu Substation is transformer kind
of substation. According to construction feature substation has many components which must be
housed properly to ensure continuous and reliable service. These constructions are based on
voltage level. According to constructional features, the substations are classified as: - Indoor
substation, Outdoor substation, Underground substation, Pole-mounted substation.
Mattu substation is outdoor substation. [ ([5] K.Mehta, march 1,2005)]

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The electric power is produced at the power stations which are located at favorable places,
generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a large
network of transmission. To set the substation we follow some important point: -
 It should be located at proper site.
 It should involves minimum capital cost.
 It should be easily operated and maintained.
 It should be safe and reliable arrangement.
 It should be simple in design as possible to provide a high level of service continuity.
Mattu substation is one of the biggest substations found in Ethiopia so that the company has
many parts and updated technologies recently. This substation is transformer substation which
change the voltage level of electric supply. These sub-stations receive power at some voltage and
deliver it at some other voltage. Obviously, transformer will be the main component in such
substations. This substation contains control panel, protection relay, the whole capacity of the
station and transformers.
The Mattu substation serves three basic purposes ፦
1. Switching system: - is elements which is the in and out of the system. This is accomplished by
relaying equipment; by circuit breakers, disconnector switches and the associated equipment.
2. Stepping down: - is concerning on the voltages in the system. This is accomplished by power
transformer.
3. Regulating system voltages: -this is accomplished by shunt reactors.
Mattu substation has the following interconnection to perform its tasks properly: -

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Figure 2.1 Interconnection of Mattu substation

2.4.1. Transmission Line
The transmission line is set of wires, called conductor that carry electric power from generating
plant to the substation that deliver power to customer. Electric-power transmission is the bulk
transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants through transmission to Electrical
substations located near demand centers. When Transmission lines interconnected with each
other, they become transmission networks. Transmission lines mostly use high-voltage phase
alternating. Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (110 KV or above) to reduce the energy
lost in long distance transmission. The conductor material is nearly always an aluminum alloy,
made into several strands and possibly reinforced with steel strands. Copper was sometimes used
for overhead transmission but aluminum is lower in weight for only marginally reduced
performance and much lower in cost. The station has three-phase network to carry 230KV,
which is the input of the Mattu.

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Figure 2.2 Transmission line

A lightning arrester is a device which is connected to transmission line or distribution system to
protect the equipment from being damaged by high voltage surges caused by lightning strikes
and other system disturbances like switching. Arresters are designed to limit surge voltage to a
safe value by discharging the surge current to ground. The surge arrester is of single phase
design, suitable for outdoor service. Three arresters are required for 3phase installations. The
arrester is located as near as to the apparatus being protected. Under normal operation the LA is
off the line i.e. it does not conduct any current to earth. On the occurrence of lightning/switching
impulse, the resistance of LA becomes very Low, providing a low resistance path for the surge to
the ground and thus protects Equipment from the surge.

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Figure 2.3 Lighting arrester

2.4.3. Voltage transformer (VT)

Voltage transformer is a parallel connected type of instrument transformer which are designed to
present negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate voltage ratio. Voltage
Transformer has two functions for measurement as well as for protection. Performance of
Voltage Transformer depends on following factors:
 Rated Primary Voltage
 Rated Secondary Voltage
 Rated burden
 Class of Accuracy
 Rated Voltage factor
 Voltage class and Insulation level
Voltage transformer in Mattu substations is intended to receive power from transmission line.

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Figure 2. 4 Voltage Transformer

2.4.4. Isolator (Disconnecting Switch)
A disconnector is a switch used to isolate a circuit from the rest of an electrical system. This type of
switch is usually used when it is necessary to turn off power to a particular circuit, such as when
performing maintenance on the circuit. Isolator switches are also used as a safety measure against
accidental electric shock.

An isolator switch is usually used in situations where there is a risk of electric shocks, such as damp
conditions. When the switch is in the “off” position, it creates a break in the circuit that prevents the
current from flowing. This allows you to work safely on the circuit without the risk of electrocution.

One of the cardinal measures for insuring fully safety in carrying out work on pieces of equipment in
electrical installations is to disconnect reliably the unit or the section on which the work must be done
from all other live parts of the installation. To guard against mistake, it is necessary that this should be
done by an apparatus which makes a visible break in the circuit.

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Isolator do not have a control device; therefore, it cannot be used to interrupt currents which
drawn across the contacts. Additionally, to repair or maintenance work on the circuit breaker,
both the bus bar and the line isolator must be opened.
There are two types of disconnecting switches in Mattu substation. These are: -
1, Line dis-connector
2, Bus bar dis-connector (pantograph type Isolator) directly connected with main bus.

Figure 2. 5 Bus-bar dis-connector

2.4.5. Bus bar
An electrical bus bar is a conductor or a group of conductor used for collecting electric power
from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders. In other words, it is a
type of electrical junction in which all the incoming and outgoing electrical current meets. Thus,
the electrical bus bar collects the electric power at one location. The methods used for the
protection of generators and transformers can also are employed, with slight modifications, for
the bus bars and lines. The modifications are necessary to cope with the protection problems
arising out of greater length of lines and a large number of circuits connected to a bus bar.
Various incoming and outgoing circuits are connected to bus bars. Bus bars receive power from
incoming circuits and deliver power to outgoing circuits. It is made of copper bar, Aluminum
tube etc. In Mattu

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Substation the bus bar is energized from Bedelle power station. Mattu substation has 230KV
double bus bar, 66KV single Bas -bar and one 15KV Bus bar. Therefore, Bus bar in Mattu
substation is classified into two types. Those are: -
1. Single Bus bar
2. Double Bus bar
1. Single bus bar
Single bus bar as the name suggests, it consists of a single bus-bar and all the incoming and
outgoing lines are connected to it. This kind of arrangement has its own advantages and
disadvantages.

Figure 2.6 Single bus- bar

2 .Double Bus bar
This kind of Bus bars consists of two Bus bars, a “main” bus-bar and a “spare” bus-bar. Each
bus-bar has the capacity to take up the entire sub-station load. The incoming and outgoing lines
can be connected to either bus-bar with the help of a bus-bar coupler which consists of a circuit
breaker and isolators. Ordinarily, the incoming and outgoing lines remain connected to the main
bus-bar.

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However, in case of repair of main bus-bar or fault occurring on main bus-bar, the continuity of
supply to the circuit can be maintained by transferring it to the spare bus-bar.

Figure 2.7 Double bus bar

2.4.6. Circuit Breaker
An electrical circuit breaker is a switching device that can be operated automatically or manually
for protecting and controlling the system. As the modern power system deals with huge currents,
the special attention should be given during designing of circuit breaker for safe interruption of
arc produced during the operation of circuit breaker. It can operate automatically and clear fault
currents safely and quickly. It used to interrupt the flow of current, thereby isolating faulty parts
of the system. The operating mechanism of the circuit-breaker gives the necessary energy for
opening and closing of contacts of the circuit breakers. Circuit-breaker is used for opening and
closing circuits; for normal switching operations the command is given by operator from control
room or from switchyard. The types of circuit breakers used in Mattu substation are vacuum
circuit breaker on 15KV and 33KV side and SF6 circuit breaker are uses 230KV and 66KV side.
1. Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Vacuum Circuit Breakers (VCB): - Is kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place
in vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. The operation of
opening and closing of current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption takes place in a
vacuum chamber in the breaker, which is called vacuum interrupter. In such breakers, vacuum

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(degree of vacuum being in the range from 10 −7 to 10−5 tour) is used as the arc-quenching
medium. Since vacuum offers the highest insulating strength, it has far superior arc quenching
properties than any other medium. For example, when contacts of a breaker are opened in
vacuum, the interruption occurs at first current zero with dielectric strength between the contacts
building up at a rate thousands of times higher than that obtained with other circuit breakers.

2.4.7. Sulphur Hexafluoride

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers: - Is a circuit breaker in which Sulphur hexafluoride
gas or SF6 is used as arc quenching medium known as SF6 circuit breaker.SF6 gas has excellent
insulating property and it has high electro negativity. Due to high electro negativity, it is high
affinity for absorbing free electrons. It absorbs electrons to form a negative ion.

Figure 2. 8 SF6 circuit breakers

2.4.8. Current Transformer (CT)
Current Transformer (CT): - Is a type of transformer that is used to measure alternating current
(AC) and also used for reducing or stepping down AC current from higher value to lower value
for measuring, protection and control systems. Protective relays in a/c power system are
connected in the secondary circuit of current transformers and potential transformers. The design
and uses of these transformers is quite different, from that of well-known power transformers. In
current transformers, primary current is not controlled by condition of the secondary circuit.
Hence primary current is a dominant factor in the operation of current transformers .Current
transformers must be further classified into two groups. These are protective current transformer
and measuring current transformers.

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Figure 2.9 Current Transformers

2.4.9. Transformers
A transformer is an apparatus for converting electrical power in an AC system at one voltage or
current into electrical power at some other voltage or current without the use of rotating parts (or
A Transformers “step down” supply line voltage to distribution level voltage). It does so without
change of frequency.
The most important tasks performed by transformers are: -
 Matching source and load impedances for maximum power transfer
 Changing voltage and current levels in electrical power systems
 Electrical isolation (isolating one circuit from another)

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Figure 2. 10 Auto Transformer

Power transformers

An electrical power transformer is a static device, which transforms electrical energy from
one circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with the help of mutual
induction between windings. It transforms power from one circuit to another without
changing its frequency but in different voltage level. Mutual induction between two or more
winding is responsible for transformation action in an electrical transformer. Power
transformers consists of two or more windings for each phase and these windings are usually
wound around an iron core. The iron core improves the efficiency of the transformer by
concentrating the magnetic field and reduces transformer losses .The MVA ratings of power
transformers cover a wide range between say 6.3MVA to 40MVA. Very large transformers
(6.3MVA to 40 MVA) are installed in generating stations very small transformer (a few VA)

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is used in low voltage circuits. In an electrical appliance to adjust the alternating voltage,
power transformer is used.
In Mattu substation there are two types of power transformer. Those are 230/66/ 15KV power
transformer and 66/33/KV power transformer.66/33KV transformer is used to Masha and Gobbe
town. It covers 60-80km. It has two winding. And 230/66/15KV transformer is used to around
Mattu town. The transformer covers 90-114Km.these power transformer is three winding
transformer. All transformers in southwestern region substation (Mattu) are stepping down
transformer. In Mattu substation there is one 230/66/15kv power transformer.

Figure 2. 11 Power Transformer

2.4.10. Operation of substation and control system
Substation has operation and control system. In Operation there are switching, protection and
control equipment and one or more transformers. A control room is a room serving as an
operations center where a facility or service can be monitored and controlled. Function of the
control room is to monitor, control, switching of the electrical power and to protect the whole
system from any harmful problem with the help of the associated electrical equipment inside the
control room. The protection functions are performed automatically by protective relaying
system and the circuit breakers. The main substation circuit is divide in to several protective

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zones that has certain essential protection. Those are over current protection, earth fault
protection and under voltage

Protection. During a fault or abnormal conditions in a particular protective zone, the protective
relays act and send tripping command to corresponding circuit-breakers so as to switch off and
isolate the faulty part from the rest of the (healthy) parts in the substation. The protection
function in a substation is performed jointly by protective systems comprising CTS, VTS,
protective relays circuit breakers, etc. In Mattu substation the following function of protection,
control, monitoring and operation are performed by the devices in the control room automatically
or semi automatically i.e. with the assistance of human supervision and intervention.
Generally, Mattu substations are doing the two basic functions
1. Protective system
2. Control system

2.4.11. Protective relay

A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit
breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. The relays detect the
abnormal conditions in the electrical circuits by constantly measuring the electrical quantities
which are different under normal and fault conditions. The electrical quantities which may
change under fault conditions are voltage, current, frequency and phase angle. Through the
changes in one or more of these quantities, the faults signal their presence, type and location to
the protective relays. Having detected the fault, the relay operates to close the trip circuit of the
breaker. This results in the opening of the breaker and disconnection of the faulty circuit the
principal function of protective relaying is to cause the prompt removal from service of any
element of the power system when it starts to operate in an abnormal manner or interfere with
the effective operation of the rest of the system

2.4.12. Control Systems

The control and relay panel is cubical construction suitable for floor mounting. All protective,
Indicating and control elements are mounted on the front panel for ease of operation and control.
The hinged rear door will provide access to all the internal components to facilitate easy

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Inspection and maintenance. Provision is made for terminating incoming cables at the bottom of
the panels by providing separate line-up terminal blocks. For cable entry provision is made both
from top and

Bottom. The control and relay panel accepts CT, PT aux 230 AC and 220V/10V DC connections
at respective designated terminal points. 220V/10V DC supply is used for control supply of all
internal relays and timers and also for energizing closing and tripping coils of the breakers. 230V
AC station auxiliary supply is used for internal illumination lamp of the Panel and the space
heater. Protective HRC fuse are provided within the panel for P.T secondary. Auxiliary AC and
Battery supplies, Each Capacitor Bank is controlled by breaker and provided with a line ammeter
with selector switch for 3 phase system & over current relay (single phases and 1 Earth fault for
3 phase system). Under-voltage and over-voltage relays. Neutral Current Unbalance Relays are
for both Alarm and Trip facilities breaker control switch with local/remote selector switch,
master trip relay and trip alarms acknowledge and reset facilities.

Figure 2. 12 Control Room

2.4.13. Substation DC Battery and charger
Storage batteries are used to supply stored energy for operation of substation protective relaying
and control. The main requirement of the substation battery charger is needed for providing
battery supported dc system .Besides the A.C. Supply which is not perfectly reliable, another

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reliable source of auxiliary power is essential at Sub-stations for specific purposes. This source is
available for limited periods. Storage batteries are provided for the following functions: -
 Supply to trip coils and closing coil of switch gear
 Indication, indicating lamp, facial, - Semaphores – Alarms

 For energizing the holding and operating coils in control

 For power supply to communication, including PLCC equipment's
 For emergency DC lighting.
Two of the most important components of a DC system are the main battery and charger. These
components should be sized correctly. At a minimum, the main battery should be sized to allow
normal substation operation for 8 hours. DC system consists of a battery of suitable voltage
(number of cells) and suitable size (ampere hour capacity) connected in parallel with a control
bus together with properly selected voltage regulated charging equipment. At a single location
where two distinct dc voltages are required, i.e., possibly 48 volts for microwave and 125 volts
for substation operation, two separate batteries and chargers is one option. The charging
equipment consists of a full wave rectifier with regulated output voltage. Normally, the charger
operates continuously to furnish direct current to the control bus for steady loads such as
indicating lamps, holding coils, relays and a small current to maintain the battery at full charge.

Figure 2.13 Battery Room

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2.5. The procedures we have been performed in our works

The following are steps that we follow when the fault were happened in the substation. Steps: -
1. Switch off the following with respective step
 switch off circuit breaker
 Then switch off bus bar disconnector.
 Switch off line disconnector.
 Make grounding for safety during maintenance.
2. Trace fault from the indoor up to the outdoor by referring the drawing manual of the
substation properly.
3. Then identify problem and maintain it
4. After the technician maintains it, make switch on the system by using the following steps.
 Ground will be disconnected first.
 Switch on line disconnector.
 Make switch on the circuit breaker.
5. If the alarms do not give sound the fault is cleared and if there is sound it indicates as there is
fault again and needs to be solved properly by following the above consecutive procedural steps.

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Chapter Three
3. The Overall Benefits Gained From the Internship
This internship has great importance on improving quality of education. Besides theoretical
knowledge and practical experience, it enabled us to know more about the job. We strongly
appreciated that this internship should continue to best quality of education in our country. The
program made us to understand the responsibilities of electrical engineers; and the manner by
which the engineers we cope with acts. Internship program enabled us to improve our self-
reliance and problem solving skill. We improved our understanding about the real world.
In the last three months we gain knowledge about power, transmission and power distribution
system. We also examine each component and their sequence of arrangement. Generally,
Internship is also necessary to improve theoretical knowledge, practical skill and interpersonal
communication skills.
Finally, what we gained from the internship training, academicals or socials, gives a very
intensive courage and interest to deal our future with projects and innovations. Also we had the
opportunity to understand about the work ethics and gain a great knowledge in entrepreneurship
skills. In three-month internship program we got a lot of benefits from the hosting company
different aspects of practical skill, improving industrial problem solving capability. We have
seen and worked on different material, control parts, protection parts and other equipment’s. We
have tried our best to correlate our classroom studies to the actual world and we have referred
books again to remember the theoretical part. We have observed problems and we have worked
on the solution in practice with co-workers of the company. So we got the chance to introduce
our selves to some engineering equipment used for substation like: -
 Voltage and current transformer
 Disconnect switches/Isolators.
 Bus bar and bus bur coupler.
 Known the control room of substations.
 Taking data when fault is occurred in the relay
And now we are able to work properly with this substation equipment’s and to collect the needed
data. Also we able to understand the way of testing transformer before connecting to the power,

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the mechanism of termination, the mechanism of operating SF6 gas breaker, fault protection
methods, how to manage blackout

3.1. Overall Internship Benefits

3.1.1. Benefits on Practical Knowledge

Internship plays very important role for practical skills. Practical Skills helps to acquire the
specific techniques and are necessary for engineering to be effective in the field. In our three
months practice, we improved our practical skill in Mattu substations. Those are: -
 We understand the working principles of substations
 We acquired cognition about equipment’s of the substations and how they operate.
 We are familiarized with the control room devices of the substations.
 we are trying to increase our practical knowledge

3.1.2. Benefits on Our Theoretical Knowledge

This internship helps us to relate our theoretical knowledge with practical skill. Beside design
course most of our courses we have taken are based on theory. We know that practice depends
on theory so it is not difficult to practice having the best theoretical knowledge on what we were
practicing in Mattu substation while we were on the internship. We have gained many benefits
concerning the theoretical knowledge. The theoretical knowledge we gained are:
 Advantage of substation equipment’s
 Working principle of substation equipment’s
 Disadvantage of substation equipment’s
 How power is arrived on substation.
 How power is distributed for the other areas

3.1.3. Improving Our Interpersonal Communication Skills

In our intern ship we met with different people with different back ground. They are varying in
educational level, work experience and work position. Since the aim of the people is to
accomplish their work in good way, we just try to have good communicative skills with people
around substation. Communication skill helps to be sociable with the community. At the

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beginning of this internship program we were almost new for everything in the substation this
initiated us to ask more and more questions to the peoples who are experienced than us. This
helped us to improve our interpersonal communication skill with workers.
Mattu substation staffs are hard workers and well behavioral and advisers, they show most
important characteristic and they are our role model. When fault is happened in the substation we
were are connected with the utility workers to fix the problem .So we learned basic
communication skill.

3.1.4. Benefits on Team Playing Skill

In our internship program one of our success is developing our team playing skill. Company is
the collection of people that have different skills; behavior, nature and race are working together
with the spirit of team. Team is very necessary for one company. EEP is one of companies,
which collect many workers that have different work categories. Company workers peacefully,
agreement with one vision. When we work together we were respect each other so we know that
the team playing is back bone the company organization. In team playing skill we develop; -
 Hard working for better work
 Listing each other to get more knowledge
 Respect each other
 Helping each other
 Enhance flexibility
 New ideas and opportunities

3.1.5. Benefits on Leadership Skill

Company without leader mean that human without brain. It does anything without brain. Leader
control everything that happen in company .This internship period was also a time of improving
our leadership skills. We were trying to develop our leadership skills by giving comments,
sharing ideas and participating in the works
 Being organized,
 To get along with others
 Respecting team member’s differences and needs
 Listening to others,

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 Develop a sense of responsibility in workers

 Able to communicate clearly and efficiently
 Know your community and look out for there well being
 Engineering works need leadership, the internship was a good way for us to improve it.
And also by observing the leadership hierarchy of this company, we have gained the knowledge
of performing one’s responsibility in a good manner and we have improved our leadership skill.

3.1.6. Benefits on Understanding Work Ethics and Related

Work ethics is a belief that hard work and diligence have a moral benefit and an inherent ability,
virtue or value to strengthen character and individual abilities. It is a set of values centered on
importance of work and manifested by determination or desire to work hard. Companies have its
own rule and obligation, one of the rules is ethics. Ethics involves evaluating Personal values,
knowledge of personal standards, community and universal principles, choices, And the impact
of these choices on others and oneself, both short and long term consequences, and accepting
responsibility for the choices one makes. Work ethics and related issues are important in every
working field.

3.1.7. Entrepreneurship Skill

An entrepreneurship is an important sector for the development of countries. We have observed
the sense of self confidence and self-steam in order to develop entrepreneurship skill by
developing our classroom knowledge and practical skills, we have understood how to be an
entrepreneur in the substation. We have gained knowledge of entrepreneurship so as to be self-
confident owner and administrator of company within its personnel workers and how to organize
the risky activity of any kind and acts substantially in the manner of a business entrepreneur. An
entrepreneur is an important sector even for the countries development because it creates job
opportunities to the society

3.2. Over All Internship Challenges

In our three month practice, we faced some problems in Mattu substation. Those problems are: -
 We have not seen all components of power system that have learnt in theoretically
 Our technicians show us some of the equipment with practical knowledge but did not
relate it with the theoretical concept, most of the time

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 There is lack of safety equipment.

 The cost paid by the university is not really enough
 There is a lack of transportation
 The sunny environment at the substation was uncomfortable, which limits our working
time.

3.3. Methods taken to solve the Challenges

 Even though we have not seen all components in substation we tried to see the
remaining Components with their respective operation from YouTube, Google and
some other websites
 We use our materials that make our work clear to danger.
 We recommend EEP as much as possible as they fulfill the necessarily safety
equipment’s.
 We were walking a portion of distances on our barefoot for the lack of
transportation and lack of money for that.
 We tried to work on mornings

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Chapter Four
4. Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1. Conclusion
The Curriculum used for higher education system has new features that involve practical and
Theoretical courses and with four-month internship semester. The main objective of the
internship program is to get the practical activities carried out on the working environment and
correlate it with the theoretical back ground gained through learning. So, this internship program
enabled us to know what an electrical and computer Engineer should know. The program is very
vital to develop once life and serves as a bridge between the students’ life and professionals’ life.
We were happy to see our theoretical knowledge in terms of practical knowledge that we have
learned in the university and to be able to apply them in the real life situation. For example, if
problems exist to identify its cause and take engineering measures to solve it, to get accustomed
to the working environment, to be governed by the rule and regulation of the employer, to be
more of team player.
Generally, in our stay of internship, we could have met many professions and workers, engineers
and this was very important and helping to get more knowledge and to improve our practical
skills and to understand work ethics. Generally, our internship period was very interesting and
we are satisfied in the program and it was successful on achieving its goal.

4.2. Recommendation
As we have seen from our internship program we strongly tried to put the following important
points to recommend to the company: -
 The outdoor current transformer oil should be changed on time and the outer part must to
be cleared for better performance.
 It is necessary to have cabinets for damaged electrical equipment.
 The system is radial; we recommend that system should be changed to ring system,
 In substation there is one power transformer if that fails; it makes the transmission
system complex thus we recommends that it is better to add reserve power transformer.

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 In the substation there is no safety equipment, which expose intern students for danger,
we recommend that necessary safety equipment should be fulfilled.
 In substations there is no SCADA system thus it is better to implement SCADA system
for enhanced power automation.
 Lastly we also recommend making the data collection system computerized.

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Project: Reactive Power Compensation for Mattu Substation by

Using STATCOM
Abstract
Reactive power compensation is an important issue in the control of electric power systems. It is
the management of reactive power to improve power quality and system stability of a power
system. Reactive power increases the transmission system losses and reduces the power
transmission capability of the transmission lines. Moreover, reactive power flow through the
transmission lines can cause power loss in the line, over all power factor of the system decreases
and also the voltage level decreases. In this project, STATCOM is installed in Mattu substation
to manage reactive power and regulate voltage level of the substation. Under lightly loaded
conditions, the STATCOM is used to minimize or completely diminish the line overvoltage. On
the other hand, it is used to maintain certain voltage levels under heavy loading conditions.
Voltage source converter based STATCOM is designed using Simulink system toolboxes in
MATLAB to simulate the effect of STATCOM on the substation. In the simulation, a change in
the output values after STATCOM installation is observed. Those changes are an increases in the
voltage level and power factor as well as a decrease in the power loss is observed. In general,
decrease in power loss and increase in power factor means power transfer capability of a
substation is improved, and change observed in voltage level shows that the substations voltage
is maintained.

Key words: Reactive power compensation, STATCOM, power quality, voltage level, voltage
source converter

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Chapter One
1. Introduction
Power generation and transmission is a complex process, which does involve working of many
devices to work in co-ordination for maximum power generation and transmission. It includes
no. of power electronics devices, in fact a large part of it are power electronic devices. It is
essential that the reactive power is maintained as per the requirement to improve the performance
of power system we need to manage this reactive power in effective way by using different
power electronic devices. This is known as reactive power compensation. There are two aspects
to the problem of reactive power compensation: load compensation and voltage support. Load
compensation consists of improvement in power factor, balancing of real power drawn from
supply, better voltage regulation etc. of large fluctuating loads. Voltage support consists of
reduction of voltage fluctuation at a given terminal of transmission line. Two types of
compensation can be used: series and shunt compensation. These modify the parameters of
system to give enhanced VAR compensation. In, recent years’ voltage source converter and
current source converter have been developed. These devices satisfactorily do the job of
absorbing or generating reactive power with faster time response. This allows an increase in
transfer of apparent power through transmission line and much better stability by adjustment of
parameters that govern the power system i.e. Current, voltage, phase angle, impedance and
frequency.

1.1. Background
The power generation and transmission is a complex process, requiring the working of many
components of power system to maximize the output power. Electrical loads both generate and
absorb reactive power. Since the transmitted load often varies considerably from one hour to the
next, the reactive power balance in a grid varies as well. This can result in an acceptable
variations in a voltage, including voltage depression or even voltage collapse. Of the main
components to form a major part is the reactive power in the system is heavy inductive loads. It
is required to motor loads and other loads requires reactive power for their operation. To improve
the performance of ac the power systems, we need to manage this reactive power in efficient

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ways and this known as reactive power compensation. There are two aspects to problem of
reactive power compensation load compensation and balancing real power drawn from the
supply better voltage regulation, etc. Of large fluctuating loads. Voltage support consists of
reduction of voltage fluctuation at terminal of transmission line. The development of and use of
flexible ac transmission system (facts)controllers in power transmission system had led to many
application of this controllers to improve the stability of power network .Various flexible ac
transmission system (FACTS)devices, such as static synchronous compensators (STATCOM),
static synchronous series compensators (SSSCs) unified power flow controllers are increasingly
used in power systems because of their ability to stabilize the transmission system and to
improve power quality in power distribution systems. STATCOM Technology is gradually
employed to increase power transfer capability and proved voltage support fast acting solid state,
thyristor of the FACTS device are known to improve both the transient as well as dynamic
performance power system .STATCOM (synchronous compensator) is one the most important
flexible ac transmission system (FACTS device because of it is ability to regulate in transmission
line, to improve transient stability and to compensate variable reactive power.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

The voltage level of Mattu substation changes when there is a change in the load. During heavy
load, the voltage level at the substation decreases with increase in load. Due to this the supplied
reactive power from power station increases and over all power factor of the system decreases.
This reduces the power transfer capability of a substation and can cause damage to substation
equipment’s. This in turn exposes utility company to pay penalty charges for over use of reactive
power and interruption of services. During lightly loaded condition, the substation voltage level
increases which is also undesired condition for the substation. Thus to control the reactive power
at the substation we use a STATCOM that can maintain both power factor and voltage levels.

1.3. Objective of the project

1.3.1 General Objective

The main objective of our project is manage reactive power and regulate voltage variation
For Mattu substation using STATCOM and simulate it by using Mat lab Simulink software.

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1.3.2. Specific Objective

 To minimize power loss associated with the substation
 To regulate the voltage of a substation or to maintain the substation voltage level
 To increase the power factor of the substation by decreasing the supplied reactive
power

1.4. Methodology
 Data collection from the substation
 System model Software design
 Software implementation using MATLAB Simulink
Finally, the performance was evaluated whether it fulfills the design requirements.

1.5. Scope of Project

The scope of project is all about designing and simulating reactive power compensator for Mattu
substation to make power system reliable, continuous and enhancing stability performance of
power system by minimizing transmission loss, voltage regulating and increasing power factor
by installing STATCOM at transmission line end. To do this project we used Simulink mat lab
software.

1.6. Limitation of project

The first limitation our project is that, STATCOM does not employ capacitor or reactor bank to
produce reactive power .It has only two possible study state operating mode namely inductive
(lagging) and capacitive (leading).The second one is that our project shows compensating effect
of STATCOM by using the preset parameters in the Simulink without setting all actual
parameters of Mattu substation. This means that our project does not contains real mathematical
modelling of Mattu substation due to lack of source of substation parameters and even if it’s
available it requires more time, space and knowledge which may be beyond our capacity ,level
and space we have for this project.

1.8. Significance
The significance of designing STATCOM important to;
 To increase system efficiency, reliability and sustainability

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 To improve system power factor

 To improve voltage regulation in network of power system
 Reduce network losses
 Avoid penalty charges from utility for excess consumption of reactive po

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Chapter Two
2. Literature Review
Gaurav Tembhurnikar, Ajit Chaudhari, Nilesh Wani, Atul Gajare, Pankaj Gajare
[ (Tembhurnikar, February 2014)], have presented various techniques of reactive power
compensation needed by any power system network using FACTS device. It is better solution to
any power transmission related problems in today’s world to implement FACTS device for either
lagging or leading behavior of power system network. In this paper we study the shunt operation
of FACTS controller, the STATCOM and how it helps in the better utilization of a network
operating under normal conditions. Firstly, a literature review of many papers related to FACTS
and STATCOM, along with reactive power control are to be considered and analyses.
Peyman Salmanpour Bandaghiri [ (Borse, 12,december 2014)], have presented the Simulation
ofa14-bus system using STATCOM compensated by applying the error and see the impact of the
voltage compensator buses. Voltage stability of a system is affected by reactive power limit of
the system. FACTs devices improve the reactive power flow in system thereby improving
voltage stability. This paper explores the effect of STATCOM on static voltage stability.IEEE 14
bus system has been used to demonstrate the ability of STATCOM in improving the voltage
stability margin. These FACTs controllers help to increase the load ability margin of the power
network.
Parimal Borse, Dr. A. G. Thosar, Samruddhi Shaha, (Tehrani [. S., June 2014)Have presented
model and simulation of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) device,
namely, Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). The STATCOM a solid-state voltage
source inverter and DC side capacitor is tied to a transmission line. A STATCOM injects an
almost sinusoidal current, of variable magnitude, at the point of connection. This injected current
is almost in quadrature with the line voltage, thereby emulating an inductive or a capacitive
reactance at the point of connection
With the transmission line. The functionality of the STATCOM model is verified by regulating
the reactive current flow through it. This is useful for regulating the line voltage. STATCOM
model is verified by regulating reactive power flow and is determined by using 6 pulses (two
levels) IGBT based inverter.
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Chapter Three
3. Materials and Proposed Method

3.1. Block Diagram of the Project

Our project is done with the following block diagram.

VI
Source from Bedelle Mattu
Measurement Substation
230KV

STATCOM

Figure 3. 1 Block Diagram of Project

3.2. Static Shunt Compensator (STATCOM)

One of the many devices under the FACTS family, a STATCOM is a regulating device which
can be used to regulate the flow of reactive power in the system independent of other system
parameters. STATCOM has no long term energy support on the dc side and it cannot exchange
real power with the ac system. In the transmission systems, STATCOMs primarily handle only
fundamental reactive power exchange and provide voltage support to buses by modulating bus
voltages during dynamic disturbances in order to provide better transient characteristics, improve
the transient stability margins and to damp out the system oscillations due to these disturbances.

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3.3. Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Inverter

PWM inverters are mostly used power electronic circuits in practical applications. These
inverters are able to produce ac voltages of variable magnitude and frequency. The quality of the
output voltage of PWM inverter is better as compared to square wave inverters. The PWM
inverters are commonly used in variable speed ac drives. Wide speed variation of drive can be
obtained by varying the frequency of the applied ac voltage.
PWM inverters are used to control the voltage and to reduce the harmonic contents in the output
voltage. In case of PWM inverters, the width of the output pulses is modulated to achieve the
desired voltage control

3.4. Working Principle of STATCOM

A STATCOM consists of a three phase inverter (generally a PWM inverter) using SCRs,
MOSFETs or IGBTs, a D.C capacitor which provides the D.C voltage for the inverter, a link
reactor which links the inverter output to the a.c supply side, filter components to filter out the
high frequency components due to the PWM inverter. From the DC side capacitor, a three phase
voltage is generated by the inverter. This is synchronized with the a.c supply. The link inductor
links this voltage to the AC supply side. This is the basic principle of operation of STATCOM.

A STATCOM is a controlled reactive-power source. It provides the desired reactive-power

generation and absorption entirely by means of electronic processing of the voltage and current
waveforms in a VSC. A STATCOM principle diagram is shown in figure below

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Figure 3. 2 Functional model of STATCOM and pmw control block with vsc respectively

The VSC is connected to a utility bus through shunt transformer. Vdc is the bus voltage. Iac is
STATCOM injected current. Vout is the VSC output voltage. Vdc and Idc are the DC
capacitor side voltage and current. An IGBT with back to back diode denotes the 3 arm IGBT
Bridge. Top three IGBTs are called as positive group and bottom three IGBTs are called as
negative group IGBTs. The inverter operation takes place, when IGBTs conduct and
converter operation takes place, when diodes conduct

3.5. Modeling of Power System Using Matlab/Simulink

The effect of STATCOM on the performance of a power system with the loads which are
operated on Mattu substation studied under MATLAB-SIMULINK environment. The real and
reactive power flow in the line as well as in the load are observed without STATCOM. The
variations of power flow after the introduction of the STATCOM is noted. The current and
voltage before and after models are analyzed. The power flow with the STATCOM is compared
with the power system model without connecting STATCOM and thus its performance is
evaluated. The modelling of STATCOM with power system is done by using the simpower
systems toolboxes in
MATLAB /SIMULINK.

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The modelling is done by connecting a three phase source which incoming from Bedelle substation the
loads that are installed in Mattu substation. The AC voltage incoming from Bedelle substation 230KV
and the frequency is 50Hz. The load voltage and phase angles are varied due to each feeder and the real
and reactive power flow in the feeders are observed. Using the active and the reactive power blocks
available in Simpower system, the real, the reactive, current and voltage through the line are measured at
both the ends. The MATLAB/Simulink diagram of the power system is shown in Figure below.

Figure 3.3 STATCOM with PWM invertor

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Chapter Four
Result and Discussion
In this project a proposed reactive power compensation system is presented in order to improve
the quality of power system. We designed reactive power compensator to reduce transmission
power loss, to regulate system voltage, and to increase power factor using different power
electronics. There are measurement device (voltage and current measurements, active and
reactive power measurements) at the receiving end. These measurements are used to measure
voltage, current, real power and reactive power before and after STATCOM connected. There is
variation of measurements before and after STATCOM installed. Higher value of current,
reactive power and low value of voltage is observed before STATCOM connected. Then this
undesired condition is compensated by reactive power compensator called STATCOM.

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MATLAB SIMULINK model of our project is shown below.

Figure 4. 1 Matlab /Simulink diagram of mattu substation without STATCOM

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The following results are observed from the above diagram

Figure 4. 2 Output values before STATCOM connected

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Figure 4. 3 Matlab/Simulink Model Of Mattu Substation With STATCOM

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After installation the output values are given below:

Figure 4.4 Output observed after STATCOM installed

In the above simulation result, after STATCOM is installed, the value of current and reactive
power are decreased whereas that of active power and voltage are increased. If current decrease
power loss decreases since power is proportional to the square of the current (i^2R).Also power
factor increases as the value of reactive power falls. Decreasing reactive power and current flow
in the line and increasing the voltage level at Mattu substation were the goal of our project which
is satisfactorily shown in this simulation result.

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Chapter Five
5. Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion
From the result we conclude that when STATCOM is installed in substation it has some
advantages. Firstly, it reduces power loss as compensating the lagging power factor with the
bus connected STATCOM improves the power factor and reduces current flow through the
transmission line and transformer ,which in turn will reduce power loss (I^2R) in this
equipment. Secondly, it regulates voltage that varies as load varies over a day at the substation
bus and at the load bus since the load power factor is always lagging. A STATCOM can be
permanently connected to bus or switched as needed.
Lastly, it increases the utilization of equipment’s without over loading them.

5.2 Recommendation
As we have done our project for Mattu substation we put our recommendation on the following
points.
 Mattu substation should replace shunt reactor in substation by this STATCOM. Because
STACOM is the most fundamental components of power systems due to their dynamic
reactive power compensation, fast fault recovery, and smooth output response technology
of compensating reactive power.
 Students who will do on this project should add mathematical modeling
 Also we recommend Ethiopian electric power to expand technology of STATCOM for
enhancement of electric power

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Reference
[1] Background of EEPCo https://www.academia.edu.
[2] Ethiopian Electric Power, “Power Sector Development”, Powering Africa, 2014.
[3] Organization of EEP www.eep.gov.et
[4] ] D. Das,“Electrical Power system”, New Age International (P) Ltd.,(1stedition),2006
[5]V. K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta., “Principles of Power Systems” Chand & Co Ltd; 3rd edition,
March 1, 2005.
[6] Gaurav Tembhurnikar, Ajit Chaudhari, Nilesh Wani, Atul Gajare, Pankaj Gajare, “ A Review
on Reactive Power Compensation Techniques using FACTS Devices”, International Journal of
Engineering and Management ResearchVol.4, Issue-1, February-2014.
[7] Parimal Borse, Dr. A. G. Thosar, Samruddhi Shaha, “Modeling and Simulation of
STATCOM”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 3
Issue 12, December-2014
[8] Shervin Samimian Tehrani, PeymanSalmanpour Bandaghiri, “Shunt Compensation for
Improvement of Voltage Stability Using Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for
Various Faults in Power System”, International Journal of Advanced Research In Electrical

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APPROVAL SHEET
MATTU UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERIN AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
INDUSTRY INTERNSHIP REPORT
PROJECT TITLE: REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION FOR MATTU SUBSTATION
USING STATCOM
Submitted by:
Name of students: ID No. Signature Date
1. Dereje Dame _____________________ _____________________
_____________________

2. Gemechis Balina _____________________ _____________________

_____________________

3. Habtamu Adugna _____________________ _____________________

_____________________

4. Melkamu Anmut _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

5. Milkishe Tesfaye _____________________ _____________________

_____________________

Approved by:
1. Name of Advisor:
Mr. Tesfaye Belay _____________________ _____________________

2. Head of department
Diriba Chali _____________________ _____________________

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