Planning & Development of Sports Facilities

(PESS-7202)

Final Term Exam

Submitted by:
Name: SANIA SARFRAZ
Roll No. 251O-MPHIL-PHE-24
Class: M.Phil Physical Education & Sports Sciences (2024-26)
Semester: II
Submitted to:
Dr. Muhammad Azam
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION & SPORTS
SCIENCES
GC UNIVERSITY LAHORE
 Topics:
1. Track & Field and outdoor sports facilities
2. Track and field marking/laying techniques, open sports facilities, and planning and
location
3. Facilities for recreation & outdoor pursuits

Track & Field and outdoor sports facilities

Introduction:
Incorporating outdoor sports facilities and track and field into the design and construction
of sports facilities is essential for promoting active lives, high levels of athletic achievement, and
community involvement. This all-encompassing approach entails careful planning, deliberate
design, and cooperation between multiple parties. Here's an outline of how to successfully
integrate these amenities into the development of sports infrastructure:

Track and field, like other outdoor activities, has a major positive impact on community
cohesiveness, skill development, and physical fitness. Track and field amenities must be
included when building sports facilities in order to provide a variety of possibilities for athletes
of all ages and skill levels.

The primary stage on this process is to behavior an in depth needs evaluation to look
whether or not the network desires track and subject centers. This assessment ought to recollect
the population's demographics, the accessibility of athletic facilities, and the diploma of local
hobby in music and area competitions. by way of acquiring this data, planners may also
determine the scope and size of the facilities that should be constructed.

Site choice is essential to ensuring song and field centers are a hit and handy. While
deciding on suitable places, lots of factors must be taken into consideration, consisting of
proximity to residential regions, transit connections, available space, and environmental effect.
Furthermore, selecting locations that offer lots of room for future boom will allow the network to
step by step adapt to its expanding wishes.

After when a place is selected, the design procedure begins, in the course of which
engineers, architects, and professionals in sports centers work collectively to supply a layout that
is each realistic and aesthetically stunning. A regulation-size walking track, discipline occasion
spaces, seating for spectators, centers like concession stands and restrooms, and sufficient lights
for middle of the night activities are all part of this design. The facilities must be inclusive and
handy to all community individuals, and compliance with constructing codes and accessibility
standards guarantees this. Safety issues take precedence. The addition of landscaping
components improves the facilities aesthetic attraction and harmonizes them with the
environment. In addition to adding to the area's beauty, green areas, trees, and walkways make it
possible for people to engage in leisure activities like jogging and walking in their free time.

General Aspect of Planning and Development

General
Sports facilities for track and field athletics are typically utilized for both local or
regional competitions as well as daily training. Higher level competitions typically require more
extensive requirements for the sports facility, especially with regard to the infrastructure.

UNIFORM SPORTS EQUIPMENT:

Uniform facilities are required to guarantee similar circumstances for all the participants,
especially as events are hold in a variety of locations. Athletes also require training environments
as well that are comparable to those they would experience during competition, based on the
requirements of the competition.It is possible to diverge a certain construction category for the
training at training centers for instance, by offering extra training options like a dedicated
throwing field, two sprinting tracks, and a unique landing mat for high jump, or more distinct
facilities according to the necessity of the field.

Needs assessment:
Start by determining the community's need for outdoor sports facilities including track
and field facilities. Recognize the existing infrastructure, sports interests, and demographic
profile to establish the project's scope and scale.

Site Choosing:
Determine the best places for the facilities by taking into account elements including
space availability, environmental effect, accessibility, and closeness to potential users.
Layout and Design:
Work together with the sports activities facility experts and designers to create the
ability's format. Planning for the field occasion spaces, jogging tune, seats for spectators, centers,
lighting, and landscaping are all included on this.

Protection and accessibility:

Deliver pinnacle priority to protection precautions with a purpose to keep away from
injuries and make sure that the building codes and accessibility tips are observed. Make centers,
seating locations, and routes reachable to people with impairments.

Infrastructure and Utilities:

Assemble the equipment required for competitions and occasions, as well as the water
deliver, electric connections, and drainage systems.

Sustainability
Contain the local community and stakeholders within the making plans procedure
through network engagement. We should make use of public forums, consultations, and outreach
initiatives to get input, fix problems, and to win over the supporters support. When building is
complete and operational and is ready to running the facilities, make it sure to use the sustainable
approaches. Employ energy-saving technologies, and the use environmentally and friendly
materials, and encourage water conservation.

Maintenance and Management:

We should create a maintenance schedule to guarantee the continuous maintenance of
the facilities and sports arena according to the needs and demand of the infrastructure. Assign
personnel to do cleaning, repairs, and inspections of the venue and other facilities that have been
added in the arena or venue. We should create a management procedure for making reservations
and arranging sports event.
 Facilities required for Track and field events
Because track and field events involve a wide range of disciplines, they require
specialized facilities. Below is a summary of the essential facilities needed for various track and
field competitions:

Standard Track:
Typically used for track and field competitions, this 400-meter oval track has eight lanes.
Typically, the track surface is composed of all-weather surfaces or rubberized synthetic materials
to offer shock absorption and traction.

Sprint Straight:
A straight stretch of the track, usually marked with starting blocks and lanes, is utilized
for the 100-, 200-, and 400-meter sprint competitions.

Long Distance Track:

Events lasting longer than 800 meters (such as 1500 meters, 3000 meters, etc.) use the
entire oval track, which has marked start and finish lines as well as lap markers.

Field Event Locations:

A sand pit equipped with a runway or takeoff board is used by athletes to execute long or
triple jumps.

Pole Vault:
A raised landing place with a foam mat allowing athletes to land safely after clearing the
high jump bar is known as the "high jump pit."

Pole Vault:
Pole vaults can land securely in the Pole Vault Pit, which has a foam surface for landing
after clearing the bar.
Shot Put/Discus/Javelin Throwing Areas:
Throwing areas for shot put, discus, and javelin are demarcated with borders and landing
zones specific to each event.

Hammer Throw Cage:

A confined space with a cage encircling the thrower to limit the thrower's path.

Facility Equipment: Starting Blocks:

During the start of a race, sprinters utilize these adjustable blocks to launch from a
standstill position.

Hurdles:
The 100-, 110-, and 400-meter hurdle events use movable barriers that are set up on the
track.

Measuring Tools:
Accurate measurements of throwing sectors are made with tape measures, rulers, and
marking cones.

Throwing Tools:
We should have a proper throwing tool like Shot puts, discuses, javelins, hammers, and
additional tools that are unique to each throwing competitions and events.

Timing apparatus:
Time gauge operators are properly working and operational for any event that is going to
be conducted or hold in the venue such as photo finish cameras and electronic timing equipment
for precise race time recording and for the records.

Scoreboards:
 There should be advanced and clear view scoreboards that are necessary for the display
boards or displays that provide competitors and spectators with pertinent information such as
times, distances, score that is going on and event clear results.

Public address systems:

Public address systems like sound systems should be used during the competitions for
announcements, speeches, guest speech and other event related commentary, and directions to
the public, players and spectators.

Facilities and Amenities:

Grandstands or bleachers should be provided for the comfortable seating for fans and
spectators to watch the activities and event.

Restrooms:
There should be specific areas for spectators, officials, coaches and for athletes. So that
athletes could change and store their personal things and belongings in the designated changing
rooms areas.

First Aid Station:

First aid station is very crucial for any sports event to insure the safety and for uncertain
injuries that can persist and happened during the event. First aid stations along with the medical
specialist should be established so that we could offer any medical emergency to the athletes that
may be persist in any event.

Concession stands:
There should be specific places of refreshments for the spectator or for the any other
person to buy foods and drinks for the event refreshments. So that they could amused themselves
during the event.

Safety precautions:
Safety precautions or safety barriers are the most important to forbid spectator or any
other person to interrupt the event. We should place fences or barriers that keep spectators out of
competition areas while safeguarding the athletes and spectators for any uncertain condition to
be happened.

Emergency Exits:
In a large crowded stadium or any other venue where any sports event is happening and
happens we should create an emergency exits and evacuation routes that should be clearly
marked in case of an emergency.

Security personnel:
Security personnel’s, employees and volunteers are the people who keep an eye on crowd
and management and they make sure that attendees and participants are safe.Track and field
competitions can be run properly and efficaciously with the availability of those facilities and
crucial tools that are necessary for conducting any sports event, allowing competition and
competitors to compete at the best ranges and display their skills.

Facilities required for Outdoor Sports

Outdoor sports centers that are consisting of track and field facilities are crucial for
encouraging bodily exercising, athletic growth, and community involvement. The following is a
precis of the essential factors normally present in outdoor sports facilities:

Soccer Field:
Field events like football and soccer are a common features of outdoor sports facilities.
They offer an area for recreational activities and team sports. Typically, soccer grounds are
rectangular in design, with boundary and penalty area markers, as well as goalposts at each end.

Tennis Courts:
Common outdoor sports facilities, tennis courts offer room for both recreational play and
tennis tournaments. Depending on tastes and weather, courts can have a variety of surfaces,
including clay, grass, or hard-court.
Basketball Courts:
If you want to play basketball or any other court sport outside, basketball courts are a
popular option. Hoop structures and boundary, free-throw, and three-point line markers are
found on courts.

Multi-Use paths:
Multi-use paths for cycling, walking, running, and other leisure activities are frequently
seen in outdoor sports complexes. Trails offer chances for outdoor recreation and exercise by
meandering through parks, forests, or waterfronts.

Playgrounds and Recreation Areas:

Families and kids can enjoy playgrounds, picnic areas, and other recreational features at
outdoor facilities. Playground equipment, benches, tables, and open areas for leisure and play are
frequently seen in these areas.

Supporting Amenities:
For the comfort and convenience of facility users, supporting amenities like toilets,
changing rooms, water fountains, and lounging places are crucial. Parking lots, nighttime
lighting, and signage with safety and navigational information are examples of additional
facilities.

Locating open sporting facilities and designating areas for track and
field marking and laying mechanisms

Some important factors to take into account while designing open sports facilities,
particularly for track and field, are as follows:

Location:
Pick a place with enough of room for the facilities and easy access for the target
community. Think about things like parking availability, ease of access to public transportation,
and nearby amenities.
Space & Layout:
Make sure there is adequate room for all the facilities that are required, including the
track, the fields for field events (long jump pits, shot put areas, etc.), seating for spectators,
restrooms, changing rooms, and administrative buildings.

Track Layout:
If at all possible, the track should have suitable lane widths, curvature, and surface
material (such synthetic rubber) to match international requirements. An oval-shaped track with
straight sections and curving ends is what's needed. For outdoor facilities, a track's typical length
is 400 meters.

Field Events Areas:

We should set aside a space for the events such as discuss throwing, long jump, high
jump, pole vault, shot put, and javelin throw.

We should make sure that these spaces have adequate safety precautions and landing pits
in the field.

Spectator Seating:
Arrange seats so that viewers can see the track and field competitions clearly.

Accessibility:
Verify that the building has ramps, elevators, and spaces set aside for seats for those with
impairments.

Lighting:
Install enough lighting for safety and visibility if the space will be used for events
throughout the night or during the evening.

Track and field’s marking and laying system:

Markers:
 Without marking track and field events cannot be played. The track floor should be
marked and the lanes should clearly be marked with the according to the track and field
standards, start and end lines, exchange zones for relay races, and different pertinent should
clearly be marked with the marker, paints or tapes of the very best quality. We should ensure that
those markers are legible and long-lasting, and cling to the pointers hooked up through the
best sports businesses.

Laying Mechanism:
We should ensure that the track surface and floor is properly installed according to the
manufacturer's guidelines. The type of track (natural or manmade) determines the treatment
process, which typically involves applying layers of materials such as polyurethane, rubber, or
asphalt. To ensure a flat and even surface, it is crucial to properly compact and level each layer
of the track surface.

Maintenance:
To ensure the track remains in optimal condition, regular upkeep is necessary for the long
lasting of the track. This involves cleaning and repairing and any other wear or damage, and
resurfacing as necessary.

Recreation facilities and outdoor pursuit

Outdoor pursuit health benefits:
Outdoor activities and leisure facilities plays a vital role in promoting health and
community well-being. Whether it's a leisurely walk through the park or an adrenaline-pumping
adventure, these facilities provide a diverse array of services and settings designed to cater to the
various recreational activities. Beyond personal enjoyment, their value lies in promoting
community economic development, environmental stewardship, and social connections.

The human spirit is hungry for relationships, connection with the dynamic world outside
our boundaries, with ourselves, and with others. This need presents itself as a longing for leisure
activities and the great outdoors—a chance to escape the grind and refuel in the rejuvenating
embrace of the natural world.Beyond the simple joy of being outside, these activities have
several advantages. The outdoors offer a special and potent playground, from the physical and
emotional renewal of exercise and fresh air to the pleasure of pushing personal boundaries and
the delight of creating relationships with loved ones.Our communities have been carefully
weaved with a varied range of facilities to meet this constant demand. There are two broad
groups into which these facilities might be classified:

Private Facilities:
Diverse activities for the promotion of sports in local and private sector provide the
locals with variety of sports facilities to be engage with. A variety of private facilities that serve
certain interests complement the public domain. These frequently have an admission charge, and
the activities on offer are designed to appeal to enthusiasts looking for something special in an
adventure or journey to amuse and to be thrilled with the nature and outdoor festivals.Imagine
taking on a strenuous ropes course, ascending a vertical wall at a rock climbing gym, or hurtling
through the air on zip lines at an adventure park. These facilities provide an exciting approach to
test your physical boundaries and raise your heart rate.Ski resorts entice winter sports fans with
well-manicured slopes and cutting-edge lifts. For those who are passionate about winter
exploration, the rush of sliding down the mountainside or landing a trick on a snowboard offers
an incredible escape.

Serenity:
Recreation and outdoor pursuit facilities are fundamentally places where individuals may
get away from the confined spaces of their homes and experience the wonders of nature as well
as the excitement of outdoor activities. These activities plays a crucial and important role in once
life to be tension free and enjoy the serenity of life. A haven from the bustle of city life, parks,
nature reserves, and green areas offer tranquil locations for picnics, bird watching, and leisurely
walks. These spaces function as public meeting places where people may unwind, interact with
nature, and spend quality time with their families and friends.

Outstation pursuits:
Outdoor pursuit facilities for people who want more active and adventurous experiences
than just passive recreation. Hiking, biking, and trail running trails offer chances for physical
challenge and adventure as they wind through woods, mountains, and coastal environments.
Rivers, lakes, and coastal waters are ideal for water-based sports like kayaking, canoeing, and
stand-up paddle boarding because they offer thrilling sensations and a closer bond with the
aquatic world.

Thrilling events:
Adventure parks, climbing gyms, and obstacle courses serve thrill-seekers who want to
push the boundaries of their physical abilities and take on new challenges in safe settings. These
facilities include a variety of activities that promote personal development, teamwork, and
confidence-building, such as bouldering, rope courses, and rock climbing.

Sports complexes and Social Recreation:

Sports complexes and recreation centers offer year-round indoor and outdoor venues for
fitness programs, organized sports leagues, and leisure activities. These venues act as centers for
community involvement, holding competitions, events, and initiatives that encourage social
contact, skill development, and physical well-being among individuals of all ages and
backgrounds. Moreover the sports event becomes the cause of many social links with the society,
country and globe when a person when out for any international event, he became acquainted
with the diverse culture in one place and he meets with the many different people belonging to
the different culture, language and country. In this way athlete’s social bonding is spread whether
than to his society with the people of different countries through an international event.

Environmental Responsibilities:
Outdoor pursuit facilities offer recreational advantages as well as support environmental
conservation and sustainability initiatives. These facilities support environmental stewardship
and the preservation of ecosystems for future generations by promoting outdoor recreation and
cultivating an appreciation for natural settings. By drawing tourists, generating employment, and
encouraging expenditure on lodging, food, and leisure gear, they help boost local economies.
Nature Exposure:

Facilities for outdoor leisure are in high demand as society comes to understand the
benefits of nature immersion and physical activity for general health and well-being. Putting
money into these amenities not only improves people's quality of life but also builds
communities, encourages environmental responsibility, and boosts the local economy. These
areas are essential resources for building resilience, connection, and joy in the face of constant
change.

Facilities for recreation and outdoor pursuits:

Recreational and outdoor facilities comprise a wide range of features and surroundings
intended to support different recreational activities and outdoor excursions. These facilities,
which provide chances for people and families to enjoy leisure activities, get outside, and be
physically active, are vital parts of communities. The following are a few typical categories of
outdoor recreation and activity facilities.

Parks and Green areas:

Offering chances for leisurely strolls, picnics, and relaxation, parks, botanical gardens,
and green areas function as urban oasis. They frequently have picnic spaces, playgrounds, and
beautiful paths that entice people to enjoy outdoor activities nearby and immerse themselves in
the natural world.

Trail Systems:
Hiking, biking, and jogging trails cross a variety of terrain, such as forests, mountains,
coasts, and cities. These routes, which range in difficulty to suit people of all ages and abilities,
provide chances for adventure, exercise, and exploration.

Water Recreation Areas:

Lakes, rivers, and coastal regions offer a variety of environments for water-based
recreation, including swimming, boating, fishing, and kayaking. Boat launches, beaches, and
dedicated swimming areas are common features of water recreation places that let guests cool off
and have fun in the water.

Camping and RV Parks:

For outdoor lovers looking for longer stays in natural surroundings, campgrounds and
RV parks provide overnight accommodations. With the comforts of home, these facilities let
guests experience the outdoors through campsites, cabins, and amenities like showers, toilets,
and picnic spots.
Adventure parks and Zip Lines:
For thrill-seekers of all ages, adventure parks and zip line courses provide heart-
pounding experiences. These facilities provide zip lines, aerial obstacle courses, and other
thrilling pursuits that test participants and promote cooperation, self-assurance, and individual
development.

Climbing Gyms and places:

Climbers can hone their skills and push themselves on steep terrain by visiting indoor
rock climbing gyms and outdoor climbing places. In addition to training, equipment rentals, and
community events, these facilities provide climbing routes for novices to expert climbers.

Ski resorts and snow parks:

Dedicated to winter sports aficionados, ski resorts and snow parks provide skiing,
snowboarding, snowshoeing, and other snow-related activities. Visitors may enjoy outdoor
recreation in the middle of snowy landscapes thanks to these facilities, which include groomed
slopes, terrain parks, and chairlifts.

Sports facilities for recreation:

Sports fields, courts, and complexes for recreation offer areas for fitness programs,
organized sports leagues, and leisure pursuits. Sports like baseball, basketball, tennis, volleyball,
and soccer are held at these venues, along with fitness classes. Engaging in organized sports and
other activities, these spaces are essential for encouraging health, fitness, and a connection to the
outdoors natural world.

Planning and location

Location is the area or site where all physical amenities are set up correctly. It establishes
the organization's supply capability. For almost any organization, choosing a location is a crucial
step in the strategic planning process. Efficiency in the transfer of goods (or services) to
customers is a crucial aspect of a manufacturing system or conversion process. The location of
the plant or facility will be one of these facts. Given the significant investment spent in
establishing infrastructure and machines, the choice of location is crucial. The location cannot be
changed frequently, nor is it advised. Therefore, a poorly placed facility could result in the loss
of all the money spent on the structure, machinery, and equipment. For a variety of reasons,
established organizations are involved in site selections.
PLANNING FOR FACILITY LOCATION AND LAYOUT
General Process of Location Decisions the following are the key actions required in the
location strategy as a whole:

 The establishment of the company's primary goals requires the management to choose
the site.
 Separation of relevant factors influencing the selection of the site.
 creation of timely and reliable data on each of the variables chosen in phase two
 A comprehensive implementation schedule is included in the location system design.
 Completing the relocation transfer with testing, review, and feedback management in an
efficient and effective manner.
Development of Location Objectives:

 The first step in resolving a location issue is determining the primary managerial goals
that will support the choice. Operations managers typically collaborate with upper
management to decide on the location rather than acting alone. As a result, the objectives
could cover a number of administratively relevant topics that are outside the purview of
the operations framework. The following are some possible managerial goals for the
proposed relocation move: more growth area and layout; improved transportation; lower
plant operations and maintenance costs; friendly labor relations; improved land, air, and
water quality; improved community and public relations; increased inter-plant direction
and central control; improved logistics; and amplified plant productivity in the future.
The site objectives are not limited solely to the plant operation economics. In addition,
they cover a number of other noteworthy sociological, historical, cultural, theological,
and political aspects of the location-related concerns. Ultimately, the choice of where to
locate will typically be a subjective one that is dependent on a number of factors.
  Isolation of relevant variables Conducting extensive study and compiling documentation
on the elements that influence the site selection will be necessary for the choice of
location
 Creation of precise and timely information This stage involves a thorough examination
of the pertinent variables found in step two. Regarding the timeliness and correctness of
the data, caution should be used. 4. Design of location system: The creation of a location
blueprint is the fourth phase in the facilities location system. The creation of a timeline
outlining the precise steps involved in the location relocation comes next, following the
completion of the design concepts mentioned above. Note that these kinds of man
oeuvres could never be completed in a single phase. If there is a relocation, it does not
include scheduling the shutdown of all current facilities, holding off on building the new
plant until the pick-up vans arrive, and moving all equipment at once. A programmed like
this would take a lot of time and be very unprofitable because it would require stopping
all plant operations while fixed costs increase.
MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS

Establishing appropriate review points and control in the industrial relocation system
itself is the fifth (and last) step in the destination selection process, which entails completing the
relocation move. This stage guarantees that the location has been finished within the allotted
time and in accordance with the set site plans. This helps the operation management to calculate
the overall move's efficiency in terms of production man-hours wasted, output reductions, and
total equipment and labor cost transfers. This evaluation step also allows for the observation of
non-operational issues including the social challenges of the transfer, the psychological
readjustment process of individual employees in the new context, and the culture shock
experienced by the relocated families.

When an employee experiences true hardship or personal challenges, management can

attempt to address the situation by gathering input from the displeased employees and taking
necessary corrective action. Processes for Facility Location Planning. The following steps make
up the overall process for choosing a location: i. Select the evaluation criteria, such as improved
revenue or community service activities, that will be applied to the various location options.
Determine key elements, such the market's location or the raw materials' quality. Create
alternative locations by doing the following: o determining the broad area for a location of
identifying a select group.Achoice Factors Affecting Location Decision the locations of a
company's backup sites and other data center facilities will influence the list. The following list
enumerates the key elements affecting data center facility location, based on our work for clients.

Availability and Cost of Electricity:

The equipment used by manufacturing and service companies requires a lot of electricity.
It is crucial that a business choose a location that can accommodate its needs both now and, in
the future, and offers a variety of power sources. To guarantee the long-term sustainability of the
potential location, it's also critical to select a site with comparable, reasonable, and stable
electricity rates.

Natural Disasters and Weather occurrences:

Generally speaking, businesses carefully consider the risk of natural disasters and
disruptive weather occurrences when deciding where to locate new plant facilities. Plants are
very concerned about natural calamities and weather occurrences like hurricanes, floods,
tornadoes, and earthquakes. Beyond what is covered by backup plans, these kinds of weather
occurrences have the potential to significantly disrupt plant operations.

Property Tax Rates:

Manufacturing businesses nowadays are capital-intensive, therefore it's critical to

comprehend how property taxes affect the business's ongoing operational expenses. Depending
on the location, property taxes may have an effect on investments in equipment as well as real
estate upgrades. A corporation may make an informed decision about plant location early on in
the process by having a complete awareness of proper tax concerns.

Corporate Income Tax Rates:

A plant may materially affect a company's corporate income tax liability, depending on
the income tax apportionment structure of the state. A single sales factor apportionment
framework for corporate income taxes has been implemented in several states. These states enjoy
a tax advantage in terms of plant area; states that stick with the property, persons, and sales
apportionment tax structure penalize capital-intensive ventures more severely.

Sales Taxes:

The rates of sales taxes and how they apply to various kinds of transactions can
significantly affect projects. High sales tax rates in some states that apply to several categories of
transactions can have a significant effect on businesses or capital-intensive projects. Projects are
usually affected long before they are put into operation since sales taxes are levied at the time of
transaction.

Labor Availability/Quality:

It is imperative that businesses carefully examine the labor availability and quality in the
various geographic areas they are considering for the project before deciding where to place
plant facilities. Despite the fact that most capital-intensive businesses don't need a big staff, a
business nevertheless has to have faith in its capacity to find workers who can contribute to the
company's operational success.

Construction expenses/Quality:

Businesses need to be aware of the expenses involved in building plant facilities, thus
they should be aware of the costs associated with construction in the various regions they are
considering. Construction labour prices and quality have a tangible effect on businesses and
projects.

Availability of Telecommunications Infrastructure:

Businesses looking to locate new plant locations must be certain that they can be
connected to redundant telecommunications infrastructure. For any business with industrial
facilities, having access to numerous points of presence, national carriers, and
telecommunications "trunk" lines is essential.