LIST OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE NO

ABSTRACT 01
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO VLSI
1.1 VLSI Technology 2-4
1.2 Why VLSI? 4-9
1.3 Structured Design 9-10
1.4 Applications of VLSI 10-11
1.5 ASIC 11-12
1.6 ASIC Design Flow 12-13
CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
2.1 Introduction 14-20
CHAPTER-3
3.1 EXISTING ARCHITECTURE 21-22
CHAPTER-4
PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE
4.1 Keypad for this Automated Dispenser 23-24
4.2 Payment process 25-27
CHAPTER-5
XILINX SOFTWARE
5.1 Xilinx ISE 28
5.2 Xilinx ISE 14.5 28
5.2.1 Simulation 29
5.2.2 Synthesis 29
5.2.3 Procedure 29
5.3 Procedure for synthesis 30-40
CHAPTER-6
VERILOG HDL
6.1 MODELING TECHNIQUES 41
6.1.1 Data Stream 41
6.1.2 Behavioral 41-42
6.1.3 Structural Demonstrating 42
6.2 Modules 42
6.3 Structural Design with Gate and Delay Operator 42-43
6.4 Structural Design with Assignment Statements 43
6.5 Structural Design with Using Modules 43
6.6 Behavioural Design with Initial and Always Blocks 43-44
6.7 Structural Data Types: Wire and Reg 44
6.8 Behavioural Data Types: Integer, Real and Time 44-45
6.9 Number Syntax 45
6.10 Behavioural Design with Blocking & 45
Non-Blocking Statements
6.11 Arrays, Vectors and Memories 45

CHAPTER-7
SIMULATION RESULT & SYNTHESIS REPORT
7.1 Simulation Result 46-49
7.2 Synthesis Result
7.2.1 RTL Schematics (Synthesis) 50-51
7.3 Synthesis Report 52-67

CHAPTER-8
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 68-73
8.1 Advantages
8.2 Applications
CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 74
REFERENCES 75
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES PAGE NO.

4.1.1 Keypad for this Automated Dispenser 24
4.1.2 State Diagram for the start and product selection 24
4.2.1 UPI Mode state diagram 25
4.2.2 ATM card mode state diagram 26
4.2.2 CASH deposited mode state diagram 27
5.3 Procedure for Synthesis 30-41
7.1.1 simulation waveform for reset 46
7.1.2 simulation waveform on CASH mode 47
7.1.3 simulation waveform on UPI mode 47
7.1.4 simulation waveform on CARD mode 48
7.1.5 simulation waveforms for balance and error 49
7.2.A RTL Schematic of Dispenser module 51
7.2.A RTL Schematic of Schematic system 52
Automatic 5*5 Dispenser with three Payment modes using Verilog

ABSTRACT
The basic idea of this work is to design an automated dispenser that can dispense five
different kinds of products and supports three types of payment modes of five different
costs. The three different payment modes are UPI, CARD and CASH modes. The
automated dispenser will provide change based on the product cost. The proposed design is
verified and implemented using VERILOG HDL and also XILINX ISE 14.5. This
automated dispenser can be an optimal choice for use in supermarkets, shopping malls, and
all kinds of departmental stores, etc.

A Dispenser is a machine which dispenses items such as snacks,

beverage, lottery tickets, consumer products to customers automatically, after the customer
inserts currency or credit into the machine. Now-a-days dispensers are well known among
Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. The quantity of machines in these consumers is on the top
on the world wide. This is due to the modern life styles which required fast food processing
with high quality. This paper describes the designing of dispenser with Auto-billing
features. The objective here is to be design dispenser controller which accepts money inputs
in any sequence and delivers the products when the required amount has been deposited and
gives back the change. Here an additional facility is provided to the user. It is possible to
withdraw the deposited money in between if the costumer wishes so by pressing a push
button. The Verilog code for the proposed dispenser model is developed and simulation
results are successfully verified using XILINX ISE 14.5 tool.

Dispensers are now offering a wider variety of goods. For example, an extravagant
dispenser at the Mondrian Hotel in Miami allows consumers to purchase items as far-
fetched as expensive jewelry, cars and real estate. There is a new demand for vending
services that have not been available before. Entrepreneurs have a unique opportunity to
determine a dispenser that has not yet been established in the marketplace capitalize on the
initiative.

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CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION TO VLSI

1.1 VLSI TECHNOLOGY

VLSI Design presents state-of-the-art papers in VLSI design, computer-aided design, design
analysis, design implementation, simulation and testing. Its scope also includes papers that
address technical trends, pressing issues, and educational aspects in VLSI Design. The
Journal provides a dynamic high-quality international forum for original papers and tutorials
by academic, industrial, and other scholarly contributors in VLSI Design.

The development of microelectronics spans a time which is even lesser than the
average life expectancy of a human, and yet it has seen as many as four generations. Early
60’s saw the low-density fabrication processes classified under Small Scale Integration
(SSI) in which transistor count was limited to about 10. This rapidly gave way to Medium
Scale Integration in the late 60’s when around 100 transistors could be placed on a single
chip.

It was the time when the cost of research began to decline and private firms started
entering the competition in contrast to the earlier years where the main burden was borne by
the military. Transistor-Transistor logic (TTL) offering higher integration densities
outlasted other IC families like ECL and became the basis of the first integrated circuit
revolution. It was the production of this family that gave impetus to semiconductor giants
like Texas Instruments, Fairchild and National Semiconductors. Early seventies marked the
growth of transistor count to about 1000 per chip called the Large-Scale Integration.

By mid-eighties, the transistor count on a single chip had already exceeded 1000 and
hence came the age of Very Large-Scale Integration or VLSI. Though many improvements
have been made and the transistor count is still rising, further names of generations like
ULSI are generally avoided. It was during this time when TTL lost the battle to MOS
family owing to the same problems that had pushed vacuum tubes into negligence, power
dissipation and the limit it imposed on the number of gates that could be placed on a single
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die.

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The second age of Integrated Circuits revolution started with the introduction of the
first microprocessor, the 4004 by Intel in 1972 and the 8080 in 1974. Today many
companies like Texas Instruments, Infineon, Alliance Semiconductors, Cadence, Synopsys,
Celox Networks, Cisco, Micron Tech, National Semiconductors, ST Microelectronics,
Qualcomm, Lucent, Mentor Graphics, Analog Devices, Intel, Philips, Motorola and many
other firms have been established and are dedicated to the various fields in "VLSI" like
Programmable Logic Devices, Hardware Descriptive Languages, Design tools, Embedded
Systems etc.

In 1980s, hold-over from outdated taxonomy for integration levels. Obviously,

influenced from frequency bands, i.e., HF, VHF, and UHF. Sources disagree on what is
measured (gates or transistors)
SSI – Small-Scale Integration (0-102)
MSI – Medium-Scale Integration (102 -103)
LSI – Large-Scale Integration (103 -105)
VLSI – Very Large-Scale Integration (105 - 107)
ULSI – Ultra Large-Scale Integration (>= 107)
VLSI Technology, Inc. was a company which designed and manufactured custom
and semi-custom ICs. The company was based in Silicon Valley, with headquarters at 1109
McKay Drive in San Jose, California. Along with LSI Logic, VLSI Technology defined the
leading edge of the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) business, which
accelerated the push of powerful embedded systems into affordable products. The company
was founded in 1979 by a trio from Fairchild Semiconductor by way of Synectic - Jack
Balletto, Dan Floyd, and Gunnar Willesden - and by Doug Fairbairn of Xerox PARC and
Lambda (later VLSI Design) magazine.

Alfred J. Stein became the CEO of the company in 1982. Subsequently VLSI built
its first fab in San Jose; eventually a second fab was built in San Antonio, Texas. VLSI had
its initial public offering in 1983, and was listed on the stock market as (NASDAQ: VLSI).
The company was later acquired by Philips and survives to this day as part of NXP
Semiconductors.

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The first semiconductor chips held two transistors each. Subsequent advances added
more and more transistors, and, as a consequence, more individual functions or systems
were integrated over time. The first integrated circuits held only a few devices, perhaps as
many as ten diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors, making it possible to fabricate one
or more logic gates on a single device. Now, known retrospectively as small-scale
integration (SSI), improvements in technique led to devices with hundreds of logic gates,
known as medium- scale integration (MSI). Further improvements led to large-scale
integration (LSI), i.e. systems with at least a thousand logic gates. Current technology has
moved far past this mark and today's microprocessors have many millions of gates and
billions of individual transistors.

At one time, there was an effort to name and calibrate various levels of large-scale
integration above VLSI. Terms like ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) were used. But the
huge number of gates and transistors available on common devices has rendered such fine
distinctions moot. Terms suggesting greater than VLSI levels of integration are no longer in
widespread use.

As of early 2008, billion-transistor processors are commercially available. This is

expected to become more commonplace as semiconductor fabrication moves from the
current generation of 65 nm processes to the next 45 nm generations (while experiencing
new challenges such as increased variation across process corners). A notable example is
NVidia’s 280 series GPU. This GPU is unique in the fact that almost all of its 1.4 billion
transistors are used for logic, in contrast to the Itanium, whose large transistor count is
largely due to its 24 MB L3 cache. Current designs, as opposed to the earliest devices, use
extensive design automation and automated logic synthesis to lay out the transistors,
enabling higher levels of complexity in the resulting logic functionality. Certain high-
performance logic blocks like the SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) cell, however,
are still designed by hand to ensure the highest efficiency (sometimes by bending or
breaking established design rules to obtain the last bit of performance by trading stability)
[citation needed]. VLSI technology is moving towards radical level miniaturization with
introduction of NEMS technology. A lot of problems need to be sorted out before the
transition is actually made.
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1.2WHY VLSI?
Integration improves the design, lowers the parasitics, which means higher speed
and lower power consumption and physically smaller. The Integration reduces manufacturing
cost
- (almost) no manual assembly.

The course will cover basic theory and techniques of digital VLSI design in CMOS
technology. Topics include: CMOS devices and circuits, fabrication processes, static and
dynamic logic structures, chip layout, simulation and testing, low power techniques, design
tools and methodologies, VLSI architecture. We use full-custom techniques to design basic
cells and regular structures such as data-path and memory.

There is an emphasis on modern design issues in interconnect and clocking. We will

also use several case-studies to explore recent real-world VLSI designs (e.g., Pentium,
Alpha, PowerPC Strong ARM, etc.) and papers from the recent research literature. On-
campus students will design small test circuits using various CAD tools. Circuits will be
verified and analyzed for performance with various simulators. Some final project designs
will be fabricated and returned to students the following semester for testing.

Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating integrated circuits by

combining thousands of transistor-based circuits into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s
when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. The
microprocessor is a VLSI device. The term is no longer as common as it once was, as chips
have increased in complexity into the hundreds of millions of transistors.

The first semiconductor chips held one transistor each. Subsequent advances added
more and more transistors, and, as a consequence, more individual functions or systems
were integrated over time. The first integrated circuits held only a few devices, perhaps as
many as ten diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors, making it possible to fabricate one
or more logic gates on a single device.

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Now known retrospectively as "small-scale integration" (SSI), improvements in technique

led to devices with hundreds of logic gates, known as large-scale integration (LSI), i.e.
systems with at least a thousand logic gates. Current technology has moved far past this
mark and today's microprocessors have many millions of gates and hundreds of millions of
individual transistors.
At one time, there was an effort to name and calibrate various levels of large-scale
integration above VLSI. Terms like Ultra-large-scale Integration (ULSI) were used. But the
huge number of gates and transistors available on common devices has rendered such fine
distinctions moot. Terms suggesting greater than VLSI levels of integration are no longer in
widespread use. Even VLSI is now somewhat quaint, given the common assumption that all
microprocessors are VLSI or better.

As of early 2008, billion-transistor processors are commercially available, an

example of which is Intel's Montecito Itanium chip. This is expected to become more
commonplace as semiconductor fabrication moves from the current generation of 65 nm
processes to the next 45 nm generations (while experiencing new challenges such as
increased variation across process corners). Another notable example is NVIDIA’s 280
series GPU.

This microprocessor is unique in the fact that its 1.4 Billion transistor count, capable
of a teraflop of performance, is almost entirely dedicated to logic (Itanium's transistor count
is largely due to the 24MB L3 cache). Current designs, as opposed to the earliest devices,
use extensive design automation and automated logic synthesis to lay out the transistors,
enabling higher levels of complexity in the resulting logic functionality. Certain high-
performance logic blocks like the SRAM cell, however, are still designed by hand to ensure
the highest efficiency (sometimes by bending or breaking established design rules to obtain
the last bit of performance by trading stability).

The original business plan was to be a contract wafer fabrication company, but the
venture investors wanted the company to develop IC (Integrated Circuit) design tools to
help fill the foundry.
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Thanks to its Caltech and UC Berkeley students, VLSI was an important pioneer in
the electronic design automation industry. It offered a sophisticated package of tools,
originally based on the 'lambda-based' design style advocated by Carver Mead and Lynn
Conway.
VLSI became an early vendor of standard cell (cell-based technology) to the merchant
market in the early 80s where the other ASIC-focused company, LSI Logic, was a leader in
gate arrays. Prior to VLSI's cell-based offering, the technology had been primarily available
only within large vertically integrated companies with semiconductor units such as AT&T
and IBM.

VLSI's design tools eventually included not only design entry and simulation but
eventually cell-based routing (chip compiler), a Datapath compiler, SRAM and ROM
compilers and a state machine compiler. The tools were an integrated design solution for IC
design and not just point tools, or more general-purpose system tools. A designer could edit
transistor-level polygons and/or logic schematics, then run DRC and LVS, extract parasites
from the layout and run Spice simulation, then back-annotate the timing or gate size
changes into the logic schematic database. Characterization tools were integrated to
generate Frame Maker Data Sheets for Libraries. VLSI eventually spun off the CAD and
Library operation into Compass Design Automation but it never reached IPO before it was
purchased by Avanti Corp.

VLSI's physical design tools were critical not only to its ASIC business, but also in
setting the bar for the commercial EDA industry. When VLSI and its main ASIC
competitor, LSI Logic, were establishing the ASIC industry, commercially-available tools
could not deliver the productivity necessary to support the physical design of hundreds of
ASIC designs each year without the deployment of a substantial number of layout
engineers. The companies' development of automated layout tools was a rational "make
because there's nothing to buy" decision. The EDA industry finally caught up in the late
1980s when Tangent Systems released its TanCell and TanGate products. In 1989, Tangent
was acquired by Cadence Design Systems (founded in 1988).

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Unfortunately, for all VLSI's initial competence in design tools, they were not
leaders in semiconductor manufacturing technology. VLSI had not been timely in
developing a 1.0 µm manufacturing process as the rest of the industry moved to that
geometry in the late 80s. VLSI entered a long-term technology partnership with Hitachi and
finally released a 1.0 µm process and cell library (actually more of a 1.2 µm library with a
1.0 µm gate).

As VLSI struggled to gain parity with the rest of the industry in semiconductor
technology, the design flow was moving rapidly to a Verilog HDL and synthesis flow.
Cadence acquired Gateway, the leader in Verilog hardware design language (HDL) and
Synopsys was dominating the exploding field of design synthesis. As VLSI's tools were
being eclipsed, VLSI waited too long to open the tools up to other fabrications and Compass
Design Automation was never a viable competitor to industry leaders.

Meanwhile, VLSI entered the merchant high speed static RAM (SRAM) market as
they needed a product to drive the semiconductor process technology development. All the
large semiconductor companies built high speed SRAMs with cost structures VLSI could
never match. VLSI withdrew once it was clear that the Hitachi process technology
partnership was working.

ARM Ltd was formed in 1990 as a semiconductor intellectual property licensor,

backed by Acorn, Apple and VLSI. VLSI became a licensee of the powerful ARM
processor and ARM finally funded processor tools. Initial adoption of the ARM processor
was slow. Few applications could justify the overhead of an embedded 32 bit processor. In
fact, despite the addition of further licensees, the ARM processor enjoyed little market
success until they developed the novel 'thumb' extensions. Ericsson adopted the ARM
processor in a VLSI chipset for its GSM handset designs in the early 1990s. It was the GSM
boost that is the foundation of ARM the company/technology that it is today.

Only in PC chipsets, did VLSI dominate in the early 90s. This product was
developed by five engineers using the 'Mega cells" in the VLSI library that led to a business
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that almost equaled its ASIC business in revenue. VLSI eventually ceded the market to Intel
because Intel was able to package-sell its processors, chipsets, and even board level
products together.

VLSI also had an early partnership with PMC, a design group that had been nurtured
of British Columbia Bell. When PMC wanted to divest its semiconductor intellectual
property venture, VLSI's bid was beaten by a creative deal by Sierra Semiconductor. The
telecom business unit management at VLSI opted to go it alone. PMC Sierra became one of
the most important telecom ASSP vendors.
Scientists and innovations from the 'design technology' part of VLSI found their way
to Cadence Design Systems (by way of Redwood Design Automation). Compass Design
Automation (VLSI's CAD and Library spin-off) was sold to Avant! Corporation, which
itself was acquired by Synopsys.

1.3 Structured design

Structured VLSI design is a modular methodology originated by Carver Mead and
Lynn Conway for saving microchip area by minimizing the interconnect fabrics area. This
is obtained by repetitive arrangement of rectangular macro blocks which can be
interconnected using wiring by abutment. An example is partitioning the layout of an adder
into a row of equal bit slices cells. In complex designs this structuring may be achieved by
hierarchical nesting.

Structured VLSI design had been popular in the early 1980s, but lost its popularity later
because of the advent of placement and routing tools wasting a lot of area by routing, which
is tolerated because of the progress of Moore's Law. When introducing the hardware
description language KARL in the mid' 1970s, Reiner Hartenstein coined the term
"structured VLSI design" (originally as "structured LSI design"), echoing Edsger Dijkstra's
structured programming approach by procedure nesting to avoid chaotic spaghetti-
structured programs.

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1.4 APPLICATIONS OF VLSI

 Electronic system in cars.
 Digital electronics control VCRs
 Transaction processing system, ATM
 Personal computers and Workstations
 Medical electronic systems.

Electronic systems now perform a wide variety of tasks in daily life. Electronic
systems in some cases have replaced mechanisms that operated mechanically, hydraulically,
or by other means; electronics are usually smaller, more flexible, and easier to service. In
other cases electronic systems have created totally new applications. Electronic systems
perform a variety of tasks; some of them are visible while some are hidden.

Personal entertainment systems such as portable MP3 players and DVD players
perform sophisticated algorithms with remarkably little energy.

Electronic systems in cars operate stereo systems and displays; they also control
fuel injection systems, adjust suspensions to varying terrain, and perform the control
functions required for anti-lock braking systems.

Digital electronics compress and decompress video, even at high-definition data rates, on-
the-fly in consumer electronics.

Low-cost terminals for Web browsing still require sophisticated electronics, despite their
dedicated function.

Personal computers and workstations provide word-processing, financial analysis, and

games. Computers include both central processing units and special-purpose hardware for
disk access, faster screen display, etc.

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Medical electronic systems measure bodily functions and perform complex processing
algorithms to warn about unusual conditions. The availability of these complex systems, far
from overwhelming consumers, only creates demand for even more complex systems.

The growing sophistication of applications continually pushes the design and manufacturing
of integrated circuits and electronic systems to new levels of complexity. And perhaps the
most amazing characteristic of this collection of systems is its variety-as systems become
more complex, we build not a few general-purpose computers but an ever wider range of
special-purpose systems. Our ability to do so is a testament to our growing mastery of both
integrated circuit manufacturing and design, but the increasing demands of customers
continue to test the limits of design and manufacturing.

1.5 ASIC
An Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) is an integrated circuit (IC)
customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use. For example, a
chip designed solely to run a cell phone is an ASIC. Intermediate between ASICs and
industry standard integrated circuits, like the 7400 or the 4000 series, are application
specific standard products (ASSPs).

As feature sizes have shrunk and design tools improved over the years, the
maximum complexity (and hence functionality) possible in an ASIC has grown from 5,000
gates to over 100 million. Modern ASICs often include entire 32-bit processors, memory
blocks including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flash and other large building blocks. Such an
ASIC is often termed a SoC (system-on-a-chip). Designers of digital ASICs use a hardware
description language (HDL), such as Verilog or VHDL, to describe the functionality of
ASICs.

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are the modern-day technology for building
a breadboard or prototype from standard parts; programmable logic blocks and
programmable interconnects allow the same FPGA to be used in many different
applications. For smaller designs and/or lower production volumes, FPGAs may be more
cost effective than an ASIC design even in production.
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 An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is an integrated circuit (IC) customized

for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use.
 A Structured ASIC falls between an FPGA and a Standard Cell-based ASIC
 Structured ASICs are used mainly for mid-volume level designs
 The design task for structured ASIC’s is to map the circuit into a fixed arrangement of
known cells

1.6 ASIC DESIGN FLOW

As with any other technical activity, development of an ASIC starts with an idea and
takes tangible shape through the stages of development as shown in Fig 1 and in Fig 2. The
first step in this process is to expand the idea in terms of behavior of the target circuit.

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Fig :ASIC DESIGN FLOW

The design is tested through a simulation process; it is to check, verify, and ensure
that what is wanted is what is described. Simulation is carried out through dedicated tools.
With every simulation run, the simulation results are studied to identify errors in the
designdescription. The errors are corrected and another simulation run carried out.
Simulation and changes to design description together form a cyclic iterative process,
repeated until an error-free design is evolved.
Design description is an activity independent of the target technology or
manufacturer. It results in a description of the digital circuit. To translate it into a tangible
circuit, one goes through the physical design process. The same constitutes a set of activities
closely linked to the manufacturer and the target technology

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CHAPTER-II
INTRODUCTION

Dispensers are used to dispenses the different kinds of products like

newspapers, tickets, stamps, snacks, beverages, fruits, cakes, candy and so on. Busy places
like Railway stations, shopping malls, super markets, theaters, airports, etc., require
dispense of various products 24X7. These Dispensers offer much variety and accessibility,
and also, they improve the profit margin for the owners. Most of the research in this has
concentrated on the speed of dispense but with a smaller number of products. Day by day
trends in VLSI is getting updated and how we can take its challenging to increase the
number of products also. Designing mobile dispensers, not only in the market places we can
install anywhere in the cities. In this work, we proposed a machine which dispenses twenty
five different products supporting three payment method. The overall design is implemented
on XILINX ISE 14.5 platform in a language called Verilog HDL, HDL means Hardware
Description Language.

Dispenser is a customer service machine that operates without

the aid of human intervention. It provides different consumer products even diamonds and
platinum jewelry to customers, after the vendee inserts currency or credit into the machine
using extremely simple steps. It is controlled through a control system which provides a
main module, a payment system, a user interface system, a product extraction system and a
communication system. The first dispenser was introduced in 215 BC at a temple in
Alexandria in ancient Egypt. According to Higuchi (2007), this machine could dispense
holy water in exchange for coins. The principle used is the same principle used in a flash
toilet system. The machine was invented by a mathematician and engineer named Henon of
Alexandria. According to Higuchi (2007) in 1615, a cigarette dispenser was known as
“honest box” because it relied on the conscience of the buyer and their subsequent reaction
thereafter. Advances in technology saw Richard Carlyle, a designer, developing a
newspaper dispensing machine in 1822. A year later, 1883, Percival Everett designed
dispensers for postcards, envelops and note papers and these machines were generally
kept at railway stations in

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England. Earlier on in Paris, France 1890 Bellis (2017) acknowledges the development of
the very first beverage dispenser that dispensed drinks.

The Thomas Adams Gum Company in the United States introduced

a gum dispenser in 1888 followed by a round, candy-coated gumball and gumball dispenser
in 1907. Bellis (2017) [3] noted the opening of a coin-operated restaurant, Horn &Hardart,
in Philadelphia which ran from 1902 to 1962. Around 2006 there emerged a great demand
for dispensers resulting in the development credit card scanners being incorporated on the
dispensers to easy accessibility and patronage. Late in 2016, Autobahn Motors in Singapore
opened a luxury car dispenser that offered Ferrari and Lamborghini cars. According to
Gruber et al. (2016, a dispenser is a coin-operated machine used to sell certain types of
products & refreshments. With changes in technology, machines are being developed to
move from coins to plastic money and machines are beginning to be referred to as machines
that provide service at an unattended point of sale with monetarily driven equipment. It can
also be defined as an electronic machine used to disperse a product to a consumer after a
certain amount of money has been put into the machine. In general, dispensers provide
processed foods and beverages high in salt, sugar, and/or fat. In food outlets, it takes
between 15 to 30 minutes to get an order saved or even more depending on what one needs.

These queues disappoint other customers and the

company will lose profits. There is a need to optimize this system by introducing a
dispenser. No extra expense is incurred if the machine is bought and installed other than
maintenance issues. Dispensers can be placed in places like schools, universities and
hospitals. Dispensers give no provision for bargaining and fraud cases by unscrupulous
customers who devise hacking techniques to defeat the security of the system are prevalent
in this kind of business. Another scenario is the deliberate destruction of a dispenser by
unruly groups or jealous competitors. Heavy taxes levied on the location sites of these
machines adds another straw to this capital-intensive investment. Also, another challenge is
experienced in terms of enormous losses when an investor faces the destruction of the
machine or faulty programming that makes the machine continuously dispense a product
due to technical errors. To enhance their versatility, dispensers can be used as an
advertising platform through the employment of

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advance of different programming capabilities. The aim of this research is to design a

dispenser that can dispense a variety of products at the same time.

Automatic vending or retailing is selling varied types of merchandise as

items dispensed by automated machines. This sales method has actually been used since
ancient times, when the Greek mathematician, Hero, from Alexandria invented a
mechanism that dispensed holy water in Egyptian temples. Later, in England during the
mid-1600, small brass machines dispensed tobacco, and in 1822, a publisher in England in
collaboration with a bookshop owner, Richard Carlile, created a machine for dispensing
controversial newspapers. In 1867, the first completely automated dispenser was built to
dispense postage stamps. The earliest coin-operated dispensers were used in London. These
dispensers, introduced by Percival Everitt, were placed at post offices and railway stations
for buying postcards, writing paper and envelopes.

Then, in 1887, the first servicing company for dispensers was started under the name of the
Sweetmeat Automatic Delivery Company. During 1888, dispensers that dispensed gum
along with small toy figures began to appear in train stations and other public places in
many cities worldwide. Since that time, the dispenser business has grown to include a wide
array of products for sale, from food and beverages of all types to incidental convenience
store items. Still other dispensers offer sales of lottery tickets, online internet time, books,
electronics, life insurance, contraceptives, automobiles and marijuana. However, the most
popular types of machines that have developed from the dispenser industry are machines
that sell and/or operate video games.

Most Popular Types of Dispensers in Recent Years

In general, the most popular and most widely distributed dispenser varieties for use
internationally during recent years have been the following types:

• Coin-Operated Meal and Beverage Machines. – By the early 1900’s, dispensers

offering food, beverages and entire meals were common. Automated restaurants became
popular,
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similar to today’s snack bars in offices and public buildings with rows of dispensers selling
myriad varieties of food and drinks. These early automats accepted only small change for
payment and became favorite eating venues for everyone from struggling artists to
successful business owners and celebrities.

• Cigarette Dispensers. – An American, William Rowe, invented a cigarette dispenser in

1926. However, after a few years use, these machines lost some popularity in the U.S. and
other countries due to their accessibility to underage smokers. Modern cigarette machines
are still in use throughout many European countries today.

• Specialty Dispensers. – Although foods and beverages are still the most common items in
dispenser inventories today, a non-ending list of specialty products are also now dispensed
by these automated machines. Whether you want or need an iPad, digital camera, pizza,
french fries, life insurance, cold remedy, car or marijuana, you can conveniently make your
purchase by dispenser. Since these machines are now designed to accept credit card
payments, they can offer more higher-priced products for sale.

Today, dispensers are popular throughout the world, and Japan has the highest per capita rate
for these machines. Japanese dispensers sell fresh fruits and vegetables, flowers, sake,
clothing and sushi. Market researchers predict that by 2020, approximately 20 percent of all
dispensers globally will be smart machines with programmed memory banks to recall your
identity and buying preferences. New dispensers in Sydney, Australia now offer buyers
nicely packaged items based on such concepts as “friendship,” “purpose” and “spontaneity.”

• Gaming Vending Solutions. – The dispenser industry also led the way to the
development of arcade gaming machines that skyrocketed to amazing levels of popularity
and demand. The first coin-operated video game, Computer Space, that was sold for
commercial use was designed in 1971 by Bushnell and Ted Dabney and led to the
development of countless other video games and ever-busy arcades.

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Consumers head to dispensers for a variety of reasons. Most machines exist to satisfy public
cravings for snacks and beverages. Dispensers offer consumers a quick convenient fix for
hunger pangs or sluggish activity by offering energy-boosting refreshments. The scope of
the use and demand for dispensers is widening as advancements in machine technology
improves. Vending operations offers an entrepreneurial opportunity that can be quite
lucrative to operators willing to put in the time and effort to be profitable.

Function

1. Dispensers are coin-operated devices that dispense goods to consumers. Consumers

use dispensers by paying for the goods within the machine and utilizing the items
dispensed. Machine operators earn money by placing machines in private businesses
or public areas to compel customers to make a purchase. Operators have established
routes in which their machines are located and it is their job to service the machines
to ensure they are stocked with the appropriate goods.

Business Opportunities

1. Many business opportunities exist for dispenser operators. Entrepreneurs can opt to
purchase an existing vending business, which usually includes the necessary
licenses, machines and routes that have already been established. Business owners
can also invest in a franchise, or start a new business from scratch. Purchasing an
existing business requires that the operator maintains current accounts by services
and stocking the machines with inventory. Entrepreneurs that choose to open a new
business must purchase or lease their machines, purchase inventory, and obtain
licenses and accounts for placing the machines.

Types

1. Common machines are snack and soda machines. Smaller devices dispense
individual candies or assorted nuts. Many machines are popular in establishments
that cater to families and children. These types of machines have prizes and goods
that appeal to a younger crowd. Dispensers that dispense films available for rent are

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increasing in popularity. Dispensers that are appropriate for a certain niche are also
available. For instance, machines that distribute disposable towels and individual
auto detailing products are provided at self-serve car washes.

Payment Conveniences

1. Several developments have been made in the technology of dispensers, allowing

operators to offer more conveniences to consumers. In the past, dispensers were
limited to accepting coins or small forms of currency, such as $1 or $5 bills. As
dispenser technology improves, the forms of payments accepted have also
improved. Some dispensers now have the option of accepting credit and debit cards
as an added convenience to customers.

Advancements

1. Dispensers are now offering a wider variety of goods. For example, an extravagant
dispenser at the Mondrian Hotel in Miami allows consumers to purchase items as
far-fetched as expensive jewelry, cars and real estate. There is a new demand for
vending services that have not been available before.

Entrepreneurs have a unique opportunity to determine a dispenser that has not yet
been established in the marketplace capitalize on the initiative.

The machines usually work when a product is selected and some money (usually coins or
paper money) is put in a slot. Then, a button needs to be pushed, or a lever pulled. If there is
enough money, the selected item will be dropped to a tray, where it can be taken out by the
person making the purchase. From 2000-2010, the specialization of dispensers became more
common. Vending extended increasingly into non-traditional areas like electronics, or even
artwork or short stories. Machines of this new category are generally called Automated
retail kiosks. When using an automated retail machine, consumers select products,
sometimes using a touch screen interface, pay for purchases using a credit or debit card and
then the product is

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dispensed, sometimes via an internal robotic arm in the machine. The trend of specialization
and proliferation of dispensers is perhaps most apparent in Japan where there is 1 dispenser
for 23 people. Apparently similar to the development of traditional mobile phones into
smartphones, dispensers have also progressively, though at a much slower pace, evolved
into smart dispensers. Newer technologies at a lower cost of adoption, such as the large
digital touch display, internet connectivity, cameras and various types of sensors, more cost
effective embedded computing power, digital signage, various advanced payment systems,
and a wide range of identification technology (NFC, RFID, etc) have contributed to this
development.. Integrated sensors and cameras also represent a source of such data as
customer demographics, purchase trends, and other locality-specific information. It also
enables better customer engagement for the brands through interactive multimedia and
social media connectivity. Smart dispensers were #79 by JWT Intelligence on its list of 100
Things to Watch in 2014. According to market research by Frost & Sullivan, global
shipments of smart dispensers are forecasted to reach around 2 million units by 2018 and
further to 3.6 million units by 2020 with penetration rate of 20.3 percent. L

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CHAPTER-III
EXISTING ARCHITECTURE

 In existing model, it doesn’t offer much variety and accessibility because of it has
concentrated on speed of dispense but they are not concentrated on number of
products.
 In existing model, it doesn’t provide more kinds of payment modes they only
provide one or two payments.
 it doesn’t provide change for customers based on product cost.
 But due to the few, number of products available the profit margin is very less.
 As there were only one or two payment modes the accessibility for the customer is
also less.
 So, to avoid this problem and increase the profit margin the number of items
are increased in the next proposed model.
 The usage of the Dispensers was to increase the market without any shopkeeper.

From humble single-cent beginnings, vending operations in

the United States have evolved into a $36.6 billion industry. Canned cold drinks
were the industry's top sellers in 1999, posting $15.7 billion in sales and accounting
for 42.9% of the industry's gross sales volume. Packaged candy and snacks ranked
second, with 19.7% of the industry and $7.2 billion in sales. More than 857,000
coin- operated Dispensers were produced and shipped in 1999. More than half
(477,102) were refrigerated units vending canned and bottled soft drinks.

Vending accounts for a significant portion of the sales

and profits of beverage bottlers and snack makers. In 2000, Dispensers generated
14% of total foodservice sales in venues such as college campuses, factories,
businesses, hospitals, and schools. Bottlers pay colleges, schools, and other
institutions millions of dollars for exclusive rights to place Dispensers on campuses.
Vended soft drink sales may represent only as much as 15% of a bottler's total
yearly sales, but that same volume could easily account for half of their annual
profits.
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 People spend $45 billion in Dispensers annually. Yet, 98% of those purchases are
made with cash because only 5% of Dispensers accept credit and debit cards.

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CHAPTER-IV
PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE

Till now most of the research papers are designed machines for less number of products. In this
proposed method we have designed a dispenser that can dispense 5 different products of 5
different costs(5 x 5) with three different payment modes.

In the process of selection, the user should follow the following steps:

(note: The customer should give the input to the machine from the keypad.)

1. First, select the Start option to start the machine.

2. Select a product from 1 to 25 based on the cost.

3. Select a payment mode (Payment mode can be of three types)

—-> UPI mode

—->ATM CARD mode

—->CASH deposit mode

4. Once the payment process has been completed, the dispenser will dispense the selected
product.

5. In cash mode, if the deposited money is greater than the product cost then the system
will dispense the change also.

The overall process of the machine can be explained in the below sections.

4.1 Keypad for this Automated Dispenser

The input interface of dispenser resembles the Fig.1. The start in the keypad is to start the
dispenser. The products in the rows A, B, C, D and E are of 100 rupees, 80 rupees,50
rupees,40 rupees,30 rupees respectively. Each of them consists of 5 different products.
And also the user has to select the mode of payment i.e., UPI or ATM Card or Cash
deposit from the keyboard. The user can cancel the process only before choosing

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the mode of payment. The initial start condition state diagram for this automatic
dispenser is shown in Fig.2. By giving the start input, the dispenser can initiate its
dispensing process. Then the customer has to select a product based on the product cost.
And then the customer has to select the payment mode. If the customer wants to cancel
the process, give a cancel input from the keypad.

Fig. 1: Keypad for this Automated Dispenser

Fig. 2: State Diagram for the start and product selection

4.2 Payment process

After the product selection, the mode of payment will be selected by the customer’s
choice in the keypad. In this proposed method, the payment modes are of three types.
Those are

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1) UPI mode: UPI means Unified Payment Interface as shown in Fig.3 In this UPI
mode, the customer needs to enter the UPI ID. Then the customer receives a link to pay
the money and the customer has to enter the UPI PIN to complete the payment. If
payment is completed, the machine will wait for payment processing. Whenever paid
money equal to selected product cost, the payment output will become high. Then
Dispenser will

Fig. 3: UPI mode state diagram

dispense the product automatically. If the payment is not completed, the Dispenser will
again ask to enter UPI ID. Customer need not enter the money in UPI, because by selecting
the product cost UPI automatically entered that money, the customer just authenticates the
money withdraw. No change will be given in this kind of payment mode.

2) ATM CARD mode: As shown in Fig.4 In this ATM card mode, the customer needs to
swipe the ATM card at the dispenser. After swiping, the machine will link with the bank
server. Whenever the bank server is connected, the customer needs to enter the ATM card
PIN. If the entered PIN is correct, the machine will wait for payment processing, whenever
paid money equal to selected product cost, the payment output will become high. Then
Dispenser will dispense the product automatically. If the entered PIN is not correct then
the next state is ’Enter the PIN’. The Dispenser will again ask to enter the PIN. No change
will be given in this kind of payment mode.

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Fig. 4: ATM card mode state diagram

3) CASH deposit mode: There are many Dispensers that can accept coins as well as
currency accepting machines (CAMs). The CAMs consist of a pattern recognition system
which can detect the currency that the user had entered as shown in Fig.5 In this modes
100,50,20,and 10 currency notes are acceptable. Depends on the money deposited by the
customer and the product cost, all the time machine can compare the both deposited money
and the product cost.

If the deposited money is equal to the product cost payment process will complete, the
payment output will become high and the selected product will dispense from the dispenser.
If the deposited money is greater than the product cost payment process will complete by
giving change to the customer. Giving change is equal to the difference between the
deposited money and product cost, the payment output will become high and the selected
product will dispense from the dispenser.

If the deposited money is less than the product cost, the machine asks to deposit sufficient
money to dispense the product. The payment output will become high when the deposited
money is equal to the product cost and the selected product will dispense from the
dispenser. If the customer clicks the cancel option before dispensing the product, the
deposited money will be returned to the customer.

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Fig. 5: CASH deposit mode state diagram

The payment output will become high when the deposited money is equal to the product
cost and the selected product will dispense from the dispenser. If the customer click the
cancel option before dispensing the product, the deposited money will be returned to the
customer.

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CHAPTER-V

5.1 XILINX ISE

Xilinx, Inc. is the world's largest provider of programmable common-sense devices, the
inventor of the field programmable gate array (FPGA) and the primary semiconductor
organization with a fabless manufacturing version. Xilinx designs, develops and markets
programmable logic merchandise including incorporated circuits (ICs), software program
design equipment and predefined gadget functions added as intellectual property (IP) cores,
design offerings, patron education, area engineering and technical assist. Xilinx sells each
FPGAs and CPLDs programmable common-sense devices for electronic equipment
producers in cease markets along with communications, commercial, customer, automobile
and statistics processing.

Xilinx's FPGAs have even been used for the ALICE (A huge Ion Collider test) on
the CERN ecu laboratory at the French-Swiss border to map and disentangle the trajectories
of heaps of subatomic debris. The Vertex-II seasoned, Virtex-6, Virtex-five, and Virtex-6
FPGA families are mainly focused on gadget-on-chip (SOC) designers due to the fact they
consist of up to two embedded IBM PowerPC cores. The ISE layout Suite is the critical
digital design automation (EDA) product own family sold by using Xilinx. The ISE design
Suite features include design access and synthesis assisting Verilog or VHDL, place-and-
route (PAR), completed verification and debug using Chip Scope pro equipment, and
advent of the bit documents which can be used to configure the chip. XST-Xilinx Synthesis
era performs device particular synthesis for Cool Runner XPLA3/-II and XC9600/XL/XV
households and generates an NGC report ready for the CPLD more fit.

5.2 XILINX ISE 13.2i:

Xilinx is the maximum important tool and, in this device, we are able to carry out both
simulation and synthesis.

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5.2.1 Simulation:

In this process, we are going to verify our required output to get the simulation
technique first of all we need to enforce a top module (combination of all modules) after
which in the simulation conduct, we can simulate the result

5.2.2 Synthesis:

Synthesis process defines converting Verilog code into gate level which creates a net
list.

5.2.3 Procedure:

 Click project navigator

 Create new project
 Selection of FPGA

Create new source

 Select source type (Verilog module)

 Coding
 Declaration of inputs and output
 Sources for implementation

Synthesize – XST

 Check syntax
 View design summary
 View RTL schematic
 View technology schematic
 Sources for behavioral simulation

Create new source

 Select source type(Verilog text fixture)

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 Write test bench code

 Xilinx ISE simulator
 Behavioral check syntax
 Simulate behavioral model

5.3 PROCEDURE FOR SYNTHESIS:

1. To create new project in xilinx we should open the filemenu,click on new project then it
will open the dialogbox as below in that typethe filename click on next

2. Then it isplays one more dialogbox which will give us the specifications of
the project,click on next

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3. Then it again displays a dialogue box as shown below with the created project
description and click finish to compelte the process of creating new project

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6. Now project with specifyed name is created then create the verilog files in the project.
To create filesr, right click on the project that will show options like as shown below

6.From the given options select new source then it diaplays dialogbox which is containing
of list of fileformat now we want to create verlogfile so select veilog module,and give the
name to the file. Then click on next

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6. Then it will ask us to select inputs,outputs and inouts. We can specify our inputs and
outputs here else we may also specify as part of programme depend upon the user
requirement, click on next

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7. It will again displays a dilagbox by fiving details of filename etc, click on next

8. It will open a white space in the project window containing filename the double clicks on
the file name so that it will displays respective file window, where we should write the code

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9. After completion writing code select the file name and click on synthesis which will
check for errors, if there are any errors in syntax or design errors are checked and shown in
the below of file window

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10. After sucessful synthesis we should have to create tesh bench file with extension
as test,for that again riht click on the file name as shown below,give filename

11. If there are list files then select file for which we are creating the test bench. Click on nex

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12. It again gives a testbench file in the project window, then give required inputs

13. select simulation from the view bar in the project window above the hiearchy window as
follows.

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16. Double click on Isim Simulator it will expand as follows click on behavioral check syntax
and it will check for syntax errors in test bench file

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16.click on simulate behavioral model, it will displays wave form for in response to the
inputs given in the test bench file

16.That wave form window having option to zoom out, zoom in to analyze the wave form
clearly in order to understand behavior of design

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CHAPTER VI

6. Verilog HDL:
Verilog is one amongst the chief regular Hardware Description Languages (HDL)
utilized by PC circuit (IC) architects.. HDL's licenses style to be recreated before inside the
outline cycle in order to right mistakes or try different things with totally diverse models.
Styles spoke to in lipoprotein zone unit innovation free, easy to style and redress, and range
unit now and then a considerable measure of decipherable than schematics, fundamentally
for enormous circuits.
The Verilog is utilized to clarify the partner advanced rationale circuit is an interconnection
of ports. The displaying strategies zone unit
Basic (Structural),
Behavioral,
Dataflow.

6.1 MODELING TECHNIQUES:

6.1.1 Data stream:
In this form we can depict the parts without a moment's delay by the connection among
them. Module is a catchphrase which signifies the relationship between particular
components within it. The module call is and entryway that is having data sources and
yields are pronounced as in the bracket.
The dole out statement is a watchword which indicates plays out the operation
particular. At that point it will spare the expense in the left hand aspect operand. endmodule
proclamation means that completing touch of module.
6.1.2 Behavioral:
That is the demonstrating method that is utilized to characterize the element without
knowing it. We can adaptation the behavior. We can outline the issue by method for its
conduct best.
The dependably watchword recommends a free running technique. This proposes zero
running test system. When an always obstruct achieved its give, it's far rescheduled (yet
again). Parameters inside the Parenthesis are called affectability posting. The affectability
list
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which recommends while information sources are assessed then constantly square can be
accomplished.

The if else proclamation is comparable like as in C. while the separate affirmation is right
comparing outcomes may be expert.
6.1.3 Structural demonstrating:
That is utilized to format an intricate modules the utilization of straightforward sub
module of it. The sub modules or the added substances which can be utilized routinely
inside the bigger applications. These techniques will make complex applications yet basic
design.

6.2 MODULES
In Verilog, circuit added substances are planned inside a module. Modules can fuse
both basic and behavioral explanations. Auxiliary proclamations constitute circuit segments
like rationale doors, counters, and chip. Behavioral degree proclamations are customizing
explanations that have no immediate mapping to circuit added substances like circles, if-
then articulations, and jolt vectors which may be utilized to practice a circuit. Underneath
code demonstrates an occurrence of a circuit and an investigate seat module. A module
begins off developed with the watchword module joined by utilizing a non-mandatory
module name and a non-necessary port rundown. The essential thing phrase end module
closes a module.

6.3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN WITH GATE AND DELAY OPERATOR

Verilog characterizes some essential practical insight entryways as a part of the
dialect. Module some rationale part instantiates two door primitives: the not entryway and
the AND entryway. The yield of the door is the primary parameter, and the information
sources are whatever remains of the parameters. These primitives are versatile with the goal
that you can get more than one information entryways basically by means of including
contributions to the parameter posting.

6.4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN WITH ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS

On the off chance that you have many irregular great judgments, the door primitives
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of the previous segment are dreary to utilize in light of the fact that all the inner wires
should

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be announced and set up viably. Every, once in a while it's miles less muddled to simply
depict a circuit the use of an unmarried Boolean condition. In Verilog, Boolean conditions
that have practically identical planning houses as the door primitives are portrayed the use
of a constant mission statement.

6.5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN WITH USING MODULES

Verilog helps progressive design by utilizing allowing modules to instantiate
different modules. As a matter of course the planning inside a module is controlled through
the module itself. However, modules can be characterized to have parameterized delays like
the #(6,five) put off administrator utilized with entryway primitives. In the module
definition, utilize the parameter watchword to make puts off variables. Parameters
additionally can be utilized to change other scalar qualities in the module. At the point when
the module is instantiated then you could supersede the put off qualities utilizing the
#(parameter) documentation.

6.6 BEHAVIORAL DESIGN WITH INITIAL AND ALWAYS BLOCKS

Behavioral code is utilized to portray circuits at a more dynamic level then the basic
level explanations we have concentrated on. All Behavioral code happens inside either an
underlying square or in a generally piece. A module can contain various preparatory and
continually pieces. These behavioral pieces consolidate explanations that oversee
reenactment time, realities take the path of least resistance articulations (like assuming then
and case proclamations), and closing off and non-blocking proclamations.
• An beginning piece executes when all through a reenactment. Preparatory pieces are for
the most part used to instate variables and to clarify jolt waveforms which exercise which
weight the reproduction.
• An ordinarily piece continually rehashes its execution for the span of a recreation.
Consistently squares generally join behavioral code that models the genuine circuit
operation.
All through a recreation each dependably and each preparatory square start to
execute at time zero. Each piece executes at the same time with each auxiliary articulation
and all the distinctive behavioral squares. The accompanying example shows a behavioral
SRAM form. The underlying square units the memory cells to 0 at startup. The always
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square executes at whatever point there's a substitute on the compose oversee line, the
chip pick line, or the

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location transport. As a workout, propagation and glue this code into a Verilog document and
compose a test seat to practicing the model

6.7 STRUCTURAL DATA TYPES: WIRE AND REG

Verilog bolsters basic data sorts alluded to as nets which model equipment
associations between circuit added substances. The two most regular auxiliary data sorts are
wire and reg. The string nets act like genuine wires in circuits. The regtype keep their
qualities till some other expense is set on them, much the same as a check in equipment
thing. The assertions for twine and enroll pointers are inside a module however open air any
underlying or typically square. The preparatory condition of a register is x obscure, and the
preparatory country of a twine is z. Ports: Modules speak with each other through ports, the
cautions ordered in the parameter list at the highest point of the module. Ports can be of sort
in, out, and in out. Right here are three oversimplified controls for coordinating the basic
records kind to the sort of port:

6.8 BEHAVIORAL DATA TYPES: INTEGER, REAL, AND TIME

The sorts in whole number and genuine are helpful records sorts to apply for
checking in behavioral code pieces. Those data sorts act like their counter parts in other
programming dialects. on the off chance that you at some point or another arrangement to
blend your behavioral code you then could likely need to abstain from utilizing these
records sorts because of the reality they habitually combine huge circuits. The information
kind time can safeguard a unique test system esteem known as reenactment time which is
extricated from the gadget trademark $time. The time insights might be utilized to help you
investigate your recreations.

6.9 NUMBER SYNTAX

Numbers in Verilog are inside the accompanying arrangement the scale is always
exact as a decimal reach. On the off chance that no is exact then the default length is no less
than 32bits and can be expansive relying upon the gadget. legitimate base configurations are
'b , 'B , 'h , 'H 'd , 'D , 'o , 'O for twofold, hexadecimal, decimal, and octal. Numbers
comprise of series of digits (0-9, A-F, a-f, x, X, z, Z). The X's mean obscure, and the Z's
recommend
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Automatic 5*5 Dispenser with three Payment modes using Verilog

unreasonable impedance If no base design is itemized the wide assortment is accepted to be

a decimal amount.
6.10 BEHAVIORAL DESIGN WITH BLOCKING AND NONBLOCKING
STATEMENTS
There are 2 types of undertaking articulations: hindering the utilization of the =
administrator and non-barricading the use of the <= administrator. Closing off assignments
act like successive code proclamations and execute while they are known as. Non-blocking
time table occasions to happen at a while inside what's to come. This will be troublesome
because of the reality strains that show up after a non-closing off attestation execute at the
equivalent time as the non-blocking statement. Here are a couple of illustrations:

6.11 ARRAYS, VECTORS, AND MEMORIES

Verilog underpins three comparable measurements frameworks alluded to as Arrays,
Vectors, and recollections. Clusters are utilized to save various things of the same sort.
Vectors are utilized to symbolize multi-bit transports. What's more, memories are varieties
of vectors which can be gotten to much like equipment recollections. Look at the
accompanying case to choose an approach to reference and utilize the unprecedented
actualities structures.

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CHAPTER-VII
SIMULATION & SYNTHESIS RESULT

7.1 SIMULATION RESULT

Fig: simulation waveform for reset

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Fig: simulation waveform on CASH mode

Fig: simulation waveform on UPI mode

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Fig: simulation waveform on CARD mode

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Fig: simulation waveforms

These two simulation waveforms are when output gives balance on cash
mode because customer paid more cost than the actual price and also it gives error when
paid cost is less than the actual product price.

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7.2SYNTHESIS RESULTS

7.2.1 RTL SCHEMATIC(SYNTHESIS)

Fig: Dispenser Module

Initially all the outputs are set to zero. Considering a Dispenser

as role model the design is sketched. Inputs include selected item(sitem), payment
mode(pm), price(pr), paid, clock(clk), reset(rst). outputs include dispense item(ditem),
balance, error. The RTL schematic is depicted in above figure post synthesis on Xilinx
platform which shows all inputs and outputs connected to a box.

Here, sitem(4:0) is the input to select the item for dispense, pr(2:0) is
the price range to shows actual price of the product, pm(1:0) is the payment mode to select
the payment mode by customer to pay the amount, paid(2:0) is to pay the amount for
dispence the item. Then ditem(4:0) is the output to dispense the item at last, balance is the

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output it will be zero on CARD and UPI mode and in cash mode if customer paid more than
price then it gives the balance, error is the output when the price is more than the paid
amount then it shows the error. These are the inputs and outputs in the Dispenser.

Fig: Schematic System

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7.3 SYNTHESIS REPORT

* Synthesis Options Summary *

=================================================================
========

---- Source Parameters

Input File Name : "DISPENSER.prj"

Ignore Synthesis Constraint File : NO

---- Target Parameters

Output File Name : "DISPENSER"

Output Format : NGC

Target Device : xc7a100t-3-csg324

---- Source Options

Top Module Name : DISPENSER

Automatic FSM Extraction : YES

FSM Encoding Algorithm : Auto

Safe Implementation : No

FSM Style : LUT

RAM Extraction : Yes

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RAM Style : Auto

ROM Extraction : Yes

Shift Register Extraction : YES

ROM Style : Auto

Resource Sharing : YES

Asynchronous To Synchronous : NO

Shift Register Minimum Size 2

Use DSP Block : Auto

Automatic Register Balancing : No

-- - -Target Options

LUT Combining : Auto

Reduce Control Sets : Auto

Add IO Buffers : YES

Global Maximum Fanout 100000

Add Generic Clock Buffer(BUFG) 32

Register Duplication : YES

Optimize Instantiated Primitives : NO

Use Clock Enable : Auto

Use Synchronous Set : Auto

Use Synchronous Reset : Auto

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Pack IO Registers into IOBs : Auto

Equivalent register Removal :

YES

---- General Options

Optimization Goal : Speed

Optimization Effort 1

Power Reduction : NO

Keep Hierarchy : No

Netlist Hierarchy : As_Optimized

RTL Output : Yes

Global Optimization : AllClockNets

Read Cores : YES

Write Timing Constraints : NO

Cross Clock Analysis : NO

Hierarchy Separator :/

Bus Delimiter : <>

Case Specifier : Maintain

Slice Utilization Ratio 100

BRAM Utilization Ratio 100

DSP48 Utilization Ratio 100

Auto BRAM Packing : NO

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Slice Utilization Ratio Delta 5

=================================================================
========

=================================================================
========

* HDL Parsing *

=================================================================
========

Analyzing Verilog file "C:\Xilinx\DISPENSERS\DISPENSERS2_behavioural.v" into

library work

Parsing module <DISPENSER>.

=================================================================
========

* HDL Elaboration *

=================================================================
========

Elaborating module <DISPENSER>.

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=================================================================
========

* HDL Synthesis *

=================================================================
========

Synthesizing Unit <DISPENSER>.

Related source file is "C:\Xilinx\DISPENSERS\DISPENSERS2_behavioural.v".

Found 1-bit register for signal <balance>.

Found 1-bit register for signal <error>.

Found 5-bit register for signal <ditem>.

Found 3-bit comparator equal for signal <paid[2]_pr[2]_equal_6_o> created at line 70

Summary:

inferred 7 D-type flip-flop(s).

inferred 1 Comparator(s).

inferred 4 Multiplexer(s).

Unit <DISPENSER> synthesized.

=================================================================
========

HDL Synthesis Report

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Macro Statistics

# Registers :3

1-bit register :2

5-bit register :1

# Comparators :1

3-bit comparator equal :1

# Multiplexers :4

1-bit 2-to-1 multiplexer :2

5-bit 2-to-1 multiplexer :2

=================================================================
========

=================================================================
========

* Advanced HDL Synthesis *

=================================================================
========

=================================================================
========

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Advanced HDL Synthesis Report

Macro Statistics

# Registers :7

Flip-Flops :7

# Comparators :1

3-bit comparator equal :1

# Multiplexers :4

1-bit 2-to-1 multiplexer :2

5-bit 2-to-1 multiplexer :2

=================================================================
========

=================================================================
========

* Low Level Synthesis *

=================================================================
========

Optimizing unit <DISPENSER> ...

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Mapping all equations...

Building and optimizing final netlist ...

Found area constraint ratio of 100 (+ 5) on block DISPENSER, actual ratio is 0.

Final Macro Processing ...

=================================================================
========

Final Register Report

Macro Statistics

# Registers 7

Flip-Flops 7

=================================================================
========

=================================================================
========

* Partition Report *

=================================================================
========

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Partition Implementation Status

No Partitions were found in this design.

=================================================================
========

* Design Summary *

=================================================================
========

Top Level Output File Name : DISPENSER.ngc

Primitive and Black Box Usage:

# BELS :9

# LUT2 :3

# LUT3 :5

# LUT6 :1

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# FlipFlops/Latches 7

# FDRE 7

# Clock Buffers 1

# BUFGP 1

# IO Buffers 21

# IBUF 14

# OBUF 7

Device utilization summary:

Selected Device : 7a100tcsg324-3

Slice Logic Utilization:

Number of Slice LUTs: 9 out of 63400 0%

Number used as Logic: 9 out of 63400 0%

Slice Logic Distribution:

Number of LUT Flip Flop pairs used: 9

Number with an unused Flip Flop: 9 out of 9 100%

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Number with an unused LUT: 0 out of 9 0%

Number of fully used LUT-FF pairs: 0 out of 9 0%

Number of unique control sets: 1

IO Utilization:

Number of IOs: 22

Number of bonded IOBs: 22 out of 210 10%

IOB Flip Flops/Latches: 7

Specific Feature Utilization:

Number of BUFG/BUFGCTRL/BUFHCEs: 1 out of 128 0%

Partition Resource Summary:

No Partitions were found in this design.

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=================================================================
========

Timing Report

NOTE: THESE TIMING NUMBERS ARE ONLY A SYNTHESIS ESTIMATE.

FOR ACCURATE TIMING INFORMATION PLEASE REFER TO THE TRACE

REPORT

GENERATED AFTER PLACE-and-ROUTE.

Clock Information:

+ + +

Clock Signal | Clock buffer(FF name) | Load |

+ + +

clk | BUFGP |7 |

+ + +

Asynchronous Control Signals Information:

No asynchronous control signals found in this design

Timing Summary:

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Speed Grade: -3

Minimum period: No path found

Minimum input arrival time before clock: 1.220ns

Maximum output required time after clock: 0.640ns

Maximum combinational path delay: No path found

Timing Details:

All values displayed in nanoseconds (ns)

=================================================================
========

Timing constraint: Default OFFSET IN BEFORE for Clock 'clk'

Total number of paths / destination ports: 75 / 21

Offset: 1.220ns (Levels of Logic = 3)

Source: paid<0> (PAD)

Destination: balance (FF)

Destination Clock: clk rising

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Data Path: paid<0> to balance

Gate Net

Cell:in->out fanout Delay Delay Logical Name (Net Name)

IBUF:I->O 1 0.001 0.693 paid_0_IBUF (paid_0_IBUF)

LUT6:I0->O 7 0.097 0.323 paid[2]_pr[2]_equal_6_o31

(paid[2]_pr[2]_equal_6_o)

LUT2:I1->O 1 0.097 0.000 Mmux_pm[1]_GND_1_o_Mux_7_o11

(pm[1]_GND_1_o_Mux_7_o)

FDRE:D 0.008 balance

Total 1.220ns (0.203ns logic, 1.017ns route)

(16.6% logic, 83.4% route)

=================================================================
========

Timing constraint: Default OFFSET OUT AFTER for Clock 'clk'

Total number of paths / destination ports: 7 / 7

Offset: 0.640ns (Levels of Logic = 1)

Source: ditem_4 (FF)

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Destination: ditem<4> (PAD)

Source Clock: clk rising

Data Path: ditem_4 to ditem<4>

Gate Net

Cell:in->out fanout Delay Delay Logical Name (Net Name)

FDRE:C->Q 1 0.361 0.279 ditem_4 (ditem_4)

OBUF:I->O 0.000 ditem_4_OBUF

(ditem<4>)

Total 0.640ns (0.361ns logic, 0.279ns route)

(56.4% logic, 43.6% route)

=================================================================
========

Cross Clock Domains Report:

=================================================================
========

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Total REAL time to Xst completion: 13.00 secs

Total CPU time to Xst completion: 12.86 secs

-->

Total memory usage is 4686548 kilobytes

Number of errors : 0 ( 0 filtered)

Number of warnings : 0 ( 0 filtered)

Number of infos : 0 ( 0 filtered)

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CHAPTER-VIII
ADVANTAGES &APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES
The purpose of providing Dispensers is simply more than providing food. They can
significantly improve your operations and company culture. Consider the following
advantages of Dispensers for any business:

 LOW OVERHEAD COSTS:

Dispensers are a convenient way to feed a large staff with minimal overhead. They
require a fraction of the budget to run a concession stand or cafeteria. Modern
Dispensers are built to conserve energy and only require a small amount of electricity to
run 24 hours a day.

 EASY MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT:

By partnering with an industry-leading vending company like American food &
vending, you can save time and money of food maintenance and management. Our
experienced technicians and vending attendants will stock and maintain your machines
to keep your employees satisfied. We’ll handle everything, so you can enjoy fast and
reliable access to your favorite foods and beverages form clean, fully-functioning
Dispensers.

 KEEPS EMPLOYEES HAPPY:

When you go long periods without eating, your blood sugar drops, signaling your body
to release hormones that can make you feel angry and stressed. Who wants stressed and
angry employees?Dispensers will help keep your team fed and happy, so they have
positive interactions with their coworkers and clients. It also shows that you care about
their well-being, so they feel noticed and appreciated.

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 IMPROVES TEAM PRODUCTIVITY:

Productivity measures how much your employees can accomplish in a given amount of
time. Business leaders will try anything to boost productivity, from investing in new
technology to redesigning the office layout. Yet, many of them fail to realize the
importance of Dispensers in promoting productivity. Installing Dispensers can help
boost team productivity in the following ways:
 Saves time
 Improve morale
 Energy boost
 Staying hydrated.

 DIVERSITY OF PRODUCTS FOR SALE:

Dispensers are used to serve a wide range of customers with many different types of
products. It can be fast food, fruit, drink, confectionery, milk, personal items. Dispenser
provide consumers with a variety of products to help hem purchase quickly.

 CONVENIENCE:
Dispenser bring convenience to both consumers and investors. Consumers will be able
to be goods quickly and proactively without having to search for a place to buy or
wait for staff to make payment.

 VARIOUS PAYMENT METHODS:

In addition to traditional case payment forms, dispensers are also integrated with
payment features like CASH, UPI & CARD modes payment. These features help bring
customers convenience and leads to modern buying and selling form.

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 EASY TO MANAGE:
Dispenser operates automatically 24 hours in 365 days, so you do not need to spend a
lot of time managing and operating them. You just need to schedule the maintenance
and restocking of the machine every week.
 MOBILITY:
The dispenser is quite compact in size, does not take too much space and makes it easy
for you to move. With 24/7 automatic operation without management, you will easily
place the machine in any location to provide the service.

 VARIETY OF OPTIONS:
This can be a multi-functional dispenser or multiple machines serving variety of
products from sodas and snacks and fruits.

 HEALTHIER OPTIONS FOR A HEALTHIER LIFESTYLE:

Businesses can customize their dispenser selections to promote healthy options and
alternatives. If you recognize that health and wellness play a vital part in your employee
satisfaction, work with your dispenser partner on healthier options. This will motivate
your staff to make nutritious choices in office and everyday living.

 SAVES TIME AND MONEY:

Instead of spending the extra 5 to 10 minutes to brew a coffee or prepare a drink
dispenser a drink in around 20 seconds, saving loads of time. It can rest easy and refuel
without wasting time in the kitchen or running out for coffee or a bite.

 INCREASED FLEXIBILITY:
Rather than waiting for their lunch break or until the cafeteria opens, installing vending
machine gives employees the flexibility to grab a snack when it works best for them.
They can design their snack breaks around their most productive hours to avoid
disrupting their workflow.

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 QUICK & EASY ACCESS:

Leaving work to grab a coffee or snack can take a significant amount of time. With a
vending machine inside your office or warehouse space, employees can grab a drink or a
snack in less than a minute.

 PROMOTES HEALTH AND WELLNESS:

You can fill your vending machine with nutritious snack options to promote healthy
eating in workplaces, schools and colleges. Wholesome foods contain essential vitamins
and minerals to give your team a boost of energy, so they can tackle their to-do list. The
machines have color codes with green, yellow and red spirals to help the customer
identify healthy options.

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APPLICATIONS
 Dispensers are not just used for popular food and drink applications, there are much
more than food and drink for a vending machine. These are helpful to both user and the
business man. Foods and drinks greatest application for Dispensers is either food of
drink or both. Snack and cold/hot drink are the best thing we ever get out of these
machines. No big queues, no time-consuming distance, no issue of unavailability at late
night. Just get to any snack vending machine or drink vending machine and get your
favorite food/snack straight into your hands. Latest technological development has led
us to evolution of combination, vegetable, milk and even medicine Dispensers-the list is
countless.

 For tickets sale: Ticket vending machine is another latest technological development in
this area. It is used to sell tickets ahead of any specific event ranging from a cricket
matches to music concert to any other shows.
 For lottery distribution: lottery is still in use and there are hundreds of thousands of
people who love to buy and try a luck with it. For such people, this has been a great
resource of getting instant lottery. No need to go to lottery vending machine, insert the
coin, and get your lottery.
 Advanced applications with recent massive technological changes, we have come across
some other non-traditional uses of Dispensers where in we have witnessed machines
that dispense gold, newspapers and many other items.
 Development continues since its evolution, we have witnessed simple to smart
machines, but wait, the development is still under the process and we are sure to come
across even smarter, better and wider range of vending machine that are sure to make
our life easier.
 MEDICAL SUPPLIES: An ideal way to dispense controlled medical supplies in
environments such as hospitals or other EMS locations. Employees have access to
products within machine via employee ID scan, PIN or even a biometric finger-print
scanner. Dedicated back-end website allows you to control access and keep tabs on
inventory.
 SCHOOLS: This application is an ideal complement to your current spirit or book

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store. Great for spirit wear and/or school supplies, this application is an ideal fund-
raising tool

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for schools and universities. Dispense branded merchandise such as t-shirts, pens/pencils,
caps, water bottles, snacks etc.
 HOTELS: Keep your guests happy with this application. Easily utilizes the room-key
as an alternative method of payment and works great for dispensing items such as
toiletries, sundries, branded merchandise, etc.
 HEALTH CLUBS: Great revenue generator for health clubs, especially those that
operate on a 24/7 basis. Dispense items such as t-shirts, towels, gloves headphones,
tanning goggles, socks, etc.
 SNACKS AND SODAS: Although our specialty is automated retail, there are still those
that are looking to dispense the traditional snacks and soda via a more technologically
advanced machine. Great for almost any location.

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CHAPTER-IX
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION
This is the Automatic Dispenser with three payment modes, those are UPI,
CASH and CARD. Verilog allows use of RTL description that provides designer
advantages while debugging, as the RTL description can be readily edited by the designer
and implemented again with small cost of time . the wave form is obtained as desired .
therefore we can conclude that the project was successfully done and is ready for
implementation.

FUTURE SCOPE
In future, we can use face recognition of the owner to open the dispenser. We
can place an alarm to rang in case of any person is trying to break the dispenser and the
owner can get a message to his mobile regarding the issue. We can further increase its
utility to include the number of products and multiple products dispensing at a time, right
now we can dispense one item at a time.

In future we can also develop a finger print recognizer for the payment
i.e., when the customer places his finger for the authentication, the Aadhar number as well
as the bank account number linked with that finger print will be recognized by the
dispenser. By approving the request sent by the dispenser the payment process will be
completed.

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CHAPTER-X
REFERENCES

[1] Pradeepa P, Sudhalavanya T, Suganthi K, Suganthi N, Menagadevi M. Design and

Implementation of vending machine using Verilog HDL. International Journal of Advanced
Engineering Technology. 2013 Jan;4:51-3.
[2] Higuchi, Y. History of the Development of Beverage Vending Machine Technology in
Japan, 7, 2007; pp. 1–69.
[3] Bellis, M. (2017) ‘The History of Vending Machines Strunk Jr W, White EB. The
elements of style. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan; 1979.
[4] Gruber, S. et al. (2016) ‘The commodity vending machine’, IGWT Internationale
Gesellschaft für Warenwissenschaften und Technologie, (February), 2016; pp. 1–11..
[5] Hua SV, Ickovics JR. Vending machines: a narrative review of factors influencing items
purchased. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2016 Oct 1;116(10):1578-88.
[6] Iqbal Q, Whitman LE, Malzahn D. Reducing customer wait time at a fast food restaurant
on campus. Journal of foodservice business research. 2012 Oct 1;15(4):319-34.
[7] Sheet, F. Vending Machines and Other Coin-Operated Devices, (2800158), 2017
[8] Alrehily, A., Fallatah, R. and Thayananthan, V. Design of Vending Machine using Finite
State Machine and Visual Automata Simulator, 115(18), 2015; pp. 37–42. doi:
10.5120/20254-2623.
[9] Monley, B. (2011) ‘Vending Machine Collection Dispensers in Libraries’, pp. 1–8.
[10] Luthra, A. et al. (2015) ‘Design and Implementation of Vending Machine using
Verilog HDL on FPGA’, 4(II), 2015; pp. 11610–11614. doi:
10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0411137.
[11] Ltd, G. V. (2018) In-Cup Hot Drinks - Table Top Vending Machine -GEM Vending.
2018.

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