EXPRESSIVE ARTS NOTES

FOR STANDARD 7
WRITTEN

TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT PAGE

Unit 1 Personal and general space

Unit 2 Body movements

Unit 3 Conveying cultural messages

Unit 4 Multi-cultural performance

Unit 5 Designing and construction

Unit 6 Performing dances

Unit 7 Self expression through posters, dances, songs and plays

Unit 8 Artistic skills and movements

Unit 9 Self expression

Unit 10 Artistic activities for economic empowerment

Unit 11 Self expression through art

Unit 12 Artistic performance

References

GENGIES WESTON
For more info call : 0888150040/0994372505
UNIT1: PERSONAL AND GENERAL SPACE
 Personal space refers to that space within the reach of an individual
Personal space is also called kinesphere.
The personal space or Kinesphere is the space around us within reaching possibilities of
the limbs without changing one's place.

 General space refers to the environment within which an individual operates

 Actually the space It may be;
 a small room,
 large field or
 cafeteria

Failure to understand personal or general space may result in hardships of some kind

For example, limited personal space may lead to failure to perform an activity effectively

Limited general space can lead to participants bumping into one another

COMPONENTS OF GENERAL SPACE

There are four components of general space:

1. Levels
2. Extensions
3. Floor pathways
4. Air patterns
 Levels refers to how close to the floor or how far away from the floor one is as he or
she moves.
Those who enjoy moving in the High Level, such as leaping and springing off the
ground, especially when dancing.
 An extension refers to locomotor actions. It describes the amount of space a movement
patterns uses
 Floor pathway refers to how people move on the floor
 Air patterns refers to aerial directions as in netball, volleyball and javelin

It depends on a number of factors such as size of the person and the type of activity being done
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Artistic Activities within Personal and General Space

 Dancing  Swimming  Drawing

 Carving  Sculpturing  Jumping

The term ‘artistic refers to the creativity, beauty and excellence in doing an activity, be it
physical or non-physical.

ARTISTIC basically deals with performing a certain activity or making an item

UNIT2: BODY MOVEMENTS

Movements occur always in everyday life.

Most of the daily activities that we do require body movements.

For example;

 cooking
 walking
 Eating
 sweeping
 dancing
 writing

etc

Body movements may also occur in response to a stimulus.

Body Movements in Response to Rhythms

What is the rhythm?

 The rhythm is a combination of different lengths of sounds and silences done or

produced repeatedly.

Examples of Rhythmic Activities in Everyday Life

 Heart beating  Pounding

 Walking  Playing instruments
 Talking Drawing  Digging
 Singing songs  Clock ticking
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  Carving wood  breathing
Sounds and silences can be presented by symbols called musical notes.

Musical notes re different interms of features, number of beats and the way it is counted. Some
musical notes have flags and others do not have.

The following is a drawing of sixteenth note with its features:

Above musical note has flag,stem and head

Common used musical notes

1) Whole note it is oval in shape
and has a white note head

4) Eighth note it has a black head, a

stem and a flag
2) Half note it is made of a white
head and a stem

3) Quarter note it has a black head

and a stem
5) Sixteenth note it has a black head,
a stem and two flags

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MUSICAL NOTES, THEIR VALUES AND COUNTING

Musical notes have British and American names. The following table describes musical notes,
their values and how they are sung or counted.

NOTE NOTE NAME VALUE/BEATS COUNTING

British American
Semibreve Whole 4 beats/counts taa-aa-aa-aa
note
Minim Half note 2 beats/counts taa-aa

crotchet Quarter 1 beat/count taa

note
Quaver Eighth ½ beat/count ta {te}
note

Semi Sixteenth ¼ beat/count ta-fa tefe

quaver note

NOTICE:

 Sounds are also known as pitches.

 Silences are also known as rest.
 Beat is also called pulse.

TIME SIGNATURES

 A time signature is a set of two numbers at the beginning of a rhythm.

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 𝟒
It is written as a fraction such as 𝟒

The top number shows the number of beats or counts in a bar/measure.

The bottom number shows the name of the musical note that is getting one beat or count.
𝟒
The most commonly used time signature is because it is easy to understand and learn.
𝟒

STAFF NOTATION

The notation of music consists of staffs, clefs, meter or time signature, key signatures and notes
of various times which indicate the relative duration of pitches.

Musical notation, therefore, comprises a set of terms and symbols for musical meanings.

i) The staff/stave this refers to a set of five lines and four spaces on which musical symbols are
written to give a melody or a song.

Sometimes when writing music you may need additional lines below or above the staff.

Such lines are called ‘ledger lines’. They indicate pitches above or below a staff.

ii) Letter names the five lines and four spaces have letter names which do not change.

The letters are A B C D E F G.

iii) G and F clefs these are symbols allocated at the beginning of the staff, on the left end. G clef
or Treble clef identifies the second line from the bottom as line G. G or Treble clef staff is used
for soprano and alto voices in choral music.

The ‘F’ clef or ‘Bass’ clef establishes the location of F in the fourth line of the staff.

F clef staff is used for tenor and bass voices.

iv) Bar lines these are vertical lines on the staff which divide the staff into parts containing equal
number of beats.
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v) Bar/measure this is the space between bar lines and containing specified number of beats.

vi) Octave, this is a distance that covers eight musical notes, with the first note being equal in
tone to the eighth note, however, lower in pitch to the eighth.

vii) Sol-fa syllables

These are the pitch names: DO RE MI FA SO LA TI DO

viii) Transpose it means changing a piece of music from one key to another.

For example,

From C to F or G or vice versa. There are various reasons for transposing a piece of
music.
The following are some of the reasons:
 When a choir wishes to sing a higher or lower key so as to assist either adolescent boys’
or men’s voices to sing comfortably.
 When a singer himself or herself wants to sing a song in a higher or lower key
comfortably.

ix) Key signature

 Diatonic scale this includes eight pitches in major or minor scales. For example, do re mi
fa so ra ti do

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 Pentatonic scale This includes only five pitches in major or minor scale (the fourth and
seventh pitches are

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A DOTTED NOTE

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MUSICAL TERMS

 Beat = equal division of sound or time

 Rhythm = unequal division of sound or time
 Tempo = speed of a song
 Dynamics = loudness or softness of a song
 Unison = to sing in one voice
 Attack = to start singing together
 A staff (stave) = a set of five parallel with four spaces on which music notes are written

MIRRORING

 Mirroring is the act of copying actions, words, or expressions of another person

It is a commonly used technique in physical activities intended to demonstrate a physical

movement

 Some of the activities that can be mirrored are;

 A new step dance
 A lay-up in basketball,
 A tennis serve
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  Including running activities.

MIRRORING AEROBICS

 Aerobics are physical exercises done following music.

Aerobics is a great medium to develop fitness

TYPES OF AEROBICS

 High impact aerobics This involves a lot of jumping

 Low impact aerobics This does not involve jumping, but always, one foot has contact
with the floor
 Step aerobics This uses stepping up and down from the platform
 Tai bo This uses kicks and punches

Different between aerobics and dance

 Aerobics is different from dance, because the aim of aerobics is to improve fitness while
the aim of dance is to develop creativity.

NB. Aerobics is vigorous physical exercises done in order to increase the amount of oxygen
taken into the body.

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UNIT3: CONVEYING CULTURAL MESSAGES

Topic 1: Garments Conveying Cultural Messages

Garment is any piece of clothing .The different attire that people wear may have a meaning for
the specific occasion or function.

Examples of garments which convey cultural messages,

 In Malawi, the Ngoni are fond of wearing their traditional attire of animal skins and
shields to symbolize that they are warriors.
 During most weddings, the bride wears white attire to symbolize purity.
 During funerals, widows usually wear black attire during the entire mourning period to
symbolize sorrow.
 During the biblical times, the kings and officials wore sackcloth when something went
wrong or when calamity fell on the land.
Calamity is any disastrous event occurs in a certain area.

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Topic2: Sounds Used to Convey Messages

Some sounds have cultural meanings.

These sounds can be those produced during certain functions and occasions which are
understood by the people who share the same culture.

Examples of sounds that convey cultural message

 Whistle blowing
 Drum beating
 Mouth whistling
 Bell ringing
 Singing
 Posture and Body Movements

Cultural values can be manifested in many different ways besides attire and dances.

Topic 3 postures and body movements used to convey messages

There are certain postures and movements which portray cultural meanings.

Examples of postures and body movements,

 when crossing with elders, most cultures recommend the younger one takes off the hat
temporarily as a sign of respect.
 There are also times when some people clap hands gently and softly when crossing with
an elderly person.
 Some postures and body movements are squatting or kneeling when receiving or giving
items to the elders.

Cultural Dances

Malawi has many cultural dances that have cultural importance for every cultural setting.

Among the well-known dances are

 Gulewamkulu among the Chewa,

 Chioda among the Nkhonde,
 Vimbuza among the Tumbuka,
 Likwata among the Sena
 Jiri among the Lomwe.

Traditional dances are of vital importance, because they depict one’s culture in society.
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UNIT4: MULTI-CULTURAL PERFORMANCE

 Culture refers to the way of life in the given society or community.

 Culture is also refers to the beliefs,values or behavours which constitute the people’s
way o life

Artistic Activities from Various Cultures in Malawi

What are multi cultural performances?

 Multi-cultural performances are performances from different cultures.

These perfomances are depicted from the different ethnic groups in malawi and they are
identified by their traditinal performances

Malawi has different ethnic groups like

 Chewa  Lomwe
 Ngoni,  Sena
 Tumbuka
 Tonga
.

Each of these ethnic groups has its own cultural performances.

These cultural performances have any aspects that are similar and different.

ASPECTS OF CULTURAL PERFORMANCES

These aspects include;

 The attire they use

 Music instruments used in performances,
 organisation of cultural performances
 The type of performances.

The cultural practices (performances) serve as an identity for a particular tribe or ethnic group.

Malawi has different cultural practices.

These include;

 folk dances
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  Songs.
A folk dance is a recreational or ceremonial dance that is usually performed by members of the
community.

For some tribe, a dance could be a form of a ritual.

They believe that a certain dance can make the rain fall, improve harvest and/or awaken the
spirits of the dead.

Attire for Artistic performance

Attire is any formal cloth ,used for its intended purpose either for sporting activity or performance.

Perfrmances in which attires are commonly used;

In different performances such as

 drama
 dance
 choir

Why performers must to wear appropriate attire?

 Performers wear appropriate attire to suit the performance.
 Attire makes the performers look smart and coordinated.
 Attire add meaning to the performance

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UNIT 5: DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTION

Designing and construction involves making different artistic items such as musical
instruments and garments

Musical Instruments Based on Foreign Models. These musical instruments sometimes are made
by the resources from the local environment.ie, locally available resources.

Materials for making musical instruments:-

 pieces of string  hammers  hides

 pieces of wire  knives  wood
 nails  metal sheets  plastic pipes
 tins  adzes  plastic papers

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Examples of Foreign Musical Instruments

(a) Guitars (b) banjos (c) drums (d) flutes

Garments and Artistic Items Based on Modern Styles

 The art of constructing garments is useful because one can make one’s own clothes and
those of others.

One can also construct garments which can be sold in order to generate income.

Factors to Consider in Garment Construction

 knowing what is to be made

 size of the wearer
 the amount of fabric to be used
 the designs that are in fashion

Advantages of Taking Body Measurements

 it helps one to come up with the required size of the garment which fits well
 it also minimizes wastage of material

PAPER PATTERNS

 Paper patterns are pieces of paper cut out to the shape of parts of a garment to be made.

They can be altered to suit body size.

PATTERN MARKINGS

These are markings with particular information and instructions on:-

 the number of pieces to be cut

 the pieces to be joined together
 how to place pattern pieces on the fabric
 where to stitch

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR MAKING GARMENTS

 pieces of fabric  paper patterns

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  pair of scissors  sewing needle
 tape measures  thread
 pressing irons  pieces of paper
 a clean table or mat  elastic
 pins

MACRAMÉ

 Macramé is the art of knotting (tying strings or fibres) to produce decorative and
functional articles.
 Macrame is a method of making fabrics by joining yarns or threads into series of knots
Macrame is also called Decorative knotting

Two Basic Knots in Macramé

A) half knot (or half hitch) B) flat knot (the reef hitch or weaver’s knot)

ART ITEMS MADE FROM MACRAME

 belts  wall hangings

 book bags  crotchet
 flower vase holders  room dividers
 flower pot holders

Materials for Making Macramé Items

 Knives  banana sheath

 Hoes  mlulu
 sisal fibre  chilambe
 tree bark fibre
 namgoneka

Marketing/Advertising the Artworks

 word of mouth  television

 newspapers  internet
 radio  posters

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Ways of Storing Artwork

 keep the artwork away from heat sources such as fireplaces and heaters
 cover the artwork with a clean piece of cloth
 place the artwork on acid free boards
 keep artwork away from direct sunlight
 avoid storing artwork on concrete floors or walls
 avoid storing artwork in attics and basements

Drama Based on Foreign Plays

 Drama is acting outs situations in order to inform, entertain and educate the audience.

Types of Plays

I) tragedy
II) comedy
 Tragedy is a play with a sad ending.
 Comedy is a play with a happy ending.

 When dramatizing such plays, the actors and actresses should appear real.

Firstly, this can be achieved through the use of visual aspects such as:-

- Scenery - costume - props - lighting - make up

Secondly, this can be achieved through sound effects such as:-

- Physical (vocal, feet, hands, coughs, sneezes)

- Percussions (drums, chimes, xylophones)

The purpose of this is to make the audience see and hear the play.

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UNIT 6: PERFORMING DANCES

 The Malawian society performs a lot of cultural dances.
 Cultural dances involves body movements and the use of musical instruments as well as
attires

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Occasions When Dances Are Performed

 Festivals
 Funeral ceremonies
 Weddings
 Installation of chiefs
 Initiation ceremonies

Significance of the Dances

 they promote identity of an ethnic group

 they help in disseminating important messages
 they promote one’s culture
 they promote oneness
 they promote obedience
 they promote respect
 certain dances are believed to make rain fall, improve the harvest or awaken the spirits of
the dead

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

 Musical instruments are devices that are used to produce sound

Most of the songs and dances are accompanied by musical instruments.

There are two types of musical instruments

These are:

i. tuned musical instruments

ii. unturned musical instruments

 Tuned musical instruments are musical instruments which produce more than one pitch.
Mostly they are stringed ,such as the banjo and the guitar produce different pitches
 Untuned musical instruments this type of musical instruments produce a fixed, such as
chisekese and xylophone, rattles, rasp (nkhwendo) produce a fixed pitch.

Musical instruments can be sold and generate income.

However, the making of musical instruments can have a negative impact on the environment.

The excessive use of trees without replacing them can lead to deforestation, siltation in rivers and
degradation of the land (land degradation).

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WAYS OF PLAYING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

This is how the Musical Instruments are played; some of them are by;

 Plucking  stroking
 beating  pressing
 blowing  shaking
LOCAL DANCES

 Local dances are traditional dances that are performed in the communities.

Occasions When Local Dances are Performed

 Festivals
 Funeral ceremonies
 Weddings
 Installation of chiefs
 Initiation ceremonies

Contemporary Dancing Styles

Most of the Malawian traditional dances have cultural values and a history.

However, most of Malawians, particularly the youth, do not participate in these cultural dances.

Reasons for Youth Not to Participate in Traditional Dances

i. They look at them as outdated

ii. They look at them as boring
iii. They look at them as out of fashion

Malawi is also flooded with a lot of contemporary dances.

Some Contemporary Dances

 Reggae
 Kwasakwasa
 Ndombolo
 Kwaito

Contemporary Dancing Styles

 Kwasakwasa involves a lot of waist wriggling

 Kwaito has flexible and quick foot movements.

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These foreign dancing styles have influenced the way people perform the local dances.

The people combine the foreign dancing styles with the original styles with the original styles to
improve their performance.

UNIT 7: SELF EXPRESSION THROUGH POSTERS, DANCES, SONGS AND PLAYS

Posters on Various Themes

 Posters are useful in the dissemination of information on a cross-cutting issues

Qualities of Good Posters

 Should look attractive

 Should be colored
 Words should be bold
 Information should be brief
 Information should be clear

Importance of Posters

* Can be used for advertising your business

* Self-made posters can be sold to generate income

* It is cheap to produce locally

Materials for Making Posters

 Chart paper  Paint brushes

 Lead pencils  Rubbers
 Colored pencils  Local paints
 Crayons  Old cement bags
 Marker pens

CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES

 Cross-cutting issues are challenges that affect many people and cause great
concerns

Examples of Cross-Cutting Issues

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  HIV and AIDS  Violation
 Environmental degradation
 Pollution  Democracy
 Corruption

Dances on Cross–Cutting Issues

The school can perform dances where songs contain messages on issues concerned.

 The dances and songs are a form of entertainment to draw people’s attention as they
listen to messages

Dances performed by men and women

 Manganje  Masewe
 Makhanya  Ingoma
 Tchopa  Utse

Dances performed by men only

 Beni  Mganda
 Malipenga  Gulewankulu

Dances performed by women only

 Chimtali  Msindo
 Chinamwali  Uyeni
 Chiterera

Songs on Cross-Cutting Issues

Songs, like dances, play an important role in conveying messages on cross- cutting issues

Singing and dancing together offer entertainment to motivate the target audience while
receiving messages by passed on

Plays on Cross-Cutting Issues

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The messages on cross-cutting issues are easily passed on to an audience through plays.

A play is a form entertainment intended to attract the attention of the audience while the
messages are passed on.

UNIT 8: ARTISTIC SKILLS AND MOVEMENTS

Most of the activities that we do require movements

These movements require skills

 A skill is a talent that an individual shows when doing something.

Most of the skills that individuals have are either learned or inborn.

There are various artistic activities that are popular these days

These are known as contemporary artistic activities

The common examples of artistic activities

Are;

 songs
 dances.

Various materials found in the local environment can be used for artistic activities

ITEMS FOR ARTISTIC ACTIVITIES

Every individual has skills that are either acquired or inborn.

Possessing these skills is very important because individuals that possess them often become
successful in whatever they do.

EXAMPLES OF ARTISTIC ACTIVITIES

 Carving  Modeling
 Plaiting  Drama
 Weaving  Play
 Macramé  Dancing
The production of posters, carvings, models, woven items and knitted items require these skills.

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MAKING POSTERS

Posters on Various Themes

Posters are useful in the dissemination of information on cross-cutting issues

Qualities of Good Posters

 Should look attractive

 Should be colored
 Words should be bold
 Information should be brief
 Information should be clear

Importance of Posters

 Can be used for advertising your business

 Self-made posters can be sold to generate income
 It is cheap to produce locally

Materials for Making Posters

 Chart paper  Paint brushes

 Lead pencils  Rubbers
 Colored pencils  Local paints
 Crayons  Old cement bags
 Marker pens
Carving Artistic Items

 Wooden spoon
 Wooden cooking stick
 Axe handle
 Hoe handle
 Statue

Materials for Carving

 Wood  Panga knives

 Soapstone  Machete
 Glue  Saws
 Glass paper  Gouges
 Water paper  Chisels
 Axes  Rasps

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  Mallets  Stones
 Scrapers  Hammers
 Adzes

Forms of Carvings

i. Abstract carvings
ii. Stylish carvings
iii. Naturalistic carvings

Characteristics of each type of carvings

 Abstract carvings Abstract carving does not have a definite form. It can be interpreted
differently by different people
 Stylish carvings Stylish carving has a definite form ,However some parts are exaggerated
deliberately For example, a carving of a poem with a protruding chin
 Naturalistic carvings Naturalistic carving has a form which looks definite or real

Modeling

Materials for Modeling Various Items

 Glass  Clay soil

 Pieces of wire  Grass
 Cartons  papers
 Sisal

Items that can be Modeled

 Aero planes  Train

 Cars  Surrounding
 Animals  House
 People

Weaving

 Weaving is the interlocking of warps and wefts.

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The warp is the set of strands which are laid across the loom at the beginning of weaving.

The weft is the pattern of strands woven in and out of the warp.

Types of weave

1. Check weaves

2. Twill weaves

Materials for Weaving Various Artistic Items

 palm leaves  creeping stems

 Bamboo leaves  Knives
 Pieces of reed  Razor blades
 Sisal  needles
 Grass

ART ITEMS FROM WEAVING

Produce from weaving, these are;

 Mats  Shopping bags

 Baskets  School bags
 Chairs

Knitting

Materials for Knitting Various Artistic Items

- Sisal - Needles

- yarn/thread - Bamboo sticks

- Cloth - Bicycle spokes

Basic knitting stitches

There are two basic knitting stitches:

A. knit stitch

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B. purl stitch

All patterns are formed based on variations of these two stitches

Patterns of Stitches

i. garter stitch
This stitch can be used in making knitted belt, scarf or baby blankets
ii. stocking stitch
This stitch is often used to knit stockings and pencil bags
iii. Moss stitch
This stitch is a combination of knit and purl stitches done in the same row.
iv. rib stitch
This stitch forms the border of many knitted garments’ edges such as the sleeves,
necklines and the edges

Knitting Abbreviations

 K= knit  Wfd = wool forward

 P= purl  St = stocking stitch
 Rep = repeat  Alt = alternate/alternative
 Sts = stitches  Psso = pass slip stitch over

ART ITEMS MADE FROM KNITTING

Products Made from Knitting

- Belts - Stockings

- Scarf’s - pencil bags

- Baby blankets - Cardigans

UNIT 9: SELF EXPRESSION

 There are many ways in which individual express through music

One most common feeling expressed through music is an expression of joy or happiness.

It is possible for the composer to create a mood of the song – to make it sound jovial or sad

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There are symbols that one may use when composing song, these are called music notations

Good and quality musical sound is a result of good voice production.

Good voice production comes through practice of number of musical related exercise.

There are many activities we can do continuously to develop good voice production

Some of the exercises that one can do are as follows:

A. Open the mouth wide enough to insert two fingers side by side in the mouth - This
involves control of jaws rather than the lips alone.

B. Take a day breath and say or sing oooooo, uuuuuuuu and aaaaaaa – repeat this several
times.

Diction is the articulation of words clearly

When singing a song one conveys message. Therefore, there is need to say the words clearly so
that the message is clear.

RECORDING SONGS

Recording a song can be done at:

i. The musical studio

ii. the homes

Recording a song should be done in an appropriate place or room that is free from noise
and wind

There has to be times where one instrument is played lauds than the rest

One can also use handclapping , tongue , clicking, finger snapping as musical instrument be
sides the drums and other musical instruments

However avoid overcrowding the song with instruments

Skills for Professional Sporting Careers

 A skill can be defined as a way to do something

Identifying various sporting careers

Examples of spotting activities that are regarded as careers

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  Football  Coaching
 Netball  Tennis
 Volleyball  Boxing
 Basketball  Athletics

Various Skills in sporting carriers

A) FOOTBALL

 Punting  shooting
 Scoring  Balancing
 Attacking  Communication
 Defending  Positioning
 Marking  Saving (goalkeeper)
 Dribbling  Throwing
 Heading  Controlling the ball
 Agility  Passing
 Jumping  Running

B) NETBALL

 Attacking  Scoring
 Defending  Dodging
 Catching  Shooting
 Throwing
C) VOLLEYBALL

 Serving  Passing
 Blocking  Spiking
 Digging

D) BASKETBALL

 Dodging
 Dribbling
 Shooting

E) BOXING

 Jabbing

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PLAYS FOR THE PUBLIC PERFOMANCE

When writing plays for the public performance the play writer should consider the
audience first

The target audience will determine the theme and characteristic to be in the play.

Factors to consider when writing a play for public performance

 Target audience
 People’s beliefs
 Educational levels
 Likes
 Dislikes
 Cultural background
 Age

Whatever audience you are writing for, ensure that there is a theme (the basic idea you want to
pass), a realistic plot (story line) and characters (people in the play)

When acting out, make sure you create a conflict

The audience should be kept in suspense up to the end, but towards the end the audience should
see the climax and get resolutions of the climax.

 A climax is the point of the story at which the interest is highest.

This comes somewhere near the end and after this there are resolutions.

DRAWING PICTURES FOR SALE

Drawing is a means of expressing and communicating one’s feelings.

What is drawing?

 Drawing is an arrangement or organization of lines to make basic shapes.

The drawings may be two dimensional or three dimensional.

Examples of Two Dimensional Drawings

- Circles - Squares

- Ovals - Parallelograms

- Rectangles - Quadrilaterals

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Examples of Three Dimensional Drawings

o Eggs o Animals
o Boxes o Human figures
o Tables o Dice
o Houses o Cubes

Factors to consider when costing drawings

 Quality
 Quantity
 Durability
 Demand
 Supply

Importance of Advertising

 It helps to increase sales

 It helps producers to know their competitors and plan accordingly to meet up the level of
competition
 It helps in making people aware of the new product
 It helps creating goodwill for the company and gains customer loyalty after reaching a
mature age
 It helps educating people
 It helps people find the best products for themselves

UNIT10: ARTISTIC ACTIVITIES FOR ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT

Activities such as making the costumes and drama performances can be a source of income.

The production of costumes for various activities requires the identification of suitable materials,
taking of appropriate body measurements and cutting out of suitable patterns.

Materials for Making Different Costumes and Sports attire

 Cloth/fabric
 Sewing needle
 Sewing thread
 Pairs of scissors
 Razor blades
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Taking Body Measurements
Body measurements can be taken form:

i. The waist Measure at your waist under the hip bone

ii. Hips Start at the hip level on one side, then capture the middle of the groin before
wrapping around the opposite side
iii. Chest Wrap the tape high under the armpits around to the front of the chest
iv. Thighs Measure at the highest point of the thigh, under the pubic bone
v. Calves Measure at the thickest point of the calf, typically half way between the knee
and the ankle
vi. Upper arm Wrap the tape measure around the biceps half way between the armpit and
the fold of the elbow
vii. Shoulder Measure the shoulder line from the back

Importance of Taking Body Measurements

 It determines the size of the fabric to be bought
 It also tells the size of the costume to be made
 It avoids wastages of materials
 It avoids wastage of money

UNIT11. SELF EXPRESSION THROUGH ART

Expression and communication can be done in various ways.

Ways of communicating

Communication can be done through;

 Speaking  Gestures
 writing  Artifacts.
The communication without speaking is called non-verbal communication.

Making Different Items

Different items can be done in different ways.

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A. Making Hunting Tools

The following are tools for hunting:-

i) Spears
ii) Bows
iii) Arrows
iv) Clubs
v) Catapults
vi) Guns

Some of the hunting tools are made by carving. For example, clubs

B. Decorating Items

The following are methods of decorating hunting tools:-

i. Tattooing
ii. Burning
iii. Stamping

 Clay work, like pots and flower pot holders can be decorated by:-
 Tattooing
 Incising or engraving
 Stamping or impressing
 Polishing or burning
 Coloring or staining
 Coiling

Body Shapes and Movements

Different body movements can convey specific messages.

For example;

A person might use a wave rather than saying “hello”.

Or nod their head in agreement, which may mean “yes”.

The body movements can be useful in expression and communication because they are a quick
way to convey thoughts and feelings without speaking or writing.

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The identification of the messages to be expressed and communicated by the body movements is
important in every social setting.

This is so because it enhances cooperation and a caring spirit among the members of the
community.

Feelings and Ideas which can be Expresses and Communicated through Body Movements

 Sadness  Invitation
 Happiness  Denial
 Hunger  Consent/agreement
 Sorrow  Welcome
 Farewell

Drawing Pictures
Drawing is a means of expression and communication which uses visual images to pass on
information to the reader.

The drawings can contain a lot of information as much as writing.

Pictures convey messages quicker than writing.

Materials for Drawing Pictures

 Pencils  Paint
 Papers  Crayons
 Charts

UNIT12. ARTISTIC PERFORMANCE

Items to Meet Personal and Community Needs

Different people need different items in their lives.

Some of the items can be purchased from shops while others can be made.

Producing your own items can help you to cut down the costs which you could have made in the
course of purchasing the items (save money)

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On the other hand, producing items to meet other people’s needs becomes a source of income to
the producer.

Some of the items that one can make are garments, household items and safety equipment.

PLAITING DIFFERENT ITEMS

Plaiting is weaving strands of hair, rope and so forth together to make a plait.

 Plaiting is the interlocking of three or more strands.

Three strands can be used for making ropes for table mats or tying goats and mesh for hair.

More strands can be used for making mats.

Resources Required for Plaiting Different Items

 Sisal fibre  Bark fibre

 Reed  Pieces of string
 Palm leaves  Pieces of cloth
 Pieces of bamboo

Produce from Plaiting

 Baskets
 Table mats
 Door mats
 Ropes
 Mesh hair

Risks in Using Equipment

ACTIVITY SOURCE OF RISKS

 Weaving Equipment Such as bamboos and chisongole

 Knitting Equipment such as knitting needles
 Sewing Equipment such as sewing needles and pressing iron
 Carving Tools such as adzes (kasemasema)
 Athletics: track events (running activities. For example, relay race and cross country)
Small running lanes, stones, litter, sharp objects, bricks, rough surfaces, lack of warm up
and cool down activities
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  Athletics (throwing events) for example, javelin, discus, shot put Poor condition of
equipment, poor handling of equipment and slippery and rough surfaces Ball games
Sports surfaces in poor conditions, lack of warm up and cool down activities, wrong
pressure and size of balls, poor condition of balls

Strategies for Reducing Risks

 Doing warm ups and cool downs
 Thrower should always be in front of others
 Clear the area where the activity will be done
 Always use equipment that is in good condition
 Store and keep equipment safely after use to prevent wrong use
 Proper handling of sharp tools, for example, needles
 Wearing a thimble when sewing
 Proper sharpening of tools
 Splitting and processing bamboos with care in weaving

ACTIVITY RISKS STRATEGY THAT CAN BE USED TO REDUCE RISKS

Playing ball games

 Getting fractures, cuts and scratches

 Referee should control the game
 Referee should give penalties for bad play
 Plant grass on bare ground
 Remove anthills and stones from the ground
 Fill ditches and holes on the ground Ball hitting players
 Cut all grass for the balls to run smoothly
 Goalkeepers wearing protective wear
 Make the ground flat Players hitting each other
 Strictly observe the rules of the game

Sewing

 Sewing Needle pricking ones finger

 Use a thimble to protect the middle finger when sewing Needle pins piercing others or
oneself

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  Put pins or needles on a pin cushion
 Point the needle towards your own body when sewing Cutting oneself or others
 Cut away from others
 Handle scissors or razor blades properly burning one or others
 Put pressing iron on a stand after every pressing
 Remove charcoal after use
 Switch off and plug off the electric iron after use
 Proper storage

Athletics

Hitting one another due to bunching (many people being together without enough personal and
general space)

 All races of one lap for example: 100m, 200m should be run in lanes
 Runners should be well spaced and limited in number
 Obey the rules
 Breathe through the nose when running
 Do cool down activities

Carving

 Getting cuts or tears

 Sharpen equipment away from your body
 Place tools in safe places
 Hold tools firmly when sharpening them

ACTIVITY SAFE PRACTICES

Javelin

 Walk with the javelin in vertical position to the playing field

 Put a cork or a protective cloth on both ends of the javelin when not in use

Discus

 Use discus without cracks and worn out reams

 Create adequate space between thrower and others

The shot

 Hold the shot with a firm grip Jumping events

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  Have a soft landing area

Athletics

 Adequate preparation
 Use lanes when running
 Ensure learners are well spaced in races of more than one lap
 Count all learners before and after long runs
 Provide transport behind the runners in long distance running

Basketball

 Minimize contacts among players

Netball

 Observe rules of the game

 Umpires should ensure fair play

Volleyball

 Playing field should be dry

 Use approved balls
 Avoid treading on the ball

- Spikes should be empty part of the court

Field hockey

 Cut grass on the pitch

 Provide goalkeepers with protective clothing
 Use sticks that are in good condition

Football (soccer)

 Avoid dangerous play

 Referees should be strict in the game
 Cut grass on the field of play
 Ensure the field is free of risks

Gymnastics

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  Use clothing that allows free movement
 Proper supervision of the activities
 Give activities according to the age of the learners

Importance of Carrying out a Market Research

 To understand what people’s likes
 To discover where particular artifacts are popular
 To convince people that they will not regret after buying the artifacts

Marketing Skills
 Carrying out a research
 Costing the artifacts
 Displaying them
 Marketing them

REFERENCES

MIE, Standard 7 Teachers’ guide (2008)

MOEST, IPTE thru ODL Expressive Arts Module 1

Student handbook 2

Advanced Oxford Dictionary

Charchartrust dictionary (Ntenjera primary library)

H.gerrod {online} www.arts/atifacts.com [accessed on 26 dec,2019]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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SK book production wish to extend their gratitude to all those
supported me in terms of production and distribution of this book.

Production team

Writer : Gengies Weston

Illustrations : Ras Diwa [A and D stationary]
Typesetting : SK lyn

For more information call :0888150040/0994372505

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