THERMAL EXPANSION

1 (a) Fig.1.1 shows power cables

Fig.1.1

(i) Explain why the cables are laid slack.

………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

2 Fig.2.1 shows a line of wet clothes drying in the open air.

Fig.2.1

It takes time for water in the clothes to evaporate and for the clothes to dry.

(a) State two changes to the atmospheric conditions that might make the clothes
dry faster

Change 1 ……………………………………………………………………….

Change 2 ………………………………………………………………….. [2]

 (b) Use the molecular theory of matter to explain why evaporation of water causes
cooling.

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3 This question is about the rate of evaporation from a pool of water.

(a) Complete the table below by entering ‘ increases’ or ‘ decreases’ or ‘no

effect’, as appropriate, in each of the empty boxes of the second row.

Temperature of Surface area of Wind speed over

water increases water increases water increases

Effect of each
increase on rate
of evaporation
from the pool of
water

[3]
(b) State your reasons for your answers to (a).

Temperature
…………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

Surface area
…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………
 Wind speed

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………[4].

4 Explain briefly, using the molecular theory, why

(a) liquids evaporate more quickly in a draught,

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(b) rapid evaporation from a liquid cools the liquid down.

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5 Fig.5.1 shows a metal gas canister which is sealed tight.

Fig.5.1
(a) Draw a diagram to illustrate the path which a molecule in a gas will take as it
collides, in turn, with six other molecules.

molecule

[3]

(i) Explain how the molecules within the canister exert a pressure on its inside
surface.

………………………………………………………………………………………

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…………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(ii) The canister is left in bright sunshine and it becomes hot. State and explain
what happens to the pressure of the gas.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………… [3]

(iii) Why is it dangerous to leave such a canister in a very hot area like in the sun?

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…………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
6 Fig.6.1 shows two flasks inverted in beakers containing water. The flasks are left
in the sun.

Fig.6.1

In which set up will bubbles be produced more rapidly?

Set up ………………………………………………

explanation

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[3]

7 (a) Fig.7.1 shows a thin- walled glass bulb capillary tube. The bulb is filled with
methylated spirit.

Fig.7.1

The bulb is then placed in a beaker of hot water.

 (i) State and explain what will be observed
Observation ……………………………………………………………………..

Explanation ………………………………………….........................................

……………………………………………………………………...

(ii) Name one application of this observation.

………………………………………………………………………………[3]

(b) Fig.7.2 shows the fixed points A and B marked when a laboratory
thermometer is calibrated.

Fig.7.2
(i) Name the points A and B.
………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) What are the values of the temperatures A and B?

Temperature A……………………..

Temperature B…………………… [3]

(c) State two differences between this thermometer and a clinical thermometer.

(i) ………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………. [2]
8 This question is about thermometers. Fig.8.1 shows a clinical thermometer.

Fig.8.1
 [4]
(a) The scale markings are already labeled. By writing in the boxes, label the
bulb, constriction, mercury, and vacuum.

(b) The scale markings on the clinical thermometer cover only a small range of
temperatures.

State one feature of the thermometer that allows it to be so sensitive.

……………………………………………………………………………..[1]

(c) Fig.8.2 shows a thermometer with the 0°C and 100°C points marked. The
length between 0°C and 100°C is 10 cm.

Fig.8.2
What is the length moved by the mercury thread when the temperature changes
from 0°C to 30°C?

length= ………………. cm [2]

9 This question is about temperature.

(a) Thermal expansion is one of the physical properties used in the measurement
of temperature.

Give two other properties.

(i) ……………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) …………………………………………………………………………….
[2]
 (b) Fig.9.1 shows a mercury thermometer.

Fig.9.1

(i) what is the range of the thermometer?

…………………………………. ºc

(ii) what change could be made to the thermometer to make it more sensitive?

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...........................................................................................................................[2]

10 (a) What is meant by specific heat capacity?

....................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2].

(b) A metal block is heated and then quickly transferred into 0.3 Kg of water at
25ºC. The final temperature is 30 ºC.

(i) What is the temperature change of the water?

……………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Calculate the heat energy gained by the water.

Specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/(kgºC).

Heat energy gained by water= ……………… J

[3]
11 Fig.11.1 shows the main parts of a bicycle pump with the end blocked up. When a
bicycle tyre is pumped up, the volume of the air trapped in the pump is reduced
and its pressure is increased.

Fig.11.1

(a) Explain, in terms of the motion of molecules, why the pressure increases.

………………………………………………………………………………………

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…………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(b) The volume of air in the pump at the start of the stroke is 20 cm 3, and the
pressure of the air is 1.00 x 105 Pa.
Calculate the pressure when the volume has been reduced to 8.0 cm 3, assuming
that no air has escaped from the pump and the temperature of the air is constant.

[3]
(c) In practice, the temperature of the air increases as it is compressed. Explain
why this is so.

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12 Fig.12.1 shows a metal gas canister which is sealed tight.

Fig.12.1

(a) Draw a diagram to illustrate the path which a molecule in a gas will take as it
collides, in turn, with six other molecules.

molecule

[3]

(i) Explain how the molecules within the canister exert a pressure on its inside
surface.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
 (ii) The canister is left in bright sunshine and it becomes hot. State and explain
what happens to the pressure of the gas.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………… [3]

(iii) Why is it dangerous to leave such a canister in a very hot area like in the sun?

………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

13 A small quantity of crushed ice was allowed to warm up from a temperature of

-2ºC. The graph in Fig.13.1 shows how the temperature of ice varied with time.

Fig.13.1

(a) Explain why, after an initial rise to 0ºC, the temperature remained constant for
a long time.

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 (b) Suggest why the slope of the graph between -2ºC and 0ºC is greater than that
between 0ºC and +2ºC.

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………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

14 Fig.14.1 shows apparatus used to determine the specific heat capacity of copper.

Fig.14.1

(a) Complete the table by naming and giving the functions of the devices M1, M2,
M3.

device name function

M1

M2

M3

[3]
 (b) The copper block has a mass of 1.4 kg. The block is heated for 300 s and its
temperature increases from 25 °C to 50 °C.

The specific heat capacity of copper is 390 J/(kg°C).

(i) Calculate

1. the temperature rise of the block,

temperature rise = ……………………….

2. the heat energy that causes this temperature rise.

heat energy = …………………..

(ii) The total energy supplied by the heater in the 300 s is 18 000 J.

Calculate

1. the amount of heat energy lost,

Heat lost= …………………………

2. the rate at which heat energy is lost.

rate of heat loss= ……………………

(iii) Suggest one way of reducing the heat loss from the block.
………………………………………………………………………………….

[7]
15 A student has 1kg of cold water at 20 °C, and some hot water at 40 °C. She wants
to make a bath at 35 °C. Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/(kg°C).

(a) What mass of hot water must she add to the cold water?

mass = ………………..[2]

(b) What assumption did you make in your answer to (a)

…………………………………………………………………………………[1]

16 The label on an electric kettle is marked ‘240 V, 3 kW’.

One such kettle contains 1.7 Kg of water at 20 ºC.

It takes 3.5 minutes to raise the temperature of the water to 100 ºC.

It takes a further 3.5 minutes to boil away 0.23 Kg of the water.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 kJ/(Kg K).

The specific latent heat of vaporization of water at 100 ºC is 2.3 MJ/Kg.

(a) State the meaning of ‘240 V, 3 kW’.

...................................................................................................................

(b) Calculate

(i) the energy output of the electric element in the kettle in 3.5 minutes.

Energy = …………….. [3]

(ii) the energy required to raise the temperature of 1.7 Kg of water from 20 ºC to
100 ºC

Energy = …………………[2]

(iii) the energy required to boil away 0.23 Kg of water at 100 ºC

Energy =……………….. [2]

(c) Estimate the unused power (i.e. average rate of energy ‘loss’)

(i) during the first 3.5 minutes,

(ii) during the second 3.5 minutes

(d) Suggest why the two rates of ‘loss’ are different. As part of your answer,
consider possible energy changes in the body of the kettle.
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17 Fig.17.1 Shows an experiment on heat transfer.

Fig.17.1

(a) The water at the top is boiling but there is still ice at the bottom of the tube.

What conclusion can you draw from this experiment?

………………………………………………………………………………….

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(b) The water is then heated from the bottom.

Heat is distributed in the water by the process of convection.

Describe the process of convection.

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18 Fig.18.1 Shows an electric kettle used to heat water.

Fig.18.1
 (a) State the method by which heat is transferred through the heating element
to the water.

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Explain why the heating element is placed at the bottom.

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[3]

(b) Explain how heat is spread throughout the water by convection.

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19 Fig.19.1 shows the apparatus used to investigate heat loss by radiation.

Fig.19.1
 (a) The flasks are filled with equal volumes of water at 95 °C.

(i) State the difference that will be observed in the thermometer readings after
5 minutes.

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(b) What conclusion can be drawn from this observation?

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20 Fig.20.1 shows the cooling system of a refrigerator.

Fig.20.1

(a) The pipe and fins at the back of the refrigerator are painted black.

Explain why

(i) the pipes and the cooling fins are painted black,

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 (ii) there are many fins fitted along the pipe.

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(b) Explain why the body of the refrigerator is painted white.

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21 (a) Fig.21.1 shows two kettles with equal volumes of water heated to boiling.

Fig.21.1

By which process does heat energy

(i) reach the water in the aluminium kettle?

………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(ii) spread in the water?

………………………………………………………………………………... [1]

(iii) In which kettle will the water cool faster when heating stops?

Kettle ……………………………………………………………………………

Explanation
………………………………………………………………………………………

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[3]
22 Fig.22.1 illustrates apparatus designed to show how different materials absorb
radiation differently. An electric heater is held at equal distances from each bulb
and the oil moves as indicated by the arrows in Fig.22.1.

Fig.22.1

(a) Explain why the oil moves as indicated in the diagram.

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(b) Why is it necessary to hold the heater at equal distances from each bulb?

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(c) State what would be observed if the experiment was repeated with both bulbs
being white and explain your answer.

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23 (a) Describe briefly the differences between the motions of the molecules of ice,
water and steam.

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(b) State and explain what happens to the molecules in a block of ice when the
temperature of the ice is increased and the ice does not melt.

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.............................................................................................................................2]

(c) Explain, in terms of the energy changes involved, why a liquid cools as it
evaporates.
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24.1 Fig.24.1 shows a light bulb.

Fig.24.1

When the bulb is switched on, the filament glows at a temperature of 2500 ºC.

(a) (i) Explain how thermal energy from the hot filament is transferred to the
surroundings.

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25 In fig.25.1, smoke from a smouldering paper is seen to move in the direction

shown by the arrow.

Fig.25.1
 (a) State the method of heat transfer illustrated by the experiment.

………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Explain why the smoke moves as shown. Use the word density in your
answer.

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…………………………………………………………………………….[2]

26 Fig.26.1 shows a domestic hot water tank.

Fig.26.1

(a) Describe how the water in the tank is heated by convection

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 (b) Fig.26.2 shows a thermos flask (vacuum flask) which keeps cold liquids cold
or hot liquids hot for a long time.

Fig.26.2

What features of the thermos flask reduce heat transfer by

(i) convection,

……………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) conduction,

………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) radiation.

……………………………………………………………………………[3]

27 In a desert, the nights are very cold and days are very hot.

(a) Explain this in terms of heat transfer.

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(b) Fig.27.1 shows a greenhouse.

Fig.27.1

(i) Explain how the greenhouse traps radiation.

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(ii) How does the greenhouse lose heat when the window is open?

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[3]
(c) Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere acts like a greenhouse. The amount of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing.

Name the environmental effect of this increase.

………………………………………………………………………………………….[1
28 Fig.28.1 shows the electromagnetic spectrum.

Fig.11.1

(i) Name the type of radiation at B.

………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

(ii) Give two effects of ultraviolet radiation on the human body.

1. ……………………………………………………………………………

2. …………………………………………………………………………[2]

(iii) State the speed of electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum.

…………………………………………………………………………...[1]

12 (a) Fig.12.1 shows the graph of the variation of the displacement of a wave with
distance along the wave at a particular time.

Fig.12.1
State the values for
(i) the amplitude of the wave …………………………

(ii) the wavelength of the wave ………………………..[2]

(b) Fig.12.2 shows the graph of the variation of the displacement of the same
wave with time at a particular point along the wave.

Fig.12.2
State values for

(i) the time for one complete cycle (Period T) ………………………

(ii) the frequency f of the wave ………………………………[2]

(c) Calculate the speed of the wave drawn in Figs.12.1 and 12.2.

[3]