HISTORY P2

Grade 12
SELF STUDY GUIDE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

1. Introduction 3

2. How to use this self-study guide 4

3. Topic 1 : Civil Resistance in South Africa 1970s to 1980s 18

3.1 Notes/Summaries 20

3.2 Questions 25

3.3 Answers 30

4. Topic 2: The end of the Cold War and a New World Order 33

4.1 Notes/Summaries 35

4.2 Questions 37

4.3 Answers 41

5. Topic 3: Civil Resistance in South Africa 1970s to 1980s 44

5.1 Notes/Summaries 47

5.2 Questions 50

5.3 Answers 51

6. Topic 4: The end of the Cold War and a New World Order 57

6.1 Notes/Summaries 61

6.2 Questions 66

6.3 Answers 67

7. Study and Examination Tips

8. References

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1. FOREWORD

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2. HOW TO USE THIS BOOKLET
This revision program is designed to assist YOU in revising the critical content and
skills covered during the year. The purpose is to prepare you to understand the key
concepts and to provide you with an opportunity to establish the required standard and
the application of the knowledge necessary to succeed in the NCS examination.

The revision program covers the following topics:

• Topic 4: Civil Resistance in South Africa 1970s to 1980s

➢ The challenge of Black Consciousness to the apartheid

state (Essay)
➢ The crisis of apartheid in the 1980s – Internal Resistance
(Source-Based)

• Topic 6: The end of the Cold War and a new world order

➢ A new world order – Globalisation (Source-Based)

➢ The end of the Cold War: The events of 1989 (Essay)

2.1 STRUCTURE OF THE BOOKLET

This booklet is a guide that should be used in conjunction with textbooks and
other resources.
• Cognitive Levels of questions
• How to prepare for source-based questions
• Skills in answering source-based questions
• Essay writing skills
• Examination Guidelines (2021 – 2023)
• A mind map to give you the summary of the topic
• A timeline and a list of concepts you must know
• Content
• Sources with different levels of questions and answers
• Essays questions and how you should approach it

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3. COGNITIVE LEVELS OF QUESTIONS:

WEIGHTING TYPICAL
COGNITIVE QUESTIONS
HISTORICAL SKILLS OF
LEVELS
QUESTIONS

• What information in
• Extract evidence from
the source tells you
sources
about...?
• Selection and
• Quote TWO
organisation of relevant 30%
reasons from the
LEVEL 1 information from
(15) source...
sources
• What do you
• Define historical
understand by the
concepts/terms
term...?
• Interpretation of • What message does
evidence from sources 40% the cartoonist
LEVEL 2 • Explain information convey regarding...?
gathered from sources (20) • Explain in your own
• Analyse evidence from words ...
sources • Why do you think...?
• Explain to what
extent the evidence
• Interpret and evaluate in Source 1A...
evidence from sources • Compare the
• Engage with sources to evidence in Sources
determine its 2A and 2B and
usefulness, reliability, 30% explain how you
LEVEL 3 bias and limitations would account for
• Compare and contrast (15) the differences...
interpretations and • Comment on the
perspectives presented usefulness/
in sources and draw limitations/ reliability
independent of the information in
conclusions Sources 3C and
3D...

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4. HOW TO PREPARE FOR SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS

When preparing for source-based questions remember the

following:

1. Know the
content

8.
Understand 2.
the context Understand
of the the story
sources

To prepare
7. Use a
pencil and for source- 3. Know the
work with concepts
sources based
questions

6. Analyse
4. Work with
the
past papers
questions

5.
Understand
the phrasing
of questions

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4.1 Working with Sources

Remember!!
✓ The key question provides the focus of the content in the sources.
✓ It will also be asked as the paragraph question.
✓ Make brief notes about each source you could include in the paragraph.

1. The source will be labelled e.g. Source 1C

2. The source will be contextualised – it will indicate what the

source is about, why it was written, who wrote (owner of) the
source, when it was written and where the event took place.

3. Read the source with understanding.

4. Highlight concepts / terms. In this source e.g., totalitarianism

sources you need to do the following:

4.2 Mark Allocation
• The markThe key question provides the focus of the content in the sources.
allocation will indicate how you much information you are required
to provide in your Itresponse.
will also be asked as the paragraph question.
• Your responses should be clear and concise and guided by the mark
allocation. 1. The source will be labelled e.g. Source 1C

2. TheWrite
source
2 will
shortbe contextualised
responses - Response
it will indicate1….
what√ the source is
from the source Response 2 … √ (2 x 1) (2)
about, why it was written, who wrote (owner of) the source, when it
(extraction of information)
Write 1was
complex
written response
and where theResponse…. √√
event took place.
e.g., definitions or (1 x 2) (2)
explanations
3. Read the source with understanding.
Write 2 complex Response 1… √√
4.responses Response
Highlight concepts / terms. In this source e.g.,2 totalitarianism
… √√ (2 x 2) (4)

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 Interpretation /
explanation

4.3 Skills In Answering Source-Based Questions

USEFUL RELIABLE
The following questions will help The following questions will
you to answer a question on help you to answer a question
usefulness … on reliability …
✓ What does the source tell you?
(Validity) ✓ What type of source is it? (Is it a
✓ Who created the source? primary or secondary source?)
✓ When was it created? (Date) ✓ Who created the source?
✓ Look at the purpose – is it informative (Author)
or opinionated
✓ When was it created? (Date)
✓ Is the source positive or negative?
(Bias) ✓ Why was it produced?
✓ Do you agree with what the source is (Purpose)
showing? ✓ Where was it produced?
✓ Would it be ‘typical’ at the
time? (Relevance)
✓ What does the source not show us that
we need to know? (Limitations)
✓ Can you relate this source to another? LIMITATIONS
(Corroboration) ✓ One sided view
✓ Bias
✓ Facts are deliberately omitted
✓ Propaganda

GUIDELINES ON ASCERTAINING THE RELIABILITY OF A SOURCE

✓ A source is reliable if it was created at the time of an event in question (primary
source).
✓ Sources created by people who were directly involved in an event can be reliable
because it is a first-hand account.
✓ These sources will usually be biased but it shows us how a key role-player
experienced the event in question.
✓ Sources written by historians are also considered reliable, however, be aware of the
context in which it was written (e.g., is the historian biased?)
WHAT MAKES A SOURCE UNRELIABLE?
✓ These same sources could be considered unreliable for the very same reason. A
biased source only gives that person’s perspective on the event in question. If a
source contains a lot of emotional language, that is a hint that it might be
exaggerated. 8
 BIAS

Bias is when the creator’s perspective is so strongly for or against something that
the information in the source is clearly unbalanced or prejudiced. All sources
contain some degree of bias, but it is not always possible to detect it.

Bias can either be extremely positive or extremely negative.

✓ If extremely positive, it is described as “pro-”, or “in favour of”, etc.
✓ If extremely negative, it is described as “anti-”, or “strongly against”, etc.
✓ If you cannot detect a bias, it is described as a “balanced” source.
How do I detect bias in a source?
Look for times in a source where any of the following happen:
✓ When describing people or events, the language is too positive and does not
admit anything negative
✓ When describing people or events, the language is too negative and does not
admit anything positive
✓ The source fails to mention very important information of which you are aware
✓ The source provides clearly incorrect information

Caricature (Exaggeration)
POLITICAL CARTOONS • Cartoonists intentionally draw people
All political cartoons rely heavily or characters with physical features
upon a very simple visual ‘code’ that are larger than they naturally
rather than relying solely on are.
words to convey their message. • They do this inorder to make a point.
Once we learn how this visual • Usually, the point is to highlight
code works, we can use it to something about the character of a
‘decode’ the specific message of person.
a cartoon.

Symbolism Labelling
• Cartoonists use simple objects, or • To help their audience understand
symbols, that the general public what each person represents in their
would be familiar with. drawings, cartoonists often write a
• These symbols are used to represent name on the major figures.
important concepts or ideas. • So when you’re interpreting a cartoon,
• While you’re interpreting a cartoon look for the labels.
identify any symbols and try to work
out what concept the image is meant
to represent.

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 MESSAGES

What message:
• To answer these questions, you are required to explain and/or clarify
information in a source, i.e. interpret the message that the creator is trying to
expose.
• In some instances, you could be asked to expose the creator’s message by using
evidence to substantiate your response.
• In the case of a visual source (cartoon, poster or photograph), you will have to
explain what you see in the picture – literal meaning, as well as the symbolic
meaning of what you see – the figurative meaning.

COMPARING OF SOURCES

Comparing information from different sources: When you are asked to compare
information from sources, whether it be similarities or differences, you are
expected to gather information from both sources which correspond or differ to
each other.
• For example, you will say “Source A says…” and “Source B confirms this
by saying…”.
The mark allocation will be as follows:
Source A says…
Source B confirms
Paragraph writing this by saying… √√
Remember, it is important that you find a link in both sources to compare. If the
mark allocation is (2x2) (4) then you compare it TWICE

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 ✓ Remember to only write ONE paragraph.

✓ A paragraph question will always instruct you to use the sources, as

well as your own knowledge to write a paragraph.

✓ This means that you read through the sources and see what
information it gives you with regards to the question that needs to be
answered.

✓ Use the information in the sources to guide you into answering

the question. The ‘own knowledge’ should only be used to help
you elaborate on the information that the source gives.

5. HOW TO PREPARE FOR ESSAY QUESTIONS

5.1 Hints in Essay Writing

1. Read the essay question carefully to understand the focus.

2. Underline the instruction verb, question focus, direction given to the content
focus (context of the content) and timeframes.

3. You need to take note of the format of an essay namely: Introduction, Body (in
paragraphs) and conclusion.
4. The essay should be written in chronological order (the order in which events
unfolded)
5. The introduction should be a direct response to the question. You are expected to
take a stance and use evidence to support your stance.

6. In the body of the essay, you should use the evidence mentioned in your
introduction to further elaborate your stance.

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5.2 History Essay Writing Frame

Question: (Write the Essay Question in the space below)

• Underline the Key ‘instruction’ words?

• Any terms/names/dates need explaining.
Introduction: (Write your introduction below)

Your introduction should contextualise the question (Who? what? where? when?)
and directly address or answer the essay question.

PARAGRAPH 1:

(A) First sentence of first paragraph (PEEL)

(Check: Have you made your key point?)

(B) Development/explanation of point? (PEEL)

(C) Evidence to support your argument? (PEEL)

1.

2.

3.

(D) Check: Have you referred back to the question/linked the point explicitly to the
question? YES? NO

(E) Link to next paragraph/point? (PEEL)

PARAGRAPH 2:

(A) First sentence of second paragraph

Check: Have you made your key point? YES/ NO

(B) Development/explanation of the point?

(C) Evidence to support your argument?

1.

2.

3.

(D) Check: Have you referred back to the question/linked the point explicitly to the
question? YES / NO

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 (E) Link to next paragraph point?

Repeat steps (A) – (E) for each paragraph in your essay.

CONCLUSION: The conclusion should tie up the argument that was taken at the
introduction, e.g. if the instruction (question) verb was ‘Do you agree?’, the
conclusion should tie up why the essay was supportive to agreeing with the
statement.

This essay writing frame can be used for structuring any History essay.

Use it with the paragraph structuring frame (Point > Explain >Example >Link) and
guidelines for writing introductions and conclusions.

Learners can adapt this frame to include as many paragraphs as they need.

5.3 Different types of Essay questions

6. EXAMINATION GUIDELINES
Do you agree with the statement?

A statement will be given. Candidates will be asked to take a stance.

Critically discuss …

Give your response as to what extent a statement or findings within your

evidence are true, to what extent you agree with them. Provide evidence
which both agree with and contradict an argument. Conclude by basing your
decision on what you judge to be the most important factors and justify how
you have made your choice.

Explain to what extent …

To state the degree to which something is or is believed to be the case: this

type of question calls for a thorough assessment of the evidence
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 DONT’S IN ESSAY WRITING

➢ Do not use the personal pronoun “I”. Instead of saying ‘I think that….’ Say ‘It
can be argued that…...’
➢ Do not call historical figures by their first names. For example, don’t refer to
Martin Luther King as Martin; Nelson Mandela as Nelson; Cyril Ramaphosa
as Cyril.
➢ Do not write personal notes for the person marking your paper, you will just
irritate him or her.
➢ Do not colour in, highlight or draw little “smileys” in your work.
➢ Do not make comments or value judgements that are not directly asked for in
the question.
➢ Do not use ‘etc’. ‘Etc’ usually indicates that you can’t think of anymore
examples. If you said ‘Peas, carrots and potatoes, etc…’ the reader knows
that you know many other examples of vegetables. But, in a History essay, if
you say Martin Luther King Junior, Phillip Randoplh, Rosa Parks, Malcom X
leaders of the Civil Rights Movement etc. It usually means that you do not
know any more names.
➢ Do not use sub topics and bullets in answering essays.

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The prescribed topics for 2021 to 2023 will be assessed as follows:
SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS
PAPER 1 PAPER 1
(ONE question per topic will be set) (ONE question per topic will be set)

1. The Cold War 1. The Extension of the Cold War –

Case Study: Vietnam
Question focus: The origins of the Cold War
Question focus: The Stages in the war:
• End of Second World War (introduction);
why did a Cold War develop? • 1957–1965 Struggle in Vietnam
• USSR and USA and the creation of between the South Vietnamese army
spheres of interest (Installation of Soviet and communist-trained rebels (also
friendly governments in satellite states; known as the Viet Cong)
USA’s policy of containment; Truman • 1965 –1969 North Vietnamese - USA
Doctrine; Marshall Plan; The Berlin Crises struggle (include the nature of the
1949-1961; Opposing Military alliances: Vietnamese war against the USA)
NATO and Warsaw Pact • The War from a Vietnamese and USA
• Who was to blame for the Cold war? perspective
• The War as a global issue
• 1969 –1975 USA withdrawal from
Vietnam (impact on USA politics’
student movements)
2. Independent Africa 2. Independent Africa

Question focus: Africa in the Cold War: Question focus: How was independence
realised in Africa in the 1960s and 1970s?
Case study: Angola
Case study: The Congo
• Angola: colonialism and independence
• Outbreak of civil war in 1974 (MPLA, • What were the ideas that influenced the
FNLA and UNITA) Congo?
• Reasons for and nature of involvement in • Political (type of leader, legacies of
Angola (USSR, USA, Cuba, China, South colonialism, type of government,
Africa); impact on regional stability political stability and instability)
• Significance of the Battle of Cuito • Economic (type of economy)
Cuanavale 1987 and 1988 • Social and cultural successes/
challenges that the Congo faced
(benefits of independence, education,
Africanisation)

3. Civil society protests from the 1950s to 3. Civil society protests from the 1950s
the 1970s to the 1970s

Question focus: The US Civil Rights Question focus: The Black Power
Movement Movement

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• Reasons and origins of Civil Rights • Reasons for the Black Power Movement
Movement in the USA • Formation of the Black Panther Party
• Role, impact and influence of Martin • Roles of Malcolm X, Stokely
Luther King Jr; The influence of passive Carmichael, Huey Newton and other
resistance (Gandhi) on Martin Luther King African American activists
Jr • Short-term and long-term gains
• Forms of protest through civil
disobedience: Montgomery Bus Boycott;
Sit-ins; Freedom Rides; campaigns and
marches including Birmingham Campaign,
the march to Lincoln Memorial, Freedom
Summer and the Selma-Montgomery
marches
• School desegregation: case study Little
Rock Arkansas (As part of forms of
protests OR as a case study)
• Short-term and long-term gains
PAPER 2 PAPER 2
(ONE question per topic will be set) (ONE question per topic will be set)

1. Civil Resistance, 1970s to 1980s: 1. Civil Resistance, 1970s to 1980s:

South Africa South Africa

Question focus: The crisis of apartheid in the Question focus: The challenge of Black
1980s Consciousness to the
• Government attempts to reform apartheid apartheid state
(the 1982 Urban Bantu Authorities Act; the • The nature and aims of Black
tricameral system) Consciousness
• Internal resistance to reforms • The role of Bantu Stephen Biko
• Growing power of the Trade Union • Black Consciousness Movement (BCM)
Movement from 1973 • The challenge posed by the ideas of
• Response to Botha’s ‘reforms’ – new Black Consciousness to the state
methods of mobilisation (labour’s ‘rolling
mass action’, roles of civics, UDF, Mass • The 1976 Soweto uprising–briefly,
Democratic Movement and End relating to the influence of BCM on the
Conscription Campaign and Black Sash) students
• The legacy of Black Consciousness on
South African politics
2. The coming of democracy to South 2. The coming of democracy to South
Africa and coming to terms with the Africa and coming to terms with the
past past

Question focus: The Truth and Reconciliation Question focus: Negotiated settlement
Commission (TRC) and the Government of
• Reasons for the TRC: (Establishment National Unity
and formations of sub-committees) • Beginning of negotiations 1989 -1991
• Various forms of justice (retributive and • Breakdown of negotiations
restorative) • Multi-party negotiation process resumes

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• The debates concerning the TRC • Ongoing violence: attempts to derail
➢ Positive aspects of the TRC negotiations
➢ Amnesty provisions and problems • Final road to democracy in 1994 (27
with amnesty April 1994 election; the Government of
➢ Focus on gross human rights National Unity (GNU))
violations of the 1980s
➢ Reparations
• Responses of political parties to the TRC
and the final report of the TRC
• Focus on various case studies,
victims and perpetrators
3. The end of the Cold War and a new 3. The end of the Cold War and a new
order 1989 to the present world order

Question focus: A new world order Question focus: The impact of Gorbachev’s
reforms on the Soviet Union and South
• What is globalisation? Africa
• Balance of power and impact on Africa
• Dominance of global capitalism • Gorbachev’s reforms in the Soviet
• Emerging economies and different forms Union
of capitalism: BRICS • Eastern Europe (overview or in broad
• Responses to globalisation outline): (events in Poland; significance
of these events on the Soviet Union’s
influence in the Eastern Europe;
Germany; The fall of the Berlin Wall)
• The disintegration of the Soviet Union
• Turning point in South Africa (the
collapse of the Soviet Union and its
impact on South Africa)

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6. Examination Requirements

REMEMBER
RRRRRRR
!!!

You are required to answer THREE questions which could be:

TWO Source-Based and ONE Essay question = 150 Marks

OR

TWO Essays and ONE Source-Based Question – 150 Marks

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9. Topic 4: Civil Resistance in South Africa 1970s to 1980s

Focus area: The crisis of Apartheid in the 1980s – Internal Resistance to

Apartheid (Question 1 = Source-Based)

7.1 Mind Map

United
Democratic
Front (UDF)

Congress of
BLACK SASH
South African
(Womens
Trade Union
Movement)
P.W. (COSATU)
Botha-
Reforms

End Mass
Conscription Democratic
Campaign Movement
(ECC ) (MDM)

7.2 Time Lines

1980 Botha implementation of reforms to the Apartheid State

1982 The Black Local Authorities Act introduced – which give Black
Urban Communities the ability to elect their own councillors.
1983 South African Constitution Act – Resulting to the introduction
of the Tricameral parliament.
1983 Formation of the United Democratic Front – Opposing the
Tricameral parliament.
1984 Abolishment of job reservation – job was no more just
reserved for whites.
1985 Formation of The Congress of South African Trade Unions -
played a significant role in the freedom struggle.
1985 Private schools were Desegregated
1985 State of Emergency declared or the first time

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 1985 End Conscription Campaign – 800 men conscripted to the
army had failed to report for the January call-up.
1985 Black SASH – Women movement committed to giving
humanitarian and practical help to victims of Apartheid laws.
1986 COSATU May day strike
19 88 The Mass Democratic Movement – a loose coalition of anti-
apartheid organizations which followed the ANC Freedom
Charter
1988 – 1990 Rolling Mass Action – Where a large number of people take
action in a similar way, such as striking, but as individuals and
without any co-ordination

7.3 Abbreviations

Abbreviations and acronyms

FOSATU: Federation of South African Trade Unions

COSATU: Congress of South African Trade Unions

CUSA: Council of Union of South Africa

NECC: National Education Coordinating Committee

SACP: South African Council of Churches

UDF: United Democratic Front

MDM: Mass Democratic Movement

ECC: End Conscription Campaign

SASM: South African Student Movement

SANCO: South African National Civic Organization.

AZASO : Azanian Student Organization

7.4 Key concepts/terms

Reforms Slide Constitutional changes without really moving away from

the principal idea
Referendum A special election held by government where the entire or
specific groups can vote for a particular issue.
Total Onslaught Botha believed that there was a total communist attack on
South Africa from outside and within the country
Total Strategies Botha’s policy to make minor reforms to apartheid system to
repress all opposition.

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7.5 Content Notes/Summaries

In the 1980s the NP believed that there was a Total Onslaught against the NP
government. The NP implemented their Total Strategy policy – they would make
minor reform to the apartheid system and repress (crush) all opposition.

7.5.1 Tricameral parliament

• The NP created a cosmetic Tricameral Parliament.

• It made provision for: House of Assembly (Whites); House of Representatives
(Coloureds) and House of Delegates (Indians)
• It gave limited representation to Coloureds and Indians. Blacks were
excluded.
• Africans had to exercise their political rights in the 'homelands'. Real political
power would remain concentrated in the House of Assembly, the
representatives of the 'White' minority. Voters on separate ethnic voter's roles
would elect the members of each chamber of parliament:

7.5.2 The UDF

• The United Democratic Front was a non-racial alliance

of about 400 national, regional and local organisations
and based on the Freedom Charter.
• The UDF was supported by the African National
Congress (ANC) in exile.
• It launched a massive nationwide campaign to
dissuade Coloured and Indian voters from participating
in the elections for the Houses of Representatives and
Delegates. Coloured and Indian voter turnout was extremely low.

• Those who participated in the Tricameral system were called 'sell-outs',

collaborators and 'puppets'. In reaction to these political developments, mass
action campaigns swept through the country.
These included strikes, mass protests and
school, rent and consumer boycotts.
• The government responded by banning the UDF
and declaring a State of Emergency that lasted
for much of the 1980s.

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7.5.3 The role of Civics

• Civics tackled 'bread and butter issues' such as rent, municipal services,
public transport and poor recreational and child-care
facilities.
• Civics sought to improve the quality of life of
township residents, and played a major role in the
resistance of the 1980s.
• There were frequent, violent confrontations with the
security forces. Black Councillors and black police
officers were forced to flee the townships, forced to
resign, or faced violent deaths.
• Protests against poor services took the form of
boycotts, in which residents refused to pay rent or
service fees to the municipality. By 1987, the amount
owing to the government due to boycotts was in the
region of Rl77 million.

7.5.4 The role of COSAS

• COSAS was formed in 1979 to co-

ordinated student activities in
different regions, to unite and to
advance the demands of school
students.
• They used the slogan ‘liberation
before education’. They organized
school boycotts, stay-aways,
consumer boycotts and self-defence
structures against the apartheid
security forces.
• In 1984 there were about 220 000
children absent from school in
various parts of the country. Many young people sacrificed education and
employment opportunities in order to participate in the struggle against
apartheid.
• COSAS and AZASO formed the NECC in 1986. The NECC united students,
parents and teacher structures in an effort to build democracy in schools and
eliminate the Bantu Education curriculum. The NECC adopted the slogan
'Education for liberation.'

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7.5.5 The South African Council of Churches

• The SACC fought for social justice, and

challenged the apartheid laws.
• Their leaders included Desmond Tutu, Beyers
Naude and Frank Chikane.
• In 1985, SACC issued the Kairos Document
(Moment of Truth). The Kairos document
called for the church to stand up for the poor
and the oppressed, and stand against the injustices of apartheid. The
document said Christians should serve the needs of the struggle for liberation,
and mobilise its members to work and plan for a change in government. It
also supported civil disobedience.

7.5.6 Trade Unions

• They campaigned for the rights of

black workers and played a political
role as they put pressure on the
government to make changes to its
apartheid policies.
• Links between work issues and
broader community grievances in the
apartheid state became inseparable.
• The Federation of South African
Trade Unions (FOSATU) was formed
in 1979 and the Council of Unions of
South Africa (CUSA) was formed in
1980. It was influenced strongly by the ideas of Black Consciousness and
wanted to work to ensure black leadership of unions
• In 1985 the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) was formed,
which followed the non-racial policies of the (banned) ANC. A strike was a
powerful weapon used by workers.
• In 1981, 342 strikes took place in South Africa. In 1986, the number of strikes
had risen to 780.
• Resistance during the 1980s, which included school boycotts, strikes and
guerrilla action of MK, made South Africa increasingly ungovernable and was
one of the forces that led to the collapse of the apartheid government

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7.5.7 Mass democratic Movement

• The UDF was banned in 1988. The Mass democratic Movement was formed
to replace the UDF.
• The MDM was a loose coalition of anti-apartheid organisations which adhered
to the Freedom Charter.
• In 1989, the MDM organized a campaign of civil disobedience to defy all
oppressive laws. Protesters entered ‘whites-only’ hospitals and beaches.
• People of all races marched peacefully in several cities to protest against
police brutality and repressive laws. By 1989 it was clear that the civil
disobedience was effective and that the government could not control it.

7.5.8 The End Conscription Campaign

The SADF was used:

• To enforce the government's racist policies
• To act against the banned liberation movements
within South Africa, as its neighbouring
countries
• To repress anti-apartheid activities
• For these reason, all white South African men
were conscripted into military service in the
SADF.
• In 1983, the End Conscription Campaign (ECC)
was formed.
• Conscientious objectors supported the ECC to oppose
the conscription of all white South African men into military
service in the SADF.
• White men who refused to do military service fled the
country, faced imprisonment, went AWOL or failed to turn up
for their basic training.
• By 1985, the number of conscripts who failed to report for
so-called National Service was increasing rapidly.
• By 1988, the ECC was undermining the apartheid state to
such an extent that the Minister of Law and Order, Adriaan VIok, banned the
organisation.

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 Black Sash
7.5.9
• Was a liberal white organization who wanted to end apartheid.
• They wore black sashes to demonstrate their opposition against apartheid.
• They demonstrated peacefully against the discriminatory laws.

25
7.6 ACTIVITIES/ QUESTIONS

HOW DID THE UNITED DEMOCRATIC FRONT (UDF) RESPOND TO BOTHA’S

REFORMS IN THE 1980s?

SOURCE 1A

This source explains the constitution that PW Botha introduced 1983. It was meant
to reform apartheid but was unacceptable to the majority of Africans in South Africa.

In 1983 P W Botha introduced a new constitution for South Africa, which gave limited
parliamentary representation to coloureds and Indians. There was to be a new
parliament. The new constitution allowed coloureds and Indians to vote for their own
representatives who would sit in their own chambers of parliament, Africans were
still denied the right to vote. Their interests would be represented by black local
community councils.

The whites, coloureds and Indian chamber each handed laws that related to their
own affairs’, this meant that issues relating to education, health and community
affairs were dealt with separately by each chamber. For example, the House of
Representatives – the coloured chamber of parliament – would make decisions
about education.

All matters that related to wider issues of governing the country, such as defense,
taxations, and industry were called ‘general affairs’. The cabinet which included
representatives of all three chambers, made decisions on these. Under the new
constitution P.W. Botha became state president. He had far greater powers than
any previous head of state and could decide which matters were ‘general’ and which
were own affairs.

People saw the 1983 Constitution for the sham democracy that it was. Not only was
the Tricameral Parliament racially segregated, but it excluded Africans altogether.

[From : Via Africa History by G.Welson ]

1.1 Use Source 1A

1.1.1 State TWO provisions of the constitution introduced by PW Botha in 1983.

(2 x 1) (2)

1.1.2 Who, according to the source, would represent the interest of Africans?
(1 x 1) (1)

1.1.3 Why do you think Botha’s government made a clear distinction between own
affairs and general affairs in his new constitution? (2 x 2 ) (4)

26
SOURCE 1B

This source focus on the formation of the UDF and its response to the formation of
the Tricameral Parliament in 1983

On 20 August 1983 the UDF was formed in a community hall in Rocklands Mitchells
Plain in Cape Town. The formation was actually the results of a changes that been
taking place on a social, economic and political level since the Soweto Uprising.
A new, and more militant culture had emerged, that led to the formation of many
civic, youth, students, workers, women and other organizations. There was also
increased support for charterists (those that have adopted the Freedom Charter)
and a move towards mass organization. The immediate reason for the formation of
the UDF was to fight the introduction of the Tricameral Parliament.

The first campaign undertaken by the UDF was the ‘Don’t Vote Campaign’ which
aimed to discourage coloureds and Indians from participating in the elections for the
tricameral parliament. This campaign was a success as very few voters went to the
polls. 30% of coloured voters and 20% of Indians actually voted in the tricameral –
elections.

The UDF then launched the ‘Million Signature’ Campaign in 1984. Activist went from
door to door with petitions against Apartheid. The aim of the campaign was not only
to get a million signatures but also to make people aware of the need to organize
and actively resist Apartheid.

The UDF were involved in popular uprising that swept through the African townships
in 1994.

[From https//www.sahistory.org.za/article/apartheid-early-1980s. Accessed on 22 April 2021]

1.2 Study Source 1B

1.2.1 Why, according to the source, was the UDF formed in 1983? (1 x 2) (2)

1.2.2 State what the UDF wanted to achieve with its first campaign in

1983. (1 x 2) (2)

1.2.3 Using information from the source and your own knowledge, explain how the
UDF managed to influence many ordinary people against apartheid.(2 x 2) (4)

27
Source 1C

This source explains how PW Botha’s government reacted to United Democratic

Front (UDF)’s opposition to his reforms.

The government reacted to the increased unrest and organization (UDF) in the same
way it always had – through banning people and organizations, though violence and
suppression and eventually through a state of emergency. A state of emergency
gives the police and state special powers over the people, and people can be
arrested without trail. During a state of emergency the state affords itself the special
powers and bypasses normal laws that protect the human civil rights.

The government initially introduced a state of emergency in only some areas of the
country in 1985, but soon this was extended to the whole country and renewed on
an annual basis until 1990.

This resulted in thousands of people being arrested during this period of time, many
being tortured in detention and hundreds of people being killed – either in detention,
on the streets by police or through ‘black on black’ violence.

This black on black violence was the result of some black people working together
with the police as spies, and these traitors were often killed. The police, who even
provide weapons, often supported such violence.

[From https//www.sahistory.org.za/article/apartheid-early-1980s. Accessed on 22 April 2021]

1.3 Consult Source 1C

1.3.1 State THREE ways through which PW Botha’s government reacted to increased
unrest emanating from his reforms. (3 x 1) (3)

1.3.1 Explain the concept, state of emergency, in your own words. (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.2 Comment on the existence of ‘black on black’ violence during the 1980s and
early 1990s. (2 x 2) (4)

28
Source 1D

This is a UDF poster created by the Anti-President Council Committee Transvaal

and Riverlea Human Rights Committee. It portrays how PW Botha’s government
dealt with the UDF. Its date is unknown.

[From www.saha.org.za/udf/detentiond_bannings_repression_harassment_we_will_not_
be_silenced.htm. Accessed on 22 April 2021]

1.4 Refer to Source 1D

1.4.1 Explain messages that are conveyed by this poster. (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.1 Comment of the significance of the phrase ‘WE WILL NOT BE SILENCED’ in
the context of the UDF’s reaction to PW Botha’s government. (2 X 2) (4)

29
1.5 Refer to Sources 1C and 1D. Explain how the two sources support each other
regarding PW Botha’s government as the oppressor and the UDF as the
oppressed. (2 x 2) (4)

1.6 Using the information from relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a
paragraph of about EIGHT lines (80 words) explaining the reaction of the UDF
to Botha’s reforms during the 1980’s. (8)

30
7.7 Responses

1.1 Source 1A

1.1.1 [Extraction of information from Source 1A – L1]

• Gave limited parliamentary representation to coloureds and Indians.
• Allowed coloureds and Indians to vote for their own representatives who
would sit in their own chambers of parliament. Africans were still denied, the
right to vote. (2 x 1) (2)

1.1.2 [Extraction of information from Source 1A – L1]

• Black Local Community councils (1 x 1 ) (1)

1.1.3 [Interpretation of information from Source 1A – L2]

• Botha wanted to ensure that he still holds power in government through

general affairs
• To have control over important issues that would maintain the policy of
apartheid throughout the whole country
• To maintain racial division in term of own affairs that does not interfere with
crucial matters of bring about change in the country
• To maintain segregation through own affairs
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

1.2 Sources 1B

1.2.1 [Extraction of information from Source 1B – L1]

• The results of changes that had been taking place on a social, economic and
political level since the Soweto Uprising
• To fight the introduction of the Tricameral Parliament (any 1 x 2) (2)

1.2.2 [Extraction of information from Source 1B – L1]

• To discourage Coloureds and Indians from g in the elections for the

Tricameral parliament. (1 x 2) (2)

1.2.3 [Interpretation of information from Source 1A – L2]

• It had membership from Coloureds, Indians and Black South Africans
• Workers, student, women organizations were all part of the UDF making it
easy to recruit members from university students, workers and other
organizations
• It operated from local communities (townships)
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

31
1.3 Source 1C

1.5.1 [Extraction of information from Source 1C – L1]

• banning people and organizations
• violence and suspension
• state of emergency. (3 x 1 (3)

1.3.2 [Explanation of a historical concept in Source 1C – L1]

• A situation of national danger or disaster in which a government suspends
normal constitutional procedures in order to gain control
• Any other relevant response (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.3 [Interpretation of information from Source 1C – L2]

• Black on black violence was a concept created by the state when police were
recruiting black people as spies and supply them with guns to be used on
other blacks
• Violence amongst black South Africans due to cultural differences between
political parties - which was propagated by the state
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

1.4 Source D

1.4.1 [Interpretation of information from Source 1D – L2]

• It shows that PW Botha’s reforms led to negative results in the form of
detentions and bannings for those opposed
• It conveys that the UDF leaders were detained and banned.
• It indicates that people were shot dead and many people were silenced.
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)
1.4.2 [Interpretation of information from Source 1D – L2]
• It indicates that the UDF leaders will proceed with fighting the government on
all fronts although Botha’s government is banning and killing them.
• That they are prepared to sacrifice their own lives for the struggle
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)
1.5. Sources 1C and 1D.
• Both sources refer to the activities of the UDF in opposing the Botha’s
government
• Both sources refers to the police brutality that Botha’s government used to
silence the UDF members
• Both sources shed light on the brutality of PW Botha,s government
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

32
1.5 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis of information from relevant sources
– L3]

Candidates could include the following aspects in their responses:

• The introduction of new constitution by Botha’s government led to the

establishment of the UDF (Source 1A).
• This tricameral parliament excluded black South Africans and therefore
inspired black people to resist the Botha’s government (Source 1A).
• The UDF organized a “Don’t Vote” campaign where coloured and Indian
people were asked not to participate in the tricameral parliament elections of
1983 (Source 1B).
• The UDF also took part in a ‘Door to Door’ campaign to get ‘one million
signatures’, and to encourage people to organized themselves to fight the
hardships experience in the townships (Source 1B).
• UDF activist were jailed and killed during the state of emergency because
they were protesting (Source 1C).
• UDF attacked people suspected to be spies collaborating with the state (own
knowledge)
• UDF activists committed themselves not to be silenced by the state (Source
1D).
• The activities of the UDF led to “rolling mass action” in all the townships of the
country which made the country ungovernable in the 1980’s (own knowledge)
• Any other relevant response (8)
Use the following rubric to allocate a mark

• Uses evidence in an elementary manner, e.g. shows no or little

understanding of explaining how the UDF reacted to Botha’s MARKS
LEVEL 1
reforms during the 1980s. 0–2
• Uses evidence partially or cannot write a paragraph.
• Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to the topic e.g. shows
some understanding of explaining how the UDF reacted to MARKS
LEVEL 2
Botha’s reforms during the 1980s. 3–5
• Uses evidence in an elementary manner to write a paragraph.
• Uses relevant evidence e.g. demonstrates a thorough
understanding of how the UDF reacted to Botha’s reforms
MARKS
LEVEL 3 during the 1980s.
6–8
• Uses evidence very effectively in an organised paragraph that
shows an understanding of the topic.

33
10. Topic 6: The end of the Cold War and a New World Order

Content focus: New World Order - Globalisation (Question 3 = Source-

Based)

10.1 Mind Map

What is
Globalisation?

Emerging
economies and Balance of
different forms Globalisation Power and
of capitalism: impact on Africa
BRICS

Dominance of
Global
Capitalism

34
 10.2 Time Lines:

Year Event
Nov 1989 Fall of Berlin Wall
Dec 1989 Announcement of reunification of Germany and Berlin
1991 Warsaw Pact ends & the USSR dissolves
1995 World Trade Organisation (WTO) established
2001 Al-Qaeda bombs World Trade Centre
2009 BRICS formed
2010 SA joins BRICS
2011 Dilma Rousseff elected as first woman Prime Minister of
Brazil

10.3 Key Concepts

Concept Explanation
Globalisation The process of international integration involving the interchange
world views, products, ideas and aspects of culture in four main
dimensions: economic, socio-cultural;
Capitalism An economic system wherein investment of capital, use of labour
and resources are used by privately owned entities to make profit
Communism A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and
leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each
person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
Mixed economy Economic system combining private and public enterprise

Emerging Nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth
markets and industrialisation
First World Developed countries mostly in the northern hemisphere
Countries
Third World Developing countries mostly in the southern hemisphere
Countries
Non-Aligned A grouping of chiefly developing countries pursuing a policy of
Movement neutrality towards the superpowers in world politics.
North Atlantic An intergovernmental military alliance made up of Western powers
Treaty formed in 1949 whereby its member states agree to mutual defence
Organisation in response to an attack by any external party
Multi-National Companies that have expanded to other countries
Corporations
North-South Exchange of resources, technology and knowledge between the
relations developed north and the developing south hemisphere
South-South Exchange of resources, technology and knowledge in the Southern
relations hemisphere

35
10.4 Abbreviations
IMF International Monetary Fund
WTO World Trade Organisation
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
FSAP Financial Sector Assessment Program
SDRM Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism
GDP Gross Domestic Product
SAP Structural Adjustment Programs

10.5 Content Notes/Summaries

10.5.1 Explanation of the concept, globalisation:

Globalisation usually refers to:

• the technological, political and economic changes, which resulted in the
world functioning in a different way from what it did twenty to thirty years
ago.
• The term is often explained in different ways but usually refers to the
system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop
the global economy.

Globalisation can also be explained as:

• a process by which the world was increasingly organised around the neo-
liberal idea of markets. This was made easier by a communications
revolution that increased the flow of trade, finance tourism and ideas
across the world.
• But critical to the definition of globalisation is the fact that the world now
has one super-power, the USA, which had to impose its hegemony in all
spheres – political, economic, cultural and social – over the rest of the
world.

10.5.2 Impact of globalisation on North–South

relations:
➢ North (First World or developed countries)
➢ South (Third World and developing countries)
✓ Their relations were based on:
o The belief that the wealthy (developed)
should share with the poor (developing) –
through flow of aid in various ways
o Feeling of guilt (from the First world) over
effects of colonialism
o Third world countries were protected for
their support to either side of the super
powers during the cold war.
http://www.nadirtharani.co.tz/cartoons/
north-south-relations.html
✓ Led to an atmosphere of peace & democracy (multi-party democracy)

36
10.5.3 Impact of globalisation on South–
South relations:
➢ Countries in the South started to turn to
one another (to break the economic
hegemony over them from the North)
➢ China became a promoter and supporter
for South-South Co-operation
➢ Developed countries in the South
supporting developing countries
https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/about/news/07-26-
2018-three-ways-south-south-cooperation-is-driving-progress-on-clean-cooking.html

10.5.4 Dominance of global Western capitalism:

➢ The collapse of the USSR (end of Cold War) implied Western economies began
to dominate the global market place
➢ USA remained the biggest global economy
➢ The Bretton Woods Institutions (IMF & World Bank) controlled the economic
system since WW II
➢ The WTO (1995) – determined rules/policies that supported trade between
countries
➢ Globalisation accelerated and spread even to remote areas because of the IT
(Information technology) mainly through computers and internet
➢ Resistance to global capitalism (critics of Bretton Woods Institutions):
globalisation as a source of conflict between the rich and their poor. Led to anti-
globalisation demonstrations by amongst others: People’s Global Action (against
free trade & the WTO) and Friends of the Earth International (environmental
network)
10.5.5 Emerging Economies (BRICS)

• First BRIC meeting 16 June 2009

(Brazil, Russia, India & China)
focused on improving and reforming
the global economy; co-operate with
each other
• SA officially joined on 24 December
2010
• Together, the four original BRIC
countries, Brazil, Russia, India and
China comprise more than 2.8 billion
people or 40% of the world’s
population, cover more than a
quarter of the world’s land area over
three continents and account for
more than 25% of global GDP. With
SA they play an increasingly
important role in global economy.

37
8.6 ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS

QUESTION 3: WHAT IMPACT DID GLOBALISATION HAVE ON DEVELOPING

AFRICAN COUNTRIES IN THE 1990s?

SOURCE 3A

The source below is an address given by Mr T. T. Mboweni, Governor of the South

African Reserve Bank at a Gala Banquet of the Independent News & Media
International Advisory Board, Cape Town.

In December last year, I was invited to give evidence on globalisation before the
Economic Affairs Sub-Committee of the House of Lords, Westminster. I was naturally
pleased with the invitation and took advantage of the occasion to engage the Lords
and Ladies about how globalisation impacts on the fortunes of developing countries
or the so-called emerging markets. All of us use the term globalisation every day and
so do the Lords and Ladies at the House of Lords. Everyone has their understanding
of what the term is all about and how globalisation impacts on all of us. The Lords and
Ladies wanted to know from me what the positives and negatives of globalisation were
on South Africa.

“This evening, at this gala banquet for such a gathering of eminent persons of the
International Advisory Board of the Independent media group, I can only highlight
certain aspects of globalisation in order to contribute to the table discussions, fully
aware that after such intensive meetings all of us want a relaxed evening. I have of
late often wondered what the difference in substance is between globalisation and
imperialism. After some casual analysis, it seems that the two differ with respect to
colonisation, division of the world into spheres of influence and the intensity and level
of the dominance of finance capital in the world economy.

Globalisation could generally be taken to encompass the more liberalised and

increased flow of goods, services, capital and finance across national economies.
Globalisation is therefore not a new phenomenon. The degree of economic integration
in the world has been rising over time. Technological progress has improved
transportation and communications, enhanced information awareness and information
processing, and has set the stage for new products and innovations. These
developments make it much easier for national markets to be globally integrated.
Although these markets still do not form a global village, they have become so
interdependent that they are changing the environment in which economic activity
takes place. This new economic environment has, however, also brought about certain
disadvantages, such as large reversals in international capital flows and financial
contagion even on those countries with sound economic fundamentals. These
developments have led to protests against "global capitalism".

[From http://www.resbank.co.za/en/home/publications/publication-detail-pages/speeches-by-
governors/2002/199. Accessed on 22/04/2021.]

38
3.1 Refer to Source 3A.

3.1.1 Define the term globalisation in your own words. (1 x 2) (2)

3.1.2 State TWO issues that the Lords and Ladies wanted to know from Tito
Mboweni, regarding the impact of globalisation in South Africa. (2 x 1) (2)

3.1.3 Quote TWO disadvantages that the new economic environment

(globalisation) has brought about in South Africa. (2 x 1) (2)

3.1.4 Explain why a historian doing research on globalisation would find this source
reliable.
(2 x 2) (4)

SOURCE 3B

The source below is a product of research that appeared in an African Journal of

Business Management. It explains the negative impact of globalisation of Africa.

After centuries of colonization, slavery, exploitation, marginalization and excruciating

(painful) poverty, African politicians have yet to grasp the nature of manipulable
globalisation. Years of relative economic retrogression (sliding backward) have taken
a horrendous (unpleasant) toll on all parts of the African economy. To add insult to
injury, the African continent inadvertently welcomes with open arms a colossal
dose of the negative impacts of globalisation. The nature of the African
economy itself continues to limit gains from the enormous opportunities in the liberal
globalisation. Clearly, globalisation by all odds has enabled the African continent to
be used as a tolerating and warm-welcoming place for natural resource exploitation
and industrial waste dumping. Economies lacking innovation and value creation are
largely to blame for these huge miscalculations, and the lopsided relationships.

Globalisation has taken deep roots in this 21st century that has benefited many
countries and enhanced the well-being of their citizens. Nevertheless, globalisation
has had both negative and positive impacts, and it has appeared that historically
Africa has embraced mostly the negative sides – from dumping to exploitation.

[From 2012 African Journal of Business Management DOI: 10.5897/AJBM12.828.

Accessed on 17 April 2021.]

3.2 Study Source 3B.

3.2.1 Identify any two challenges from the source that Africans have experienced
over a number of years. (2 x1) (2)

3.2.2 What, according to the source, is to blame for huge miscalculations, and the
lopsided relationships of African economies? (2 x 1) (2)

3.2.2 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, explain how
globalisation has had both negative and positive impact on African countries.
(2 x 2) (4)

39
SOURCE 3C

The article below focuses on the impact that trade liberalisation had on
Hammarsdale's economy. Hammarsdale is located in the Mpumalanga township in
KwaZulu-Natal. The title of the article is 'Death of a Town' which was written by P
Harper. It appeared on the NEWS 24 website on 5 February 2014.

Located towards Durban's western boundary, Hammarsdale was the home of

KwaZulu-Natal's textile industry from the 1950s, with the Mpumalanga township
having been set up by the apartheid government to house workers brought in to work
in the factories. But, from the late 1980s, the inflow of cheap textiles from countries
such as China and the movement of employers to areas with lower labour costs began
to eat away at Hammarsdale's economy. Massive employers, such as the textile giant
the Frame Group, pulled out of the town, shedding thousands of jobs.

Mthetheleli Mjilo, a local landscaping contractor and a leader of the Hammarsdale

Business Forum, grew up in the area and saw it during its heyday. 'When I grew up
here, there were jobs in the textile industry. In 1994, when Nigeria played in the Soccer
World Cup, my older brother was working in the factory here that made their shirts.
This place had jobs,' he says. Mjilo adds that the level of prosperity in the area has
gradually declined …

In 2005 Mjilo noted that 'the area cannot take much more of this'. He stated that, 'The
textile industry went first. For every job that is lost, you can say another six people are
going to bed with nothing to eat. That's another 7 000 people going hungry in this area.
We have a very big problem here. This is the last kick of a dying horse for
Hammarsdale. We already have thousands of young people who are finishing school
and who cannot get jobs locally.'

[From https://www.news24.com/South Africa/News/death-of-atown-20170204. Accessed on 5 August

2018.]

3.3 Use Source 3C.

3.3.1 What impact, according to the source, did cheap imports from China have on
people living in Hammarsdale? (2 x 1) (2)

3.3.2 Comment on Mjilo’s views regarding Hammarsdale’s economy in the:

(a) 1990s (1 x 2) (2)
(b) 2000s (1 x 2) (2)

3.3.3 Explain what you think is implied by `the last kick of a dying horse` in
relation to the economic situation in Hammarsdale (2 x 2) (4)

40
SOURCE 3D

The source below shows workers at a clothing and textile factory in KwaZulu-Natal that was
later closed as a result of the policy of trade liberalisation. It appeared on the Independent
Online news website on 28 January 2013.

[From: https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/450-kzn-factories-face-closure-1459954.
Accessed on 4 August 2018.]

3.4 Study Source 3D.

3.4.1 Quote evidence from the source that suggests that peoples jobs were
under threat (1 x 2) (2)

3.4.2 Explain how trade liberalisation affected female workers, as shown in

the photograph. (2 x 2) (4)

4. Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a
paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining the impact that
globalisation had on developing African countries in the 1990s. (8)

41
8.7 Responses:

3.1.1 [Definition of concept from Source 3A - L1]

• Globalisation refers to the technological, political and economic change,
which have resulted in the world functioning in a different way from what it
did 20 years ago (1 x 2) (2)

3.1.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3A - L1

• ‘to engage the Lords and Ladies about how globalisation impacts on the
fortunes of developing countries (1 x 2) (2)

3.1.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3A - L1]

• ’Large reversals in international capital flows and financial contagion’
(1 x 2) (2)
3.1.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3A]
• It is a first-hand account of a person who was directly involved with issues
related to globalisation.
• The speech was presented by Tito Mboweni who was a Governor of South
African Reserve Bank.
• Any other relevant response (2x2) (4)

3.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3B - L1]

• ‘colonization’
• ‘Exploitation’
• ‘marginalization’
• ‘excruciating poverty’ (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.2.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3B - L1]

• ‘economies lacking innovation and value creation’ (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2B - L2]

Negative
• Globalisation has been manipulative
• Has enabled African countries to be used as welcoming place for natural
resources and exploitation

Positive
• Globalization has enhanced technological advances
• Globalisation has benefited many African countries and enhanced the
well-being of their citizens
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

3.3
3.3.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3C - L1]
• ‘began to eat away at Hammarsdale’s economy’
• ‘massive employers, such as the textile giant the Frame Group, pulled out
of the town/ shedding thousands of jobs’ ( 2 x 1) (2)

42
3.3.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3C - L2]
(a) 1990
• Growing/flourishing economy which affected the community positively
• Jobs were available
• Any other relevant response (any 1 x 2) (2)

(b) 2000
• The economy was in decline and contributed to severe socio-economic
challenges
• Any other relevant response (any 1 x 2) (2)

3.3.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3C - L2]

• More than half of the residents in Hammarsdale became unemployed
• Hammarsdale experienced an economic recession
• 7000 residents went to bed without food
• Many school leavers were not able to find employment in town
• The community faced several socio-economic challenges
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.4

3.4.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3D - 1]

• ‘450 KZN factories face closure (1 x 2) (2)

3.4.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3D – L2]

• The flood of cheap imported goods led to a lack of demand which resulted
in them being retrenched
• It would lead to them being unemployed
• Unemployment would have serious economic and social consequences on
their families/households
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

43
4. [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis of evidence from relevant sources -L3]

The following aspects could be included in the response

• Globalisation has had both positive and negative impact ( Source 3A)
• Has eased international trade and commerce (Source 3A)
• Facilitated foreign investment
• It has increased flow of goods, capital and finance across the economies
(Source 3A)
• Technological progress has improved transportation and communication
(Source 3A)
• Has facilitated the extinction of the indigenous development of technology
• Distorted patterns of production
• Reversals in international capital flows and contagion
• Has enabled African continent to be used as a tolerating and welcoming
place for natural resource exploitation (Source 3B)
• The demand for African clothing and textile products started to decline
(Source 3C)
• The economy in Hammarsdale declined as a result of trade liberalization
(Source 3C)
• There was a possibility of clothing and textile factories closing down
(Source 3D)
• Young people could not get jobs as a result of closure of factories
• Erosion of sovereignty on economic and financial matters by IMF, World
Bank and World Trade Organization
• Economic marginalization of African economies
• Any other relevant response

Use the following rubric to allocate marks:

• Uses evidence in a very elementary manner e.g.
shows no or little understanding of what impact
Marks:
LEVEL 1 globalisation had on developing African
0–2
countries in the 1990s.
• Use evidence partially or cannot write a paragraph.
• Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great
extent to the topic e.g. shows some
understanding of what impact globalisation had Marks:
LEVEL 2
on developing African countries in the 1990s. 3–5
• Use evidence in a very basic manner to write a
paragraph.
• Uses relevant evidence e.g. demonstrates a
thorough understanding of what impact
globalisation had on developing African
Marks:
LEVEL 3 countries in the 1990s.
6–8
• Use evidence very effectively in an organised
paragraph that shows an understanding of the
topic.
(8)

44
11. Topic 4: Civil Resistance in South Africa 1970s to 1980s

Question focus: The challenge of Black Consciousness to the apartheid state

(Question 4 = Essay)
Key Focus areas:
• The nature and aims of BC
• The impact of BC on Labour
• The impact of BC on Political Organisations
• The impact of BC on the 1976 Soweto Uprisings
• The impact of BC on Community Programmes

9.1 Mind-map

The impact of
Steve Biko and
the BC
Philosophy on
the Community
Programmes

The Impact
of Steve Biko The impact of
and BC Steve Biko Steve Biko
Philosophy and the BC and the BC
on the 1976 Philosophy Philosophy
Soweto on Labour
Uprising

The impact of
Steve Biko
and BC
Philosophy
on Political
Organisation
s

45
9.2 Timeline

Year Event
1946 The birth of Bantu Steve Biko
1966 Admission to the University of Natal Non-European Section (UNNE)
1967 NUSAS Conference at Grahamstown where black students were
accommodated separately from their white counter-parts
1968 University Christian Movement Conference at Stuttterheim where
black students were accommodated separately from their white
counter-parts
1968 Formation of the South African Council of Churches
1968 Steve Biko and others leave NUSAS and forms SASO
1969 Barney Pityana expelled from his law studies at Fort Hare
1969 Steve Biko is elected President of SASO
1972 Onkgopotse Tiro is expelled from the Turfloop University
1972 BPC is formed
1972 Death of Mthuli Shezi
1972 South African Students Movement (SASM) formed after its
predecessor African Students Movement was enlarged
1972 The start of Black Community Programmes under Bennie Khoapa
1973 Steve Biko and other BC leaders are banned by the government
1973 The Durban Workers Strike organized/fueled by SASO
1974 The Frelimo rallies organized by SASO, South Africans should take
inspiration from the example of Mozambique, If the people
Mozambique struggled successfully for their independence, what is
stopping the Black South Africans
1977 Arrest of Steve Biko
1977 Death of Steve Biko in detention
1978 Formation of AZAPO by the supporters of BC

9.3 Important Abbreviations

Abbreviation What it stands for

NUSAS National Union of South African Students
SASO South African Students` Organisation
UCM University Christian Movement
UNNE University of Natal Non-European Section
SSRC Soweto Students Representative Council
SACC South African Council Of Churches
BPC Black Peoples Convention
ASM African Students Movement
BCP Black Community Programmes
SASM South African Students Movement
NAYO National Youth Organisation
BC Black Consciousness
BCM Black Consciousness Movement
AZAPO Azanian Peoples Organization
Frelimo Front for the liberation of Mozambique

46
NTCC Northern Transvaal Council of Churches
BPA Black Parent’s Association
BAWU Black Allied Workers Union
UBJ Union of Black Journalists

9.4 Key Concepts:

Concepts Definition
Black Consciousness The Philosophy that advocated Black pride and wanted
liberation for all Blacks
Conscientise Raise the level of awareness
Durban Moment The strike by the coronation brick and tile factory
influenced by the BC
Medium of Instruction A language used for teaching and learning.
Uprising An act of resistance or rebellion
Liberation/Black Theology Theology that focused on the injustices of the poor
Bantu Education An apartheid system of education that condemned Blacks
to inferior education
Ideology A belief system. A set of ideas which shape ones actions
Civil Society Protest Opposition to government policies by ordinary members
of the society
Resistance When a group or even one person works against
domination
Black Communalism An economic policy based on the principle of sharing and
emphasized communal ownership of property and wealth.

9.5 Black Community Programmes

Project Focus
Publications and Revival of cultural, political and literary (writing) activity
leadership training
Zanempilo Community The first primary health care centre situated at Zinyoka
Health Centre outside King William`s Town . One of the first primary
health care initiatives outside of the public sector in
South Africa which provided much needed community
health education. It was also in this clinic where a
successful production of leather goods was facilitated.
Solempilo Community A primary health care facility opened on the south
Health Centre coast of Natal
Ithuseng Community Women empowerment programme, encouraged
Health Programme women to establish vegetable gardens and other
economic initiatives in Linyenye.
Zimele trust fund Established by Biko in 1975 working together with
religious leaders. Provided assistance to political
prisoners and their families. Supported those who
were detained, imprisoned, banned, banished or just
released from prison. Those who had difficulty in

47
 finding jobs because they were perceived to be
trouble-makers were assisted. The fund had particular
success with a brick-making scheme in Dimbaza near
King William’s Town.
Winter School Project Tutors were paid by the Northern Transvaal Council of
Churches (NTCC), for the teaching of the Standard 10
learners during winter holidays.

9.6 Content Notes/ Summaries

9.6.1 Reasons for the emergence of Black Consciousness in the 1970s.

• The struggle for liberation in South Africa was the

domain of liberation movements like the African
National Congress and the Pan Africanist
Congress of Azanian but this was to change in
the 60s and 70s.
• Political inactivity came about as a result of the
government`s harsh reaction to the events of
Sharpeville in 1960.
• The resulting lull in political activity and
opposition to the Apartheid government allowed
the government to further entrench repression
due making opposition to its policies difficult.
• Arrests and harassment of leaders were to be
intensified leading to a state of political apathy in
South Africa
• Experiences of Biko and others within white led
organizations like NUSAS and the University
Christian Movement.
• Among the many issues that fueled discontent
among Black members of NUSAS was its apparent
condonation of the status quo: Separate
accommodation was arranged for students from
different racial groups during the NUSAS conference
of 1967 in Grahamstown and that of UCM at
Stuttterheim in 1968

9.6.2 Aims of Black Consciousness

• Biko and others who followed him believed that the struggle of Black
Students was their responsibility and that they should not depend on other
races who were sympathetic to their course.
• This is why Biko and those who supported him felt that
`The Blacks are tired of standing at the touchline to witness a game they should be
playing. They want to do things for themselves all by themselves`
• . The repressive Apartheid system seemed to have beaten Black people into
submission and BC aimed to revive them and wake them from the long sleep.

48
 • There seem to have been a realization that for Blacks to be able to launch an
attack on the repression imposed on them by the Apartheid government they
first have to realise that something was wrong and needed to be challenged.
• Black Consciousness aimed to work towards the following, among others:
✓ Infuse the black community with a newfound pride in themselves, their efforts,
their value system, their culture and their outlook to life
✓ Promoted pride, black identity, culture and history.
✓ Instilled feelings of self-reliance, self-esteem and to fight for own rights.
✓ Instilled a feeling of pride amongst black South Africans.
✓ Encouraged black South Africans to overcome the feeling of self-pity,self-
alienation and domination by external forces.
✓ To achieve mental liberation and emancipation.

To this end, BC stated that` as a prelude whites must be made to realise that they
are only human, not superior. Same with Blacks, they must be made to realise that
they are also human, not inferior`

9.6.3 Political Organisations

• The early evidence of the impact of BC on political organisations became

evident when Steve Biko and other leaders broke away from NUSAS in 1968
and formed SASO
• SASO focused on students at tertiary institutions students. Several
Universities and Colleges were established after the passing of the extension
of University Education Act of 1959. Among the Universities that were to be
fertile ground for the spread of BC ideology were the following: University of
Durban Westville, Fort Hare University, University of Zululand University of
the North, Turfloop
• Formation of Black Peoples Convention as a political vehicle for BC ideas.
Having established SASO for the students and SASM for those at school, BC
followers wanted a broader and bigger voice to articulate the demands and
aspirations of Black people.
• Several unions and organisations aligned to BC was formed to give action to
the ideology of BC. These included, among others, the following: Black
Parents Association, Black Allied Workers Union, Azanian Peoples
Organisation and others.
• The `Viva Frelimo Rallies` of September 1974 were organized by the BC and
SASO and took place regardless of the ban placed by the government.
• The theme of these celebrations was the achievement of the independence
by the people of Mozambique
• The arrest of BC leaders and the ensuing courts cases served to heighten the
level of political activism and consciousness in South Africa.

49
9.6.4 Impact on labour

• Influence of BC through SASO extended to

labour resulting in the famous strike by the
tile and factory workers in Durban(Durban
Moment)
• The influence of BC did not end with the
workers in 1973 but it emerged again with
the 1976 Soweto Uprising
• The Black Allied Workers Union was among
the labour formations that were formed
through the influence of BC

• This was a watershed moment in trade unionism in South Africa because after
his event many similar protests were to occur in South Africa.

9.6.5 Black Community Programmes

• Steve Biko was to be banished to King

William`s Town and this led to the diverted
focus to Black Community Programmes
(BCP)
• Having been banned the focus of Biko now
turned to the BC and the Black Community
Programmes BCP
• To undertake projects for themselves e.g.
The Zanempilo Community Centre
• Established various projects and trust funds
were established to entrench the believe
that blacks can achieve self-sufficiency
• These included the following: Publications
and leadership training, Zanempilo
Community Health Centre, Solempilo
Community Health Centre, Ithuseng
Community Health Programme, Zimele trust
and Winter School Project

9.6.6 1976 Soweto Uprising

• The government plan was to enforce the language

policy that promoted Afrikaans to be the medium
of instruction in Black schools
• These efforts to enforce Afrikaans as a medium of
instruction came to people who have been
exposed to the teachings of Biko and BC and it
was going to be difficult for the government to
have its way

50
 • Even though the government was ultimately forced to back down on its
language policy the killings, arrests and imprisonment continued
• Many young South Africans skipped the country to swell the ranks of the ANC
and the PAC in exile.
• More repressive laws were passed and the anti-apartheid organisations with
links to Black Consciousness were banned (SASO, SASM, BPC AND SSRC)

9.6.7 Biko’s death

• Biko was re-arrested in 1977 and

later died in police custody
• The ideas that Biko stood for
survived his death and this was
true to his statement that` It is
better to die for an idea that will
live, than to live for an idea that will
die`

51
9.8 ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS

Examples of essays using the common essay question verbs:

Do you agree with the statement…?

To what extent...?
Critically discuss…?

9.8.1 Activity 1

Explain to what extent Steve Biko and Black Consciousness played a significant role
in mobilising black South Africans against the Apartheid regime during the 1970s

Support your line of argument with relevant evidence (50)

9.8.2 Activity 2

`Steve Biko and the philosophy of Black Consciousness had played a major role in
reviving political activism and organisations in South Africa in the 1970s`

Do you agree with this statement? Use relevant evidence to support your line of
argument (50)

9.8.3 Activity 3

Critically discuss how the philosophy of Black Consciousness influenced the Soweto Uprising of
1976.

Use relevant evidence to support your line of argument (50)

52
9.9 Possible Responses

9.9.1: Activity 1

Explain to what extent Steve Biko and Black Consciousness played a significant role
in mobilising black South Africans against the Apartheid regime during the 1970s

Support your line of argument with relevant evidence.

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical
and interpretative skills]

SYNOPSIS

Candidates needs to explain to what extent Steve Biko and Black Consciousness
played a significant role in mobilising black South Africans against the Apartheid
regime during the 1970s

MAIN ASPECTS
Candidates could include the following aspects in their response:
• INTRODUCTION: Candidates needs to explain to what extent Steve Biko and
Black Consciousness played a significant role in mobilising black South
Africans against the Apartheid regime during the 1970s. They need to
demonstrate how they intend answering the question

ELABORATION
• Background information: The Sharpeville massacre (1960) led to the
banning of the ANC and PAC
➢ Resulted in a lull (vacuum) of political activity and opposition to the
Apartheid government
➢ allowed the government to further entrench repression for making
opposition to its policies difficult.
➢ BCM emerged to fill up the vacuum
• The emergence of the BC philosophy
➢ Steve Biko and other leaders broke away from NUSAS and form SASO
➢ SASO focused on students at tertiary institutions students. Several
Universities and Colleges were established after the passing of the
extension of University Education Act of 1959.
➢ Among the Universities that were to be fertile ground for the spread of
BC ideology were the following: University of Durban Westville, Fort
Hare University, University of Zululand and the University of the North.

• The essence of the Philosophy to prepare black South Africans to

change their lives

➢ Black South Africans should not depend on other races who were
sympathetic to their course.

53
 ➢ This is why Biko and those who supported him felt that `The Blacks are
tired of standing at the touchline to witness a game they should be
playing. They want to do things for themselves all by themselves`
➢ BC is an ideology that plans to infuse the black community with a
newfound pride in themselves, their efforts, their value system, their
culture and their outlook to life (instilled a feeling of pride, self-reliance
& self-esteem amongst black South Africans)
➢ Encouraged black South Africans to understand the power of mental
emancipation
➢ Encouraged black South Africans to overcome the feeling of self-pity,
Self-alienation and external forces
• Mobilisation through Political organisations
➢ Establishment of SASO (from NUSAS)
➢ Formation of Black Peoples Convention (BPC) as a political vehicle for
BC ideas.
➢ Having established for the students and SASM for those at school, BC
followers wanted a broader and bigger voice to articulate the demands
and aspirations of Black people.
• Mobilising workers:
➢ Influence of BC through SASO extended to labour resulting in the
famous strike by the tile and factory workers in Durban(Durban
Moment)
➢ Formation of BAWU
➢ This was a watershed moment in trade unionism in South Africa
because after his event many similar protests were to occur in South
Africa.
• Mobilizing through Community Programmes:
➢ Steve Biko was to be banished to King William`s Town and this led to
the diverted focus to Black Community Programmes (BCP)
➢ BC and the Black Community Programmes BCP – for self
empowerment
➢ To undertake projects for themselves e.g. The Zanempilo Community
Centre
➢ Various projects and trust funds were established to entrench the
believe that blacks can achieve self-sufficiency
• Mobilising students
➢ efforts to enforce Afrikaans as a medium of instruction came to people
who have been exposed to the teachings of Biko and BC and it was
going to be difficult for the government to have its way
➢ Afrikaans laid fertile ground for the Soweto Uprising
➢ The Soweto uprising (16 June 1976)
➢ Even though the government was ultimately forced to back down on its
language policy the killings, arrests and imprisonment continued
➢ Many young South Africans skipped the country to swell the ranks of
the ANC and the PAC in exile.

• Conclusion: Candidates should sum up their argument with a relevant

conclusion.
(50)

54
9.9.2: Activity 2

`Steve Biko and the philosophy of Black Consciousness had played a major
role in reviving political activism and organisations in South Africa in the
1970s`

Do you agree with this statement? Use relevant evidence to support your line
of argument

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical
and interpretative skills]

SYNOPSIS
Candidates need to indicate whether they agree or disagree with the statement that
Steve Biko and the philosophy of Black Consciousness played a major role in
reviving political activism and organisations in South Africa in the 1970s

MAIN ASPECTS
Candidates could include the following aspects in their response:
Introduction: Candidates need to indicate whether they agree or disagree with the
statement that Steve Biko and the philosophy of Black Consciousness played a
major role in reviving political activism and organisations in South Africa in the
1970s. They need to demonstrate how they intend answering the question

ELABORATION

• Political vacuum left by the banning of liberation movements (the African

National Congress and the Pan Africanist Congress of Azanian) opened the
way for the establishment of the BCM
• Experiences of Biko and others within white led organisations like NUSAS and
the University Christian Movement
• Steve Biko and other leaders broke away from NUSAS and formed SASO
because the feeling was that NUSAS was not vocal in its fight against the
injustices suffered by the Black Students.
• SASO focused on tertiary institutions students. Several Universities and
Colleges were established after the passing of the extension of University
Education Act of 1959. Among the Universities that were to be fertile ground
for the spread of BC ideology were the following: University of Durban
Westville, Fort Hare University, University of Zululand University of the North,
Turfloop
• Several organisations and unions were formed through the influence of BC
and SASO to put pressure on the government from various directions (Union
of African Journalists, Black Allied Workers Union, Black Parents Association
and others)
• Formation of Black Peoples Convention as a political vehicle for BC ideas.
Having established SASO for the students and SASM for those at school, BC
followers wanted a broader and bigger voice to articulate the demands and
aspirations of Black people.

55
• Influence of BC through SASO extended to labour resulting in the famous
strike by the tile and factory workers in Durban(Durban Moment)
• This was a watershed moment in trade unionism in South Africa because after
his event many similar protests were to occur in South Africa.
• Steve Biko was to be banished to King William`s Town and this led to the
diverted focus to Black Community Programmes (BCP)
• To undertake projects for themselves e.g. The Zanempilo Community Centre
• Various projects and trust funds were established to entrench the believe that
blacks can achieve self-sufficiency
• The role of SASM and the Soweto Students Representative Council in the
1976 Soweto Uprising
• More repressive laws were passed and the anti-apartheid organisations with
links to Black Consciousness were banned (SASO, SASM, BPC AND SSRC)
• Biko was re-arrested in 1977 and later died in police custody
• The ideas that Biko stood for survived his death and this was true to his
statement that` It is better to die for an idea that will live, than to live for an
idea that will die`
• Conclusion: Candidates should sum up their argument with a relevant
conclusion.

If candidates disagree with the statement, they must support their line of
argument with relevant evidence

(50)

56
9.9.3: Activity 3

Critically discuss how the philosophy of Black Consciousness influenced the Soweto
Uprising of 1976.

Use relevant evidence to support your line of argument

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical
and interpretative skills]

SYNOPSIS
Candidates should critically discuss how the philosophy of Black Consciousness
influenced the Soweto Uprising of 1976. Focus should be on how the philosophy was
transmitted from structures at universities to those in schools.

MAIN ASPECTS
Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:
• Introduction: Candidates should critically discuss how the philosophy of Black
Consciousness influenced the Soweto Uprising of 1976 and show how black South
African students were inspired to fight for their freedom. They need to demonstrate
how they intend answering the question.

ELABORATION
• Reasons for Black Consciousness and the role of Steve Biko
• Steve Biko became active in the activities of NUSAS
• Biko was convinced that black students needed their own organisation in which
they could speak for themselves instead of relying on whites to help their cause
• Biko outlined plans for the South African Students Organization (SASO)
• SASO became a successful organisation in 1968
• The concept of Black Consciousness had special appeal to the youth because it
inspired them to fight against white domination
• Poor quality of Bantu Education, e.g. unequal government expenditure, poor quality
of school buildings, shortage of classrooms and overcrowding in classrooms
• SASO began influencing high school students
• The South African Student's Movement (SASM) was set up by young activists
• Learners were exposed to the ideas of Black Consciousness and became
mobilised to fight for their rights
• In 1975 the Minister of Education introduced a policy that made Afrikaans
compulsory as a medium of teaching and learning
• Black youth were conscientised by the philosophy of Black Consciousness (black
dignity and self-esteem/ poor living conditions, rising unemployment among parents
and grinding poverty also made made youth militant)
• The issue of Afrikaans became the final spark that led to the Soweto uprising
• On 16 June 1976 students mobilised against the apartheid government
• An important turning point against the apartheid government was reached
• Any other relevant response

• Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion.

(50)

57
12. 9Topic 6: The end of the Cold War and a New World Order

Content focus: The end of the Cold War – The collapse of Communism
(Question 6 = Essay)

QUESTION FOCUS: The end of the Cold War: The events of 1989

➢ Gorbachev’s reforms in the Soviet Union

➢ The disintegration of the Soviet Union
➢ The impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on South Africa

58
10.1 MIND MAP

Gorbachev’s Reforms
The Fall of the Berlin Wall
Perestroika and Glasnost

Collapse of Communism The disintegration

in the USSR (1989) of the Soviet
Union

Impact on South Africa

National
ANC
Party

59
10.2 TIMELINE

DATE EVENTS
1985 Mikhail Gorbachev became the Secretary General of the Communist Party
Of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the leader of the USSR.
1986 The world’s biggest nuclear disaster occurred in the USSR.
1986 Gorbachev announced his plans for the introduction of Perestroika.
1987 Gorbachev signed a disarmament treaty with America.
1988 Gorbachev announced that Soviet Union would not interfere in Eastern
Europe.
1988 Gorbachev launched Glasnost.
1989 Gorbachev withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan.
1989 The fall of the Berlin Wall.
1989 FW De Klerk became the leader of the National Party.
1990 De Klerk unbanned political organisations
1990 Nelson Mandela was released.
1991 Gorbachev resigned and the Soviet Union collapsed.
1994 South Africa held her first democratic elections.

10.3 HISTORICAL CONCEPTS

Capitalism: The economic system where the means of production

are privately owned (free enterprise)

Communism: The political and economic system where the means of

production are owned by the state (no private ownership)

Perestroika: The policy that was introduced by Gorbachev to restructure

the economic and the political system of the Soviet Union

Glasnost: The policy that was initiated by Gorbachev which allowed for
openness, political transparency and also allowing people their say
about the state

Satellite state: A state that is under the control of a more powerful state (
often a neighbouring state)

60
10.4 ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS

USSR : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

USA : United States of America

NP : National Party

ANC : African National Congress

UNITA : The National Union for Total Independence of Angola

MPLA :The People’s Movement for Liberation of Angola

SADF : South African Defence Force

MK : Umkonto we sizwe

CPSU: Communist Party of the Soviet Union

10.5 SYMBOLISM FOR RUSSIA

Flag A Bear as a cultural symbol in Russia

From : learnrussianlanguage.net Accessed 24 April2021

61
10.6 The Political Map of USSR

From : nationsonline.org Accessed on 24 April 2021

62
10.7 Content Notes/ Summaries

How did the events of 1989 lead to the end of the Cold War?

• Gorbachev got into power in 1985.

• Russia at the time was in a serious economic crisis that was attributed to the
following factors :
➢ The armaments race with the USA.
➢ Participation in the war with Afghanistan drained Russia.
➢ Decline in agricultural farming.
➢ The Chernobyl disaster affected the economy of Russia.
• Gorbachev was then determined to change the situation around so that
Russia could regain economic strength.
• He introduced political and economic policies, namely, Perestroika and
Glasnost.

10.7.1

• A policy introduced by Gorbachev to restructure the economic and political

system in the Soviet Union.
➢ Allowed a
➢ spects of Capitalism back to the
economy.
➢ Private businesses could
engage in foreign trade.
➢ Foreign investments were
allowed.
➢ Smaller businesses could be
privately owned.
➢ State companies that were
failing were closed down.
➢ Political restructuring:
➢ A sharp reduction in military
spending.
➢ The withdrawal from the war in
Afghanistan.
➢ The withdrawal of funding for left-wing liberation movements.
➢ Wanted to stamp out corruption,
From cvce.eu/obj/caricature_de_Cummings (24
August 1988). Accessed on 21/04/2021

63
10.7.2 Glasnost
A policy that was introduced by Gorbachev to bring about a more open and
consultative government which allowed for greater freedom in the Soviet Union.
➢ Freedom of speech was allowed.
➢ More media freedom.
➢ People were allowed to criticise the government policies which would lead to
the end of corruption in government.
➢ Allowed for elections within the socialist framework.
➢ Thousands of political prisoners were released.

To what extent were Gorbachev’s reforms responsible for the disintegration of the
Soviet Union?

10.8 The disintegration of the Soviet Union

• Gorbachev became Secretary-General of the Soviet Communist Party and
leader of the government in 1985 at 54 years of age. He was not a hardliner
and hoped to revive Soviet Union’s economy by improving both industrial
output and technology, as well as expanding its markets
• He took a big risk of effecting political change, especially for the Soviet
Union, known for its hardline Communist stance.
• He wanted to take the Soviet Union out of a weak economic system – due to
space and arms race with the USA.
• He introduced the policy of Perestroika (Economic reconstruction) and of
Glasnost (openness)
• Glasnost led to criticism of the policy of Perestroika and Gorbachev himself
• Many hardline communists were discontent with policies that became
unpopular
• At home he had two types of opponents: hardliners who were opposed to the
reforms and liberals who criticized him for not moving fast enough
• The two policies did not support each other as thought but ended the entire
system of the Soviet Union
• He lost support at home – Unity of
the Soviet Union was at risk and
Socialism became under threat
• He commanded a hero status to
the West. His personal power and
prestige increased. He earned a
Nobel Peace Prize in 1990.
• Many underlying differences
existed amongst the 15 Republics
• Civil unrests broke out between
various groups
• Old form of Nationalism emerged
and led to new demand for
independence
• He tried to stop the disintegration by proposing establishing a Federation of
States – which failed.

64
 • In 1990, several Soviet states including Russia under Gorbachev’s bitter rival,
Boris Yeltsin, declared their independence
• On 25 Dec 1991, the USSR was dissolved, the Communist Party disbanded
• Each of the 15 Republics became independent and became members of the
Commonwealth of Independent states
• The disintegration symbolized the end of the cold war

[From https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-countries-made-up-the-former-soviet-union-
ussr.html. Accessed on 24 April 2021]

10.8.1 Cartoon on Glasnost (and more reasons for the disintegration of the
Soviet Union)

A CARTOON SHOWING THE EFFECT OF GORBACHEV’S GLASNOST POLICY.

• Gorbachev’s policies did not achieve the

desired outcomes.
• He became unpopular because the
Soviet people could openly express their
strong criticisms against him.
• The media used its freedom and
published articles about the state that was
collapsing.
• Satellite states revolted and demanded
freedom.
• In a nutshell, perestroika and glasnost did
not save the political and economic
system of the USSR but instead the state
completely failed.

From cvce.eu/obj/caricature_de_Cummings (24 August 1988).

Accessed on 21/04/2021

65
10.8.2 Cartoon on the disintegration of the Soviet Union

The cartoon below shows Soviet, Mikhail S. Gorbachev looking in dismay at a

massive stone hammer and sickle now shattered into many parts.

[From jchistorytuition.com.sg. Accessed 24 April 2021]

10.9 THE COLLAPSE OF USSR: A game-changer for South African

Politics

The National Party and the African National Congress who duly benefitted from the
European support before 1989 were affected by the collapse of the USSR. To a
greater extent, this was a major catalyst (spark) for political transformation in South
Africa. The two political enemies were forced to seat on the negotiating table and
discuss the future of South Africa.

IMPACT ON THE NATIONAL

PARTY

Before 1989 After 1989

Western Countries supported South Western countries exerted pressure on
African government despite the call for SA government to end Apartheid.
sanctions.
National Party portrayed itself as a Communism (Rooi Gevaar) was no
government fighting against longer a threat
communism.

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 South Africa was seen as a pro-Western The West no longer needed the NP as
ally that protected Africa against a bulwark against the spread of
communism. communism.

IMPACT ON THE ANC

Before 1989 After 1989

Received Russian expertise and military support Lost military support.
for the training of MK cadres.
Supplied with weapons.
Was given financial support every year Financial support was
stopped.
Exiled members supported with education and Ceased to support ANC.
jobs.
Did not enjoy any support from the West. American attitude changed
towards the ANC.

10.10 ACTIVITIES/ EXEMPLAR ESSAY QUESTIONS

Activity 1:

Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost led to the disintegration of the Soviet
Union in 1989..

Do you agree with the statement? Support your line of argument with relevant
evidence.

Activity 2:

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 served as a turning point for South Africa.

Critically discuss this statement with reference to how events in the Soviet Union
influenced the political transformation that occurred in South Africa.

Activity 3:

Explain to what extent Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost were
directly responsible for political changes that occurred in South Africa after 1990s.

Support your line of argument with relevant evidence.

67
10.11 Responses

Activity 1:

Gorbachev’s policies of glasnost and perestroika led to the disintegration of

the Soviet Union in early 1990s.

Do you agree with the statement? Support your line of argument with relevant
evidence.

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical
and interpretative skills]

SYNOPSIS
Candidates should agree or disagree that Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and
glasnost led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1989. They should make use
of relevant content to support their argument

MAIN ASPECTS
Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:
• Introduction: Candidates should take their stance by agreeing or disagreeing that
Gorbachev’s policies of glasnost and perestroika led to the disintegration of the
Soviet Union in 1989. They should indicate how they would support their line of
argument.

ELABORATION
• Gorbachev became Secretary-General of the CPSU and leader of the
government in 1985 at 54 years of age. He was not a hardliner and hoped to
revive Soviet Union’s economy by improving both industrial output and
technology, as well as expanding its markets
• He took a big risk of effecting political change, especially for the Soviet
Union, known for its hardline Communist stance.
• He wanted to take the Soviet Union out of a weak economic system – due to
space and arms race with the USA.
• He introduced the policy of Perestroika (Economic reconstruction) and of
Glasnost (openness)
• Glasnost led to criticism of the policy of Perestroika and Gorbachev himself
• Many hardline communist were discontent with policies that became
unpopular
• At home he had two types of opponents: hardliners who were opposed to the
reforms and liberals who criticized him for not moving fast enough
• The two policies did not support each other as thought but ended the entire
system of the Soviet Union
• He lost support at home – Unity of the Soviet Union was at risk and Socialism
became under threat
• He commanded a hero status to the West. His personal power and prestige
increased. He earned a peace noble price in 1990.
• Many underlying differences existed amongst the 15 Republics
• Civil unrests broke out between various groups

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• Old form of Nationalism emerged and led to new demand for independence
• He tried to stop the disintegration by proposing establishing a Federation of
States – which failed.
• In 1990, several Soviet states including Russia under Gorbachev’s bitter rival,
Boris Yeltsin, declared their independence
• On 25 Dec 1991, the USSR was dissolved, the Communist Party disbanded
• Each of the 15 Republics became independent and became members of the
Commonwealth of Independent states
• The disintegration symbolized the end of the cold war
• Any other relevant response
• Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant
conclusion. (50)

69
Activity 2

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 served as a turning point for South
Africa.

Critically discuss this statement with reference to how events in the Soviet
Union influenced the political transformation that occurred in South Africa.

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical
and interpretative skills]

SYNOPSIS

Candidates need to critically discuss how the collapse of the Soviet Union served as
a turning point for South Africa. They need to show how events in the Soviet Union
influenced political transformation that occurred in South Africa after 1989.

MAIN ASPECTS

Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

• Introduction: Candidates should critically discuss how the collapse of the Soviet
Union was a turning point for South Africa. They should support their line of
argument with relevant evidence.

ELABORATION

• Gorbachev's policies of Perestroika and Glasnost

• The fall of the Berlin Wall and its impact
• The disintegration of the Soviet Union affected both the ANC and NP
• The collapse of the Soviet Union deprived the ANC of its main source of
economic and military support
• Socialism was no more an option for the ANC
• The National Party's claim that it is protecting southern Africa from communism
became unrealistic because of Gorbachev's policies
• The National Party could no longer justify that it was a 'bulwark' against the
spread of communism in Africa
• The National Party could no longer claim that it was protecting the Cape Sea
route against the spread of communism
• Influential National Party members realised that apartheid was not the answer
to the needs of white capitalism and therefore opted for negotiations with the
ANC in exile
• The Battle of Cuito Caunavale and the fact that the National Party had to
negotiate with communists over the independence of Namibia made it easier
for them to talk the ANC

70
• The security forces and successive states of emergency did not stop revolt in
South Africa
• South Africa was slowly edging towards a civil war
• PW Botha (Hawk) suffered a stroke and was succeeded by FW de Klerk (Dove)
• De Klerk started to accept that the struggle against apartheid was not a
conspiracy directed from Moscow
• De Klerk initiated talks with the ANC
• On 2 February 1990 De Klerk unbanned all anti-apartheid organisations
• This paved the way for negotiations between the National Party and various
resistance organisations
• Any other relevant response
• Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion

71
Activity 3

Explain to what extent Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and

glasnost were directly responsible for political changes that occurred in South
Africa after 1990s.

Support your line of argument with relevant evidence.

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical
and interpretative skills]

SYNOPSIS

Candidates need to explain to what extent Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika

and glasnost were directly responsible for the political changes that occurred in South
Africa in the 1990s. They need to explain how Gorbachev's policies paved the way for
the National Party and the African National Congress to begin talks. They should refer
to the relevant events that transformed the political landscape in South Africa between
1989 and 1990.

MAIN ASPECTS

Candidates could include the following aspects in their essays:

• Introduction: Candidates should indicate to what extent Gorbachev's policies of

perestroika and glasnost were directly responsible for the political changes that
occurred in South Africa in the 1990s. They need to support their line of
argument with relevant evidence.
ELABORATION

• Gorbachev wanted to modernise the Soviet economy (perestroika), allow

'openness' (glasnost)
• These reforms would have a profound effect on the Soviet Union, Eastern
Europe and South Africa
• Many communist regimes in Eastern European countries were toppled in 1989
owing to Gorbachev's reforms
• The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989
• The Soviet Union disintegrated
• Communism was no longer seen as a 'global threat'
• The collapse of the Soviet Union also affected South Africa
• The apartheid regime could no longer use communism to justify its policy of
apartheid
• The National Party's claim that it was protecting South Africa from a communist
onslaught became unrealistic
• The National Party's claim that it was protecting the Cape sea route from a
communist takeover was no longer plausible

72
• The USA and its allies could no longer continue to support the oppressive
apartheid regime
• The collapse of the USSR also influenced the ANC to change its stance against
the leaders of the apartheid regime
• The Soviet Union could no longer support the ANC economically and militarily
• In light of this, the ANC had to review its economic and political policies
• The collapse of the Soviet Union put pressure on both the National Party and
the ANC to begin negotiations
• External support for both the National Party and the ANC was fading and
negotiations seemed the best option for both sides
• The defeat of the SADF at the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale led the National Party
to begin negotiations with communists over the independence of Namibia
• Since the National Party was able to negotiate with communists in Namibia and
this made it easier for them to talk to the ANC
• The western world supported a negotiated settlement in South Africa so that its
challenges could be resolved peacefully and democratically
• It became evident that the National Party government could not maintain white
supremacy indefinitely
• The continued repression of black South Africans would eventually lead to
political instability and economic ruin
• By the late 1980s the South African economy was in a state of depression and
the NP had no option but to start a process of negotiation with the ANC
• PW Botha suffered a stroke and was succeeded by FW de Klerk
• FW de Klerk started to accept that the black struggle against apartheid was not
a conspiracy directed from Moscow
• This enabled De Klerk to engage with the liberation organisations to find a
lasting solution for South Africa
• On 2 February 1990 De Klerk announced the unbanning of all anti-apartheid
organisations which included the ANC, PAC and SACP and the release of
political prisoners which could pave the way for talks and the birth of a
democratic South Africa
• Any other relevant response
• Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion.

73
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